Companion 1.3a · Report

Basic values and left-right

People who rate universalism higher place themselves further left in all 18 Western European countries in the ESS from 2002 to 2024, with a mean correlation of −0.19.

Author: Vishal Singh
Affiliation: NYU Stern
Published: 30 September 2026

Every estimate of the chapter with its interval and every figure as a table, generated from the chapter's data files. Table n of this report is figure n of the chapter. The same report as Markdown: report.md.

Identification

Title

Basic values and left-right

Chapter

Companion 1.3a (Part I, Labels and beliefs; Labels, sorting and partisan feeling)

Question

Which basic human values lean left or right, and does the pattern hold outside Western Europe?

Dek

People who rate universalism higher place themselves further left in all 18 Western European countries in the ESS from 2002 to 2024, with a mean correlation of −0.19.

Grain

countries

Status

draft

Published

30 September 2026

Updated

not revised

Data sources

European Social Survey. European Social Survey rounds 1 to 11 (2002-2024): human values scale (Portrait Values Questionnaire) and left-right placement; round 11 value items rebuilt from the raw file; years: 2002-2023 (rounds 1 to 11; round 11 was fielded in 2023 and 2024); weights: analysis weight (pspwght x pweight) within each country; every country counted once across countries
World Values Survey and EVS. World Values Survey waves 5 and 6 (2005-2016): ten single-item value portraits and left-right placement; Human Development Index from the country context file; years: 1981-2023 (7 unified waves); weights: weight (S017) within each country; every country counted once across countries

Canonical URL

https://vishalsingh.org/politics/basic-values-and-left-right

Markdown

https://vishalsingh.org/politics/basic-values-and-left-right/report.md

BibTeX

@misc{singh2026basicvaluesandleftright,
  author = {Singh, Vishal},
  title = {Basic values and left-right},
  year = {2026},
  url = {https://vishalsingh.org/politics/basic-values-and-left-right},
  note = {In The Public Mind. Published 30 September 2026.}
}

Principal estimates

The facts the dek and the opening prose cite, in order of appearance. Every fact is in the table of all estimates below.

Estimand	Population	Period	Value	Interval	Weights	Source	Fact id
count of countries in the group, fixed by geography and history	countries of Western, Northern and Southern Europe outside the former communist bloc (ESS)	ESS rounds 1 to 11, 2002-2024, rounds pooled within country	18		none (count)	European Social Survey	n_west
mean across countries of the within-country weighted correlation of left-right with value Universalism (bootstrap over countries)	countries of Western, Northern and Southern Europe outside the former communist bloc (ESS)	ESS rounds 1 to 11, 2002-2024, rounds pooled within country	−0.19	95% CI −0.22 to −0.16	ESS analysis weight (pspwght x pweight) within each country; every country counted once across countries	European Social Survey	mean_west_universalism
mean across countries of the within-country weighted correlation of left-right with value Conformity (bootstrap over countries)	countries of Western, Northern and Southern Europe outside the former communist bloc (ESS)	ESS rounds 1 to 11, 2002-2024, rounds pooled within country	+0.11	95% CI 0.09 to 0.13	ESS analysis weight (pspwght x pweight) within each country; every country counted once across countries	European Social Survey	mean_west_conformity
mean across countries of the within-country weighted correlation of left-right with value Tradition (bootstrap over countries)	countries of Western, Northern and Southern Europe outside the former communist bloc (ESS)	ESS rounds 1 to 11, 2002-2024, rounds pooled within country	+0.10	95% CI 0.08 to 0.12	ESS analysis weight (pspwght x pweight) within each country; every country counted once across countries	European Social Survey	mean_west_tradition

Findings

In the European Social Survey (ESS), people who rate universalism as more important place themselves further left on the left-right scale in every one of the 18 countries of Western, Northern and Southern Europe (Western Europe below), in rounds pooled from 2002 to 2024. The average correlation across these countries is −0.19 (95% CI −0.22 to −0.16), and in each country the 95% confidence interval of the correlation lies below zero. Conformity and tradition run the other way, at +0.11 and +0.10. The correlations are small, and outside Western Europe they are uneven. In post-communist Europe the values sit on their predicted sides of left-right in some countries and on the opposite sides in others.

The chapter compares the ten values of Shalom Schwartz's theory with left-right placement, first across Western Europe, then country by country in post-communist Europe, and then in the World Values Survey (WVS), which reaches countries outside Europe.

Theory, measures and country groups

Schwartz's theory arranges ten basic values in a circle in which neighboring values are compatible and opposite values conflict [1]. Conformity, tradition and security (conservation) face self-direction and stimulation (openness to change), and universalism and benevolence (self-transcendence) face power and achievement (self-enhancement). Hedonism sits between openness and self-enhancement. Applied to politics, the circle predicts that conservation and self-enhancement values go with the right and that openness and self-transcendence values go with the left. A study of Italian voters found that supporters of the center-left coalition rated universalism, benevolence and self-direction higher, and security, power, achievement, conformity and tradition lower, than supporters of the center-right [2]. A comparison of countries in the first round of the ESS found universalism and benevolence going with a left orientation and conformity and tradition with a right orientation in liberal and traditional countries [3].

This chapter estimates every pattern with one estimator and counts the countries on the predicted side instead of relying on averages. The ESS measures the ten values with short portraits of a person, for example someone for whom thinking up new ideas and being creative is important, which respondents rate from very much like me to not like me at all. Each value score is centred on the respondent's own mean rating of all the portraits. Centring removes differences in how freely people use the top of the scale and leaves the priority of one value relative to the others, so every score is a relative priority [4]. The left-right question asks respondents to place themselves on a scale from left to right (left-right self-placement). In each country the chapter takes the correlation between a value score and the placement, called a loading, and a positive loading means that people who rate the value as more important place themselves further right. Rounds from 2002 to 2024 are pooled inside each country, which gives 432,669 respondents in 39 countries.A loading is a survey-weighted correlation computed inside one country. Its interval is model based, from the Fisher z transformation [5] of the Kish effective sample size [6], and it treats the weighted sample as a simple random sample; intervals for averages across countries come from resampling countries [7].

The countries are grouped by geography and history and not by anything in the data. The 18 Western European countries are those outside the former communist bloc and include Greece, Portugal and Spain. Germany is one country in this group and includes the former East Germany. The 18 post-communist countries had communist party rule in the twentieth century, and Cyprus, Israel and Turkey (3 countries) belong to neither group.

Universalism leans left and conformity right in Western Europe

Table 1 plots the mean loading of each value across the Western European countries. Universalism is at −0.19 (95% CI −0.22 to −0.16) and conformity at +0.11 (95% CI 0.09 to 0.13). Tradition, power and security lean right and benevolence, self-direction and stimulation lean left, each by less than universalism and with an interval that excludes zero. Achievement follows the theory least clearly, at +0.010 (95% CI 0.001 to 0.017), an interval that barely clears zero. Hedonism, to which the theory assigns no side, leans left at −0.02.

Table 1. Across Western Europe universalism leans left and conformity, tradition and power lean right

The loadings are small. Squared, the universalism loading averages 4% (95% CI 3% to 5%) across Western countries, which is the share of the variance in left-right placement that the two answers have in common. That share is the largest of the ten values. Conformity and tradition are the values closest to the obedience and respect for custom that Companion 1.3b, The obedience-autonomy disposition measures with a child-rearing question. Security is the conservation value with the least consistent sign, which Planned, Order, security and threat (planned) takes up with measures of threat.

The averages hide little disagreement between countries. Table 2 counts the countries on the predicted side. Conformity, tradition, power, universalism and benevolence are on the predicted side in all 18 Western countries, and achievement, the lowest, in 12. Judged by the interval and not by the point estimate, universalism is on the predicted side in 18 countries and conformity in 18, and tradition, power and benevolence in 17 each. The figure also shows the post-communist countries, which the next section takes up.

Table 2. Conformity, tradition, power, universalism and benevolence have the predicted sign in all 18 Western European countries, and only universalism does in as many as 15 of 18 post-communist countries

Grouped into Schwartz's four higher-order types, the pattern is the same. Conservation loads right at +0.14 (95% CI 0.11 to 0.16) and self-transcendence loads left at −0.16 (95% CI −0.19 to −0.14), and both have an interval on the predicted side in all 18 Western countries.

Post-communist countries split three ways

The same estimator gives a different result in the 18 post-communist countries. Table 3 shows every value in every country. Its first view sets the Western mean beside each post-communist country, and the other views list the Western countries and all countries. The Western countries repeat one pattern, and the post-communist countries do not.

Table 3. Western European countries show one pattern of correlations and post-communist countries show several

Take the conservation values. In Croatia the conservation loading is +0.16 (95% CI 0.13 to 0.18), in Slovenia +0.14 and in Poland +0.12, so the values lean right, as in Western Europe, where the mean is +0.14. In Bulgaria the loading is −0.24, in Czechia −0.22 and in Slovakia −0.18, so the values lean left. People who give more weight to conformity, tradition and security place themselves further left than other people in the same country. In each of these countries the interval excludes zero. Table 4 shows all 18 countries. The interval is on the predicted side in 4, includes zero in 7 and is on the opposite side in 7.

Table 4. By the 95% interval, conservation values go with the right in 4 post-communist countries and with the left in 7

The post-communist mean in the top rows of the figure is −0.02 (95% CI −0.07 to 0.03), which by itself reads as no link. That mean averages countries with opposite signs. The standard deviation of the country loadings is 0.11 in post-communist Europe against 0.06 in Western Europe, so a single figure for post-communist Europe hides the spread that the countries show.

Universalism holds up better than conservation. It is on its predicted side in 15 of the 18 post-communist countries, has an interval on that side in 12 and has an interval on the opposite side in 0 (Table 4, universalism view).

The alignment score gives one number per country. It averages the loadings of the eight values that have a predicted side and are measured in both surveys. Each loading is multiplied by a sign, positive for a value predicted to lean right and negative for a value predicted to lean left, so a positive score means the values sit on their predicted sides. Hedonism has no predicted side and is left out, and so is benevolence, which the WVS asked in too few places. The Western mean of the score is +0.08 (95% CI 0.07 to 0.09), and the interval is above zero in all 18 Western countries. In post-communist Europe the interval is above zero in 4 countries (Croatia, Slovenia, Poland and Hungary), includes zero in 10 and is below zero in 4 (Bulgaria, Czechia, Slovakia and Estonia). Hungary's score is +0.010 (95% CI 0.004 to 0.016), so the lower end of its interval is close to zero.

Earlier work found the same division. In the first ESS round the values were only weakly associated with left-right placement in post-communist countries [3]. A study of Western and former communist countries in two later rounds found that conservatism, measured through values, could go with the left or the right depending on the cultural, political and economic situation of a society [8].

The country mean of the centred conservation score is higher in post-communist Europe (0.21 (95% CI 0.18 to 0.24)) than in Western Europe (0.02), so post-communist publics rate conservation values higher. Across all 39 ESS countries the country mean and the conservation loading correlate at −0.43 (95% CI −0.65 to −0.13). Inside Western Europe the correlation is −0.06 and inside post-communist Europe +0.03, both close to zero. Each interval includes the correlation across all countries, so with only 18 countries per group the data cannot rule out a link of that size inside a group.A comparison of country means assumes that respondents in different countries read the items in the same way. A test on the first ESS round found that the means of the value scale can be compared only across subsets of countries [9], and this chapter does not repeat the test. Planned, Countries in value space (planned) places countries by their values.

One account of why the left-right label attaches differently holds that leftist parties in post-communist governments had stronger incentives than rightist parties to hold spending down [10]. On that account, economic left and right did not mean what they meant in the West. The chapter does not test it. Chapter 1.3, Left and right across countries shows which attitudes the left-right scale tracks in each country.

In the WVS the link is clearest at high human development

The WVS asked one short portrait per value in the fifth and sixth waves, fielded from 2005 to 2016, such as "It is important to this person to be rich" for power. Each value rests on a single item, with universalism measured by an item on looking after the environment and benevolence by an item on helping people nearby. The items are centred on each respondent's mean rating of the items that every respondent in the sample answered, which are all except benevolence. The sample is 113,253 respondents with a left-right answer in 71 countries and territories.The WVS carries a ten-item battery inspired by Schwartz's questionnaire [11]. The cleaned file holds the items for the fifth and sixth waves and for no other wave, including the seventh. The two waves have 73 countries and territories in the sample, and Jordan and Yemen, with 555 respondents between them, fall below the effective-sample floor and are dropped. No respondent answered the benevolence item in 13 countries and territories, and a subsample answered it in 20, which is why the alignment score leaves benevolence out.

Countries are grouped into thirds by the Human Development Index (HDI), a country score that uses no answer from the survey, so the grouping does not depend on how values and left-right relate. The WVS country file has one HDI value per country and no year, and the fieldwork spans 2005 to 2016. The cut points between the thirds are 0.74 and 0.83. Table 5 gives the mean loading of each item, first by third of countries and then for all countries. Across all countries tradition is at +0.06 (95% CI 0.04 to 0.08) and the environment item at −0.03, both on their predicted sides and small, while security and achievement have intervals that include zero. Counted by country, tradition has the predicted sign in 56 of 71 countries, the environment item in 44 and security in 33. The counts for every item are in the data table of the figure.

Table 5. The mean correlation has the predicted sign for all 9 items with a predicted side in the highest-HDI third of countries and for 4 of them in the lowest third

The averages hide large differences between thirds. In the highest-HDI third every item with a predicted side has the predicted sign, with tradition at +0.12 (95% CI 0.09 to 0.15) and the environment item at −0.10, and security and achievement are closest to zero. In the lowest third most intervals include zero, while the environment item leans right at +0.04 and security leans left at −0.025, the opposite of their predicted sides. Without centring, tradition rises from +0.06 to +0.08 across all countries and the environment item from −0.03 to +0.01 (Table 5, uncentred view), because a respondent who rates every item as important adds to every loading. Only the centred version tests relative priorities.

The alignment score condenses the items into one number per country. Its interval is above zero in 30 of 71 countries, includes zero in 32 and is below zero in 9 (Table 6). The score is +0.08 (95% CI 0.06 to 0.10) in the United States and +0.07 in Japan, so values sit on their predicted sides there. It is −0.05 in Malaysia and −0.04 in Egypt, so values sit on the opposite sides there. The interval of each of these scores excludes zero.

Table 6. Values sit on their predicted sides in 30 of 71 countries and on the opposite sides in 9

By thirds of the HDI, the interval is above zero in 19 of the 23 countries in the highest third, in 7 of 23 in the middle third and in 3 of 24 in the lowest, where it is below zero in 5. Across the 70 countries with an index value, the alignment score and the index correlate at +0.60 (95% CI 0.43 to 0.73). The WVS covers countries outside Europe. The correlation is +0.64 (95% CI 0.42 to 0.79) across the 41 countries outside the World Bank region of Europe and Central Asia and +0.79 (95% CI 0.59 to 0.89) across the 29 countries inside it. That region counts Central Asia, the South Caucasus, Turkey and Cyprus with Europe. The correlation is a pattern across countries. It does not show that development changes how values relate to left-right. Countries with higher human development differ in other ways that could also move the score, such as the age of the party system, education and the meaning of the left-right label, and the chapter does not separate them.

Table 7. Alignment is higher in countries with higher human development, with a correlation of +0.60 across 70 countries

The pattern repeats in round 11 and the WVS

Two checks compare estimates built from separate respondents. The alignment score estimated from round 11 alone, in 30 countries, correlates at +0.92 (95% CI 0.84 to 0.96) with the score from the earlier rounds. The loadings of single values correlate at +0.77 across country-value cells after each value's average across countries is removed, which takes out the differences between values that repeat in every country. The WVS and the ESS use different items, years and interviewers, yet the alignment scores of the 20 countries in both surveys correlate at +0.90 (95% CI 0.77 to 0.96) (Table 7, view against the ESS). Leaving the WVS items uncentred moves every item's mean loading toward the right and changes the order of countries by alignment little, with a correlation of +0.95 between the two versions across the same countries.

What these data cannot show

The loadings are associations between two answers given in one interview. They do not show whether values shape left-right placement, whether placement shapes the values a person reports, or whether a third influence such as a party system, a church or an education shapes both. A country's alignment says how tightly the scale and the values move together and nothing about which comes first. How self-direction and stimulation differ by birth cohort is in Planned, The silent revolution (planned).

The scores are relative priorities. Because each value is centred on the respondent's own mean rating, the ten loadings cannot all lie on one side of zero, and a value that leans left partly reflects other values that lean right. The WVS measures each value with one item, which is noisier than the ESS scale, and the WVS universalism item is about the environment only. The alignment score leaves out hedonism and benevolence. The theory's prediction for achievement holds only weakly in Western Europe, where its mean interval sits barely above zero and it is on the predicted side in 12 of 18 countries.

The intervals are model based. They treat each survey as a weighted simple random sample and ignore clustering in the sampling designs, and the bootstrap over countries treats the countries as a sample from a population of countries, which they are not. A count of countries by interval moves when a country's interval ends close to zero, as Hungary's does in the ESS and Estonia's, Georgia's and Uzbekistan's do in the WVS. A different bootstrap draw could place such a country in a neighboring group of the count. Countries appear in different rounds and waves, so a loading pools different years, and the chapter does not follow loadings over time. Round 10 of the ESS has no value items in 9 countries, so their loadings rest on the other rounds. The groups are historical and geographic labels. The post-communist group holds countries with different party systems and different histories after 1990, and Western Europe holds countries with long democratic histories and countries with recent ones. Left-right also means different things in different places, as Chapter 1.3, Left and right across countries shows, so a loading describes the tie between the label and a value among people who answer the question. The data hold no party manifestos, expert placements of parties or vote choices, so they cannot say why the tie is reversed in the 4 post-communist countries whose interval is below zero or unclear in the 10 whose interval includes zero.

Tables

Table 1. Across Western Europe universalism leans left and conformity, tradition and power lean right

Mean across countries of the correlation between each value's importance and left-right self-placement (0 = left, 10 = right), Western Europe, with 95% intervals from resampling countries

Value	Mean correlation	Interval low	Interval high	Countries in the mean	Predicted side	Countries on the predicted side	Countries with the interval on the predicted side
Conformity	+0.11	+0.09	+0.13	18	Predicted to lean right	18	18
Tradition	+0.10	+0.08	+0.12	18	Predicted to lean right	18	17
Security	+0.07	+0.04	+0.10	18	Predicted to lean right	17	14
Power	+0.09	+0.07	+0.11	18	Predicted to lean right	18	17
Achievement	+0.01	0.00	+0.02	18	Predicted to lean right	12	8
Hedonism	−0.02	−0.04	−0.01	18	No predicted side	n/a	n/a
Stimulation	−0.05	−0.06	−0.03	18	Predicted to lean left	16	13
Self-direction	−0.05	−0.07	−0.03	18	Predicted to lean left	16	14
Universalism	−0.19	−0.22	−0.16	18	Predicted to lean left	18	18
Benevolence	−0.07	−0.08	−0.06	18	Predicted to lean left	18	17

Note: Each score is centred on the respondent's own mean rating of all 21 items, so the ten correlations cannot all lie on one side of zero.

Note: Hedonism has no predicted side and is left out of the counts of countries on the predicted side.

Note: Country cells need an effective sample of 300 respondents or more.

Source: European Social Survey, rounds 1 to 11, 2002-2024; weighted (analysis weight within each country, every country counted once across countries); Western Europe only

Data: vishalsingh.org/politics/report/basic-values-and-left-right/figures/value_circle_west.json

Table 2. Conformity, tradition, power, universalism and benevolence have the predicted sign in all 18 Western European countries, and only universalism does in as many as 15 of 18 post-communist countries

Number of countries where the correlation between a value and left-right self-placement has the predicted sign, by value and country group; ESS rounds 1 to 11, 2002-2024

countries	group	measure	n_countries	value
18	Western Europe	Correlation has the predicted sign	18	Conformity
18	Western Europe	95% interval on the predicted side	18	Conformity
18	Post-communist Europe	Correlation has the predicted sign	8	Conformity
18	Post-communist Europe	95% interval on the predicted side	3	Conformity
18	Western Europe	Correlation has the predicted sign	18	Tradition
18	Western Europe	95% interval on the predicted side	17	Tradition
18	Post-communist Europe	Correlation has the predicted sign	8	Tradition
18	Post-communist Europe	95% interval on the predicted side	4	Tradition
18	Western Europe	Correlation has the predicted sign	17	Security
18	Western Europe	95% interval on the predicted side	14	Security
18	Post-communist Europe	Correlation has the predicted sign	6	Security
18	Post-communist Europe	95% interval on the predicted side	5	Security
18	Western Europe	Correlation has the predicted sign	18	Power
18	Western Europe	95% interval on the predicted side	17	Power
18	Post-communist Europe	Correlation has the predicted sign	12	Power
18	Post-communist Europe	95% interval on the predicted side	7	Power
18	Western Europe	Correlation has the predicted sign	12	Achievement
18	Western Europe	95% interval on the predicted side	8	Achievement
18	Post-communist Europe	Correlation has the predicted sign	12	Achievement
18	Post-communist Europe	95% interval on the predicted side	5	Achievement
18	Western Europe	Correlation has the predicted sign	16	Stimulation
18	Western Europe	95% interval on the predicted side	13	Stimulation
18	Post-communist Europe	Correlation has the predicted sign	6	Stimulation
18	Post-communist Europe	95% interval on the predicted side	2	Stimulation
18	Western Europe	Correlation has the predicted sign	16	Self-direction
18	Western Europe	95% interval on the predicted side	14	Self-direction
18	Post-communist Europe	Correlation has the predicted sign	9	Self-direction
18	Post-communist Europe	95% interval on the predicted side	3	Self-direction
18	Western Europe	Correlation has the predicted sign	18	Universalism
18	Western Europe	95% interval on the predicted side	18	Universalism
18	Post-communist Europe	Correlation has the predicted sign	15	Universalism
18	Post-communist Europe	95% interval on the predicted side	12	Universalism
18	Western Europe	Correlation has the predicted sign	18	Benevolence
18	Western Europe	95% interval on the predicted side	17	Benevolence
18	Post-communist Europe	Correlation has the predicted sign	10	Benevolence
18	Post-communist Europe	95% interval on the predicted side	7	Benevolence

Views: Sign of the correlation (measure = Correlation has the predicted sign); Interval excludes zero (measure = 95% interval on the predicted side).

Note: The two groups have the same number of countries. The first view counts countries by the sign of the correlation and the second view counts countries whose 95% interval excludes zero on the predicted side.

Note: In a tooltip, n is the group total.

Note: Country cells need an effective sample of 300 respondents or more.

Source: European Social Survey, rounds 1 to 11, 2002-2024; weighted (analysis weight within each country, every country counted once across countries)

Data: vishalsingh.org/politics/report/basic-values-and-left-right/figures/countries_on_predicted_side.json

Table 3. Western European countries show one pattern of correlations and post-communist countries show several

Correlation between each value and left-right self-placement (0 = left, 10 = right), by country; columns run from the values predicted to lean right, through the values predicted to lean left, to hedonism; ESS rounds 1 to 11, 2002-2024

Country	Value	Correlation	Interval low	Interval high	Respondents	Countries in the mean	Group
Western mean	Achievement	+0.01	0.00	+0.02	n/a	18	Western mean
Western mean	Power	+0.09	+0.07	+0.11	n/a	18	Western mean
Western mean	Security	+0.07	+0.04	+0.10	n/a	18	Western mean
Western mean	Conformity	+0.11	+0.09	+0.13	n/a	18	Western mean
Western mean	Tradition	+0.10	+0.08	+0.12	n/a	18	Western mean
Western mean	Benevolence	−0.07	−0.08	−0.06	n/a	18	Western mean
Western mean	Universalism	−0.19	−0.22	−0.16	n/a	18	Western mean
Western mean	Self-direction	−0.05	−0.07	−0.03	n/a	18	Western mean
Western mean	Stimulation	−0.05	−0.06	−0.03	n/a	18	Western mean
Western mean	Hedonism	−0.02	−0.04	−0.01	n/a	18	Western mean
Switzerland	Achievement	+0.02	0.00	+0.04	16,955	n/a	Western Europe
Switzerland	Power	+0.10	+0.09	+0.12	16,955	n/a	Western Europe
Switzerland	Security	+0.16	+0.14	+0.18	16,945	n/a	Western Europe
Switzerland	Conformity	+0.14	+0.12	+0.15	16,927	n/a	Western Europe
Switzerland	Tradition	+0.16	+0.14	+0.18	16,960	n/a	Western Europe
Switzerland	Benevolence	−0.11	−0.13	−0.10	16,956	n/a	Western Europe
Switzerland	Universalism	−0.30	−0.31	−0.28	16,971	n/a	Western Europe
Switzerland	Self-direction	−0.09	−0.10	−0.07	16,963	n/a	Western Europe
Switzerland	Stimulation	−0.09	−0.11	−0.07	16,958	n/a	Western Europe
Switzerland	Hedonism	−0.01	−0.03	0.00	16,958	n/a	Western Europe
Austria	Achievement	+0.01	−0.01	+0.03	13,695	n/a	Western Europe
Austria	Power	+0.08	+0.06	+0.10	13,699	n/a	Western Europe
Austria	Security	+0.12	+0.10	+0.14	13,689	n/a	Western Europe
Austria	Conformity	+0.16	+0.14	+0.18	13,678	n/a	Western Europe
Austria	Tradition	+0.16	+0.14	+0.18	13,699	n/a	Western Europe
Austria	Benevolence	−0.12	−0.14	−0.10	13,698	n/a	Western Europe
Austria	Universalism	−0.22	−0.24	−0.20	13,706	n/a	Western Europe
Austria	Self-direction	−0.11	−0.13	−0.09	13,700	n/a	Western Europe
Austria	Stimulation	−0.07	−0.09	−0.05	13,695	n/a	Western Europe
Austria	Hedonism	−0.05	−0.07	−0.02	13,698	n/a	Western Europe
Spain	Achievement	+0.03	+0.02	+0.05	16,347	n/a	Western Europe
Spain	Power	+0.07	+0.05	+0.08	16,365	n/a	Western Europe
Spain	Security	+0.12	+0.11	+0.14	16,369	n/a	Western Europe
Spain	Conformity	+0.16	+0.14	+0.17	16,380	n/a	Western Europe
Spain	Tradition	+0.13	+0.11	+0.14	16,378	n/a	Western Europe
Spain	Benevolence	−0.07	−0.09	−0.06	16,373	n/a	Western Europe
Spain	Universalism	−0.17	−0.19	−0.16	16,377	n/a	Western Europe
Spain	Self-direction	−0.11	−0.12	−0.09	16,363	n/a	Western Europe
Spain	Stimulation	−0.09	−0.11	−0.08	16,366	n/a	Western Europe
Spain	Hedonism	−0.07	−0.09	−0.06	16,364	n/a	Western Europe
France	Achievement	+0.02	0.00	+0.04	19,026	n/a	Western Europe
France	Power	+0.08	+0.06	+0.09	19,035	n/a	Western Europe
France	Security	+0.17	+0.16	+0.19	19,033	n/a	Western Europe
France	Conformity	+0.12	+0.11	+0.14	19,018	n/a	Western Europe
France	Tradition	+0.11	+0.09	+0.12	19,027	n/a	Western Europe
France	Benevolence	−0.07	−0.08	−0.05	19,026	n/a	Western Europe
France	Universalism	−0.22	−0.24	−0.21	19,040	n/a	Western Europe
France	Self-direction	−0.05	−0.07	−0.04	19,038	n/a	Western Europe
France	Stimulation	−0.07	−0.08	−0.05	19,031	n/a	Western Europe
France	Hedonism	−0.08	−0.10	−0.06	19,024	n/a	Western Europe
Netherlands	Achievement	+0.02	0.00	+0.04	18,727	n/a	Western Europe
Netherlands	Power	+0.13	+0.11	+0.15	18,732	n/a	Western Europe
Netherlands	Security	+0.10	+0.08	+0.11	18,729	n/a	Western Europe
Netherlands	Conformity	+0.12	+0.10	+0.13	18,731	n/a	Western Europe
Netherlands	Tradition	+0.09	+0.08	+0.11	18,731	n/a	Western Europe
Netherlands	Benevolence	−0.09	−0.10	−0.07	18,734	n/a	Western Europe
Netherlands	Universalism	−0.27	−0.28	−0.25	18,734	n/a	Western Europe
Netherlands	Self-direction	−0.08	−0.10	−0.07	18,723	n/a	Western Europe
Netherlands	Stimulation	−0.04	−0.05	−0.02	18,731	n/a	Western Europe
Netherlands	Hedonism	+0.01	−0.01	+0.02	18,732	n/a	Western Europe
Germany	Achievement	0.00	−0.02	+0.01	26,141	n/a	Western Europe
Germany	Power	+0.05	+0.03	+0.06	26,157	n/a	Western Europe
Germany	Security	+0.12	+0.11	+0.14	26,141	n/a	Western Europe
Germany	Conformity	+0.11	+0.10	+0.13	26,132	n/a	Western Europe
Germany	Tradition	+0.13	+0.11	+0.14	26,152	n/a	Western Europe
Germany	Benevolence	−0.07	−0.09	−0.06	26,141	n/a	Western Europe
Germany	Universalism	−0.20	−0.22	−0.19	26,160	n/a	Western Europe
Germany	Self-direction	−0.05	−0.07	−0.04	26,149	n/a	Western Europe
Germany	Stimulation	−0.08	−0.09	−0.06	26,144	n/a	Western Europe
Germany	Hedonism	−0.03	−0.05	−0.02	26,145	n/a	Western Europe
Luxembourg	Achievement	+0.01	−0.05	+0.07	1,336	n/a	Western Europe
Luxembourg	Power	+0.03	−0.04	+0.09	1,338	n/a	Western Europe
Luxembourg	Security	+0.08	+0.01	+0.14	1,338	n/a	Western Europe
Luxembourg	Conformity	+0.15	+0.09	+0.22	1,337	n/a	Western Europe
Luxembourg	Tradition	+0.13	+0.07	+0.19	1,338	n/a	Western Europe
Luxembourg	Benevolence	−0.04	−0.10	+0.03	1,338	n/a	Western Europe
Luxembourg	Universalism	−0.10	−0.16	−0.04	1,338	n/a	Western Europe
Luxembourg	Self-direction	−0.09	−0.15	−0.03	1,337	n/a	Western Europe
Luxembourg	Stimulation	−0.09	−0.16	−0.03	1,338	n/a	Western Europe
Luxembourg	Hedonism	−0.10	−0.16	−0.04	1,338	n/a	Western Europe
Denmark	Achievement	−0.01	−0.03	+0.01	11,701	n/a	Western Europe
Denmark	Power	+0.13	+0.11	+0.15	11,713	n/a	Western Europe
Denmark	Security	+0.03	+0.01	+0.05	11,704	n/a	Western Europe
Denmark	Conformity	+0.13	+0.11	+0.15	11,699	n/a	Western Europe
Denmark	Tradition	+0.10	+0.08	+0.12	11,711	n/a	Western Europe
Denmark	Benevolence	−0.09	−0.11	−0.07	11,700	n/a	Western Europe
Denmark	Universalism	−0.27	−0.28	−0.25	11,714	n/a	Western Europe
Denmark	Self-direction	+0.02	0.00	+0.04	11,717	n/a	Western Europe
Denmark	Stimulation	−0.04	−0.06	−0.02	11,697	n/a	Western Europe
Denmark	Hedonism	0.00	−0.02	+0.02	11,703	n/a	Western Europe
United Kingdom	Achievement	−0.03	−0.05	−0.02	19,557	n/a	Western Europe
United Kingdom	Power	+0.07	+0.06	+0.09	19,572	n/a	Western Europe
United Kingdom	Security	+0.09	+0.08	+0.11	19,559	n/a	Western Europe
United Kingdom	Conformity	+0.13	+0.12	+0.15	19,562	n/a	Western Europe
United Kingdom	Tradition	+0.12	+0.10	+0.14	19,559	n/a	Western Europe
United Kingdom	Benevolence	−0.07	−0.09	−0.06	19,565	n/a	Western Europe
United Kingdom	Universalism	−0.19	−0.20	−0.17	19,570	n/a	Western Europe
United Kingdom	Self-direction	−0.04	−0.05	−0.02	19,571	n/a	Western Europe
United Kingdom	Stimulation	−0.05	−0.07	−0.04	19,560	n/a	Western Europe
United Kingdom	Hedonism	−0.03	−0.05	−0.01	19,555	n/a	Western Europe
Finland	Achievement	+0.03	+0.02	+0.05	18,948	n/a	Western Europe
Finland	Power	+0.11	+0.10	+0.13	18,962	n/a	Western Europe
Finland	Security	0.00	−0.01	+0.02	18,955	n/a	Western Europe
Finland	Conformity	+0.11	+0.10	+0.13	18,933	n/a	Western Europe
Finland	Tradition	+0.12	+0.10	+0.13	18,941	n/a	Western Europe
Finland	Benevolence	−0.08	−0.09	−0.06	18,923	n/a	Western Europe
Finland	Universalism	−0.20	−0.21	−0.18	18,968	n/a	Western Europe
Finland	Self-direction	−0.04	−0.05	−0.02	18,965	n/a	Western Europe
Finland	Stimulation	−0.04	−0.06	−0.03	18,939	n/a	Western Europe
Finland	Hedonism	−0.05	−0.06	−0.03	18,928	n/a	Western Europe
Iceland	Achievement	−0.01	−0.04	+0.02	4,430	n/a	Western Europe
Iceland	Power	+0.15	+0.12	+0.18	4,436	n/a	Western Europe
Iceland	Security	+0.01	−0.02	+0.05	4,428	n/a	Western Europe
Iceland	Conformity	+0.10	+0.07	+0.14	4,429	n/a	Western Europe
Iceland	Tradition	+0.12	+0.09	+0.15	4,434	n/a	Western Europe
Iceland	Benevolence	−0.08	−0.11	−0.05	4,435	n/a	Western Europe
Iceland	Universalism	−0.25	−0.28	−0.22	4,437	n/a	Western Europe
Iceland	Self-direction	−0.01	−0.04	+0.02	4,436	n/a	Western Europe
Iceland	Stimulation	−0.01	−0.05	+0.02	4,433	n/a	Western Europe
Iceland	Hedonism	−0.03	−0.06	0.00	4,431	n/a	Western Europe
Ireland	Achievement	−0.01	−0.03	+0.01	19,303	n/a	Western Europe
Ireland	Power	+0.05	+0.03	+0.07	19,308	n/a	Western Europe
Ireland	Security	+0.07	+0.05	+0.09	19,306	n/a	Western Europe
Ireland	Conformity	+0.15	+0.13	+0.17	19,292	n/a	Western Europe
Ireland	Tradition	+0.11	+0.09	+0.12	19,306	n/a	Western Europe
Ireland	Benevolence	−0.05	−0.07	−0.04	19,287	n/a	Western Europe
Ireland	Universalism	−0.10	−0.11	−0.08	19,311	n/a	Western Europe
Ireland	Self-direction	−0.08	−0.09	−0.06	19,307	n/a	Western Europe
Ireland	Stimulation	−0.09	−0.10	−0.07	19,301	n/a	Western Europe
Ireland	Hedonism	−0.07	−0.08	−0.05	19,287	n/a	Western Europe
Norway	Achievement	+0.02	+0.01	+0.04	16,216	n/a	Western Europe
Norway	Power	+0.14	+0.12	+0.16	16,225	n/a	Western Europe
Norway	Security	+0.02	0.00	+0.03	16,219	n/a	Western Europe
Norway	Conformity	+0.06	+0.04	+0.07	16,223	n/a	Western Europe
Norway	Tradition	+0.06	+0.05	+0.08	16,216	n/a	Western Europe
Norway	Benevolence	−0.03	−0.04	−0.01	16,212	n/a	Western Europe
Norway	Universalism	−0.26	−0.27	−0.24	16,231	n/a	Western Europe
Norway	Self-direction	−0.01	−0.03	+0.01	16,220	n/a	Western Europe
Norway	Stimulation	0.00	−0.02	+0.02	16,221	n/a	Western Europe
Norway	Hedonism	+0.02	+0.01	+0.04	16,209	n/a	Western Europe
Greece	Achievement	+0.02	−0.01	+0.04	12,385	n/a	Western Europe
Greece	Power	+0.05	+0.03	+0.07	12,396	n/a	Western Europe
Greece	Security	+0.02	0.00	+0.04	12,395	n/a	Western Europe
Greece	Conformity	+0.11	+0.09	+0.13	12,391	n/a	Western Europe
Greece	Tradition	+0.07	+0.05	+0.09	12,396	n/a	Western Europe
Greece	Benevolence	−0.05	−0.07	−0.03	12,396	n/a	Western Europe
Greece	Universalism	−0.07	−0.09	−0.05	12,397	n/a	Western Europe
Greece	Self-direction	−0.09	−0.11	−0.07	12,395	n/a	Western Europe
Greece	Stimulation	−0.08	−0.10	−0.06	12,391	n/a	Western Europe
Greece	Hedonism	−0.01	−0.03	+0.01	12,393	n/a	Western Europe
Belgium	Achievement	+0.01	−0.01	+0.02	17,920	n/a	Western Europe
Belgium	Power	+0.07	+0.05	+0.08	17,920	n/a	Western Europe
Belgium	Security	+0.08	+0.06	+0.09	17,922	n/a	Western Europe
Belgium	Conformity	+0.06	+0.04	+0.08	17,919	n/a	Western Europe
Belgium	Tradition	+0.04	+0.02	+0.05	17,921	n/a	Western Europe
Belgium	Benevolence	−0.03	−0.04	−0.01	17,921	n/a	Western Europe
Belgium	Universalism	−0.17	−0.18	−0.15	17,923	n/a	Western Europe
Belgium	Self-direction	−0.03	−0.04	−0.01	17,919	n/a	Western Europe
Belgium	Stimulation	−0.03	−0.05	−0.02	17,921	n/a	Western Europe
Belgium	Hedonism	+0.01	−0.01	+0.02	17,921	n/a	Western Europe
Italy	Achievement	+0.03	0.00	+0.05	8,517	n/a	Western Europe
Italy	Power	+0.09	+0.06	+0.11	8,528	n/a	Western Europe
Italy	Security	+0.08	+0.06	+0.11	8,531	n/a	Western Europe
Italy	Conformity	+0.03	+0.01	+0.06	8,514	n/a	Western Europe
Italy	Tradition	+0.02	0.00	+0.05	8,535	n/a	Western Europe
Italy	Benevolence	−0.09	−0.12	−0.07	8,535	n/a	Western Europe
Italy	Universalism	−0.19	−0.21	−0.16	8,539	n/a	Western Europe
Italy	Self-direction	−0.05	−0.07	−0.02	8,521	n/a	Western Europe
Italy	Stimulation	+0.01	−0.01	+0.04	8,525	n/a	Western Europe
Italy	Hedonism	+0.04	+0.01	+0.06	8,527	n/a	Western Europe
Sweden	Achievement	+0.03	+0.01	+0.05	15,308	n/a	Western Europe
Sweden	Power	+0.17	+0.15	+0.19	15,309	n/a	Western Europe
Sweden	Security	−0.07	−0.09	−0.05	15,305	n/a	Western Europe
Sweden	Conformity	+0.09	+0.08	+0.11	15,305	n/a	Western Europe
Sweden	Tradition	+0.05	+0.03	+0.07	15,308	n/a	Western Europe
Sweden	Benevolence	−0.09	−0.11	−0.07	15,276	n/a	Western Europe
Sweden	Universalism	−0.23	−0.25	−0.22	15,326	n/a	Western Europe
Sweden	Self-direction	+0.01	−0.01	+0.03	15,313	n/a	Western Europe
Sweden	Stimulation	+0.03	+0.01	+0.04	15,312	n/a	Western Europe
Sweden	Hedonism	+0.03	+0.01	+0.04	15,302	n/a	Western Europe
Portugal	Achievement	0.00	−0.03	+0.02	14,498	n/a	Western Europe
Portugal	Power	+0.04	+0.02	+0.06	14,519	n/a	Western Europe
Portugal	Security	+0.03	+0.01	+0.05	14,508	n/a	Western Europe
Portugal	Conformity	+0.06	+0.04	+0.08	14,495	n/a	Western Europe
Portugal	Tradition	+0.05	+0.03	+0.07	14,513	n/a	Western Europe
Portugal	Benevolence	−0.03	−0.05	0.00	14,518	n/a	Western Europe
Portugal	Universalism	−0.09	−0.11	−0.07	14,518	n/a	Western Europe
Portugal	Self-direction	−0.06	−0.08	−0.03	14,513	n/a	Western Europe
Portugal	Stimulation	0.00	−0.02	+0.02	14,508	n/a	Western Europe
Portugal	Hedonism	−0.02	−0.04	0.00	14,500	n/a	Western Europe
Croatia	Achievement	−0.03	−0.06	0.00	6,686	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Croatia	Power	+0.02	−0.01	+0.05	6,690	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Croatia	Security	+0.05	+0.03	+0.08	6,687	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Croatia	Conformity	+0.08	+0.05	+0.10	6,681	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Croatia	Tradition	+0.19	+0.16	+0.21	6,684	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Croatia	Benevolence	−0.05	−0.07	−0.02	6,683	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Croatia	Universalism	−0.06	−0.09	−0.04	6,694	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Croatia	Self-direction	−0.10	−0.13	−0.07	6,687	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Croatia	Stimulation	−0.06	−0.09	−0.04	6,683	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Croatia	Hedonism	−0.04	−0.06	−0.01	6,680	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Slovenia	Achievement	−0.02	−0.04	0.00	11,283	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Slovenia	Power	+0.03	+0.01	+0.05	11,291	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Slovenia	Security	+0.05	+0.03	+0.07	11,288	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Slovenia	Conformity	+0.08	+0.06	+0.10	11,286	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Slovenia	Tradition	+0.15	+0.13	+0.17	11,288	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Slovenia	Benevolence	−0.05	−0.06	−0.03	11,286	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Slovenia	Universalism	−0.10	−0.12	−0.08	11,293	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Slovenia	Self-direction	−0.08	−0.10	−0.06	11,289	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Slovenia	Stimulation	−0.02	−0.04	0.00	11,284	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Slovenia	Hedonism	−0.07	−0.09	−0.06	11,283	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Poland	Achievement	−0.05	−0.06	−0.03	14,177	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Poland	Power	+0.02	+0.01	+0.04	14,199	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Poland	Security	+0.05	+0.03	+0.07	14,198	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Poland	Conformity	+0.07	+0.05	+0.09	14,182	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Poland	Tradition	+0.14	+0.12	+0.15	14,196	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Poland	Benevolence	+0.01	−0.01	+0.03	14,187	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Poland	Universalism	−0.02	−0.04	0.00	14,205	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Poland	Self-direction	−0.06	−0.08	−0.04	14,197	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Poland	Stimulation	−0.07	−0.08	−0.05	14,192	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Poland	Hedonism	−0.07	−0.09	−0.06	14,180	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Montenegro	Achievement	+0.03	−0.02	+0.08	2,972	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Montenegro	Power	−0.06	−0.11	−0.02	2,972	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Montenegro	Security	+0.10	+0.05	+0.15	2,972	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Montenegro	Conformity	−0.03	−0.08	+0.01	2,967	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Montenegro	Tradition	+0.01	−0.04	+0.06	2,972	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Montenegro	Benevolence	+0.08	+0.03	+0.12	2,971	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Montenegro	Universalism	+0.04	0.00	+0.09	2,976	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Montenegro	Self-direction	−0.04	−0.09	0.00	2,976	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Montenegro	Stimulation	−0.05	−0.10	0.00	2,969	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Montenegro	Hedonism	−0.03	−0.08	+0.02	2,967	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Hungary	Achievement	+0.01	0.00	+0.03	15,163	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Hungary	Power	+0.05	+0.03	+0.06	15,176	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Hungary	Security	−0.02	−0.04	0.00	15,172	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Hungary	Conformity	−0.01	−0.03	0.00	15,169	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Hungary	Tradition	+0.01	−0.01	+0.03	15,177	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Hungary	Benevolence	−0.04	−0.06	−0.02	15,164	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Hungary	Universalism	−0.07	−0.09	−0.05	15,179	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Hungary	Self-direction	−0.01	−0.03	0.00	15,185	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Hungary	Stimulation	+0.05	+0.03	+0.07	15,166	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Hungary	Hedonism	+0.02	0.00	+0.04	15,170	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Ukraine	Achievement	+0.10	+0.07	+0.13	7,211	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Ukraine	Power	+0.03	0.00	+0.06	7,233	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Ukraine	Security	−0.06	−0.09	−0.03	7,232	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Ukraine	Conformity	−0.05	−0.08	−0.02	7,216	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Ukraine	Tradition	−0.02	−0.05	+0.01	7,235	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Ukraine	Benevolence	−0.02	−0.05	+0.01	7,229	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Ukraine	Universalism	−0.07	−0.10	−0.04	7,251	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Ukraine	Self-direction	−0.01	−0.04	+0.02	7,232	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Ukraine	Stimulation	+0.03	0.00	+0.06	7,224	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Ukraine	Hedonism	+0.06	+0.03	+0.09	7,196	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Serbia	Achievement	−0.03	−0.08	+0.02	2,294	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Serbia	Power	+0.01	−0.04	+0.05	2,298	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Serbia	Security	−0.04	−0.08	+0.01	2,295	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Serbia	Conformity	0.00	−0.05	+0.05	2,295	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Serbia	Tradition	+0.05	0.00	+0.10	2,298	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Serbia	Benevolence	−0.05	−0.10	0.00	2,299	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Serbia	Universalism	−0.07	−0.11	−0.02	2,298	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Serbia	Self-direction	−0.02	−0.07	+0.03	2,299	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Serbia	Stimulation	+0.04	−0.01	+0.09	2,292	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Serbia	Hedonism	+0.06	+0.01	+0.11	2,295	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Lithuania	Achievement	+0.01	−0.02	+0.04	9,097	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Lithuania	Power	−0.03	−0.05	0.00	9,117	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Lithuania	Security	+0.01	−0.02	+0.03	9,112	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Lithuania	Conformity	+0.02	−0.01	+0.04	9,101	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Lithuania	Tradition	−0.01	−0.03	+0.02	9,121	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Lithuania	Benevolence	−0.01	−0.03	+0.02	9,104	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Lithuania	Universalism	−0.02	−0.05	0.00	9,126	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Lithuania	Self-direction	+0.01	−0.02	+0.04	9,120	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Lithuania	Stimulation	−0.01	−0.04	+0.01	9,113	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Lithuania	Hedonism	+0.03	0.00	+0.06	9,113	n/a	Post-communist Europe
North Macedonia	Achievement	+0.06	−0.04	+0.15	879	n/a	Post-communist Europe
North Macedonia	Power	−0.01	−0.11	+0.09	877	n/a	Post-communist Europe
North Macedonia	Security	−0.05	−0.14	+0.05	878	n/a	Post-communist Europe
North Macedonia	Conformity	+0.01	−0.08	+0.11	878	n/a	Post-communist Europe
North Macedonia	Tradition	−0.01	−0.10	+0.09	878	n/a	Post-communist Europe
North Macedonia	Benevolence	+0.01	−0.08	+0.11	877	n/a	Post-communist Europe
North Macedonia	Universalism	−0.03	−0.12	+0.07	879	n/a	Post-communist Europe
North Macedonia	Self-direction	+0.05	−0.05	+0.14	879	n/a	Post-communist Europe
North Macedonia	Stimulation	−0.03	−0.13	+0.07	878	n/a	Post-communist Europe
North Macedonia	Hedonism	+0.01	−0.09	+0.11	878	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Latvia	Achievement	+0.03	−0.02	+0.07	3,133	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Latvia	Power	+0.02	−0.03	+0.06	3,134	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Latvia	Security	−0.01	−0.06	+0.03	3,135	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Latvia	Conformity	−0.02	−0.06	+0.02	3,130	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Latvia	Tradition	−0.03	−0.08	+0.01	3,137	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Latvia	Benevolence	+0.03	−0.01	+0.07	3,132	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Latvia	Universalism	−0.05	−0.09	−0.01	3,138	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Latvia	Self-direction	0.00	−0.05	+0.04	3,137	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Latvia	Stimulation	+0.04	0.00	+0.08	3,134	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Latvia	Hedonism	+0.03	−0.02	+0.07	3,134	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Kosovo	Achievement	−0.06	−0.16	+0.03	806	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Kosovo	Power	−0.07	−0.16	+0.02	807	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Kosovo	Security	+0.10	+0.01	+0.19	804	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Kosovo	Conformity	+0.04	−0.06	+0.13	802	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Kosovo	Tradition	+0.06	−0.04	+0.15	808	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Kosovo	Benevolence	+0.02	−0.07	+0.11	807	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Kosovo	Universalism	+0.01	−0.08	+0.11	808	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Kosovo	Self-direction	+0.06	−0.03	+0.15	806	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Kosovo	Stimulation	+0.01	−0.08	+0.11	801	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Kosovo	Hedonism	−0.11	−0.20	−0.01	804	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Russia	Achievement	+0.03	0.00	+0.06	7,967	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Russia	Power	+0.01	−0.02	+0.04	7,982	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Russia	Security	−0.03	−0.06	0.00	7,982	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Russia	Conformity	−0.04	−0.07	−0.01	7,969	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Russia	Tradition	−0.03	−0.05	0.00	7,985	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Russia	Benevolence	+0.01	−0.02	+0.03	7,975	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Russia	Universalism	−0.07	−0.09	−0.04	7,992	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Russia	Self-direction	+0.01	−0.02	+0.03	7,986	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Russia	Stimulation	+0.04	+0.01	+0.07	7,962	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Russia	Hedonism	+0.06	+0.03	+0.08	7,962	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Romania	Achievement	+0.03	−0.03	+0.09	1,463	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Romania	Power	+0.05	−0.01	+0.11	1,462	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Romania	Security	−0.04	−0.10	+0.02	1,463	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Romania	Conformity	+0.01	−0.04	+0.07	1,463	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Romania	Tradition	−0.09	−0.15	−0.04	1,464	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Romania	Benevolence	−0.06	−0.12	−0.01	1,462	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Romania	Universalism	−0.06	−0.11	0.00	1,464	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Romania	Self-direction	+0.04	−0.02	+0.10	1,464	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Romania	Stimulation	+0.05	0.00	+0.11	1,463	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Romania	Hedonism	+0.04	−0.02	+0.10	1,463	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Albania	Achievement	+0.01	−0.07	+0.10	1,031	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Albania	Power	−0.05	−0.13	+0.04	1,040	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Albania	Security	−0.05	−0.13	+0.04	1,037	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Albania	Conformity	−0.02	−0.11	+0.06	1,035	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Albania	Tradition	+0.06	−0.02	+0.15	1,039	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Albania	Benevolence	+0.02	−0.06	+0.11	1,034	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Albania	Universalism	+0.06	−0.03	+0.14	1,041	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Albania	Self-direction	−0.05	−0.13	+0.03	1,035	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Albania	Stimulation	+0.04	−0.04	+0.13	1,022	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Albania	Hedonism	−0.01	−0.09	+0.08	1,032	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Estonia	Achievement	−0.01	−0.02	+0.01	15,020	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Estonia	Power	−0.01	−0.02	+0.01	15,027	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Estonia	Security	−0.06	−0.08	−0.05	15,026	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Estonia	Conformity	−0.02	−0.04	−0.01	15,020	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Estonia	Tradition	−0.05	−0.06	−0.03	15,028	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Estonia	Benevolence	+0.02	0.00	+0.03	15,024	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Estonia	Universalism	−0.05	−0.07	−0.03	15,033	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Estonia	Self-direction	+0.06	+0.04	+0.07	15,025	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Estonia	Stimulation	+0.06	+0.04	+0.08	15,015	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Estonia	Hedonism	+0.07	+0.05	+0.09	15,016	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Slovakia	Achievement	+0.10	+0.08	+0.12	10,981	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Slovakia	Power	+0.08	+0.06	+0.11	10,980	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Slovakia	Security	−0.12	−0.14	−0.10	10,989	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Slovakia	Conformity	−0.13	−0.15	−0.10	10,973	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Slovakia	Tradition	−0.14	−0.16	−0.12	10,982	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Slovakia	Benevolence	−0.04	−0.06	−0.01	10,975	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Slovakia	Universalism	−0.06	−0.09	−0.04	10,993	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Slovakia	Self-direction	+0.09	+0.07	+0.11	10,988	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Slovakia	Stimulation	+0.12	+0.09	+0.14	10,979	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Slovakia	Hedonism	+0.08	+0.06	+0.11	10,977	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Czechia	Achievement	+0.12	+0.10	+0.14	17,119	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Czechia	Power	+0.09	+0.07	+0.11	17,142	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Czechia	Security	−0.16	−0.17	−0.14	17,139	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Czechia	Conformity	−0.16	−0.18	−0.15	17,122	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Czechia	Tradition	−0.15	−0.17	−0.13	17,130	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Czechia	Benevolence	−0.06	−0.08	−0.04	17,135	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Czechia	Universalism	−0.11	−0.13	−0.10	17,162	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Czechia	Self-direction	+0.13	+0.12	+0.15	17,060	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Czechia	Stimulation	+0.16	+0.14	+0.18	17,117	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Czechia	Hedonism	+0.13	+0.11	+0.14	17,116	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Bulgaria	Achievement	+0.09	+0.06	+0.11	11,580	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Bulgaria	Power	+0.14	+0.12	+0.16	11,602	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Bulgaria	Security	−0.17	−0.19	−0.15	11,607	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Bulgaria	Conformity	−0.17	−0.20	−0.15	11,578	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Bulgaria	Tradition	−0.21	−0.23	−0.18	11,615	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Bulgaria	Benevolence	−0.09	−0.11	−0.06	11,590	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Bulgaria	Universalism	−0.15	−0.18	−0.13	11,618	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Bulgaria	Self-direction	+0.15	+0.13	+0.17	11,581	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Bulgaria	Stimulation	+0.18	+0.16	+0.20	11,560	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Bulgaria	Hedonism	+0.17	+0.15	+0.19	11,563	n/a	Post-communist Europe
Turkey	Achievement	−0.01	−0.05	+0.03	3,449	n/a	Cyprus, Israel, Turkey
Turkey	Power	+0.05	+0.01	+0.09	3,462	n/a	Cyprus, Israel, Turkey
Turkey	Security	+0.08	+0.04	+0.12	3,454	n/a	Cyprus, Israel, Turkey
Turkey	Conformity	+0.12	+0.08	+0.16	3,450	n/a	Cyprus, Israel, Turkey
Turkey	Tradition	+0.12	+0.08	+0.16	3,457	n/a	Cyprus, Israel, Turkey
Turkey	Benevolence	+0.07	+0.03	+0.10	3,460	n/a	Cyprus, Israel, Turkey
Turkey	Universalism	−0.04	−0.08	0.00	3,466	n/a	Cyprus, Israel, Turkey
Turkey	Self-direction	−0.06	−0.09	−0.02	3,446	n/a	Cyprus, Israel, Turkey
Turkey	Stimulation	−0.11	−0.15	−0.07	3,449	n/a	Cyprus, Israel, Turkey
Turkey	Hedonism	−0.12	−0.16	−0.08	3,445	n/a	Cyprus, Israel, Turkey
Israel	Achievement	+0.01	−0.01	+0.03	13,802	n/a	Cyprus, Israel, Turkey
Israel	Power	−0.03	−0.05	−0.01	13,829	n/a	Cyprus, Israel, Turkey
Israel	Security	+0.07	+0.05	+0.09	13,814	n/a	Cyprus, Israel, Turkey
Israel	Conformity	0.00	−0.02	+0.02	13,795	n/a	Cyprus, Israel, Turkey
Israel	Tradition	+0.14	+0.12	+0.16	13,806	n/a	Cyprus, Israel, Turkey
Israel	Benevolence	+0.01	−0.01	+0.03	13,768	n/a	Cyprus, Israel, Turkey
Israel	Universalism	−0.15	−0.17	−0.13	13,832	n/a	Cyprus, Israel, Turkey
Israel	Self-direction	−0.03	−0.05	−0.01	13,824	n/a	Cyprus, Israel, Turkey
Israel	Stimulation	0.00	−0.02	+0.02	13,792	n/a	Cyprus, Israel, Turkey
Israel	Hedonism	0.00	−0.02	+0.02	13,779	n/a	Cyprus, Israel, Turkey
Cyprus	Achievement	+0.04	+0.01	+0.08	4,629	n/a	Cyprus, Israel, Turkey
Cyprus	Power	+0.01	−0.02	+0.05	4,636	n/a	Cyprus, Israel, Turkey
Cyprus	Security	0.00	−0.03	+0.04	4,636	n/a	Cyprus, Israel, Turkey
Cyprus	Conformity	0.00	−0.03	+0.04	4,624	n/a	Cyprus, Israel, Turkey
Cyprus	Tradition	−0.02	−0.06	+0.01	4,634	n/a	Cyprus, Israel, Turkey
Cyprus	Benevolence	−0.07	−0.10	−0.03	4,635	n/a	Cyprus, Israel, Turkey
Cyprus	Universalism	−0.05	−0.08	−0.01	4,634	n/a	Cyprus, Israel, Turkey
Cyprus	Self-direction	−0.01	−0.05	+0.02	4,632	n/a	Cyprus, Israel, Turkey
Cyprus	Stimulation	+0.01	−0.02	+0.05	4,630	n/a	Cyprus, Israel, Turkey
Cyprus	Hedonism	+0.05	+0.01	+0.08	4,632	n/a	Cyprus, Israel, Turkey

Views: Post-communist Europe (in_post_view = true); Western Europe (group = Western Europe); All countries (is_country = true).

Note: Every country cell rests on an effective sample of at least 300 respondents. Hover for the interval and the sample size.

Note: The Western mean row is the mean of the 18 Western country correlations, with a 95% interval from resampling countries.

Source: European Social Survey, rounds 1 to 11, 2002-2024; weighted (analysis weight within each country, every country counted once across countries)

Data: vishalsingh.org/politics/report/basic-values-and-left-right/figures/country_value_heatmap.json

Table 4. By the 95% interval, conservation values go with the right in 4 post-communist countries and with the left in 7

Correlation between conservation values (conformity, tradition and security) and left-right self-placement, by post-communist country, with the Western and post-communist means; 95% intervals; ESS rounds 1 to 11, 2002-2024

conf_high	conf_low	estimate	group	label	metric	n_units
0.161	0.111	0.135	Western mean	Western mean	Conservation	18
0.027	−0.073	−0.020	Post-communist mean	Post-communist mean	Conservation	18
0.184	0.131	0.158	Interval above zero (leans right)	Croatia	Conservation	n/a
0.154	0.117	0.136	Interval above zero (leans right)	Slovenia	Conservation	n/a
0.136	0.102	0.119	Interval above zero (leans right)	Poland	Conservation	n/a
0.187	0.004	0.096	Interval above zero (leans right)	Kosovo	Conservation	n/a
0.084	−0.013	0.036	Interval includes zero	Montenegro	Conservation	n/a
0.060	−0.038	0.011	Interval includes zero	Serbia	Conservation	n/a
0.034	−0.019	0.008	Interval includes zero	Lithuania	Conservation	n/a
0.086	−0.082	0.002	Interval includes zero	Albania	Conservation	n/a
0.007	−0.030	−0.011	Interval includes zero	Hungary	Conservation	n/a
0.079	−0.115	−0.019	Interval includes zero	North Macedonia	Conservation	n/a
0.005	−0.079	−0.037	Interval includes zero	Latvia	Conservation	n/a
−0.015	−0.072	−0.043	Interval below zero (leans left)	Russia	Conservation	n/a
−0.029	−0.089	−0.059	Interval below zero (leans left)	Ukraine	Conservation	n/a
−0.002	−0.118	−0.061	Interval below zero (leans left)	Romania	Conservation	n/a
−0.047	−0.080	−0.063	Interval below zero (leans left)	Estonia	Conservation	n/a
−0.153	−0.198	−0.176	Interval below zero (leans left)	Slovakia	Conservation	n/a
−0.201	−0.235	−0.218	Interval below zero (leans left)	Czechia	Conservation	n/a
−0.220	−0.262	−0.241	Interval below zero (leans left)	Bulgaria	Conservation	n/a
−0.162	−0.224	−0.193	Western mean	Western mean	Universalism	18
−0.024	−0.071	−0.049	Post-communist mean	Post-communist mean	Universalism	18
−0.133	−0.176	−0.155	Interval below zero (leans left)	Bulgaria	Universalism	n/a
−0.096	−0.131	−0.114	Interval below zero (leans left)	Czechia	Universalism	n/a
−0.079	−0.117	−0.098	Interval below zero (leans left)	Slovenia	Universalism	n/a
−0.055	−0.091	−0.073	Interval below zero (leans left)	Hungary	Universalism	n/a
−0.038	−0.094	−0.066	Interval below zero (leans left)	Russia	Universalism	n/a
−0.017	−0.115	−0.066	Interval below zero (leans left)	Serbia	Universalism	n/a
−0.035	−0.095	−0.065	Interval below zero (leans left)	Ukraine	Universalism	n/a
−0.037	−0.091	−0.064	Interval below zero (leans left)	Croatia	Universalism	n/a
−0.040	−0.086	−0.063	Interval below zero (leans left)	Slovakia	Universalism	n/a
0.002	−0.114	−0.056	Interval includes zero	Romania	Universalism	n/a
−0.010	−0.095	−0.053	Interval below zero (leans left)	Latvia	Universalism	n/a
−0.035	−0.068	−0.051	Interval below zero (leans left)	Estonia	Universalism	n/a
0.069	−0.125	−0.028	Interval includes zero	North Macedonia	Universalism	n/a
0.003	−0.051	−0.024	Interval includes zero	Lithuania	Universalism	n/a
−0.001	−0.035	−0.018	Interval below zero (leans left)	Poland	Universalism	n/a
0.105	−0.080	0.013	Interval includes zero	Kosovo	Universalism	n/a
0.092	−0.005	0.044	Interval includes zero	Montenegro	Universalism	n/a
0.142	−0.026	0.059	Interval includes zero	Albania	Universalism	n/a
0.094	0.074	0.084	Western mean	Western mean	Alignment	18
0.015	−0.016	0.000	Post-communist mean	Post-communist mean	Alignment	18
0.077	0.057	0.067	Interval above zero (predicted sides)	Croatia	Alignment	n/a
0.070	0.053	0.062	Interval above zero (predicted sides)	Slovenia	Alignment	n/a
0.053	0.040	0.047	Interval above zero (predicted sides)	Poland	Alignment	n/a
0.030	−0.010	0.010	Interval includes zero	Montenegro	Alignment	n/a
0.016	0.004	0.010	Interval above zero (predicted sides)	Hungary	Alignment	n/a
0.018	−0.004	0.007	Interval includes zero	Ukraine	Alignment	n/a
0.027	−0.016	0.006	Interval includes zero	Serbia	Alignment	n/a
0.016	−0.008	0.004	Interval includes zero	Lithuania	Alignment	n/a
0.040	−0.032	0.002	Interval includes zero	North Macedonia	Alignment	n/a
0.016	−0.018	−0.002	Interval includes zero	Latvia	Alignment	n/a
0.046	−0.042	−0.003	Interval includes zero	Kosovo	Alignment	n/a
0.007	−0.014	−0.004	Interval includes zero	Russia	Alignment	n/a
0.016	−0.034	−0.010	Interval includes zero	Romania	Alignment	n/a
0.016	−0.040	−0.011	Interval includes zero	Albania	Alignment	n/a
−0.019	−0.034	−0.026	Interval below zero (opposite sides)	Estonia	Alignment	n/a
−0.035	−0.052	−0.044	Interval below zero (opposite sides)	Slovakia	Alignment	n/a
−0.048	−0.062	−0.055	Interval below zero (opposite sides)	Czechia	Alignment	n/a
−0.054	−0.071	−0.062	Interval below zero (opposite sides)	Bulgaria	Alignment	n/a

Views: Conservation (metric = Conservation); Universalism (metric = Universalism); Alignment score (metric = Alignment).

Note: The two mean rows are means of country correlations with a 95% interval from resampling countries; country rows use the Fisher z interval on the effective sample size.

Note: Country cells need an effective sample of 300 respondents or more.

Source: European Social Survey, rounds 1 to 11, 2002-2024; weighted (analysis weight within each country, every country counted once across countries)

Data: vishalsingh.org/politics/report/basic-values-and-left-right/figures/post_communist_countries.json

Table 5. The mean correlation has the predicted sign for all 9 items with a predicted side in the highest-HDI third of countries and for 4 of them in the lowest third

Mean across countries of the correlation between each value item and left-right self-placement (0 = left, 10 = right), by third of countries on the Human Development Index (HDI); items centred on each respondent's mean rating; WVS waves 5 and 6, 2005-2016; 95% intervals from resampling countries

Item	Item wording	Countries	Coding	Mean correlation	Interval low	Interval high	Countries in the mean	Countries on the predicted side	Countries with the interval on the predicted side
Conformity (behaving well)	It is important to this person to always behave properly	Highest third by HDI	Centred on the respondent's mean	+0.06	+0.04	+0.08	23	19	15
Tradition	Tradition is important to this person	Highest third by HDI	Centred on the respondent's mean	+0.12	+0.09	+0.15	23	23	18
Security (safety)	It is important to this person to live in secure surroundings	Highest third by HDI	Centred on the respondent's mean	+0.03	0.00	+0.05	23	15	7
Power (wealth)	It is important to this person to be rich	Highest third by HDI	Centred on the respondent's mean	+0.05	+0.02	+0.07	23	16	9
Achievement (success)	It is important to this person to be very successful	Highest third by HDI	Centred on the respondent's mean	0.00	−0.02	+0.02	23	11	3
Hedonism (good time)	It is important to this person to have a good time	Highest third by HDI	Centred on the respondent's mean	−0.05	−0.06	−0.04	23	n/a	n/a
Stimulation (adventure)	It is important to this person to seek adventure and take risks	Highest third by HDI	Centred on the respondent's mean	−0.05	−0.08	−0.03	23	20	11
Self-direction (new ideas)	It is important to this person to think up new ideas and be creative	Highest third by HDI	Centred on the respondent's mean	−0.08	−0.10	−0.05	23	22	14
Universalism (environment)	It is important to this person to look after the environment	Highest third by HDI	Centred on the respondent's mean	−0.10	−0.14	−0.07	23	20	15
Benevolence (helping others)	It is important to this person to help the people nearby	Highest third by HDI	Centred on the respondent's mean	−0.07	−0.09	−0.04	21	17	11
Conformity (behaving well)	It is important to this person to always behave properly	Middle third by HDI	Centred on the respondent's mean	−0.01	−0.04	+0.02	23	13	4
Tradition	Tradition is important to this person	Middle third by HDI	Centred on the respondent's mean	+0.02	−0.01	+0.05	23	15	8
Security (safety)	It is important to this person to live in secure surroundings	Middle third by HDI	Centred on the respondent's mean	−0.02	−0.05	+0.01	23	11	2
Power (wealth)	It is important to this person to be rich	Middle third by HDI	Centred on the respondent's mean	+0.02	0.00	+0.03	23	14	4
Achievement (success)	It is important to this person to be very successful	Middle third by HDI	Centred on the respondent's mean	+0.02	0.00	+0.03	23	17	3
Hedonism (good time)	It is important to this person to have a good time	Middle third by HDI	Centred on the respondent's mean	+0.01	−0.02	+0.04	23	n/a	n/a
Stimulation (adventure)	It is important to this person to seek adventure and take risks	Middle third by HDI	Centred on the respondent's mean	0.00	−0.03	+0.02	23	12	8
Self-direction (new ideas)	It is important to this person to think up new ideas and be creative	Middle third by HDI	Centred on the respondent's mean	−0.01	−0.04	+0.01	23	12	7
Universalism (environment)	It is important to this person to look after the environment	Middle third by HDI	Centred on the respondent's mean	−0.02	−0.05	0.00	23	17	5
Benevolence (helping others)	It is important to this person to help the people nearby	Middle third by HDI	Centred on the respondent's mean	−0.04	−0.07	−0.02	17	14	5
Conformity (behaving well)	It is important to this person to always behave properly	Lowest third by HDI	Centred on the respondent's mean	+0.01	−0.02	+0.04	24	12	4
Tradition	Tradition is important to this person	Lowest third by HDI	Centred on the respondent's mean	+0.04	+0.01	+0.07	24	17	8
Security (safety)	It is important to this person to live in secure surroundings	Lowest third by HDI	Centred on the respondent's mean	−0.02	−0.05	0.00	24	6	2
Power (wealth)	It is important to this person to be rich	Lowest third by HDI	Centred on the respondent's mean	0.00	−0.03	+0.02	24	10	4
Achievement (success)	It is important to this person to be very successful	Lowest third by HDI	Centred on the respondent's mean	−0.02	−0.05	0.00	24	11	2
Hedonism (good time)	It is important to this person to have a good time	Lowest third by HDI	Centred on the respondent's mean	−0.02	−0.04	+0.01	24	n/a	n/a
Stimulation (adventure)	It is important to this person to seek adventure and take risks	Lowest third by HDI	Centred on the respondent's mean	−0.01	−0.04	+0.02	24	14	6
Self-direction (new ideas)	It is important to this person to think up new ideas and be creative	Lowest third by HDI	Centred on the respondent's mean	0.00	−0.02	+0.03	24	10	4
Universalism (environment)	It is important to this person to look after the environment	Lowest third by HDI	Centred on the respondent's mean	+0.04	+0.01	+0.06	24	7	1
Benevolence (helping others)	It is important to this person to help the people nearby	Lowest third by HDI	Centred on the respondent's mean	0.00	−0.03	+0.03	19	11	5
Conformity (behaving well)	It is important to this person to always behave properly	All countries	Centred on the respondent's mean	+0.02	0.00	+0.04	71	45	24
Tradition	Tradition is important to this person	All countries	Centred on the respondent's mean	+0.06	+0.04	+0.08	71	56	35
Security (safety)	It is important to this person to live in secure surroundings	All countries	Centred on the respondent's mean	−0.01	−0.02	+0.01	71	33	12
Power (wealth)	It is important to this person to be rich	All countries	Centred on the respondent's mean	+0.02	+0.01	+0.03	71	41	17
Achievement (success)	It is important to this person to be very successful	All countries	Centred on the respondent's mean	0.00	−0.01	+0.01	71	39	8
Hedonism (good time)	It is important to this person to have a good time	All countries	Centred on the respondent's mean	−0.02	−0.04	−0.01	71	n/a	n/a
Stimulation (adventure)	It is important to this person to seek adventure and take risks	All countries	Centred on the respondent's mean	−0.02	−0.04	−0.01	71	47	26
Self-direction (new ideas)	It is important to this person to think up new ideas and be creative	All countries	Centred on the respondent's mean	−0.03	−0.04	−0.01	71	45	26
Universalism (environment)	It is important to this person to look after the environment	All countries	Centred on the respondent's mean	−0.03	−0.05	−0.01	71	44	21
Benevolence (helping others)	It is important to this person to help the people nearby	All countries	Centred on the respondent's mean	−0.04	−0.05	−0.02	58	42	21
Conformity (behaving well)	It is important to this person to always behave properly	All countries	Uncentred items	+0.05	+0.03	+0.07	71	52	28
Tradition	Tradition is important to this person	All countries	Uncentred items	+0.08	+0.06	+0.10	71	59	41
Security (safety)	It is important to this person to live in secure surroundings	All countries	Uncentred items	+0.03	+0.01	+0.04	71	49	20
Power (wealth)	It is important to this person to be rich	All countries	Uncentred items	+0.05	+0.03	+0.06	71	53	26
Achievement (success)	It is important to this person to be very successful	All countries	Uncentred items	+0.03	+0.01	+0.04	71	44	20
Hedonism (good time)	It is important to this person to have a good time	All countries	Uncentred items	+0.01	−0.01	+0.03	71	n/a	n/a
Stimulation (adventure)	It is important to this person to seek adventure and take risks	All countries	Uncentred items	0.00	−0.01	+0.02	71	34	17
Self-direction (new ideas)	It is important to this person to think up new ideas and be creative	All countries	Uncentred items	0.00	−0.02	+0.02	71	36	17
Universalism (environment)	It is important to this person to look after the environment	All countries	Uncentred items	+0.01	−0.01	+0.03	71	32	15
Benevolence (helping others)	It is important to this person to help the people nearby	All countries	Uncentred items	0.00	−0.02	+0.01	58	32	10

Views: By HDI third (view = thirds); All countries (view = all); Uncentred items (view = uncentred).

Note: Each estimate is the mean of country correlations, every country counted once. Countries without a Human Development Index value (Taiwan) are in the all-countries and uncentred views only.

Note: Benevolence is estimated in fewer countries: no respondent answered the item in 13 countries and territories, and a subsample answered it in 20.

Note: Item labels are short forms; the wording of each item is in the data table. In a tooltip, n is the number of countries in the mean.

Note: Country cells need an effective sample of 300 respondents or more.

Source: World Values Survey, waves 5 and 6, 2005-2016; weighted (S017 within each country, every country counted once across countries)

Data: vishalsingh.org/politics/report/basic-values-and-left-right/figures/wvs_items_by_hdi.json

Table 6. Values sit on their predicted sides in 30 of 71 countries and on the opposite sides in 9

Average correlation between eight values and left-right self-placement, signed so that a positive score is the side the theory predicts; WVS waves 5 and 6, 2005-2016

Country	ISO code	Interval of the score	Alignment score	Interval low	Interval high	Respondents
Algeria	DZA	Includes zero	+0.032	−0.003	+0.069	496
Andorra	AND	Above zero	+0.103	+0.071	+0.133	906
Argentina	ARG	Above zero	+0.092	+0.070	+0.115	1,438
Armenia	ARM	Includes zero	−0.010	−0.041	+0.022	629
Australia	AUS	Above zero	+0.082	+0.063	+0.100	2,683
Azerbaijan	AZE	Includes zero	+0.009	−0.024	+0.040	1,001
Belarus	BLR	Includes zero	−0.019	−0.041	+0.003	1,454
Brazil	BRA	Above zero	+0.031	+0.016	+0.046	2,517
Bulgaria	BGR	Includes zero	−0.019	−0.051	+0.014	634
Burkina Faso	BFA	Above zero	+0.024	+0.002	+0.047	958
Canada	CAN	Above zero	+0.095	+0.066	+0.120	1,585
Chile	CHL	Above zero	+0.032	+0.011	+0.055	1,319
Colombia	COL	Above zero	+0.037	+0.017	+0.056	1,238
Cyprus	CYP	Includes zero	+0.017	−0.001	+0.035	1,846
Ecuador	ECU	Includes zero	+0.014	−0.006	+0.035	1,140
Egypt	EGY	Below zero	−0.041	−0.057	−0.025	4,209
Estonia	EST	Below zero	−0.026	−0.049	−0.002	1,230
Ethiopia	ETH	Includes zero	−0.020	−0.046	+0.004	1,249
Finland	FIN	Above zero	+0.043	+0.016	+0.072	887
France	FRA	Above zero	+0.052	+0.022	+0.078	905
Georgia	GEO	Below zero	−0.020	−0.040	−0.002	1,594
Germany	DEU	Above zero	+0.065	+0.044	+0.085	3,523
Ghana	GHA	Includes zero	−0.001	−0.018	+0.018	2,299
Haiti	HTI	Includes zero	−0.009	−0.026	+0.009	1,932
Hong Kong SAR	HKG	Includes zero	−0.009	−0.031	+0.015	964
Hungary	HUN	Includes zero	−0.006	−0.028	+0.017	856
India	IND	Includes zero	+0.011	−0.003	+0.022	3,515
Indonesia	IDN	Includes zero	+0.015	−0.007	+0.036	1,339
Iraq	IRQ	Includes zero	+0.010	−0.019	+0.037	936
Japan	JPN	Above zero	+0.066	+0.048	+0.084	2,237
Kazakhstan	KAZ	Includes zero	+0.004	−0.014	+0.023	1,500
Kyrgyzstan	KGZ	Includes zero	−0.010	−0.028	+0.008	1,435
Lebanon	LBN	Includes zero	−0.008	−0.037	+0.018	750
Libya	LBY	Includes zero	−0.001	−0.026	+0.021	1,319
Malaysia	MYS	Below zero	−0.050	−0.070	−0.031	1,300
Mali	MLI	Below zero	−0.029	−0.049	−0.010	977
Mexico	MEX	Above zero	+0.022	+0.010	+0.034	3,127
Moldova	MDA	Below zero	−0.045	−0.073	−0.018	786
Morocco	MAR	Includes zero	−0.002	−0.031	+0.027	685
Netherlands	NLD	Above zero	+0.109	+0.090	+0.126	2,470
New Zealand	NZL	Above zero	+0.110	+0.069	+0.150	583
Nigeria	NGA	Below zero	−0.031	−0.052	−0.010	1,759
Norway	NOR	Above zero	+0.079	+0.054	+0.106	991
Pakistan	PAK	Includes zero	−0.021	−0.053	+0.008	1,129
Palestine	PSE	Includes zero	+0.009	−0.017	+0.036	705
Peru	PER	Includes zero	+0.001	−0.014	+0.016	2,022
Philippines	PHL	Includes zero	0.000	−0.024	+0.022	1,186
Poland	POL	Above zero	+0.057	+0.037	+0.079	1,428
Romania	ROU	Below zero	−0.022	−0.039	−0.006	1,822
Russia	RUS	Includes zero	−0.009	−0.032	+0.014	903
Rwanda	RWA	Includes zero	+0.012	−0.001	+0.027	2,456
Serbia	SRB	Includes zero	−0.023	−0.050	+0.003	815
Slovenia	SVN	Above zero	+0.053	+0.031	+0.075	1,304
South Africa	ZAF	Includes zero	−0.013	−0.027	+0.001	5,449
South Korea	KOR	Above zero	+0.088	+0.065	+0.113	2,347
Spain	ESP	Above zero	+0.072	+0.052	+0.090	2,013
Sweden	SWE	Above zero	+0.083	+0.062	+0.104	2,053
Switzerland	CHE	Above zero	+0.109	+0.084	+0.136	1,083
Taiwan ROC	TWN	Above zero	+0.047	+0.030	+0.064	2,308
Thailand	THA	Includes zero	0.000	−0.014	+0.012	2,664
Trinidad and Tobago	TTO	Above zero	+0.027	+0.006	+0.048	1,177
Tunisia	TUN	Above zero	+0.052	+0.022	+0.079	667
Turkey	TUR	Above zero	+0.053	+0.037	+0.070	2,491
Ukraine	UKR	Includes zero	−0.016	−0.032	+0.002	2,026
United Kingdom	GBR	Above zero	+0.067	+0.038	+0.091	857
United States	USA	Above zero	+0.083	+0.065	+0.101	3,250
Uruguay	URY	Above zero	+0.048	+0.030	+0.068	1,663
Uzbekistan	UZB	Below zero	−0.033	−0.064	−0.002	566
Vietnam	VNM	Above zero	+0.053	+0.031	+0.077	1,277
Zambia	ZMB	Includes zero	−0.009	−0.033	+0.014	891
Zimbabwe	ZWE	Includes zero	−0.012	−0.037	+0.013	1,500

Note: Jordan and Yemen have an effective sample below 300 respondents and draw as no data. China, Iran, Kuwait, Qatar and Singapore have no left-right answers with the value items.

Source: World Values Survey, waves 5 and 6, 2005-2016; weighted (S017 within each country, every country counted once across countries)

Data: vishalsingh.org/politics/report/basic-values-and-left-right/figures/alignment_map.json

Table 7. Alignment is higher in countries with higher human development, with a correlation of +0.60 across 70 countries

Alignment of values with left-right self-placement against the Human Development Index, by country, World Values Survey, waves 5 and 6, 2005-2016

alignment	country	ess_alignment	n	panel	region
−0.019	Bulgaria	−0.062	634	ess	Europe & Central Asia
0.017	Cyprus	0.011	1,846	ess	Europe & Central Asia
−0.026	Estonia	−0.026	1,230	ess	Europe & Central Asia
0.043	Finland	0.083	887	ess	Europe & Central Asia
0.052	France	0.106	905	ess	Europe & Central Asia
0.065	Germany	0.093	3,523	ess	Europe & Central Asia
−0.006	Hungary	0.010	856	ess	Europe & Central Asia
0.109	Netherlands	0.105	2,470	ess	Europe & Central Asia
0.079	Norway	0.070	991	ess	Europe & Central Asia
0.057	Poland	0.047	1,428	ess	Europe & Central Asia
−0.022	Romania	−0.010	1,822	ess	Europe & Central Asia
−0.009	Russia	−0.004	903	ess	Europe & Central Asia
−0.023	Serbia	0.006	815	ess	Europe & Central Asia
0.053	Slovenia	0.062	1,304	ess	Europe & Central Asia
0.072	Spain	0.109	2,013	ess	Europe & Central Asia
0.083	Sweden	0.059	2,053	ess	Europe & Central Asia
0.109	Switzerland	0.132	1,083	ess	Europe & Central Asia
0.053	Turkey	0.071	2,491	ess	Europe & Central Asia
−0.016	Ukraine	0.007	2,026	ess	Europe & Central Asia
0.067	United Kingdom	0.083	857	ess	Europe & Central Asia
0.032	Algeria	n/a	496	hdi	Middle East & North Africa
0.103	Andorra	n/a	906	hdi	Europe & Central Asia
0.092	Argentina	n/a	1,438	hdi	Latin America & Caribbean
−0.010	Armenia	n/a	629	hdi	Europe & Central Asia
0.082	Australia	n/a	2,683	hdi	East Asia & Pacific
0.009	Azerbaijan	n/a	1,001	hdi	Europe & Central Asia
−0.019	Belarus	n/a	1,454	hdi	Europe & Central Asia
0.031	Brazil	n/a	2,517	hdi	Latin America & Caribbean
−0.019	Bulgaria	n/a	634	hdi	Europe & Central Asia
0.024	Burkina Faso	n/a	958	hdi	Sub-Saharan Africa
0.095	Canada	n/a	1,585	hdi	North America
0.032	Chile	n/a	1,319	hdi	Latin America & Caribbean
0.037	Colombia	n/a	1,238	hdi	Latin America & Caribbean
0.017	Cyprus	n/a	1,846	hdi	Europe & Central Asia
0.014	Ecuador	n/a	1,140	hdi	Latin America & Caribbean
−0.041	Egypt	n/a	4,209	hdi	Middle East & North Africa
−0.026	Estonia	n/a	1,230	hdi	Europe & Central Asia
−0.020	Ethiopia	n/a	1,249	hdi	Sub-Saharan Africa
0.043	Finland	n/a	887	hdi	Europe & Central Asia
0.052	France	n/a	905	hdi	Europe & Central Asia
−0.020	Georgia	n/a	1,594	hdi	Europe & Central Asia
0.065	Germany	n/a	3,523	hdi	Europe & Central Asia
−0.001	Ghana	n/a	2,299	hdi	Sub-Saharan Africa
−0.009	Haiti	n/a	1,932	hdi	Latin America & Caribbean
−0.009	Hong Kong SAR	n/a	964	hdi	East Asia & Pacific
−0.006	Hungary	n/a	856	hdi	Europe & Central Asia
0.011	India	n/a	3,515	hdi	South Asia
0.015	Indonesia	n/a	1,339	hdi	East Asia & Pacific
0.010	Iraq	n/a	936	hdi	Middle East & North Africa
0.066	Japan	n/a	2,237	hdi	East Asia & Pacific
0.004	Kazakhstan	n/a	1,500	hdi	Europe & Central Asia
−0.010	Kyrgyzstan	n/a	1,435	hdi	Europe & Central Asia
−0.008	Lebanon	n/a	750	hdi	Middle East & North Africa
−0.001	Libya	n/a	1,319	hdi	Middle East & North Africa
−0.050	Malaysia	n/a	1,300	hdi	East Asia & Pacific
−0.029	Mali	n/a	977	hdi	Sub-Saharan Africa
0.022	Mexico	n/a	3,127	hdi	Latin America & Caribbean
−0.045	Moldova	n/a	786	hdi	Europe & Central Asia
−0.002	Morocco	n/a	685	hdi	Middle East & North Africa
0.109	Netherlands	n/a	2,470	hdi	Europe & Central Asia
0.110	New Zealand	n/a	583	hdi	East Asia & Pacific
−0.031	Nigeria	n/a	1,759	hdi	Sub-Saharan Africa
0.079	Norway	n/a	991	hdi	Europe & Central Asia
−0.021	Pakistan	n/a	1,129	hdi	South Asia
0.009	Palestine	n/a	705	hdi	Middle East & North Africa
0.001	Peru	n/a	2,022	hdi	Latin America & Caribbean
0.000	Philippines	n/a	1,186	hdi	East Asia & Pacific
0.057	Poland	n/a	1,428	hdi	Europe & Central Asia
−0.022	Romania	n/a	1,822	hdi	Europe & Central Asia
−0.009	Russia	n/a	903	hdi	Europe & Central Asia
0.012	Rwanda	n/a	2,456	hdi	Sub-Saharan Africa
−0.023	Serbia	n/a	815	hdi	Europe & Central Asia
0.053	Slovenia	n/a	1,304	hdi	Europe & Central Asia
−0.013	South Africa	n/a	5,449	hdi	Sub-Saharan Africa
0.088	South Korea	n/a	2,347	hdi	East Asia & Pacific
0.072	Spain	n/a	2,013	hdi	Europe & Central Asia
0.083	Sweden	n/a	2,053	hdi	Europe & Central Asia
0.109	Switzerland	n/a	1,083	hdi	Europe & Central Asia
0.000	Thailand	n/a	2,664	hdi	East Asia & Pacific
0.027	Trinidad and Tobago	n/a	1,177	hdi	Latin America & Caribbean
0.052	Tunisia	n/a	667	hdi	Middle East & North Africa
0.053	Turkey	n/a	2,491	hdi	Europe & Central Asia
−0.016	Ukraine	n/a	2,026	hdi	Europe & Central Asia
0.067	United Kingdom	n/a	857	hdi	Europe & Central Asia
0.083	United States	n/a	3,250	hdi	North America
0.048	Uruguay	n/a	1,663	hdi	Latin America & Caribbean
−0.033	Uzbekistan	n/a	566	hdi	Europe & Central Asia
0.053	Vietnam	n/a	1,277	hdi	East Asia & Pacific
−0.009	Zambia	n/a	891	hdi	Sub-Saharan Africa
−0.012	Zimbabwe	n/a	1,500	hdi	Sub-Saharan Africa

Views: Against human development (panel = hdi); Against the ESS (panel = ess).

Note: Taiwan has no Human Development Index value and is left out of the first view.

Note: The alignment score averages eight values in both surveys. The ESS scale has 21 items and the WVS scale has one item per value.

Note: The fit uses robust standard errors, which allow the spread around the line to differ across countries, and treats the countries as the sample.

Note: Country cells need an effective sample of 300 respondents or more.

Source: World Values Survey, waves 5 and 6, 2005-2016; weighted (S017 within each country, every country counted once across countries); Human Development Index from the country context file (one value per country); second view also uses the European Social Survey, rounds 1 to 11, 2002-2024; weighted (analysis weight within each country, every country counted once across countries)

Data: vishalsingh.org/politics/report/basic-values-and-left-right/figures/alignment_hdi_agreement.json

All estimates

Every fact in facts.json (101), sorted by id. The same values as JSON: facts.json.

Fact id	Value	Unit	Estimand	Population	Period	Interval	n	Weights	Source
al_post	0.00	average signed loading (alignment), in correlation units	mean across countries of the alignment score (bootstrap over countries)	post-communist European countries (ESS)	ESS rounds 1 to 11, 2002-2024, rounds pooled within country	95% CI −0.02 to 0.01		ESS analysis weight (pspwght x pweight) within each country; every country counted once across countries	European Social Survey
al_west	+0.08	average signed loading (alignment), in correlation units	mean across countries of the alignment score (bootstrap over countries)	countries of Western, Northern and Southern Europe outside the former communist bloc (ESS)	ESS rounds 1 to 11, 2002-2024, rounds pooled within country	95% CI 0.07 to 0.09		ESS analysis weight (pspwght x pweight) within each country; every country counted once across countries	European Social Survey
alcount_post_above	4	countries	count of countries whose alignment interval is above zero	post-communist European countries (ESS)	ESS rounds 1 to 11, 2002-2024, rounds pooled within country			none (count)	European Social Survey
alcount_post_below	4	countries	count of countries whose alignment interval is below zero	post-communist European countries (ESS)	ESS rounds 1 to 11, 2002-2024, rounds pooled within country			none (count)	European Social Survey
alcount_post_includes	10	countries	count of countries whose alignment interval is including zero	post-communist European countries (ESS)	ESS rounds 1 to 11, 2002-2024, rounds pooled within country			none (count)	European Social Survey
alcount_west_above	18	countries	count of countries whose alignment interval is above zero	countries of Western, Northern and Southern Europe outside the former communist bloc (ESS)	ESS rounds 1 to 11, 2002-2024, rounds pooled within country			none (count)	European Social Survey
chance_count	9	countries	number of countries on the predicted side of a value if its correlation with left-right were zero in every country (half of the group)	countries in a European group of 18 (ESS)	ESS rounds 1 to 11, 2002-2024, rounds pooled within country			none (expected count)	European Social Survey
ciincl_post_ax_conservation	7	countries	count of countries with the 95% interval including zero for Conservation	post-communist European countries (ESS)	ESS rounds 1 to 11, 2002-2024, rounds pooled within country			none (count)	European Social Survey
ciopp_post_ax_conservation	7	countries	count of countries with the 95% interval on the opposite side of the predicted one for Conservation	post-communist European countries (ESS)	ESS rounds 1 to 11, 2002-2024, rounds pooled within country			none (count)	European Social Survey
ciopp_post_universalism	0	countries	count of countries with the 95% interval on the opposite side of the predicted one for Universalism	post-communist European countries (ESS)	ESS rounds 1 to 11, 2002-2024, rounds pooled within country			none (count)	European Social Survey
cipred_post_ax_conservation	4	countries	count of countries with the 95% interval on the predicted side for Conservation	post-communist European countries (ESS)	ESS rounds 1 to 11, 2002-2024, rounds pooled within country			none (count)	European Social Survey
cipred_post_conformity	3	countries	count of countries with the 95% interval on the predicted side for Conformity	post-communist European countries (ESS)	ESS rounds 1 to 11, 2002-2024, rounds pooled within country			none (count)	European Social Survey
cipred_post_tradition	4	countries	count of countries with the 95% interval on the predicted side for Tradition	post-communist European countries (ESS)	ESS rounds 1 to 11, 2002-2024, rounds pooled within country			none (count)	European Social Survey
cipred_post_universalism	12	countries	count of countries with the 95% interval on the predicted side for Universalism	post-communist European countries (ESS)	ESS rounds 1 to 11, 2002-2024, rounds pooled within country			none (count)	European Social Survey
cipred_west_conformity	18	countries	count of countries with the 95% interval on the predicted side for Conformity	countries of Western, Northern and Southern Europe outside the former communist bloc (ESS)	ESS rounds 1 to 11, 2002-2024, rounds pooled within country			none (count)	European Social Survey
cipred_west_tradition	17	countries	count of countries with the 95% interval on the predicted side for Tradition	countries of Western, Northern and Southern Europe outside the former communist bloc (ESS)	ESS rounds 1 to 11, 2002-2024, rounds pooled within country			none (count)	European Social Survey
cipred_west_universalism	18	countries	count of countries with the 95% interval on the predicted side for Universalism	countries of Western, Northern and Southern Europe outside the former communist bloc (ESS)	ESS rounds 1 to 11, 2002-2024, rounds pooled within country			none (count)	European Social Survey
ess_al_hu	+0.010	average signed loading (alignment), in correlation units	alignment score: mean of predicted sign x weighted correlation of left-right with eight values (respondent bootstrap)	respondents in Hungary with a left-right answer	ESS rounds 1 to 11, 2002-2024	95% CI 0.004 to 0.016	15,197	ESS analysis weight within the country	European Social Survey
ess_conservation_bg	−0.24	correlation coefficient (loading), from −1 to +1	weighted correlation of left-right with Conservation	respondents in Bulgaria with a left-right answer	ESS rounds 1 to 11, 2002-2024	95% CI −0.26 to −0.22	11,629	ESS analysis weight within the country	European Social Survey
ess_conservation_cz	−0.22	correlation coefficient (loading), from −1 to +1	weighted correlation of left-right with Conservation	respondents in Czechia with a left-right answer	ESS rounds 1 to 11, 2002-2024	95% CI −0.23 to −0.20	17,177	ESS analysis weight within the country	European Social Survey
ess_conservation_hr	+0.16	correlation coefficient (loading), from −1 to +1	weighted correlation of left-right with Conservation	respondents in Croatia with a left-right answer	ESS rounds 1 to 11, 2002-2024	95% CI 0.13 to 0.18	6,692	ESS analysis weight within the country	European Social Survey
ess_conservation_pl	+0.12	correlation coefficient (loading), from −1 to +1	weighted correlation of left-right with Conservation	respondents in Poland with a left-right answer	ESS rounds 1 to 11, 2002-2024	95% CI 0.10 to 0.14	14,207	ESS analysis weight within the country	European Social Survey
ess_conservation_si	+0.14	correlation coefficient (loading), from −1 to +1	weighted correlation of left-right with Conservation	respondents in Slovenia with a left-right answer	ESS rounds 1 to 11, 2002-2024	95% CI 0.12 to 0.15	11,293	ESS analysis weight within the country	European Social Survey
ess_conservation_sk	−0.18	correlation coefficient (loading), from −1 to +1	weighted correlation of left-right with Conservation	respondents in Slovakia with a left-right answer	ESS rounds 1 to 11, 2002-2024	95% CI −0.20 to −0.15	10,996	ESS analysis weight within the country	European Social Survey
hdi_cut_high	0.83	Human Development Index, from 0 to 1	upper bound of the middle third of countries by the index (countries above it are in the highest third)	WVS countries with an alignment score and a Human Development Index	WVS waves 5 and 6, fieldwork 2005-2016, waves pooled within country			none (cut point)	World Values Survey and EVS
hdi_cut_low	0.74	Human Development Index, from 0 to 1	upper bound of the lowest third of countries by the index	WVS countries with an alignment score and a Human Development Index	WVS waves 5 and 6, fieldwork 2005-2016, waves pooled within country			none (cut point)	World Values Survey and EVS
mean_post_ax_conservation	−0.02	correlation coefficient (loading), from −1 to +1	mean across countries of the within-country weighted correlation of left-right with higher-order axis Conservation (bootstrap over countries)	post-communist European countries (ESS)	ESS rounds 1 to 11, 2002-2024, rounds pooled within country	95% CI −0.07 to 0.03		ESS analysis weight (pspwght x pweight) within each country; every country counted once across countries	European Social Survey
mean_post_universalism	−0.05	correlation coefficient (loading), from −1 to +1	mean across countries of the within-country weighted correlation of left-right with value Universalism (bootstrap over countries)	post-communist European countries (ESS)	ESS rounds 1 to 11, 2002-2024, rounds pooled within country	95% CI −0.07 to −0.02		ESS analysis weight (pspwght x pweight) within each country; every country counted once across countries	European Social Survey
mean_west_achievement	+0.010	correlation coefficient (loading), from −1 to +1	mean across countries of the within-country weighted correlation of left-right with value Achievement (bootstrap over countries)	countries of Western, Northern and Southern Europe outside the former communist bloc (ESS)	ESS rounds 1 to 11, 2002-2024, rounds pooled within country	95% CI 0.001 to 0.017		ESS analysis weight (pspwght x pweight) within each country; every country counted once across countries	European Social Survey
mean_west_ax_conservation	+0.14	correlation coefficient (loading), from −1 to +1	mean across countries of the within-country weighted correlation of left-right with higher-order axis Conservation (bootstrap over countries)	countries of Western, Northern and Southern Europe outside the former communist bloc (ESS)	ESS rounds 1 to 11, 2002-2024, rounds pooled within country	95% CI 0.11 to 0.16		ESS analysis weight (pspwght x pweight) within each country; every country counted once across countries	European Social Survey
mean_west_ax_selftranscendence	−0.16	correlation coefficient (loading), from −1 to +1	mean across countries of the within-country weighted correlation of left-right with higher-order axis Self-transcendence (bootstrap over countries)	countries of Western, Northern and Southern Europe outside the former communist bloc (ESS)	ESS rounds 1 to 11, 2002-2024, rounds pooled within country	95% CI −0.19 to −0.14		ESS analysis weight (pspwght x pweight) within each country; every country counted once across countries	European Social Survey
mean_west_conformity	+0.11	correlation coefficient (loading), from −1 to +1	mean across countries of the within-country weighted correlation of left-right with value Conformity (bootstrap over countries)	countries of Western, Northern and Southern Europe outside the former communist bloc (ESS)	ESS rounds 1 to 11, 2002-2024, rounds pooled within country	95% CI 0.09 to 0.13		ESS analysis weight (pspwght x pweight) within each country; every country counted once across countries	European Social Survey
mean_west_hedonism	−0.02	correlation coefficient (loading), from −1 to +1	mean across countries of the within-country weighted correlation of left-right with value Hedonism (bootstrap over countries)	countries of Western, Northern and Southern Europe outside the former communist bloc (ESS)	ESS rounds 1 to 11, 2002-2024, rounds pooled within country	95% CI −0.04 to −0.01		ESS analysis weight (pspwght x pweight) within each country; every country counted once across countries	European Social Survey
mean_west_tradition	+0.10	correlation coefficient (loading), from −1 to +1	mean across countries of the within-country weighted correlation of left-right with value Tradition (bootstrap over countries)	countries of Western, Northern and Southern Europe outside the former communist bloc (ESS)	ESS rounds 1 to 11, 2002-2024, rounds pooled within country	95% CI 0.08 to 0.12		ESS analysis weight (pspwght x pweight) within each country; every country counted once across countries	European Social Survey
mean_west_universalism	−0.19	correlation coefficient (loading), from −1 to +1	mean across countries of the within-country weighted correlation of left-right with value Universalism (bootstrap over countries)	countries of Western, Northern and Southern Europe outside the former communist bloc (ESS)	ESS rounds 1 to 11, 2002-2024, rounds pooled within country	95% CI −0.22 to −0.16		ESS analysis weight (pspwght x pweight) within each country; every country counted once across countries	European Social Survey
n_ess_countries	39	countries	count of countries	countries in the ESS human-values sample	ESS rounds 1 to 11, 2002-2024, rounds pooled within country			none (count)	European Social Survey
n_ess_resp	432,669	respondents	count of respondents	ESS respondents with a human-values score and a left-right answer	ESS rounds 1 to 11, 2002-2024, rounds pooled within country			none (count)	European Social Survey
n_other	3	countries	count of countries in the group	Cyprus, Israel and Turkey (ESS)	ESS rounds 1 to 11, 2002-2024, rounds pooled within country			none (count)	European Social Survey
n_post	18	countries	count of countries in the group, fixed by history	post-communist European countries (ESS)	ESS rounds 1 to 11, 2002-2024, rounds pooled within country			none (count)	European Social Survey
n_pvq_items	21	items	count of items in the scale	ESS human-values scale (Portrait Values Questionnaire)	ESS rounds 1 to 11, 2002-2024, rounds pooled within country			none (constant)	European Social Survey
n_r10_no_items	9	countries	count of countries with no answered value item in round 10	ESS countries with round 10 rows and no value items	ESS round 10, 2020-2022			none (count)	European Social Survey
n_west	18	countries	count of countries in the group, fixed by geography and history	countries of Western, Northern and Southern Europe outside the former communist bloc (ESS)	ESS rounds 1 to 11, 2002-2024, rounds pooled within country			none (count)	European Social Survey
n_wvs_benev_none	13	countries and territories	count of countries and territories in which no respondent answered the benevolence item	WVS countries with the value items and a left-right answer	WVS waves 5 and 6, fieldwork 2005-2016, waves pooled within country			none (count)	World Values Survey and EVS
n_wvs_benev_part	20	countries and territories	count of countries and territories in which under 90% of respondents answered the benevolence item	WVS countries with the value items and a left-right answer	WVS waves 5 and 6, fieldwork 2005-2016, waves pooled within country			none (count)	World Values Survey and EVS
n_wvs_countries	71	countries and territories	count of countries and territories	WVS countries with an alignment score	WVS waves 5 and 6, fieldwork 2005-2016, waves pooled within country			none (count)	World Values Survey and EVS
n_wvs_dropped_resp	555	respondents	count of respondents with a left-right answer and all nine core value items in the countries that are dropped	WVS respondents in countries whose effective sample is below the floor	WVS waves 5 and 6, fieldwork 2005-2016, waves pooled within country			none (count)	World Values Survey and EVS
n_wvs_firm	9	items	count of items with a predicted side	WVS value items that have a predicted side	WVS waves 5 and 6, fieldwork 2005-2016, waves pooled within country			none (count)	World Values Survey and EVS
n_wvs_resp	113,253	respondents	count of respondents in the countries that are estimated (an effective sample of 300 or more)	WVS respondents with a left-right answer and all nine core value items in the countries with an alignment score	WVS waves 5 and 6, fieldwork 2005-2016, waves pooled within country			none (count)	World Values Survey and EVS
n_wvs_sample	73	countries and territories	count of countries and territories	WVS countries with the value items and a left-right answer	WVS waves 5 and 6, fieldwork 2005-2016, waves pooled within country			none (count)	World Values Survey and EVS
neff_floor	300	respondents (Kish effective sample size)	minimum effective sample for a country to be estimated	country-value cells	all fieldwork years			none (constant)	European Social Survey
pred_post_security	6	countries	count of countries with the point estimate on the predicted side for Security	post-communist European countries (ESS)	ESS rounds 1 to 11, 2002-2024, rounds pooled within country			none (count)	European Social Survey
pred_post_universalism	15	countries	count of countries with the point estimate on the predicted side for Universalism	post-communist European countries (ESS)	ESS rounds 1 to 11, 2002-2024, rounds pooled within country			none (count)	European Social Survey
pred_west_achievement	12	countries	count of countries with the point estimate on the predicted side for Achievement	countries of Western, Northern and Southern Europe outside the former communist bloc (ESS)	ESS rounds 1 to 11, 2002-2024, rounds pooled within country			none (count)	European Social Survey
pri_post_conservation	0.21	points on the value scale (1 to 6 scale, centred on each respondent's mean rating)	mean across countries of the country mean of the centred conservation score (bootstrap over countries)	post-communist European countries (ESS)	ESS rounds 1 to 11, 2002-2024, rounds pooled within country	95% CI 0.18 to 0.24		ESS analysis weight (pspwght x pweight) within each country; every country counted once across countries	European Social Survey
pri_west_conservation	0.02	points on the value scale (1 to 6 scale, centred on each respondent's mean rating)	mean across countries of the country mean of the centred conservation score (bootstrap over countries)	countries of Western, Northern and Southern Europe outside the former communist bloc (ESS)	ESS rounds 1 to 11, 2002-2024, rounds pooled within country	95% CI −0.04 to 0.08		ESS analysis weight (pspwght x pweight) within each country; every country counted once across countries	European Social Survey
priority_loading_r	−0.43	correlation across countries, from −1 to +1	Pearson correlation across countries of the country mean of the centred conservation score and the conservation loading (Fisher z interval on the number of countries)	countries in the ESS human-values sample	ESS rounds 1 to 11, 2002-2024, rounds pooled within country	95% CI −0.65 to −0.13		ESS analysis weight (pspwght x pweight) within each country; every country counted once across countries	European Social Survey
priority_loading_r_post	+0.03	correlation across countries, from −1 to +1	Pearson correlation across the countries of the group of the country mean of the centred conservation score and the conservation loading (Fisher z interval on the number of countries)	post-communist European countries (ESS)	ESS rounds 1 to 11, 2002-2024, rounds pooled within country	95% CI −0.44 to 0.49		ESS analysis weight (pspwght x pweight) within each country; every country counted once across countries	European Social Survey
priority_loading_r_west	−0.06	correlation across countries, from −1 to +1	Pearson correlation across the countries of the group of the country mean of the centred conservation score and the conservation loading (Fisher z interval on the number of countries)	countries of Western, Northern and Southern Europe outside the former communist bloc (ESS)	ESS rounds 1 to 11, 2002-2024, rounds pooled within country	95% CI −0.51 to 0.42		ESS analysis weight (pspwght x pweight) within each country; every country counted once across countries	European Social Survey
r11_agree_r	+0.92	correlation across countries, from −1 to +1	Pearson correlation across countries of the alignment estimated from round 11 alone and from rounds 1 to 10 (Fisher z interval on the number of countries)	countries in ESS round 11	ESS round 11 (2023-2024) against rounds 1 to 10	95% CI 0.84 to 0.96		ESS analysis weight (pspwght x pweight) within each country; every country counted once across countries	European Social Survey
r11_cells_r	+0.77	correlation across country-value cells, from −1 to +1	Pearson correlation across country-value cells of the loading estimated from round 11 alone and from rounds 1 to 10, after subtracting each value's mean across countries from each set of loadings (no interval: the ten cells of a country are not independent)	country-value cells in ESS round 11	ESS round 11 (2023-2024) against rounds 1 to 10			ESS analysis weight (pspwght x pweight) within each country; every country counted once across countries	European Social Survey
r11_n_countries	30	countries	count of countries	countries in ESS round 11	ESS round 11, 2023-2024			none (count)	European Social Survey
r2_west_universalism	4%	percent of the variance of left-right placement	mean across countries of the squared within-country weighted correlation of left-right with universalism (bootstrap over countries)	countries of Western, Northern and Southern Europe outside the former communist bloc (ESS)	ESS rounds 1 to 11, 2002-2024, rounds pooled within country	95% CI 3% to 5%		ESS analysis weight (pspwght x pweight) within each country; every country counted once across countries	European Social Survey
sd_post_ax_conservation	0.11	correlation coefficient (loading), from −1 to +1	standard deviation across countries of the loading of left-right on higher-order axis Conservation	post-communist European countries (ESS)	ESS rounds 1 to 11, 2002-2024, rounds pooled within country			ESS analysis weight (pspwght x pweight) within each country; every country counted once across countries	European Social Survey
sd_west_ax_conservation	0.06	correlation coefficient (loading), from −1 to +1	standard deviation across countries of the loading of left-right on higher-order axis Conservation	countries of Western, Northern and Southern Europe outside the former communist bloc (ESS)	ESS rounds 1 to 11, 2002-2024, rounds pooled within country			ESS analysis weight (pspwght x pweight) within each country; every country counted once across countries	European Social Survey
wvs_al_egy	−0.04	average signed loading (alignment), in correlation units	alignment score: mean of predicted sign x weighted correlation of left-right with eight items, centred on the respondent's mean (respondent bootstrap)	respondents in Egypt with a left-right answer	WVS fieldwork 2008, 2013	95% CI −0.06 to −0.03	4,209	WVS weight within the country	World Values Survey and EVS
wvs_al_jpn	+0.07	average signed loading (alignment), in correlation units	alignment score: mean of predicted sign x weighted correlation of left-right with eight items, centred on the respondent's mean (respondent bootstrap)	respondents in Japan with a left-right answer	WVS fieldwork 2005, 2010	95% CI 0.05 to 0.08	2,237	WVS weight within the country	World Values Survey and EVS
wvs_al_mys	−0.05	average signed loading (alignment), in correlation units	alignment score: mean of predicted sign x weighted correlation of left-right with eight items, centred on the respondent's mean (respondent bootstrap)	respondents in Malaysia with a left-right answer	WVS fieldwork 2012	95% CI −0.07 to −0.03	1,300	WVS weight within the country	World Values Survey and EVS
wvs_al_usa	+0.08	average signed loading (alignment), in correlation units	alignment score: mean of predicted sign x weighted correlation of left-right with eight items, centred on the respondent's mean (respondent bootstrap)	respondents in United States with a left-right answer	WVS fieldwork 2006, 2011	95% CI 0.06 to 0.10	3,250	WVS weight within the country	World Values Survey and EVS
wvs_alcount_all_above	30	countries	count of countries whose alignment interval is above zero	countries in the WVS value sample	WVS waves 5 and 6, fieldwork 2005-2016, waves pooled within country			none (count)	World Values Survey and EVS
wvs_alcount_all_below	9	countries	count of countries whose alignment interval is below zero	countries in the WVS value sample	WVS waves 5 and 6, fieldwork 2005-2016, waves pooled within country			none (count)	World Values Survey and EVS
wvs_alcount_all_includes	32	countries	count of countries whose alignment interval is including zero	countries in the WVS value sample	WVS waves 5 and 6, fieldwork 2005-2016, waves pooled within country			none (count)	World Values Survey and EVS
wvs_alcount_high_above	19	countries	count of countries whose alignment interval is above zero	countries in the highest third of the Human Development Index	WVS waves 5 and 6, fieldwork 2005-2016, waves pooled within country			none (count)	World Values Survey and EVS
wvs_alcount_low_above	3	countries	count of countries whose alignment interval is above zero	countries in the lowest third of the Human Development Index	WVS waves 5 and 6, fieldwork 2005-2016, waves pooled within country			none (count)	World Values Survey and EVS
wvs_alcount_low_below	5	countries	count of countries whose alignment interval is below zero	countries in the lowest third of the Human Development Index	WVS waves 5 and 6, fieldwork 2005-2016, waves pooled within country			none (count)	World Values Survey and EVS
wvs_alcount_mid_above	7	countries	count of countries whose alignment interval is above zero	countries in the middle third of the Human Development Index	WVS waves 5 and 6, fieldwork 2005-2016, waves pooled within country			none (count)	World Values Survey and EVS
wvs_ess_k	20	countries	count of countries	countries in both the ESS and the WVS value samples	ESS rounds 1 to 11 and WVS waves 5 and 6			none (count)	European Social Survey
wvs_ess_r	+0.90	correlation across countries, from −1 to +1	Pearson correlation across countries of the alignment score from the ESS 21-item scale and from the WVS ten-item scale (Fisher z interval on the number of countries)	countries in both the ESS and the WVS value samples	ESS rounds 1 to 11 and WVS waves 5 and 6	95% CI 0.77 to 0.96		survey weight within each country	European Social Survey
wvs_hdi_k	70	countries and territories	count of countries and territories	WVS countries with an alignment score and a Human Development Index	WVS waves 5 and 6, fieldwork 2005-2016, waves pooled within country			none (count)	World Values Survey and EVS
wvs_hdi_k_in	29	countries and territories	count of countries and territories	WVS countries inside the World Bank region Europe and Central Asia with an alignment score and a Human Development Index	WVS waves 5 and 6, fieldwork 2005-2016, waves pooled within country			none (count)	World Values Survey and EVS
wvs_hdi_k_out	41	countries and territories	count of countries and territories	WVS countries outside the World Bank region Europe and Central Asia with an alignment score and a Human Development Index	WVS waves 5 and 6, fieldwork 2005-2016, waves pooled within country			none (count)	World Values Survey and EVS
wvs_hdi_r	+0.60	correlation across countries, from −1 to +1	Pearson correlation across countries of the alignment score and the Human Development Index (Fisher z interval on the number of countries)	WVS countries with an alignment score and a Human Development Index	WVS waves 5 and 6, fieldwork 2005-2016, waves pooled within country	95% CI 0.43 to 0.73		WVS weight (S017) within each country; every country counted once across countries	World Values Survey and EVS
wvs_hdi_r_in	+0.79	correlation across countries, from −1 to +1	Pearson correlation across countries of the alignment score and the Human Development Index (Fisher z interval on the number of countries)	WVS countries inside the World Bank region Europe and Central Asia with an alignment score and a Human Development Index	WVS waves 5 and 6, fieldwork 2005-2016, waves pooled within country	95% CI 0.59 to 0.89		WVS weight (S017) within each country; every country counted once across countries	World Values Survey and EVS
wvs_hdi_r_out	+0.64	correlation across countries, from −1 to +1	Pearson correlation across countries of the alignment score and the Human Development Index (Fisher z interval on the number of countries)	WVS countries outside the World Bank region Europe and Central Asia with an alignment score and a Human Development Index	WVS waves 5 and 6, fieldwork 2005-2016, waves pooled within country	95% CI 0.42 to 0.79		WVS weight (S017) within each country; every country counted once across countries	World Values Survey and EVS
wvs_k_high	23	countries	count of countries with an alignment score	countries in the highest third of the Human Development Index	WVS waves 5 and 6, fieldwork 2005-2016, waves pooled within country			none (count)	World Values Survey and EVS
wvs_k_low	24	countries	count of countries with an alignment score	countries in the lowest third of the Human Development Index	WVS waves 5 and 6, fieldwork 2005-2016, waves pooled within country			none (count)	World Values Survey and EVS
wvs_k_mid	23	countries	count of countries with an alignment score	countries in the middle third of the Human Development Index	WVS waves 5 and 6, fieldwork 2005-2016, waves pooled within country			none (count)	World Values Survey and EVS
wvs_mean_all_benevolence	−0.04	correlation coefficient (loading), from −1 to +1	mean across countries of the within-country weighted correlation of left-right with the benevolence item (bootstrap over countries)	countries in the WVS value sample	WVS waves 5 and 6, fieldwork 2005-2016, waves pooled within country	95% CI −0.05 to −0.02		WVS weight (S017) within each country; every country counted once across countries	World Values Survey and EVS
wvs_mean_all_tradition	+0.06	correlation coefficient (loading), from −1 to +1	mean across countries of the within-country weighted correlation of left-right with the tradition item (bootstrap over countries)	countries in the WVS value sample	WVS waves 5 and 6, fieldwork 2005-2016, waves pooled within country	95% CI 0.04 to 0.08		WVS weight (S017) within each country; every country counted once across countries	World Values Survey and EVS
wvs_mean_all_universalism	−0.03	correlation coefficient (loading), from −1 to +1	mean across countries of the within-country weighted correlation of left-right with the universalism item (bootstrap over countries)	countries in the WVS value sample	WVS waves 5 and 6, fieldwork 2005-2016, waves pooled within country	95% CI −0.05 to −0.01		WVS weight (S017) within each country; every country counted once across countries	World Values Survey and EVS
wvs_mean_high_tradition	+0.12	correlation coefficient (loading), from −1 to +1	mean across countries of the within-country weighted correlation of left-right with the tradition item (bootstrap over countries)	countries in the highest third of the Human Development Index	WVS waves 5 and 6, fieldwork 2005-2016, waves pooled within country	95% CI 0.09 to 0.15		WVS weight (S017) within each country; every country counted once across countries	World Values Survey and EVS
wvs_mean_high_universalism	−0.10	correlation coefficient (loading), from −1 to +1	mean across countries of the within-country weighted correlation of left-right with the universalism item (bootstrap over countries)	countries in the highest third of the Human Development Index	WVS waves 5 and 6, fieldwork 2005-2016, waves pooled within country	95% CI −0.14 to −0.07		WVS weight (S017) within each country; every country counted once across countries	World Values Survey and EVS
wvs_mean_low_security	−0.025	correlation coefficient (loading), from −1 to +1	mean across countries of the within-country weighted correlation of left-right with the security item (bootstrap over countries)	countries in the lowest third of the Human Development Index	WVS waves 5 and 6, fieldwork 2005-2016, waves pooled within country	95% CI −0.046 to −0.004		WVS weight (S017) within each country; every country counted once across countries	World Values Survey and EVS
wvs_mean_low_universalism	+0.04	correlation coefficient (loading), from −1 to +1	mean across countries of the within-country weighted correlation of left-right with the universalism item (bootstrap over countries)	countries in the lowest third of the Human Development Index	WVS waves 5 and 6, fieldwork 2005-2016, waves pooled within country	95% CI 0.01 to 0.06		WVS weight (S017) within each country; every country counted once across countries	World Values Survey and EVS
wvs_n_all_tradition	71	countries and territories	count of countries and territories in which the tradition item is estimated	countries in the WVS value sample	WVS waves 5 and 6, fieldwork 2005-2016, waves pooled within country			none (count)	World Values Survey and EVS
wvs_pred_all_security	33	countries	count of countries with the point estimate on the predicted side for the security item	countries in the WVS value sample	WVS waves 5 and 6, fieldwork 2005-2016, waves pooled within country			none (count)	World Values Survey and EVS
wvs_pred_all_tradition	56	countries	count of countries with the point estimate on the predicted side for the tradition item	countries in the WVS value sample	WVS waves 5 and 6, fieldwork 2005-2016, waves pooled within country			none (count)	World Values Survey and EVS
wvs_pred_all_universalism	44	countries	count of countries with the point estimate on the predicted side for the universalism item	countries in the WVS value sample	WVS waves 5 and 6, fieldwork 2005-2016, waves pooled within country			none (count)	World Values Survey and EVS
wvs_raw_all_tradition	+0.08	correlation coefficient (loading), from −1 to +1	mean across countries of the within-country weighted correlation of left-right with the tradition item, not centred (bootstrap over countries)	countries in the WVS value sample	WVS waves 5 and 6, fieldwork 2005-2016, waves pooled within country	95% CI 0.06 to 0.10		WVS weight (S017) within each country; every country counted once across countries	World Values Survey and EVS
wvs_raw_all_universalism	+0.01	correlation coefficient (loading), from −1 to +1	mean across countries of the within-country weighted correlation of left-right with the universalism item, not centred (bootstrap over countries)	countries in the WVS value sample	WVS waves 5 and 6, fieldwork 2005-2016, waves pooled within country	95% CI −0.01 to 0.03		WVS weight (S017) within each country; every country counted once across countries	World Values Survey and EVS
wvs_raw_r	+0.95	correlation across countries, from −1 to +1	Pearson correlation across countries of the alignment score from items centred on the respondent's mean and from the raw items (no interval: the two versions use the same respondents)	WVS countries with an alignment score	WVS waves 5 and 6, fieldwork 2005-2016, waves pooled within country			WVS weight (S017) within each country; every country counted once across countries	World Values Survey and EVS
wvs_sign_low	4	items	count of the items with a predicted side whose mean correlation with left-right across countries has the predicted sign	countries in the lowest third of the Human Development Index	WVS waves 5 and 6, fieldwork 2005-2016, waves pooled within country			none (count)	World Values Survey and EVS

Definitions

Correlation: A number from minus 1 to plus 1 for how closely two measures move together in a straight-line pattern. Zero means no straight-line pattern; a correlation does not say that one measure causes the other.
Confidence interval: A range around an estimate that would contain the true value in 95% of repeated samples if the sampling model held. The book reports 95% intervals unless it says otherwise.
Schwartz basic values: Ten broad motivations, such as security, tradition, achievement and universalism, that Shalom Schwartz's theory arranges in a circle. Neighboring values are compatible and opposite values conflict.
Left-right self-placement: A survey question that asks people to place themselves on a scale from left to right. The scale is the same for everyone, but the meaning attached to left and right differs across people, countries and years.
Loading: The correlation, inside one country, between a survey scale such as left-right self-placement and an attitude. A loading of zero means the attitude says nothing about where people place themselves, and a positive loading means people who hold it place themselves further right.
Effective sample size: The number of equally weighted respondents that would give the same precision as the weighted sample. It is smaller than the raw count when the weights vary a lot, and it sets how wide the confidence interval is.
Survey weights: Numbers that scale each respondent so the sample matches the population on known traits such as age, race, education and region. A weighted average counts a respondent with a large weight for more than one with a small weight.
Standard deviation: A measure of how far values typically fall from their average. A larger standard deviation means the values are more spread out.
Human Development Index: A country score from 0 to 1 that combines life expectancy, years of schooling and income per person, published by the United Nations Development Programme. Higher scores mean higher human development.

Methods

Sample: ESS respondents in rounds 1 to 11 (2002-2024) with a human-values score and a left-right answer (0 = left, 10 = right) and a positive analysis weight, 432,669 respondents in 39 countries; WVS respondents in waves 5 and 6 (fieldwork 2005-2016) with a left-right answer (1 to 10) and all nine core value items, 113,253 respondents in 71 countries and territories (113,808 respondents in 73 countries before Jordan and Yemen are dropped for an effective sample below 300). Round 10 of the ESS has no value items in 9 countries (Austria, Cyprus, Germany, Spain, Israel, Latvia, Poland, Serbia, Sweden), which is a gap in the raw file and not a cleaning loss, so their loadings rest on the other rounds. Germany is one country and includes the former East Germany. Values: the ten Schwartz basic values from the 21-item Portrait Values Questionnaire, each the mean of its answered items minus the respondent's mean over all answered items (reverse coded so higher means more important); the four higher-order axes are means of their member values. Rounds 1 to 10 come from the cleaned ESS file and the build reproduces its own value columns exactly; round 11 has no value items in the cleaned file, so they are rebuilt from the raw file (the items with the suffix a) and joined to the cleaned file's left-right answers and weights on country and respondent number, one to one. The WVS has one item per value (waves 5 and 6 only in the cleaned file), centred on the respondent's mean over the nine core items (all but benevolence, which no respondent answered in 13 countries and territories and a subsample answered in 20); the cleaned WVS file restores ten EVS countries with a blank label, and none carries the value items. Estimand: the loading of a value is the survey-weighted Pearson correlation between its score and left-right inside one country, with all fielded rounds or waves pooled. The predicted side of each value is fixed before estimation from the value circle (conservation and self-enhancement lean right, openness to change and self-transcendence lean left, hedonism has no predicted side). Weights: ESS analysis weight (pspwght x pweight) and WVS weight (S017) within each country; averages across countries count each country once. Intervals: country loadings have 95% Fisher z intervals on the Kish effective sample size of the complete cases, which are model based and ignore clustering; a mean across countries has a 95% percentile interval from a bootstrap over countries (2,000 replicates, seed 12345); the alignment of a country is the mean over eight values of the predicted sign times the loading, with a 95% percentile interval from a bootstrap over respondents (1,000 replicates, seed 12345); correlations across countries use Fisher z on the number of countries, the correlations across country-value cells (after subtracting each value's mean across countries) and between the centred and raw WVS scores are reported without an interval, and the line in the last figure is least squares with HC3 errors. Counts: a country is on the predicted side when its point estimate has the predicted sign, and its interval is on the predicted side when the interval excludes zero on that side. Suppression: a country-value cell needs a Kish effective sample of at least 300; no ESS cell fell below it, and Jordan and Yemen fall below it in the WVS. Country groups: Western Europe (18 countries outside the former communist bloc), post-communist Europe (18 countries) and Cyprus, Israel and Turkey, fixed by geography and history. Human Development Index: one value per country from the WVS country context file (year not recorded), thirds among the countries with an alignment score and a value (Taiwan has none); the region is the World Bank region in the same file, in which Europe and Central Asia includes Central Asia, the South Caucasus, Turkey and Cyprus.

What these data cannot show

The loadings are associations between two answers given in one interview.
They do not show whether values shape left-right placement, whether placement shapes the values a person reports, or whether a third influence such as a party system, a church or an education shapes both.
A country's alignment says how tightly the scale and the values move together and nothing about which comes first.
How self-direction and stimulation differ by birth cohort is in Planned, The silent revolution (https://vishalsingh.org/politics/the-silent-revolution; planned).
The scores are relative priorities.
Because each value is centred on the respondent's own mean rating, the ten loadings cannot all lie on one side of zero, and a value that leans left partly reflects other values that lean right.
The WVS measures each value with one item, which is noisier than the ESS scale, and the WVS universalism item is about the environment only.
The alignment score leaves out hedonism and benevolence.
The theory's prediction for achievement holds only weakly in Western Europe, where its mean interval sits barely above zero and it is on the predicted side in 12 of 18 countries.
The intervals are model based.
They treat each survey as a weighted simple random sample and ignore clustering in the sampling designs, and the bootstrap over countries treats the countries as a sample from a population of countries, which they are not.
A count of countries by interval moves when a country's interval ends close to zero, as Hungary's does in the ESS and Estonia's, Georgia's and Uzbekistan's do in the WVS.
A different bootstrap draw could place such a country in a neighboring group of the count.
Countries appear in different rounds and waves, so a loading pools different years, and the chapter does not follow loadings over time.
Round 10 of the ESS has no value items in 9 countries, so their loadings rest on the other rounds.
The groups are historical and geographic labels.
The post-communist group holds countries with different party systems and different histories after 1990, and Western Europe holds countries with long democratic histories and countries with recent ones.
Left-right also means different things in different places, as Chapter 1.3, Left and right across countries (https://vishalsingh.org/politics/left-and-right-across-countries) shows, so a loading describes the tie between the label and a value among people who answer the question.
The data hold no party manifestos, expert placements of parties or vote choices, so they cannot say why the tie is reversed in the 4 post-communist countries whose interval is below zero or unclear in the 10 whose interval includes zero.

References

Schwartz, Shalom H. (1992). Universals in the Content and Structure of Values: Theoretical Advances and Empirical Tests in 20 Countries. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 25: 1-65. doi:10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60281-6
Caprara, Gian Vittorio; Schwartz, Shalom; Capanna, Cristina; Vecchione, Michele; Barbaranelli, Claudio (2006). Personality and Politics: Values, Traits, and Political Choice. Political Psychology 27(1): 1-28. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9221.2006.00447.x
Piurko, Yuval; Schwartz, Shalom H.; Davidov, Eldad (2011). Basic Personal Values and the Meaning of Left-Right Political Orientations in 20 Countries. Political Psychology 32(4): 537-561. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9221.2011.00828.x
Schwartz, Shalom H. (2003). A Proposal for Measuring Value Orientations across Nations. Chapter 7 in the Questionnaire Development Report of the European Social Survey. www.europeansocialsurvey.org/sites/default/files/2023-06/ESS_core_questionnaire_human_values.pdf
Fisher, Ronald A. (1921). On the Probable Error of a Coefficient of Correlation Deduced from a Small Sample. Metron 1(4): 3-32.
Kish, Leslie (1965). Survey Sampling. John Wiley and Sons.
Efron, Bradley (1979). Bootstrap Methods: Another Look at the Jackknife. Annals of Statistics 7(1): 1-26. doi:10.1214/aos/1176344552
Aspelund, Anna; Lindeman, Marjaana; Verkasalo, Markku (2013). Political Conservatism and Left-Right Orientation in 28 Eastern and Western European Countries. Political Psychology 34(3): 409-417. doi:10.1111/pops.12000
Davidov, Eldad; Schmidt, Peter; Schwartz, Shalom H. (2008). Bringing Values Back In: The Adequacy of the European Social Survey to Measure Values in 20 Countries. Public Opinion Quarterly 72(3): 420-445. doi:10.1093/poq/nfn035
Tavits, Margit; Letki, Natalia (2009). When Left Is Right: Party Ideology and Policy in Post-Communist Europe. American Political Science Review 103(4): 555-569. doi:10.1017/S0003055409990220
Kaasa, Anneli; Welzel, Christian (2023). Elements of Schwartz's Model in the WVS: How Do They Relate to Other Cultural Models?. Cross-Cultural Research 57(5): 431-471. doi:10.1177/10693971231179792

Provenance

Pipeline version: 1.0.0
Build script: book3/chapters/basic-values-and-left-right/build.py (sha256 4783ace187627f86e2a29b2af10963ec3ea566d31c9f2c197d7e5e52df09ffac)
Built on: 2026-09-30
Site commit: 16414b2c7257546a7042d0b1734657f208999f60

Inputs

File	Size (bytes)	SHA-256, first 1 MB	SHA-256, last 1 MB
data/ess/Datafile.sav	1,771,059,844	277e9393b493b0a4e8d0cc8db99db78ddd0b48333fbf4487e54638427ba55abd	eaeb795cfa656529b28f6d0f579e1e6146c0dc45a9555a3249f983ab6433851b
data/ess/ess_clean.parquet	45,592,290	9487eead6817f028f5dd525709aa1b989ccd384384ef3700b9657cf68dd0b529	6def6b8c99fe6dbaf6abc744db6cabf584b900084600909b651870d99208e338
data/wvs/wvs_clean.parquet	71,974,374	cef4479481f8a48d6c765d39dc5438d31daa32fcecee3f181aaaf8e257f41f0b	59a8e3c369176b7e1a2cb37fc10b87985ed79b02fab2eae1cca08e7a972db061

Outputs

File	SHA-256
facts.json	b3f8fa4caf9f19bd4db0bdee3b550b87ec15ad816fb6ea0c94474aa0d3ac6401
figures/alignment_hdi_agreement.json	70cd369aa6bf86f10cd8866e5ab8b058d271bfed8616ce7d544ecf557dd18bd8
figures/alignment_map.json	543e28e65b865843768e4d1fa02d13454f99836b5893b04b321784a684e24939
figures/countries_on_predicted_side.json	711d1f14f03069d77a6218691975b80d6a61ca98643c0721aa6227d1ed058fb4
figures/country_value_heatmap.json	19bf23880f3afd7737b812672dee9f4c5044d2572be5a1f9968ae8d22eadeae4
figures/post_communist_countries.json	a56b771ecf07066f9f1280e2524bc4861ca6ff8e12369d521915332cfc5c3064
figures/value_circle_west.json	1755711fb0460184358392bc6e9962901fe833a08a2c2cd99dc1f338f80cebbf
figures/wvs_items_by_hdi.json	9a68d4f9e613781b63d9f60585959b7d6cc99dbd6486c2ac1a3f5e3390cd7d71
meta.json	8b7fc9e16f33eb1364baadf339e81821adfd31d3945959e6aaac77427579ebac
refs.json	c445f16b078e8aea1544bd209165e9ca9cd9fe99cd90c98b2e81daa48c7d5f6c

Machine formats

Report (Markdown): https://vishalsingh.org/politics/basic-values-and-left-right/report.md
Every estimate (JSON): https://vishalsingh.org/politics/report/basic-values-and-left-right/facts.json
Table 1, figure "value_circle_west" (JSON): https://vishalsingh.org/politics/report/basic-values-and-left-right/figures/value_circle_west.json
Table 2, figure "countries_on_predicted_side" (JSON): https://vishalsingh.org/politics/report/basic-values-and-left-right/figures/countries_on_predicted_side.json
Table 3, figure "country_value_heatmap" (JSON): https://vishalsingh.org/politics/report/basic-values-and-left-right/figures/country_value_heatmap.json
Table 4, figure "post_communist_countries" (JSON): https://vishalsingh.org/politics/report/basic-values-and-left-right/figures/post_communist_countries.json
Table 5, figure "wvs_items_by_hdi" (JSON): https://vishalsingh.org/politics/report/basic-values-and-left-right/figures/wvs_items_by_hdi.json
Table 6, figure "alignment_map" (JSON): https://vishalsingh.org/politics/report/basic-values-and-left-right/figures/alignment_map.json
Table 7, figure "alignment_hdi_agreement" (JSON): https://vishalsingh.org/politics/report/basic-values-and-left-right/figures/alignment_hdi_agreement.json
Index of every report: https://vishalsingh.org/politics/llms.txt; all reports in one file: https://vishalsingh.org/politics/llms-full.txt