Chapter 5.4 · The first of the month · Report

Renting, affordability and eviction

45.6% of renter households with a computed burden spent more than 30% of their income on housing in 2018 to 2022, against 20.8% of owner households, a gap detectable only among low-income households.

Author: Vishal Singh
Affiliation: NYU Stern
Published: 9 October 2026

Every estimate of the chapter with its interval and every figure as a table, generated from the chapter's data files. Table n of this report is figure n of the chapter. The same report as Markdown: report.md.

Identification

Title

Renting, affordability and eviction

Label

The first of the month

Chapter

5.4 (Part V, Home, work and money; An American life)

Question

Where do renters spend the largest share of their income on housing, how does that burden differ from owners and across neighborhoods, and how did eviction filings change in the places where they are tracked?

Dek

45.6% of renter households with a computed burden spent more than 30% of their income on housing in 2018 to 2022, against 20.8% of owner households, a gap detectable only among low-income households.

Grain

neighborhoods

Status

published

Published

9 October 2026

Updated

not revised

Data sources

HUD CHAS housing affordability. HUD Comprehensive Housing Affordability Strategy, American Community Survey 2018-2022 special tabulation: households by tenure, income relative to HUD's area median family income and housing cost burden, tracts and counties; years: 2018-2022; weights: none (pooled household counts)
HUD Fair Market Rents. HUD Fair Market Rents, fiscal year 2025: the two-bedroom rent standard for each FMR area; years: fiscal year 2025 (October 2024 to September 2025); weights: renter households with a computed burden (CHAS)
American Community Survey. ACS 2019-2023 county median household income; years: 2019-2023 (5-year); weights: household counts (CHAS) for the area mean
Area Deprivation Index. Area Deprivation Index 2023, national rank, tracts ranked into tenths; years: 2023 release (version 4.0.1; built on ACS 2019-2023); weights: households of the tenure with a computed burden
Eviction Tracking System. Eviction Tracking System, monthly eviction filings by tract and a pre-pandemic baseline, January 2020 to December 2025; years: 2020-2026 (monthly); weights: none (full counts of filings)

Canonical URL

https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/renting-affordability-and-eviction

Markdown

https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/renting-affordability-and-eviction/report.md

BibTeX

@misc{singh2026rentingaffordabilityandeviction,
  author = {Singh, Vishal},
  title = {Renting, affordability and eviction},
  year = {2026},
  url = {https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/renting-affordability-and-eviction},
  note = {In ZIP Code Destiny. Published 9 October 2026.}
}

Principal estimates

The facts the dek and the opening prose cite, in order of appearance. Every fact is in the table of all estimates below.

Estimand	Population	Period	Value	Interval	n	Weights	Source	Fact id
ratio of sums over tracts: households with the burden over households whose burden HUD computes, pooled over the tracts of the 50 states and DC; interval from a bootstrap over counties (replicates and seed in the methods note). The share carries no margin of error of its own: HUD rounds every cell independently; the count includes the households with a severe burden	renter households in the tracts of the 50 states and DC with a computed burden	2018 to 2022	45.6%	95% CI 44.7% to 46.5%	84,410 tracts	none (pooled household counts)	HUD CHAS housing affordability	bur_renter
HUD's line for a housing cost burden: housing costs above this share of household income	households in the HUD CHAS tabulation	2018 to 2022	30%			none (definition)	HUD CHAS housing affordability	burden_line
ratio of sums over tracts: households with the burden over households whose burden HUD computes, pooled over the tracts of the 50 states and DC; interval from a bootstrap over counties (replicates and seed in the methods note). The share carries no margin of error of its own: HUD rounds every cell independently; the count includes the households with a severe burden	owner households in the tracts of the 50 states and DC with a computed burden	2018 to 2022	20.8%	95% CI 20.1% to 21.5%	84,410 tracts	none (pooled household counts)	HUD CHAS housing affordability	bur_owner
the income line between the lowest and the second of HUD's five income bands (income relative to HUD's area median family income, HAMFI)	households in the HUD CHAS tabulation	2018 to 2022	30%			none (definition)	HUD CHAS housing affordability	hamfi_30
the income line for a low-income household: income at or below this share of HUD's area median family income (HAMFI)	households in the HUD CHAS tabulation	2018 to 2022	80%			none (definition)	HUD CHAS housing affordability	hamfi_cut
pooled renter share with a burden minus the pooled owner share with a burden; bootstrap over counties	households in the tracts of the 50 states and DC (Puerto Rico left out)	2018 to 2022	24.8	95% CI 24.2 to 25.3	84,410 tracts	none (pooled household counts)	HUD CHAS housing affordability	bur_gap
the renter burden at the owners' mix of five income bands minus the owner burden (a reweighting of the renters' rates, not a causal decomposition); bootstrap over counties. From the raw HUD CHAS county Table 8	households with a computed burden in the counties of the 50 states and DC (Connecticut by planning region)	2018 to 2022	3.8	95% CI 3.3 to 4.2	3,144 counties	none (pooled household counts)	HUD CHAS housing affordability	bur_gap_std

Findings

Of the renter households with a computed burden in the states and DC, 45.6% (95% CI 44.7% to 46.5%) spent more than 30% of their income on housing in 2018 to 2022, against 20.8% (95% CI 20.1% to 21.5%) of owner households. The gap is widest at incomes between 30% and 80% of the area median family income and is not detectable above 80%. Giving renters the owners' mix of incomes would cut it from 24.8 (95% CI 24.2 to 25.3) to 3.8 (95% CI 3.3 to 4.2) points. Across census tracts ranked by the Area Deprivation Index, the share of renters with a burden has no linear trend nationally, and within a single county it is higher in the more deprived tracts.

The chapter reads the burden by tenure, county and tract. It sets the burden beside the Fair Market Rents that the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) publishes for its housing voucher program. It then follows eviction filings in the cities where the Eviction Lab tracks them. Every comparison is between places or between groups of households, and none follows a household. Home values, tax-return incomes and the redlining grades are in Chapter 5.2, Home value, income and redlining, mortgage denials in Chapter 5.3, Mortgage denials and the earnings of workers in Chapter 5.1, Work, wages and access to jobs.

Renters are burdened more often than owners, mostly at middle incomes

HUD's Comprehensive Housing Affordability Strategy (CHAS) files tabulate the American Community Survey for 2018 to 2022 by tenure, income and housing cost. A household has a cost burden when its housing costs exceed 30% of its income, a moderate burden when they run from 30% to 50% and a severe burden when they exceed 50%. Costs are rent and utilities for renters, and owner costs such as mortgage payments, taxes, insurance and utilities for owners.

The shares below divide by the households whose burden HUD computes, which leaves out households with no or negative income. That base is 43.2 million renter and 80.8 million owner households in the tracts of the states and DC. The 1.0 million renter and 0.7 million owner households without a computed burden are all in the lowest income band. Renters are 35.2% (95% CI 33.7% to 36.8%) of these households. The file's 84,410 tracts include 1,051 with no households, which add nothing to the pooled shares and drop out of the tenth means below.

A moderate burden affects 22.4% (95% CI 22.1% to 22.7%) of renter households and 12.0% (95% CI 11.7% to 12.3%) of owner households, and a severe burden 23.2% (95% CI 22.6% to 23.8%) and 8.8% (95% CI 8.5% to 9.2%) (Table 1). The renter share with a burden is 2.2 (95% CI 2.1 to 2.2) times the owner share, a gap of 24.8 (95% CI 24.2 to 25.3) points.

In all, 19.7 million renter households spent more than 30% of their income on housing. Of these, 10.0 million spent more than 50%.

Table 1. 45.6% of renter households pay more than 30% of their income for housing, against 20.8% of owner households

Income separates households more than tenure does. HUD measures income against its area median family income (HAMFI), a benchmark it sets for each area that differs from the Census median household income, and sorts households into five bands. The share with a burden runs from 83.9% (95% CI 83.3% to 84.6%) of renters at or below 30% of HAMFI to 5.3% (95% CI 4.8% to 5.9%) of renters in the highest band, and from 82.8% (95% CI 82.2% to 83.4%) to 5.5% (95% CI 5.1% to 5.9%) for owners (second tab of Table 1).

The renter share minus the owner share is +1.2 (95% CI 0.3 to 1.9) points in the lowest band. It is +24.4 (95% CI 23.4 to 25.3) points between 30% and 50% of HAMFI and +12.0 (95% CI 10.8 to 13.2) points between 50% and 80%. In the two bands above 80% it is −0.5 (95% CI −1.4 to 0.4) and −0.2 (95% CI −0.6 to 0.2) points, and the intervals include zero. The gap in the totals therefore reflects where renters sit in the income range.

Of renter households with a computed burden, 60.6% (95% CI 59.8% to 61.4%) have incomes at or below 80% of HAMFI, against 30.2% (95% CI 29.8% to 30.7%) of owner households. Among these low-income households, 69.0% (95% CI 68.1% to 69.9%) of renters and 50.7% (95% CI 49.8% to 51.7%) of owners have a burden. Low-income households are 91.8% (95% CI 91.2% to 92.4%) of burdened renter households and 73.8% (95% CI 72.8% to 74.7%) of burdened owner households.

Giving renters the owners' mix across the five bands would bring the renter share with a burden to 24.6% (95% CI 23.7% to 25.4%), which leaves a gap of 3.8 (95% CI 3.3 to 4.2) points against owners. That reweighting rearranges the shares and does not say what would happen to any household. HUD rounds every count and publishes margins of error for the counts but not for the shares, so the intervals in this chapter come from resampling counties and leave out the survey's own sampling error.

Renter burden by county

Of the 3,143 counties, 2,753 have at least 500 renter and 500 owner households with a computed burden, and they hold 99.8% of renter households.

Counting each county once, the share of renters with a burden has a median of 37.9% and runs from 23.0% to 50.9% between the 5th and 95th percentiles of counties (Table 2). The pooled national share of 45.6% counts each county in proportion to its renter households.

Table 2. Between the 5th and 95th percentiles of counties, the share of renter households paying more than 30% of income runs from 23.0% to 50.9%, with a median county at 37.9%

In 175 of these counties the share of renter households with a burden is above 50%. Owners have a burden as often as renters, or more often, in only 31 counties.

Pooled over its counties, the renter share with a burden is 53.3% (95% CI 50.4% to 55.4%) in Florida and 50.7% (95% CI 47.3% to 52.4%) in California, against 33.9% (95% CI 30.6% to 35.8%) in South Dakota. The map shows where renters spend a large share of their income and not whether rents or incomes account for it.

The household floor matters for the tails, since a share in a county near it rests on a few hundred renter households and is uncertain by several points. With a floor of 100 households the 5th percentile is 19.2%, and owners have a burden as often as renters in 106 counties. With a floor of 1,000 the 5th percentile is 25.9% and the count is 11.

Renter burden has no national trend by deprivation and rises within counties

Ranking the 82,786 tracts that have an Area Deprivation Index into tenths, the share of renters with a burden is 44.4% (95% CI 41.9% to 46.7%) in the least deprived tenth and 47.6% (95% CI 46.6% to 48.4%) in the most deprived (Table 3). The means for the ten tenths stay within 3.6 points of each other. The slope across the nation is 0.0 (95% CI −0.3 to 0.3) points for each 10 percentile points of the index for renters, an interval that includes zero.

For owners the slope is −0.8 (95% CI −1.0 to −0.5) points. Owner burden falls from 25.5% (95% CI 23.7% to 27.2%) in the least deprived tenth to 18.3% (95% CI 17.9% to 18.7%) in the ninth and is 19.8% (95% CI 19.3% to 20.3%) in the most deprived. The 1,624 tracts with no index are left out.

Table 3. Pooled across the nation, renter burden is 44.4% in the least deprived tenth of tracts and 47.6% in the most deprived, but within a county it rises by 2.3 points per 10 percentile points of the index

Among low-income households alone, the share with a burden is lower where the index shows more deprivation. For renters it falls from 75.3% (95% CI 72.6% to 78.1%) in the least deprived tenth to 62.5% (95% CI 61.6% to 63.3%) in the most deprived, and for owners from 65.9% (95% CI 64.0% to 68.0%) to 37.6% (95% CI 37.0% to 38.1%).

The index is built partly from median home value, median gross rent and the monthly mortgage cost, so it ranks tracts with costly housing as less deprived (Chapter 1.1, What the deprivation index measures shows how far home value alone orders it). Costly housing also means a larger burden at a given income, so a gradient of burden against the index is partly mechanical, and the index understates deprivation in high-cost cities. A tract share is also noisy where a tract has few renter households, which is why each tenth pools the households behind its tracts.

Comparing each tract with its own county removes the differences between counties. Within a county, the renter share with a burden is higher by 2.3 (95% CI 2.1 to 2.4) points for each 10 percentile points of the index, and the owner share by 0.9 (95% CI 0.9 to 1.0). In the most deprived tenth a tract's renter share differs from its county's level by +5.0 (95% CI 4.5 to 5.5) points, and in the least deprived tenth by −3.1 (95% CI −4.0 to −2.3) points. For owners the differences are +2.0 (95% CI 1.7 to 2.3) and −1.2 (95% CI −1.6 to −0.9).

Between counties the slope runs the other way, at −1.1 (95% CI −1.4 to −0.8) points per 10 percentile points for renters and −1.6 (95% CI −1.9 to −1.4) for owners. The two patterns offset each other in the national line, which runs from 44.4% (95% CI 41.9% to 46.7%) of renters with a burden in the least deprived tenth to 47.6% (95% CI 46.6% to 48.4%) in the most deprived. The data show the pattern and not its reason. Rents and incomes both differ between counties, and the index counts both.

HUD publishes a Fair Market Rent each fiscal year for each of its areas, a monthly rent standard by bedroom count for its housing voucher program. The file used here is the release for fiscal year 2025, October 2024 to September 2025. It has one value for each area, so every county in a metropolitan area shares it, and a difference between two of them is not a difference in rent. This section therefore compares areas made of whole counties: 2,139 areas with 2,696 counties and 94.4% of the nation's renter households. New England is left out because the file lists towns there, which a county cannot be matched to.

Weighting areas by their renter households, the two-bedroom rent standard is $1,703 a month at the median and runs from $933 to $2,684 between the 5th and 95th percentiles of areas. A year of it is 23.7% of the area's median household income at the median, and the share runs from 17.6% to 35.9% between the 5th and 95th percentiles. Counting each area once, the median share is 19.9%. The income is the household-weighted mean of the counties' ACS medians for 2019 to 2023 and covers all households, not only renters, so the share is not the share of any renter's income.

Across areas the renter share with a burden moves with the rent share. Weighting areas by their renter households, the correlation is +0.70 (95% CI 0.51 to 0.79) and each point of rent share goes with 0.72 (95% CI 0.52 to 0.93) points of renter burden (Table 4). The renter share is 33.9% (95% CI 32.1% to 35.8%) in the tenth of areas with the lowest rent share and 49.9% (95% CI 45.9% to 51.4%) in the tenth with the highest. Both measures are a cost over an income, so they move together partly by construction. Counting each area once, the correlation is +0.36 (95% CI 0.25 to 0.47) and the slope 0.71 (95% CI 0.49 to 0.94).

Table 4. Renter burden is higher in areas where the two-bedroom Fair Market Rent takes a larger share of the median household income, a renter-weighted correlation of +0.70 across 2,139 areas

Areas with higher nominal incomes do not have lower renter burden. Ranked by median household income into fifths, the areas have a median household income that averages $45,717 in the lowest fifth and $91,563 in the highest. The share of renters with a burden is 39.1% (95% CI 37.6% to 40.9%) in the lowest fifth and 46.9% (95% CI 44.8% to 48.4%) in the highest.

The rent standard takes 21.5% (95% CI 20.5% to 22.4%) of income in the middle fifth, against 24.4% (95% CI 23.4% to 25.3%) in the lowest fifth and 26.1% (95% CI 23.0% to 28.3%) in the highest. A comparison of places at the same dollar income would miss that difference in the price of housing. The rent standard is for fiscal year 2025, later than the burden and the incomes. The comparison therefore sets places against one another at one set of prices and is not a statement about a single year.

Eviction filings against the pre-pandemic baseline

The Eviction Lab's Eviction Tracking System counts eviction court filings by month and census tract in 35 cities and metro areas, which it calls sites. Filings are landlord petitions in court, not completed evictions, and the sites are the places the Eviction Lab tracks, not the nation. The tracts in the index below hold 14.9% of the nation's renter households. Of the households in them, 41.9% (95% CI 39.4% to 43.8%) rent, against 34.2% (95% CI 32.6% to 36.0%) elsewhere. Of their renters, 48.5% (95% CI 46.8% to 50.4%) have a burden, against 45.1% (95% CI 44.1% to 46.2%) elsewhere, so no filing count or index in this section describes the rest of the country.

The index divides a tract's filings in a month by the filings that the Eviction Lab records for the same calendar month before the pandemic (the baseline), summed over tracts. An index of 1.00 means filings at the baseline. The panel is the 10,243 tracts of 32 sites that have a baseline and an observation in each of the 72 months from January 2020 to December 2025. Atlanta and the Other Oregon Counties site have no baseline, and Greenville, South Carolina, has no tract observed in every month, so the three are left out.

The pooled index was 1.01 in January 2020, fell to 0.09 in April 2020, which is 91% below the baseline, and stayed below the baseline until January 2022 (Table 5). It first rose above the baseline in February 2022, reached 1.37 in March 2023, which is 37% above the baseline, and averaged 1.17 over 2023. The shaded band marks the federal moratoria, from the CARES Act in March 2020 to the Supreme Court's ruling against the CDC order in August 2021.[1] Federal protection was not continuous, and states and cities set their own rules, so the band is a guide to timing and not a measure of coverage.

Table 5. Eviction filings fell to 0.09 times their pre-pandemic level in April 2020, stayed below it until early 2022 and peaked at 1.37 times that level in March 2023

The pooled series hides differences between neighborhoods. The Eviction Lab classifies each tract by the racial or ethnic group that makes up a majority of its residents in the American Community Survey for 2015 to 2019. The classification says nothing about the race of any tenant. Black and white mean non-Hispanic, and a fourth group holds tracts where another group or no group is a majority. 236 panel tracts with no classification are left out of the comparison by group. In 2023 the index was 0.98 in majority-Black tracts, 1.11 in majority-Hispanic tracts and 1.28 in majority-white tracts (Table 6).

Since March 2021 the line for majority-Black tracts is at or near the lowest of the four groups in every month, and from 2024 the line for majority-white tracts is at or near the highest. Within the 23 sites that have at least 5 majority-Black and 5 majority-white tracts, the 2023 index is lower in majority-Black tracts than in majority-white tracts in 21 of them.

The index compares each group with its own past, and the pasts differ. Before the pandemic, filings ran at 12.7 per hundred renter households per year in majority-Black tracts and 4.2 in majority-white tracts, a ratio of 3.0. In 2023 the rates were 12.5 and 5.4. Filings in majority-Black tracts returned to about their baseline, which was already high, and filings in majority-white tracts rose above a lower baseline. Hepburn, Louis and Desmond found the highest rates of eviction filing among Black renters in court records for 2012 to 2016.[2]

Table 6. Eviction filings in majority-Black tracts ran at 0.98 times their baseline in 2023 and in majority-white tracts at 1.28 times, from baseline rates per renter household that differed by a factor of 3.0

Ranking the panel tracts that have an Area Deprivation Index by deprivation, the index over 2022 to 2025 is 1.48 in the least deprived tenth and 0.89 in the most deprived tenth. That is the reverse of the order that a gradient in distress would suggest. The least deprived tenth had a baseline of 11 filings per tract per year and the most deprived tenth 88. A small number of added filings therefore moves a low-baseline tract's index by a large ratio. The index shows where filings rose against the past, not where households face the most eviction.

Across the 32 sites in the panel, the index for 2023 to 2025 has a median of 1.11 and runs from 0.66 to 1.48 between the 5th and 95th percentiles of sites (Table 7). Portland is highest, at 1.84, and Philadelphia is among the lowest, at 0.62. These data do not say why. Local rules, court practice, rental assistance and the way filings are recorded differ by site.

Table 7. From 2023 to 2025 filings ran from 0.62 times the baseline in Philadelphia to 1.84 times in Portland, with a median site at 1.11 times

Matthew Desmond argued in Evicted that eviction is a cause of poverty and not only a condition of it.[3] Counts of filings cannot test that claim, since they count petitions and not what follows them, and the box below reports a study that tests a version of it.

Causal evidenceInstrumental variables with random assignment of cases to judges

Whether an eviction order changes a tenant's later outcomes

Collinson and coauthors test a version of that claim with linked court and administrative records for Cook County, Illinois, and New York City.[4] Cases in these courts are assigned to judges at random, and judges differ in how often they order an eviction, so the judge a tenant draws shifts the chance of an eviction order independently of the tenant. Using that variation, the authors find that an eviction order increases homelessness and hospital visits and lowers earnings, durable goods consumption and access to credit in the years just after the order, with larger effects for female and Black tenants.

The estimates are for tenants whose outcomes depend on the judge they draw, in two courts, and they concern a court order. They do not measure the effect of the pandemic moratoria or of the monthly filing pattern in this section.

Renter burden rises steadily with deprivation under the standardized index and income

Over the 75,587 tracts that have renter households with a computed burden and all four rankings, the Area Deprivation Index puts the share of renter households over the burden line at 44.0% (95% CI 41.4% to 46.2%) in the least deprived tenth and 47.1% (95% CI 46.3% to 48.0%) in the most deprived, with a rank correlation between tenth and share of −0.30 (Table 8). Under the standardized index the share rises steadily, from 38.6% (95% CI 37.0% to 40.3%) to 53.5% (95% CI 52.7% to 54.3%) with a rank correlation of +0.99, and under median household income from 37.7% (95% CI 36.4% to 39.1%) to 53.4% (95% CI 52.6% to 54.1%). Under the bachelor's degree share it runs from 39.6% (95% CI 38.5% to 40.9%) to 49.3% (95% CI 48.0% to 50.6%) with a rank correlation of +0.79, uneven like the line under the deprivation index. By the rule in Chapter 9.1, How far one ranking goes the standardized index and income would each change the shape of this gradient, but rent and income are inputs to the deprivation index and to the standardized index (Chapter 1.1, What the deprivation index measures), so the comparison is reported and left out of the book's count.

Table 8. The renter share over the cost-burden line is worse at the more deprived end but uneven along the way under the ADI; it is steadily worse toward the more deprived end under the standardized index and the income ranking

What these data cannot show

Every comparison in this chapter describes places or groups of households. A county, a tract, an area in the Fair Market Rent file or a site in the Eviction Tracking System is not a person. A pattern across places need not hold for the people inside them (ecological inference). The renters of a tract differ from people who move in and out of it, and the data cannot separate who lives there from what the place provides.

The burden compares housing costs with income at one time. It does not say whether a household chose costly housing or had no cheaper option, and it does not measure the condition of the home, crowding or arrears. The shares come from a survey tabulation that HUD rounds cell by cell, tract shares are noisy, and the intervals leave out the survey's sampling error. HAMFI is HUD's benchmark and differs from the median household income used elsewhere in the book. The deprivation tenths use an index that counts housing costs among its inputs, so they cannot say whether deprivation or price levels sit behind a gradient.

The rent standard is one release for one fiscal year, set for an area and not for a county, and the incomes are the incomes of all households. The comparison holds across areas and not within a metropolitan area, and New England is not in it.

Filings are landlord petitions, not evictions or displaced households, and one household can be the subject of several filings. The index compares each tract with its own baseline, so it does not say where eviction is most common. Moratoria, emergency rental assistance, court closures and changes in local law all moved filings in these years, and the data do not separate them. The renter households behind the filing rates are from 2019 to 2023 and the filings from 2020 to 2025. The counts are full counts for the participating sites, so the series carry no sampling interval, and the sites are not a sample of the nation.

Tables

Table 1. 45.6% of renter households pay more than 30% of their income for housing, against 20.8% of owner households

Housing cost burden by tenure as HUD defines it, and by income relative to HUD's area median family income, 50 states and DC, 2018 to 2022

Table 1.1. By tenure

Of renter households, 23.2% pay more than 50% of their income for housing, against 8.8% of owner households

Percent of households by tenure with housing costs of 30% to 50% of income (moderate burden) and above 50% (severe burden), 50 states and DC, 2018 to 2022

level	share	tenure
Moderate burden	11.98	Owner households
Severe burden	8.82	Owner households
Moderate burden	22.39	Renter households
Severe burden	23.17	Renter households

Table 1.2. By income and tenure

The renter share with a burden is +24.4 points above the owner share at incomes of 30% to 50% of the area median and +12.0 points above it at 50% to 80%, and −0.5 and −0.2 points above it in the two bands over 80%

Percent of households with a computed burden paying more than 30% of income, by tenure and by income relative to HUD's area median family income (HAMFI), 2018 to 2022

conf_high	conf_low	households	income	share	tenure
83.36	82.24	5567551	At or below 30% of HAMFI	82.79	Owner households
84.62	83.26	9549471	At or below 30% of HAMFI	83.94	Renter households
54.06	52.15	6958005	Above 30% to 50%	53.11	Owner households
78.39	76.49	7497295	Above 30% to 50%	77.48	Renter households
35.51	33.46	11919509	Above 50% to 80%	34.49	Owner households
47.96	44.82	9118643	Above 50% to 80%	46.49	Renter households
22.12	20.07	8344114	Above 80% to 100%	21.11	Owner households
21.98	19.15	4689985	Above 80% to 100%	20.65	Renter households
5.94	5.13	48039984	Above 100%	5.53	Owner households
5.87	4.75	12336798	Above 100%	5.31	Renter households

Note: HUD counts a household as burdened when its housing costs exceed 30% of its income, and as severely burdened above 50%. Costs are rent and utilities for renters, and mortgage payments, taxes, insurance and utilities for owners. The moderate segment is the burdened share minus the severe share.

Note: The five income bands are HUD's: at or below 30% of its area median family income (HAMFI), a benchmark HUD sets for each area that differs from the Census median household income, then up to 50%, up to 80%, up to the area median and above it. Low-income households are the three lowest bands. Every share divides by households with a computed burden, which leaves out 1.0 million renter and 0.7 million owner households with no or negative income, all in the lowest band; the staged HUD percentage for low-income burdened households divides by all households and is not used.

Note: The second tab reads the raw county table of HUD's Table 8 (Connecticut by planning region), which is the only source of the five bands, and its totals differ from the tract totals in the first tab by HUD's rounding (a few hundredths of a point). In the two highest bands the renter and owner shares are about equal, so the gap in the first tab reflects where renters and owners sit in the income range.

Note: The shares are ratios of survey-based household counts that HUD rounds cell by cell; HUD publishes margins of error for the counts and none for the shares. The intervals in the second tab come from a bootstrap over counties (replicates and seed in the methods note) and do not include the survey's sampling error. The stacked bars in the first tab carry no interval.

Note: Puerto Rico is left out of every figure in this chapter.

Source: HUD CHAS (American Community Survey 2018-2022 special tabulation); shares pooled over tracts and weighted by households, survey-based estimates with no margin of error published for the shares

Data: vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/renting-affordability-and-eviction/figures/burden_by_tenure.json

Table 2. Between the 5th and 95th percentiles of counties, the share of renter households paying more than 30% of income runs from 23.0% to 50.9%, with a median county at 37.9%

Percent of renter households with housing costs above 30% of income, counties of the 50 states and DC, 2018 to 2022

No inline rows: the values of Table 2 are in /data/renting-affordability-and-eviction/renter_burden_map.json.

Note: A county is drawn when it has at least 500 renter households and at least 500 owner households with a computed burden; 2,753 of 3,143 counties pass, and they hold 99.8% of the nation's renter households. A share in a county near the floor rests on a few hundred households and is uncertain by several points; HUD rounds every count and publishes no margin of error for the share.

Note: Connecticut is drawn as its eight former counties, summed from the tract file because the county file is coded by planning region. Alaska is drawn. Puerto Rico is not drawn.

Source: HUD CHAS (American Community Survey 2018-2022 special tabulation), county file; shares of renter households pooled within counties and weighted by households, survey-based estimates with no margin of error published for the shares

Data: vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/renting-affordability-and-eviction/figures/renter_burden_map.json

Table 3. Pooled across the nation, renter burden is 44.4% in the least deprived tenth of tracts and 47.6% in the most deprived, but within a county it rises by 2.3 points per 10 percentile points of the index

Share of households paying more than 30% of income by tenth of tracts on the Area Deprivation Index, for all households, for low-income households and relative to the county, 2018 to 2022

Table 3.1. All households

Renter burden is 44.4% in the least deprived tenth of tracts and 47.6% in the most deprived, while owner burden is 25.5% in the least deprived tenth and 18.3% in the ninth

Percent of households paying more than 30% of income by tenth of tracts on the Area Deprivation Index, pooled over tracts, 50 states and DC, 2018 to 2022

conf_high	conf_low	decile	series	share	tracts
46.68	41.91	1	Renter households	44.45	8208
50.08	45	2	Renter households	47.68	8074
48.50	44.76	3	Renter households	46.65	8454
46.71	44.48	4	Renter households	45.61	8241
46.16	44.14	5	Renter households	45.17	8179
46.02	44.16	6	Renter households	45.12	8304
45.57	43.59	7	Renter households	44.64	8307
45.27	43.51	8	Renter households	44.42	8234
44.95	43.26	9	Renter households	44.13	8350
48.42	46.63	10	Renter households	47.58	8207
27.22	23.74	1	Owner households	25.55	8189
25.42	22.31	2	Owner households	23.87	8070
22.64	20.98	3	Owner households	21.79	8460
21.70	20.36	4	Owner households	21.03	8229
20.85	19.59	5	Owner households	20.20	8147
20	18.90	6	Owner households	19.45	8249
19.56	18.45	7	Owner households	18.97	8249
18.89	17.95	8	Owner households	18.42	8193
18.74	17.90	9	Owner households	18.31	8329
20.28	19.25	10	Owner households	19.78	8212

Table 3.2. Low-income households

Among low-income households, the share paying more than 30% of income falls from 75.3% to 62.5% for renters across tenths of tracts, and from 65.9% to 37.6% for owners

Percent of low-income households (income at or below 80% of the area median family income) paying more than 30% of income, by tenth of tracts on the Area Deprivation Index, 2018 to 2022

conf_high	conf_low	decile	series	share	tracts
78.06	72.60	1	Renter households	75.33	7840
76.22	74.15	2	Renter households	75.05	7803
75.27	72.86	3	Renter households	74.01	8208
74.23	72.10	4	Renter households	73.20	8070
72.19	69.90	5	Renter households	71.11	8094
70.06	67.89	6	Renter households	68.99	8246
67.66	65.52	7	Renter households	66.62	8273
65.44	63.63	8	Renter households	64.56	8219
63.27	61.66	9	Renter households	62.51	8337
63.27	61.58	10	Renter households	62.46	8194
68.03	64.01	1	Owner households	65.94	8103
65.78	62.52	2	Owner households	64.09	8004
61.83	59.86	3	Owner households	60.84	8387
58.36	56.58	4	Owner households	57.47	8178
54.34	52.58	5	Owner households	53.46	8112
50.61	48.99	6	Owner households	49.79	8204
47.31	45.57	7	Owner households	46.39	8209
44.23	42.86	8	Owner households	43.56	8160
41.13	39.97	9	Owner households	40.53	8318
38.12	37.02	10	Owner households	37.60	8206

Table 3.3. Within the same county

Within a county, the renter share with a burden differs from the county's own level by −3.1 points in the least deprived tenth of tracts and by +5.0 points in the most deprived

Tract share paying more than 30% of income minus the county's household-weighted share across its tracts, in percentage points, by tenth of tracts on the Area Deprivation Index, 2018 to 2022

conf_high	conf_low	decile	series	share	tracts
−2.35	−3.97	1	Renter households	−3.06	8208
−0.040	−2.45	2	Renter households	−1.07	8074
−0.430	−2.25	3	Renter households	−1.33	8454
−0.580	−1.84	4	Renter households	−1.21	8241
−0.350	−1.35	5	Renter households	−0.840	8179
0.350	−0.640	6	Renter households	−0.130	8304
0.840	−0.210	7	Renter households	0.330	8307
1.67	0.730	8	Renter households	1.19	8234
2.45	1.47	9	Renter households	1.96	8350
5.46	4.54	10	Renter households	5.01	8207
−0.890	−1.58	1	Owner households	−1.19	8189
−0.650	−1.32	2	Owner households	−0.970	8070
−0.500	−1.03	3	Owner households	−0.780	8460
−0.020	−0.520	4	Owner households	−0.280	8229
0.140	−0.270	5	Owner households	−0.070	8147
0.340	−0.060	6	Owner households	0.140	8249
0.690	0.270	7	Owner households	0.470	8249
0.860	0.460	8	Owner households	0.660	8193
1.18	0.810	9	Owner households	1	8329
2.33	1.72	10	Owner households	2.03	8212

Note: The Area Deprivation Index is built partly from median home value, median gross rent and median monthly mortgage cost, so it ranks tracts with costly housing as less deprived and a burden gradient against it is partly mechanical. The index also understates deprivation in high-cost cities. Tenths hold near-equal numbers of tracts (tracts with equal ranks stay in one tenth), not equal numbers of households.

Note: 82,786 tracts have an index and 1,624 do not and are left out. Each point weights tracts by the households behind the share, and a tract share rests on a few households in a small tract.

Note: Across all the tracts with an index, 45.5% of renter households and 20.8% of owner households pay more than 30% of income, and 69.0% of low-income renter households do.

Note: In the third tab the county level is the household-weighted mean of the tract shares of the tenure across the county's tracts that have an index, so a county with one such tract adds no deviation. The slope is the within-county slope of the tract share on the index national rank with a separate baseline for each county, per 10 percentile points.

Source: HUD CHAS (American Community Survey 2018-2022 special tabulation) and Area Deprivation Index 2023 (built on ACS 2019-2023); shares pooled over tracts and weighted by households, bootstrap over counties, survey-based estimates with no margin of error published for the shares

Data: vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/renting-affordability-and-eviction/figures/burden_by_deprivation.json

Table 4. Renter burden is higher in areas where the two-bedroom Fair Market Rent takes a larger share of the median household income, a renter-weighted correlation of +0.70 across 2,139 areas

Renter households paying more than 30% of income (CHAS 2018-2022) against a year of the two-bedroom Fair Market Rent (fiscal year 2025) as a percent of the area's median household income (ACS 2019-2023), HUD FMR areas

Table 4.1. Rent share against renter burden

Renter burden is 33.9% in the lowest tenth of areas by the rent standard's share of median household income and 49.9% in the highest

Renter households paying more than 30% of income against a year of the two-bedroom Fair Market Rent as a percent of median household income, one dot per FMR area, with renter-weighted means for tenths of areas

No inline rows: the values of Table 4.1 are in /data/renting-affordability-and-eviction/fmr_scatter.json.

Table 4.2. By area income

Across fifths of areas by median household income, renter burden is 39.1% in the lowest fifth and 46.9% in the highest, while the rent standard's share of income is lower in the second and middle fifths than in the lowest and highest

Renter-weighted means for fifths of FMR areas ranked by median household income: the rent standard as a percent of median household income and the percent of renter households paying more than 30% of income

areas	conf_high	conf_low	fifth	measure	value
427	25.28	23.39	Lowest income fifth	Rent standard as a percent of median household income	24.38
428	22.41	20.87	Second fifth	Rent standard as a percent of median household income	21.63
428	22.43	20.54	Middle fifth	Rent standard as a percent of median household income	21.48
428	26.94	20.44	Fourth fifth	Rent standard as a percent of median household income	23.42
428	28.31	23.02	Highest income fifth	Rent standard as a percent of median household income	26.11
427	40.91	37.58	Lowest income fifth	Renter households paying more than 30% of income (%)	39.12
428	42.20	39.58	Second fifth	Renter households paying more than 30% of income (%)	40.95
428	43.96	40.91	Middle fifth	Renter households paying more than 30% of income (%)	42.53
428	47.69	42.06	Fourth fifth	Renter households paying more than 30% of income (%)	44.81
428	48.37	44.83	Highest income fifth	Renter households paying more than 30% of income (%)	46.86

Note: Fair Market Rents are monthly rent standards for the housing voucher program. HUD sets one value for each FMR area and applies it to every county in the area, so counties of one metropolitan area share a value and this chapter compares areas, not counties. The file is one release, for fiscal year 2025; the incomes are ACS 2019-2023 in 2023 dollars and the burden is CHAS 2018-2022, so the three describe different years and the level of the rent share is not exact.

Note: The area income is the household-weighted mean of the median household incomes of its counties, a mean of medians and not the median of the area's households. It covers all households, not renters, so the rent share of the income of renters is higher than the share plotted.

Note: An area enters when its counties are whole in the file and hold at least 500 renter households with a computed burden. New England areas are towns that counties cannot be matched to and are left out, which covers Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island and Vermont; the 2,139 areas hold 94.4% of the nation's renter households.

Note: The scatter is every area (no sample); the fitted line is the renter-weighted least-squares line, with a slope of 0.72 points of renter burden per point of rent share. Fifths and tenths hold near-equal numbers of areas, not equal numbers of renters.

Source: HUD Fair Market Rents, fiscal year 2025, with ACS 2019-2023 county median household incomes and HUD CHAS 2018-2022 renter burden; renter-weighted, one rent standard per FMR area

Data: vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/renting-affordability-and-eviction/figures/rent_standard_vs_burden.json

Table 5. Eviction filings fell to 0.09 times their pre-pandemic level in April 2020, stayed below it until early 2022 and peaked at 1.37 times that level in March 2023

Monthly eviction filings divided by the pre-pandemic baseline for the same calendar month, summed over tracts in cities and metro areas the Eviction Lab tracks, January 2020 to December 2025

baseline	filings	index	month	x
42272.4	42872	1.01	2020-01	2020
34769.3	37665	1.08	2020-02	2020.1
31946.6	20221	0.633	2020-03	2020.2
34266.3	2977	0.087	2020-04	2020.3
38876.2	5210	0.134	2020-05	2020.3
42054.2	11163	0.265	2020-06	2020.4
42511.8	11588	0.273	2020-07	2020.5
43972.6	18092	0.411	2020-08	2020.6
41377	20824	0.503	2020-09	2020.7
41585.2	23256	0.559	2020-10	2020.8
36142.7	23371	0.647	2020-11	2020.8
36183.2	24355	0.673	2020-12	2020.9
42272.4	21712	0.514	2021-01	2021
34551.6	18147	0.525	2021-02	2021.1
31946.6	23346	0.731	2021-03	2021.2
34266.3	18309	0.534	2021-04	2021.3
38876.2	18073	0.465	2021-05	2021.3
42054.2	23690	0.563	2021-06	2021.4
42511.8	24160	0.568	2021-07	2021.5
43972.6	25512	0.580	2021-08	2021.6
41377	30486	0.737	2021-09	2021.7
41585.2	32950	0.792	2021-10	2021.8
36142.7	30066	0.832	2021-11	2021.8
36183.2	30786	0.851	2021-12	2021.9
42272.4	37251	0.881	2022-01	2022
34551.6	37192	1.08	2022-02	2022.1
31946.6	40492	1.27	2022-03	2022.2
34266.3	36033	1.05	2022-04	2022.3
38876.2	38922	1.00	2022-05	2022.3
42054.2	43885	1.04	2022-06	2022.4
42511.8	45073	1.06	2022-07	2022.5
43972.6	50594	1.15	2022-08	2022.6
41377	46815	1.13	2022-09	2022.7
41585.2	46443	1.12	2022-10	2022.8
36142.7	42892	1.19	2022-11	2022.8
36183.2	44738	1.24	2022-12	2022.9
42272.4	49002	1.16	2023-01	2023
34551.6	43487	1.26	2023-02	2023.1
31946.6	43843	1.37	2023-03	2023.2
34266.3	38975	1.14	2023-04	2023.3
38876.2	46373	1.19	2023-05	2023.3
42054.2	47463	1.13	2023-06	2023.4
42511.8	45985	1.08	2023-07	2023.5
43972.6	51021	1.16	2023-08	2023.6
41377	45813	1.11	2023-09	2023.7
41585.2	49261	1.19	2023-10	2023.8
36142.7	42908	1.19	2023-11	2023.8
36183.2	41475	1.15	2023-12	2023.9
42272.4	48898	1.16	2024-01	2024
34769.3	45467	1.31	2024-02	2024.1
31946.6	37506	1.17	2024-03	2024.2
34266.3	41059	1.20	2024-04	2024.3
38876.2	42532	1.09	2024-05	2024.3
42054.2	43694	1.04	2024-06	2024.4
42511.8	48633	1.14	2024-07	2024.5
43972.6	46965	1.07	2024-08	2024.6
41377	44394	1.07	2024-09	2024.7
41585.2	42052	1.01	2024-10	2024.8
36142.7	39671	1.10	2024-11	2024.8
36183.2	42537	1.18	2024-12	2024.9
42272.4	46910	1.11	2025-01	2025
34551.6	41394	1.20	2025-02	2025.1
31946.6	38220	1.20	2025-03	2025.2
34266.3	38359	1.12	2025-04	2025.3
38876.2	42221	1.09	2025-05	2025.3
42054.2	42601	1.01	2025-06	2025.4
42511.8	47242	1.11	2025-07	2025.5
43972.6	44216	1.01	2025-08	2025.6
41377	44694	1.08	2025-09	2025.7
41585.2	45124	1.08	2025-10	2025.8
36142.7	36607	1.01	2025-11	2025.8
36183.2	40997	1.13	2025-12	2025.9

Note: The index is a ratio of sums: filings summed over the tract-months of the panel divided by the baseline summed over the same tract-months. 1 means filings equal the baseline for the same calendar month before the pandemic. Filings are landlord petitions, not completed evictions.

Note: The panel is the 10,243 tracts of 32 sites that have a baseline and an observation in each of the 72 months. Atlanta and Other Oregon Counties have no baseline, and Greenville, South Carolina, has no tract observed in every month, so the three are left out; the file has 35 sites in all. The months of 2026 are incomplete and are not shown.

Note: The band runs from March 2020 to August 2021. Federal protection was not continuous: the CARES Act moratorium ended in the summer of 2020 and the CDC order began in September 2020, and states and cities set their own rules. The counts are full counts of filings in the participating sites, so the line has no sampling interval.

Source: Eviction Lab Eviction Tracking System, 2020-2025, balanced panel of tracts with a baseline; full counts of court filings, not weighted

Data: vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/renting-affordability-and-eviction/figures/eviction_filing_index.json

Table 6. Eviction filings in majority-Black tracts ran at 0.98 times their baseline in 2023 and in majority-white tracts at 1.28 times, from baseline rates per renter household that differed by a factor of 3.0

Eviction filings against the pre-pandemic baseline by the racial majority of the tract, and filings per 100 renter households per year before the pandemic and in 2023

Table 6.1. Against the baseline

Since March 2021 the filing index is at or near its lowest in majority-Black tracts in every month, and from 2024 it is at or near its highest in majority-white tracts

Monthly filings divided by each group's pre-pandemic baseline, by racial majority of the tract, January 2020 to December 2025

group	index	month	tracts	x
Majority-Black tracts	0.964	2020-01	1342	2020
Majority-Black tracts	1.02	2020-02	1342	2020.1
Majority-Black tracts	0.566	2020-03	1342	2020.2
Majority-Black tracts	0.074	2020-04	1342	2020.3
Majority-Black tracts	0.137	2020-05	1342	2020.3
Majority-Black tracts	0.296	2020-06	1342	2020.4
Majority-Black tracts	0.306	2020-07	1342	2020.5
Majority-Black tracts	0.405	2020-08	1342	2020.6
Majority-Black tracts	0.515	2020-09	1342	2020.7
Majority-Black tracts	0.521	2020-10	1342	2020.8
Majority-Black tracts	0.551	2020-11	1342	2020.8
Majority-Black tracts	0.661	2020-12	1342	2020.9
Majority-Black tracts	0.477	2021-01	1342	2021
Majority-Black tracts	0.527	2021-02	1342	2021.1
Majority-Black tracts	0.689	2021-03	1342	2021.2
Majority-Black tracts	0.498	2021-04	1342	2021.3
Majority-Black tracts	0.414	2021-05	1342	2021.3
Majority-Black tracts	0.467	2021-06	1342	2021.4
Majority-Black tracts	0.472	2021-07	1342	2021.5
Majority-Black tracts	0.497	2021-08	1342	2021.6
Majority-Black tracts	0.631	2021-09	1342	2021.7
Majority-Black tracts	0.712	2021-10	1342	2021.8
Majority-Black tracts	0.755	2021-11	1342	2021.8
Majority-Black tracts	0.791	2021-12	1342	2021.9
Majority-Black tracts	0.801	2022-01	1342	2022
Majority-Black tracts	0.932	2022-02	1342	2022.1
Majority-Black tracts	1.10	2022-03	1342	2022.2
Majority-Black tracts	0.908	2022-04	1342	2022.3
Majority-Black tracts	0.864	2022-05	1342	2022.3
Majority-Black tracts	0.876	2022-06	1342	2022.4
Majority-Black tracts	0.891	2022-07	1342	2022.5
Majority-Black tracts	0.969	2022-08	1342	2022.6
Majority-Black tracts	0.951	2022-09	1342	2022.7
Majority-Black tracts	0.939	2022-10	1342	2022.8
Majority-Black tracts	1.04	2022-11	1342	2022.8
Majority-Black tracts	1.05	2022-12	1342	2022.9
Majority-Black tracts	0.992	2023-01	1342	2023
Majority-Black tracts	1.09	2023-02	1342	2023.1
Majority-Black tracts	1.17	2023-03	1342	2023.2
Majority-Black tracts	0.973	2023-04	1342	2023.3
Majority-Black tracts	0.964	2023-05	1342	2023.3
Majority-Black tracts	0.953	2023-06	1342	2023.4
Majority-Black tracts	0.871	2023-07	1342	2023.5
Majority-Black tracts	0.974	2023-08	1342	2023.6
Majority-Black tracts	0.916	2023-09	1342	2023.7
Majority-Black tracts	0.999	2023-10	1342	2023.8
Majority-Black tracts	1.01	2023-11	1342	2023.8
Majority-Black tracts	0.965	2023-12	1342	2023.9
Majority-Black tracts	0.972	2024-01	1342	2024
Majority-Black tracts	1.13	2024-02	1342	2024.1
Majority-Black tracts	0.920	2024-03	1342	2024.2
Majority-Black tracts	1.01	2024-04	1342	2024.3
Majority-Black tracts	0.906	2024-05	1342	2024.3
Majority-Black tracts	0.880	2024-06	1342	2024.4
Majority-Black tracts	0.962	2024-07	1342	2024.5
Majority-Black tracts	0.868	2024-08	1342	2024.6
Majority-Black tracts	0.841	2024-09	1342	2024.7
Majority-Black tracts	0.833	2024-10	1342	2024.8
Majority-Black tracts	0.919	2024-11	1342	2024.8
Majority-Black tracts	0.933	2024-12	1342	2024.9
Majority-Black tracts	0.903	2025-01	1342	2025
Majority-Black tracts	0.987	2025-02	1342	2025.1
Majority-Black tracts	0.992	2025-03	1342	2025.2
Majority-Black tracts	0.910	2025-04	1342	2025.3
Majority-Black tracts	0.875	2025-05	1342	2025.3
Majority-Black tracts	0.853	2025-06	1342	2025.4
Majority-Black tracts	0.958	2025-07	1342	2025.5
Majority-Black tracts	0.834	2025-08	1342	2025.6
Majority-Black tracts	0.883	2025-09	1342	2025.7
Majority-Black tracts	0.902	2025-10	1342	2025.8
Majority-Black tracts	0.798	2025-11	1342	2025.8
Majority-Black tracts	0.954	2025-12	1342	2025.9
Majority-Hispanic tracts	0.987	2020-01	1591	2020
Majority-Hispanic tracts	1.10	2020-02	1591	2020.1
Majority-Hispanic tracts	0.662	2020-03	1591	2020.2
Majority-Hispanic tracts	0.118	2020-04	1591	2020.3
Majority-Hispanic tracts	0.171	2020-05	1591	2020.3
Majority-Hispanic tracts	0.310	2020-06	1591	2020.4
Majority-Hispanic tracts	0.292	2020-07	1591	2020.5
Majority-Hispanic tracts	0.431	2020-08	1591	2020.6
Majority-Hispanic tracts	0.478	2020-09	1591	2020.7
Majority-Hispanic tracts	0.517	2020-10	1591	2020.8
Majority-Hispanic tracts	0.628	2020-11	1591	2020.8
Majority-Hispanic tracts	0.574	2020-12	1591	2020.9
Majority-Hispanic tracts	0.492	2021-01	1591	2021
Majority-Hispanic tracts	0.471	2021-02	1591	2021.1
Majority-Hispanic tracts	0.700	2021-03	1591	2021.2
Majority-Hispanic tracts	0.580	2021-04	1591	2021.3
Majority-Hispanic tracts	0.492	2021-05	1591	2021.3
Majority-Hispanic tracts	0.579	2021-06	1591	2021.4
Majority-Hispanic tracts	0.593	2021-07	1591	2021.5
Majority-Hispanic tracts	0.597	2021-08	1591	2021.6
Majority-Hispanic tracts	0.762	2021-09	1591	2021.7
Majority-Hispanic tracts	0.816	2021-10	1591	2021.8
Majority-Hispanic tracts	0.833	2021-11	1591	2021.8
Majority-Hispanic tracts	0.880	2021-12	1591	2021.9
Majority-Hispanic tracts	0.885	2022-01	1591	2022
Majority-Hispanic tracts	1.16	2022-02	1591	2022.1
Majority-Hispanic tracts	1.40	2022-03	1591	2022.2
Majority-Hispanic tracts	1.12	2022-04	1591	2022.3
Majority-Hispanic tracts	1.01	2022-05	1591	2022.3
Majority-Hispanic tracts	1.01	2022-06	1591	2022.4
Majority-Hispanic tracts	1.10	2022-07	1591	2022.5
Majority-Hispanic tracts	1.10	2022-08	1591	2022.6
Majority-Hispanic tracts	1.18	2022-09	1591	2022.7
Majority-Hispanic tracts	1.07	2022-10	1591	2022.8
Majority-Hispanic tracts	1.13	2022-11	1591	2022.8
Majority-Hispanic tracts	1.22	2022-12	1591	2022.9
Majority-Hispanic tracts	1.08	2023-01	1591	2023
Majority-Hispanic tracts	1.19	2023-02	1591	2023.1
Majority-Hispanic tracts	1.35	2023-03	1591	2023.2
Majority-Hispanic tracts	1.17	2023-04	1591	2023.3
Majority-Hispanic tracts	1.17	2023-05	1591	2023.3
Majority-Hispanic tracts	1.01	2023-06	1591	2023.4
Majority-Hispanic tracts	1.06	2023-07	1591	2023.5
Majority-Hispanic tracts	1.09	2023-08	1591	2023.6
Majority-Hispanic tracts	1.05	2023-09	1591	2023.7
Majority-Hispanic tracts	1.07	2023-10	1591	2023.8
Majority-Hispanic tracts	1.08	2023-11	1591	2023.8
Majority-Hispanic tracts	1.05	2023-12	1591	2023.9
Majority-Hispanic tracts	1.06	2024-01	1591	2024
Majority-Hispanic tracts	1.21	2024-02	1591	2024.1
Majority-Hispanic tracts	1.09	2024-03	1591	2024.2
Majority-Hispanic tracts	1.13	2024-04	1591	2024.3
Majority-Hispanic tracts	1.04	2024-05	1591	2024.3
Majority-Hispanic tracts	0.916	2024-06	1591	2024.4
Majority-Hispanic tracts	1.07	2024-07	1591	2024.5
Majority-Hispanic tracts	0.987	2024-08	1591	2024.6
Majority-Hispanic tracts	1.05	2024-09	1591	2024.7
Majority-Hispanic tracts	0.963	2024-10	1591	2024.8
Majority-Hispanic tracts	0.987	2024-11	1591	2024.8
Majority-Hispanic tracts	1.04	2024-12	1591	2024.9
Majority-Hispanic tracts	0.993	2025-01	1591	2025
Majority-Hispanic tracts	1.06	2025-02	1591	2025.1
Majority-Hispanic tracts	1.12	2025-03	1591	2025.2
Majority-Hispanic tracts	0.993	2025-04	1591	2025.3
Majority-Hispanic tracts	1.01	2025-05	1591	2025.3
Majority-Hispanic tracts	0.865	2025-06	1591	2025.4
Majority-Hispanic tracts	0.988	2025-07	1591	2025.5
Majority-Hispanic tracts	0.886	2025-08	1591	2025.6
Majority-Hispanic tracts	1.00	2025-09	1591	2025.7
Majority-Hispanic tracts	0.937	2025-10	1591	2025.8
Majority-Hispanic tracts	0.898	2025-11	1591	2025.8
Majority-Hispanic tracts	0.997	2025-12	1591	2025.9
No majority or other group	1.06	2020-01	2155	2020
No majority or other group	1.14	2020-02	2155	2020.1
No majority or other group	0.684	2020-03	2155	2020.2
No majority or other group	0.070	2020-04	2155	2020.3
No majority or other group	0.112	2020-05	2155	2020.3
No majority or other group	0.231	2020-06	2155	2020.4
No majority or other group	0.227	2020-07	2155	2020.5
No majority or other group	0.383	2020-08	2155	2020.6
No majority or other group	0.481	2020-09	2155	2020.7
No majority or other group	0.589	2020-10	2155	2020.8
No majority or other group	0.735	2020-11	2155	2020.8
No majority or other group	0.702	2020-12	2155	2020.9
No majority or other group	0.542	2021-01	2155	2021
No majority or other group	0.546	2021-02	2155	2021.1
No majority or other group	0.777	2021-03	2155	2021.2
No majority or other group	0.541	2021-04	2155	2021.3
No majority or other group	0.469	2021-05	2155	2021.3
No majority or other group	0.605	2021-06	2155	2021.4
No majority or other group	0.605	2021-07	2155	2021.5
No majority or other group	0.599	2021-08	2155	2021.6
No majority or other group	0.787	2021-09	2155	2021.7
No majority or other group	0.830	2021-10	2155	2021.8
No majority or other group	0.873	2021-11	2155	2021.8
No majority or other group	0.862	2021-12	2155	2021.9
No majority or other group	0.934	2022-01	2155	2022
No majority or other group	1.19	2022-02	2155	2022.1
No majority or other group	1.43	2022-03	2155	2022.2
No majority or other group	1.12	2022-04	2155	2022.3
No majority or other group	1.09	2022-05	2155	2022.3
No majority or other group	1.16	2022-06	2155	2022.4
No majority or other group	1.20	2022-07	2155	2022.5
No majority or other group	1.29	2022-08	2155	2022.6
No majority or other group	1.21	2022-09	2155	2022.7
No majority or other group	1.19	2022-10	2155	2022.8
No majority or other group	1.27	2022-11	2155	2022.8
No majority or other group	1.32	2022-12	2155	2022.9
No majority or other group	1.26	2023-01	2155	2023
No majority or other group	1.37	2023-02	2155	2023.1
No majority or other group	1.52	2023-03	2155	2023.2
No majority or other group	1.25	2023-04	2155	2023.3
No majority or other group	1.33	2023-05	2155	2023.3
No majority or other group	1.21	2023-06	2155	2023.4
No majority or other group	1.21	2023-07	2155	2023.5
No majority or other group	1.25	2023-08	2155	2023.6
No majority or other group	1.21	2023-09	2155	2023.7
No majority or other group	1.27	2023-10	2155	2023.8
No majority or other group	1.25	2023-11	2155	2023.8
No majority or other group	1.18	2023-12	2155	2023.9
No majority or other group	1.24	2024-01	2155	2024
No majority or other group	1.34	2024-02	2155	2024.1
No majority or other group	1.30	2024-03	2155	2024.2
No majority or other group	1.25	2024-04	2155	2024.3
No majority or other group	1.17	2024-05	2155	2024.3
No majority or other group	1.11	2024-06	2155	2024.4
No majority or other group	1.21	2024-07	2155	2024.5
No majority or other group	1.13	2024-08	2155	2024.6
No majority or other group	1.15	2024-09	2155	2024.7
No majority or other group	1.03	2024-10	2155	2024.8
No majority or other group	1.13	2024-11	2155	2024.8
No majority or other group	1.21	2024-12	2155	2024.9
No majority or other group	1.17	2025-01	2155	2025
No majority or other group	1.27	2025-02	2155	2025.1
No majority or other group	1.29	2025-03	2155	2025.2
No majority or other group	1.16	2025-04	2155	2025.3
No majority or other group	1.14	2025-05	2155	2025.3
No majority or other group	1.06	2025-06	2155	2025.4
No majority or other group	1.12	2025-07	2155	2025.5
No majority or other group	1.04	2025-08	2155	2025.6
No majority or other group	1.11	2025-09	2155	2025.7
No majority or other group	1.13	2025-10	2155	2025.8
No majority or other group	1.06	2025-11	2155	2025.8
No majority or other group	1.12	2025-12	2155	2025.9
Majority-white tracts	1.01	2020-01	4919	2020
Majority-white tracts	1.06	2020-02	4919	2020.1
Majority-white tracts	0.618	2020-03	4919	2020.2
Majority-white tracts	0.095	2020-04	4919	2020.3
Majority-white tracts	0.136	2020-05	4919	2020.3
Majority-white tracts	0.252	2020-06	4919	2020.4
Majority-white tracts	0.270	2020-07	4919	2020.5
Majority-white tracts	0.428	2020-08	4919	2020.6
Majority-white tracts	0.532	2020-09	4919	2020.7
Majority-white tracts	0.579	2020-10	4919	2020.8
Majority-white tracts	0.640	2020-11	4919	2020.8
Majority-white tracts	0.687	2020-12	4919	2020.9
Majority-white tracts	0.526	2021-01	4919	2021
Majority-white tracts	0.531	2021-02	4919	2021.1
Majority-white tracts	0.739	2021-03	4919	2021.2
Majority-white tracts	0.550	2021-04	4919	2021.3
Majority-white tracts	0.497	2021-05	4919	2021.3
Majority-white tracts	0.604	2021-06	4919	2021.4
Majority-white tracts	0.612	2021-07	4919	2021.5
Majority-white tracts	0.643	2021-08	4919	2021.6
Majority-white tracts	0.781	2021-09	4919	2021.7
Majority-white tracts	0.817	2021-10	4919	2021.8
Majority-white tracts	0.862	2021-11	4919	2021.8
Majority-white tracts	0.871	2021-12	4919	2021.9
Majority-white tracts	0.892	2022-01	4919	2022
Majority-white tracts	1.04	2022-02	4919	2022.1
Majority-white tracts	1.19	2022-03	4919	2022.2
Majority-white tracts	1.09	2022-04	4919	2022.3
Majority-white tracts	1.04	2022-05	4919	2022.3
Majority-white tracts	1.11	2022-06	4919	2022.4
Majority-white tracts	1.06	2022-07	4919	2022.5
Majority-white tracts	1.20	2022-08	4919	2022.6
Majority-white tracts	1.21	2022-09	4919	2022.7
Majority-white tracts	1.23	2022-10	4919	2022.8
Majority-white tracts	1.26	2022-11	4919	2022.8
Majority-white tracts	1.30	2022-12	4919	2022.9
Majority-white tracts	1.26	2023-01	4919	2023
Majority-white tracts	1.31	2023-02	4919	2023.1
Majority-white tracts	1.40	2023-03	4919	2023.2
Majority-white tracts	1.14	2023-04	4919	2023.3
Majority-white tracts	1.29	2023-05	4919	2023.3
Majority-white tracts	1.28	2023-06	4919	2023.4
Majority-white tracts	1.18	2023-07	4919	2023.5
Majority-white tracts	1.29	2023-08	4919	2023.6
Majority-white tracts	1.22	2023-09	4919	2023.7
Majority-white tracts	1.33	2023-10	4919	2023.8
Majority-white tracts	1.33	2023-11	4919	2023.8
Majority-white tracts	1.32	2023-12	4919	2023.9
Majority-white tracts	1.30	2024-01	4919	2024
Majority-white tracts	1.50	2024-02	4919	2024.1
Majority-white tracts	1.33	2024-03	4919	2024.2
Majority-white tracts	1.37	2024-04	4919	2024.3
Majority-white tracts	1.23	2024-05	4919	2024.3
Majority-white tracts	1.22	2024-06	4919	2024.4
Majority-white tracts	1.30	2024-07	4919	2024.5
Majority-white tracts	1.25	2024-08	4919	2024.6
Majority-white tracts	1.24	2024-09	4919	2024.7
Majority-white tracts	1.20	2024-10	4919	2024.8
Majority-white tracts	1.29	2024-11	4919	2024.8
Majority-white tracts	1.43	2024-12	4919	2024.9
Majority-white tracts	1.31	2025-01	4919	2025
Majority-white tracts	1.40	2025-02	4919	2025.1
Majority-white tracts	1.34	2025-03	4919	2025.2
Majority-white tracts	1.35	2025-04	4919	2025.3
Majority-white tracts	1.29	2025-05	4919	2025.3
Majority-white tracts	1.23	2025-06	4919	2025.4
Majority-white tracts	1.32	2025-07	4919	2025.5
Majority-white tracts	1.22	2025-08	4919	2025.6
Majority-white tracts	1.29	2025-09	4919	2025.7
Majority-white tracts	1.31	2025-10	4919	2025.8
Majority-white tracts	1.23	2025-11	4919	2025.8
Majority-white tracts	1.38	2025-12	4919	2025.9

Table 6.2. Filings per renter household

Majority-Black tracts have the highest filing rate per renter household both before the pandemic and in 2023

Eviction filings per 100 renter households per year, by racial majority of the tract, an average year before the pandemic and calendar year 2023

group	period	rate	tracts
Majority-Black tracts	Average year before the pandemic	12.72	1336
Majority-Black tracts	Calendar year 2023	12.50	1336
Majority-white tracts	Average year before the pandemic	4.25	4903
Majority-white tracts	Calendar year 2023	5.42	4903
Majority-Hispanic tracts	Average year before the pandemic	6.41	1588
Majority-Hispanic tracts	Calendar year 2023	7.09	1588
No majority or other group	Average year before the pandemic	8.43	2060
No majority or other group	Calendar year 2023	10.71	2060

Note: Race is the Eviction Lab's tract classification by the group that makes up a majority of residents in the ACS for 2015 to 2019 (Black and White are non-Hispanic, Hispanic is of any race; the fourth group is another majority or none) and is missing for 236 panel tracts, which are left out of this figure. The index uses each group's own baseline, so it measures change from that group's past and does not compare the groups' filing rates.

Note: Filing rates divide filings in the group's tracts by renter households (ACS 2019-2023 households times one minus the homeownership rate), so the numerator and the denominator describe different years. Filings can repeat at one address, so a rate of filings per household is not a share of households.

Note: Hepburn, Louis and Desmond report the highest filing rates among Black renters in court records for 2012 to 2016, which is consistent with the baseline rates in the second tab.

Source: Eviction Lab Eviction Tracking System, 2020-2025, and ACS 2019-2023 renter households; full counts of court filings, not weighted

Data: vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/renting-affordability-and-eviction/figures/eviction_by_race.json

Table 7. From 2023 to 2025 filings ran from 0.62 times the baseline in Philadelphia to 1.84 times in Portland, with a median site at 1.11 times

Eviction filings divided by the pre-pandemic baseline, January 2023 to December 2025, by site in the balanced panel of the Eviction Tracking System

filings_per_year	index	site	tracts
13046	0.619	Philadelphia, PA	408
5381	0.649	Cleveland, OH	160
7559	0.673	Wilmington, DE	145
9703	0.674	Charleston, SC	99
8672	0.800	Albuquerque, NM	176
10719	0.830	Milwaukee, WI	302
24977	0.866	Indianapolis, IN	253
4366	0.891	New Orleans, LA	183
5632	0.893	Providence, RI	145
2730	0.928	South Bend, IN	82
8094	0.954	Palm Beach	373
3885	0.975	Bridgeport, CT	227
2817	0.983	Southwest Oregon, OR	158
12838	1.00	Cincinnati, OH	226
6269	1.05	Hartford, CT	235
18730	1.07	Tampa, FL	610
16885	1.15	St Louis, MO	340
10646	1.18	Kansas City, MO	227
48055	1.19	Dallas, TX	645
14316	1.20	Jacksonville, FL	219
22161	1.21	Columbus, OH	328
45697	1.23	Fort Worth, TX	642
16262	1.26	Miami	707
3152	1.27	Tacoma, WA	193
78233	1.34	Houston, TX	1218
49301	1.35	Las Vegas, NV	535
29057	1.37	Memphis, TN	249
2157	1.38	Gainesville, FL	58
14062	1.38	Nashville, TN	174
2402	1.39	Eugene, OR	93
12570	1.59	Minneapolis-Saint Paul, MN	472
15492	1.84	Portland, OR	361

Note: The index compares a site with its own past, so it does not rank sites by how many households face eviction. Sites differ in local rules, court practice, rental assistance and how filings are recorded, and these data do not separate those.

Note: The 32 sites are the participating cities and metro areas with a baseline and at least one tract observed in every month (Atlanta, Other Oregon Counties and Greenville, South Carolina, are not). The counts are full counts of filings and carry no sampling interval.

Source: Eviction Lab Eviction Tracking System, 2023-2025, balanced panel of tracts with a baseline; full counts of court filings, not weighted

Data: vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/renting-affordability-and-eviction/figures/eviction_by_city.json

Table 8. The renter share over the cost-burden line is worse at the more deprived end but uneven along the way under the ADI; it is steadily worse toward the more deprived end under the standardized index and the income ranking

Share paying more than 30% of income (%) by tenth of tracts ranked four ways, over the 75,587 tracts that have all four rankings

bin	conf_high	conf_low	estimate	n_units	ranking
1	46.19	41.35	43.97	7,550	Area Deprivation Index
2	49.62	45.03	47.43	7,560	Area Deprivation Index
3	47.36	44.33	45.79	7,486	Area Deprivation Index
4	46.30	44.30	45.31	7,757	Area Deprivation Index
5	46.14	44.11	45.08	7,485	Area Deprivation Index
6	45.43	43.56	44.47	7,513	Area Deprivation Index
7	45.11	43.33	44.24	7,658	Area Deprivation Index
8	44.67	42.96	43.84	7,418	Area Deprivation Index
9	44.51	42.88	43.69	7,617	Area Deprivation Index
10	48.00	46.26	47.12	7,543	Area Deprivation Index
1	40.25	37.02	38.63	7,553	Standardized index
2	42.15	39.85	40.93	7,560	Standardized index
3	42.48	40.72	41.56	7,558	Standardized index
4	43.31	41.57	42.42	7,560	Standardized index
5	43.18	41.38	42.28	7,560	Standardized index
6	44.53	42.68	43.56	7,559	Standardized index
7	45.67	43.90	44.78	7,560	Standardized index
8	47.56	45.54	46.56	7,557	Standardized index
9	49.89	48.16	49.03	7,560	Standardized index
10	54.30	52.69	53.51	7,560	Standardized index
1	39.11	36.41	37.69	7,555	Median household income
2	41.93	39.76	40.79	7,557	Median household income
3	43.34	40.95	42.13	7,559	Median household income
4	44.13	41.67	42.85	7,560	Median household income
5	44.36	42.13	43.26	7,559	Median household income
6	44.89	42.54	43.67	7,560	Median household income
7	45.99	43.84	44.90	7,554	Median household income
8	47.91	45.65	46.79	7,564	Median household income
9	49.65	47.59	48.59	7,560	Median household income
10	54.09	52.62	53.36	7,559	Median household income
1	40.92	38.48	39.58	7,554	Bachelor's degree share
2	44.44	42.86	43.65	7,556	Bachelor's degree share
3	46.05	44.25	45.13	7,564	Bachelor's degree share
4	46.54	44.93	45.71	7,560	Bachelor's degree share
5	46.67	44.96	45.83	7,553	Bachelor's degree share
6	46.80	44.84	45.80	7,558	Bachelor's degree share
7	46.32	44.35	45.33	7,561	Bachelor's degree share
8	46.28	44.30	45.30	7,569	Bachelor's degree share
9	47.49	45.32	46.43	7,548	Bachelor's degree share
10	50.56	48.03	49.33	7,564	Bachelor's degree share

Note: Least and most deprived tenth: ADI 44.0% and 47.1%, rank correlation −0.30; standardized index 38.6% and 53.5%, +0.99; median household income 37.7% and 53.4%, +1.00; bachelor's degree share 39.6% and 49.3%, +0.79.

Note: The standardized index applies the ADI's coefficients to its measures after standardizing each one, so home value and income carry less weight than in the ADI. Income and degree share are single census measures, each ranked from the highest value to the lowest.

Note: Rent and income are inputs to the ADI and to the standardized index, so this comparison is left out of the book's count of changed gradients.

Data: vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/renting-affordability-and-eviction/figures/alt_rankings.json

All estimates

Every fact in facts.json (160), sorted by id. The same values as JSON: facts.json.

Fact id	Value	Unit	Estimand	Population	Period	Interval	n	Weights	Source
adi_li_own_d1	65.9%	percent of low-income owner households with housing costs above 30% of income	low-income households (at or below 80 percent of HAMFI) with a burden over low-income households of the tenure, pooled over tracts in the tenth, bootstrap over counties	low-income owner households in tracts with an Area Deprivation Index, least deprived tenth	2018 to 2022; Area Deprivation Index 2023	95% CI 64.0% to 68.0%	8,103 tracts	low-income households of the tenure	HUD CHAS housing affordability
adi_li_own_d10	37.6%	percent of low-income owner households with housing costs above 30% of income	low-income households (at or below 80 percent of HAMFI) with a burden over low-income households of the tenure, pooled over tracts in the tenth, bootstrap over counties	low-income owner households in tracts with an Area Deprivation Index, most deprived tenth	2018 to 2022; Area Deprivation Index 2023	95% CI 37.0% to 38.1%	8,206 tracts	low-income households of the tenure	HUD CHAS housing affordability
adi_li_ren_d1	75.3%	percent of low-income renter households with housing costs above 30% of income	low-income households (at or below 80 percent of HAMFI) with a burden over low-income households of the tenure, pooled over tracts in the tenth, bootstrap over counties	low-income renter households in tracts with an Area Deprivation Index, least deprived tenth	2018 to 2022; Area Deprivation Index 2023	95% CI 72.6% to 78.1%	7,840 tracts	low-income households of the tenure	HUD CHAS housing affordability
adi_li_ren_d10	62.5%	percent of low-income renter households with housing costs above 30% of income	low-income households (at or below 80 percent of HAMFI) with a burden over low-income households of the tenure, pooled over tracts in the tenth, bootstrap over counties	low-income renter households in tracts with an Area Deprivation Index, most deprived tenth	2018 to 2022; Area Deprivation Index 2023	95% CI 61.6% to 63.3%	8,194 tracts	low-income households of the tenure	HUD CHAS housing affordability
adi_own_d1	25.5%	percent of owner households with housing costs above 30% of income	pooled share of the tenure's households with the burden over tracts in the tenth, bootstrap over counties	owner households in tracts with an Area Deprivation Index (tenths hold near-equal numbers of tracts; tracts with equal ranks stay together), least deprived tenth	2018 to 2022; Area Deprivation Index 2023	95% CI 23.7% to 27.2%	8,189 tracts	households of the tenure with a computed burden	HUD CHAS housing affordability
adi_own_d10	19.8%	percent of owner households with housing costs above 30% of income	pooled share of the tenure's households with the burden over tracts in the tenth, bootstrap over counties	owner households in tracts with an Area Deprivation Index (tenths hold near-equal numbers of tracts; tracts with equal ranks stay together), most deprived tenth	2018 to 2022; Area Deprivation Index 2023	95% CI 19.3% to 20.3%	8,212 tracts	households of the tenure with a computed burden	HUD CHAS housing affordability
adi_own_d9	18.3%	percent of owner households with housing costs above 30% of income	pooled share of the tenure's households with the burden over tracts in the tenth, bootstrap over counties	owner households in tracts with an Area Deprivation Index (tenths hold near-equal numbers of tracts; tracts with equal ranks stay together), ninth tenth	2018 to 2022; Area Deprivation Index 2023	95% CI 17.9% to 18.7%	8,329 tracts	households of the tenure with a computed burden	HUD CHAS housing affordability
adi_ren_d1	44.4%	percent of renter households with housing costs above 30% of income	pooled share of the tenure's households with the burden over tracts in the tenth, bootstrap over counties	renter households in tracts with an Area Deprivation Index (tenths hold near-equal numbers of tracts; tracts with equal ranks stay together), least deprived tenth	2018 to 2022; Area Deprivation Index 2023	95% CI 41.9% to 46.7%	8,208 tracts	households of the tenure with a computed burden	HUD CHAS housing affordability
adi_ren_d10	47.6%	percent of renter households with housing costs above 30% of income	pooled share of the tenure's households with the burden over tracts in the tenth, bootstrap over counties	renter households in tracts with an Area Deprivation Index (tenths hold near-equal numbers of tracts; tracts with equal ranks stay together), most deprived tenth	2018 to 2022; Area Deprivation Index 2023	95% CI 46.6% to 48.4%	8,207 tracts	households of the tenure with a computed burden	HUD CHAS housing affordability
adi_ren_range	3.6	percentage points, largest minus smallest renter share with housing costs above 30% of income among the ten tenths	largest minus smallest of the ten tenth means (a range of estimates, no interval)	renter households in tracts with an Area Deprivation Index (tenths hold near-equal numbers of tracts; tracts with equal ranks stay together)	2018 to 2022; Area Deprivation Index 2023		10 tenths of tracts	households of the tenure with a computed burden	HUD CHAS housing affordability
adi_step	10	percentile points of the Area Deprivation Index national rank	the step in the national percentile rank for which a slope is stated	tracts with an Area Deprivation Index	Area Deprivation Index 2023			none (definition)	Area Deprivation Index
alt_adi_least	44.0%	Share paying more than 30% of income (%)	pooled share of renter households with a computed burden whose housing costs are above the burden line; 95% intervals from a bootstrap over counties	the least deprived tenth of tracts ranked by Area Deprivation Index, among the tracts with all four rankings	2018 to 2022	95% CI 41.4% to 46.2%	7,550 tracts	none (pooled household counts)	HUD CHAS housing affordability
alt_adi_most	47.1%	Share paying more than 30% of income (%)	pooled share of renter households with a computed burden whose housing costs are above the burden line; 95% intervals from a bootstrap over counties	the most deprived tenth of tracts ranked by Area Deprivation Index, among the tracts with all four rankings	2018 to 2022	95% CI 46.3% to 48.0%	7,543 tracts	none (pooled household counts)	HUD CHAS housing affordability
alt_adi_rho	−0.30	rank correlation	Spearman rank correlation between bin order and bin mean, each bin counted once	the bins of tracts ranked by Area Deprivation Index	2018 to 2022			each bin counted once	HUD CHAS housing affordability
alt_degree_least	39.6%	Share paying more than 30% of income (%)	pooled share of renter households with a computed burden whose housing costs are above the burden line; 95% intervals from a bootstrap over counties	the least deprived tenth of tracts ranked by Bachelor's degree share, among the tracts with all four rankings	2018 to 2022	95% CI 38.5% to 40.9%	7,554 tracts	none (pooled household counts)	HUD CHAS housing affordability
alt_degree_most	49.3%	Share paying more than 30% of income (%)	pooled share of renter households with a computed burden whose housing costs are above the burden line; 95% intervals from a bootstrap over counties	the most deprived tenth of tracts ranked by Bachelor's degree share, among the tracts with all four rankings	2018 to 2022	95% CI 48.0% to 50.6%	7,564 tracts	none (pooled household counts)	HUD CHAS housing affordability
alt_degree_rho	+0.79	rank correlation	Spearman rank correlation between bin order and bin mean, each bin counted once	the bins of tracts ranked by Bachelor's degree share	2018 to 2022			each bin counted once	HUD CHAS housing affordability
alt_income_least	37.7%	Share paying more than 30% of income (%)	pooled share of renter households with a computed burden whose housing costs are above the burden line; 95% intervals from a bootstrap over counties	the least deprived tenth of tracts ranked by Median household income, among the tracts with all four rankings	2018 to 2022	95% CI 36.4% to 39.1%	7,555 tracts	none (pooled household counts)	HUD CHAS housing affordability
alt_income_most	53.4%	Share paying more than 30% of income (%)	pooled share of renter households with a computed burden whose housing costs are above the burden line; 95% intervals from a bootstrap over counties	the most deprived tenth of tracts ranked by Median household income, among the tracts with all four rankings	2018 to 2022	95% CI 52.6% to 54.1%	7,559 tracts	none (pooled household counts)	HUD CHAS housing affordability
alt_income_rho	+1.00	rank correlation	Spearman rank correlation between bin order and bin mean, each bin counted once	the bins of tracts ranked by Median household income	2018 to 2022			each bin counted once	HUD CHAS housing affordability
alt_n_places	75,587	tracts	count of tracts in the common sample of the ranking comparison	tracts with the outcome and all four rankings	2018 to 2022			none (full count)	HUD CHAS housing affordability
alt_rho_cut	0.9	absolute rank correlation	threshold between a steady and an uneven gradient	the rule for changed gradients (docs/RANKING_SWITCH_RULE.md)	2018 to 2022			none (a fixed rule)	HUD CHAS housing affordability
alt_rho_margin	0.1	absolute rank correlation	smallest move in the rank correlation that counts as a change of shape	the rule for changed gradients (docs/RANKING_SWITCH_RULE.md)	2018 to 2022			none (a fixed rule)	HUD CHAS housing affordability
alt_std_least	38.6%	Share paying more than 30% of income (%)	pooled share of renter households with a computed burden whose housing costs are above the burden line; 95% intervals from a bootstrap over counties	the least deprived tenth of tracts ranked by Standardized index, among the tracts with all four rankings	2018 to 2022	95% CI 37.0% to 40.3%	7,553 tracts	none (pooled household counts)	HUD CHAS housing affordability
alt_std_most	53.5%	Share paying more than 30% of income (%)	pooled share of renter households with a computed burden whose housing costs are above the burden line; 95% intervals from a bootstrap over counties	the most deprived tenth of tracts ranked by Standardized index, among the tracts with all four rankings	2018 to 2022	95% CI 52.7% to 54.3%	7,560 tracts	none (pooled household counts)	HUD CHAS housing affordability
alt_std_rho	+0.99	rank correlation	Spearman rank correlation between bin order and bin mean, each bin counted once	the bins of tracts ranked by Standardized index	2018 to 2022			each bin counted once	HUD CHAS housing affordability
band_gap_1	+1.2	percentage points, renter share minus owner share with housing costs above 30% of income, households at or below 30 percent of HAMFI	ratio of sums over counties: renter households in the income band minus owner households in the income band with a burden above 30 percent over households in the band whose burden HUD computes; bootstrap over counties. From the raw HUD CHAS county Table 8	households at or below 30 percent of HAMFI with a computed burden	2018 to 2022	95% CI 0.3 to 1.9	3,144 counties	none (pooled household counts)	HUD CHAS housing affordability
band_gap_2	+24.4	percentage points, renter share minus owner share with housing costs above 30% of income, households above 30 and up to 50 percent of HAMFI	ratio of sums over counties: renter households in the income band minus owner households in the income band with a burden above 30 percent over households in the band whose burden HUD computes; bootstrap over counties. From the raw HUD CHAS county Table 8	households above 30 and up to 50 percent of HAMFI with a computed burden	2018 to 2022	95% CI 23.4 to 25.3	3,144 counties	none (pooled household counts)	HUD CHAS housing affordability
band_gap_3	+12.0	percentage points, renter share minus owner share with housing costs above 30% of income, households above 50 and up to 80 percent of HAMFI	ratio of sums over counties: renter households in the income band minus owner households in the income band with a burden above 30 percent over households in the band whose burden HUD computes; bootstrap over counties. From the raw HUD CHAS county Table 8	households above 50 and up to 80 percent of HAMFI with a computed burden	2018 to 2022	95% CI 10.8 to 13.2	3,144 counties	none (pooled household counts)	HUD CHAS housing affordability
band_gap_4	−0.5	percentage points, renter share minus owner share with housing costs above 30% of income, households above 80 and up to 100 percent of HAMFI	ratio of sums over counties: renter households in the income band minus owner households in the income band with a burden above 30 percent over households in the band whose burden HUD computes; bootstrap over counties. From the raw HUD CHAS county Table 8	households above 80 and up to 100 percent of HAMFI with a computed burden	2018 to 2022	95% CI −1.4 to 0.4	3,144 counties	none (pooled household counts)	HUD CHAS housing affordability
band_gap_5	−0.2	percentage points, renter share minus owner share with housing costs above 30% of income, households above 100 percent of HAMFI	ratio of sums over counties: renter households in the income band minus owner households in the income band with a burden above 30 percent over households in the band whose burden HUD computes; bootstrap over counties. From the raw HUD CHAS county Table 8	households above 100 percent of HAMFI with a computed burden	2018 to 2022	95% CI −0.6 to 0.2	3,144 counties	none (pooled household counts)	HUD CHAS housing affordability
band_owner_1	82.8%	percent of owner households with housing costs above 30% of income	ratio of sums over counties: households in the income band with a burden above 30 percent over households in the band whose burden HUD computes; bootstrap over counties. From the raw HUD CHAS county Table 8	owner households at or below 30 percent of HAMFI with a computed burden	2018 to 2022	95% CI 82.2% to 83.4%	3,144 counties	none (pooled household counts)	HUD CHAS housing affordability
band_owner_5	5.5%	percent of owner households with housing costs above 30% of income	ratio of sums over counties: households in the income band with a burden above 30 percent over households in the band whose burden HUD computes; bootstrap over counties. From the raw HUD CHAS county Table 8	owner households above 100 percent of HAMFI with a computed burden	2018 to 2022	95% CI 5.1% to 5.9%	3,144 counties	none (pooled household counts)	HUD CHAS housing affordability
band_renter_1	83.9%	percent of renter households with housing costs above 30% of income	ratio of sums over counties: households in the income band with a burden above 30 percent over households in the band whose burden HUD computes; bootstrap over counties. From the raw HUD CHAS county Table 8	renter households at or below 30 percent of HAMFI with a computed burden	2018 to 2022	95% CI 83.3% to 84.6%	3,144 counties	none (pooled household counts)	HUD CHAS housing affordability
band_renter_5	5.3%	percent of renter households with housing costs above 30% of income	ratio of sums over counties: households in the income band with a burden above 30 percent over households in the band whose burden HUD computes; bootstrap over counties. From the raw HUD CHAS county Table 8	renter households above 100 percent of HAMFI with a computed burden	2018 to 2022	95% CI 4.8% to 5.9%	3,144 counties	none (pooled household counts)	HUD CHAS housing affordability
bur_gap	24.8	percentage points, renter share minus owner share with housing costs above 30% of income	pooled renter share with a burden minus the pooled owner share with a burden; bootstrap over counties	households in the tracts of the 50 states and DC (Puerto Rico left out)	2018 to 2022	95% CI 24.2 to 25.3	84,410 tracts	none (pooled household counts)	HUD CHAS housing affordability
bur_gap_std	3.8	percentage points, standardized renter share minus owner share with housing costs above 30% of income	the renter burden at the owners' mix of five income bands minus the owner burden (a reweighting of the renters' rates, not a causal decomposition); bootstrap over counties. From the raw HUD CHAS county Table 8	households with a computed burden in the counties of the 50 states and DC (Connecticut by planning region)	2018 to 2022	95% CI 3.3 to 4.2	3,144 counties	none (pooled household counts)	HUD CHAS housing affordability
bur_owner	20.8%	percent of owner households with housing costs above 30% of income	ratio of sums over tracts: households with the burden over households whose burden HUD computes, pooled over the tracts of the 50 states and DC; interval from a bootstrap over counties (replicates and seed in the methods note). The share carries no margin of error of its own: HUD rounds every cell independently; the count includes the households with a severe burden	owner households in the tracts of the 50 states and DC with a computed burden	2018 to 2022	95% CI 20.1% to 21.5%	84,410 tracts	none (pooled household counts)	HUD CHAS housing affordability
bur_ratio	2.2	ratio of the renter share to the owner share with housing costs above 30% of income	pooled renter share with a burden over the pooled owner share with a burden; bootstrap over counties	households in the tracts of the 50 states and DC (Puerto Rico left out)	2018 to 2022	95% CI 2.1 to 2.2	84,410 tracts	none (pooled household counts)	HUD CHAS housing affordability
bur_renter	45.6%	percent of renter households with housing costs above 30% of income	ratio of sums over tracts: households with the burden over households whose burden HUD computes, pooled over the tracts of the 50 states and DC; interval from a bootstrap over counties (replicates and seed in the methods note). The share carries no margin of error of its own: HUD rounds every cell independently; the count includes the households with a severe burden	renter households in the tracts of the 50 states and DC with a computed burden	2018 to 2022	95% CI 44.7% to 46.5%	84,410 tracts	none (pooled household counts)	HUD CHAS housing affordability
bur_renter_std	24.6%	percent of renter households with housing costs above 30% of income, at the owners' mix of five income bands	the sum over the five income bands of the owners' share of households with a computed burden in the band times the renters' burden rate in the band (direct standardization); bootstrap over counties. From the raw HUD CHAS county Table 8	households with a computed burden in the counties of the 50 states and DC (Connecticut by planning region)	2018 to 2022	95% CI 23.7% to 25.4%	3,144 counties	none (pooled household counts)	HUD CHAS housing affordability
burden_line	30%	percent of household income	HUD's line for a housing cost burden: housing costs above this share of household income	households in the HUD CHAS tabulation	2018 to 2022			none (definition)	HUD CHAS housing affordability
cty_floor	500	households with a computed burden	minimum number of renter households and of owner households with a computed burden for a county to enter the county comparisons and the map	counties in the county comparisons	2018 to 2022			none (inclusion rule)	HUD CHAS housing affordability
cty_floor_hi	1,000	households with a computed burden	an alternative minimum number of renter households and of owner households with a computed burden	counties in the sensitivity of the county comparisons to the household floor	2018 to 2022			none (inclusion rule)	HUD CHAS housing affordability
cty_floor_lo	100	households with a computed burden	an alternative minimum number of renter households and of owner households with a computed burden	counties in the sensitivity of the county comparisons to the household floor	2018 to 2022			none (inclusion rule)	HUD CHAS housing affordability
cty_median	37.9%	percent of renter households with housing costs above 30% of income	median over counties of the county's renter share with a burden (each county counts once)	counties of the 50 states and DC (Connecticut as its eight former counties) with at least 500 renter and 500 owner households with a computed burden	2018 to 2022		2,753 counties	none (each county counts once)	HUD CHAS housing affordability
cty_ok_renters	99.8%	percent of renter households with a computed burden	renter households with a computed burden in the counties that pass the floor over those in all counties	renter households in the counties of the 50 states and DC	2018 to 2022		2,753 counties	none (survey-weighted household counts)	HUD CHAS housing affordability
cty_p5	23.0%	percent of renter households with housing costs above 30% of income	5th percentile over counties of the county's renter share with a burden (each county counts once)	counties of the 50 states and DC (Connecticut as its eight former counties) with at least 500 renter and 500 owner households with a computed burden	2018 to 2022		2,753 counties	none (each county counts once)	HUD CHAS housing affordability
cty_p5_hi	25.9%	percent of renter households with housing costs above 30% of income	5th percentile over counties of the county's renter share with a burden under the alternative household floor	counties of the 50 states and DC (Connecticut as its eight former counties) with at least 1000 renter and 1000 owner households with a computed burden	2018 to 2022		2,323 counties	none (each county counts once)	HUD CHAS housing affordability
cty_p5_lo	19.2%	percent of renter households with housing costs above 30% of income	5th percentile over counties of the county's renter share with a burden under the alternative household floor	counties of the 50 states and DC (Connecticut as its eight former counties) with at least 100 renter and 100 owner households with a computed burden	2018 to 2022		3,103 counties	none (each county counts once)	HUD CHAS housing affordability
cty_p95	50.9%	percent of renter households with housing costs above 30% of income	95th percentile over counties of the county's renter share with a burden (each county counts once)	counties of the 50 states and DC (Connecticut as its eight former counties) with at least 500 renter and 500 owner households with a computed burden	2018 to 2022		2,753 counties	none (each county counts once)	HUD CHAS housing affordability
dev_own_d1	−1.2	percentage points of the owner share with housing costs above 30% of income, tract minus its county	weighted mean over the tenth's tracts of the tract's share minus the county's weighted mean share across its tracts with an index; bootstrap over counties	owner households in tracts with an Area Deprivation Index (tenths hold near-equal numbers of tracts; tracts with equal ranks stay together), least deprived tenth	2018 to 2022; Area Deprivation Index 2023	95% CI −1.6 to −0.9	8,189 tracts	households of the tenure with a computed burden	HUD CHAS housing affordability
dev_own_d10	+2.0	percentage points of the owner share with housing costs above 30% of income, tract minus its county	weighted mean over the tenth's tracts of the tract's share minus the county's weighted mean share across its tracts with an index; bootstrap over counties	owner households in tracts with an Area Deprivation Index (tenths hold near-equal numbers of tracts; tracts with equal ranks stay together), most deprived tenth	2018 to 2022; Area Deprivation Index 2023	95% CI 1.7 to 2.3	8,212 tracts	households of the tenure with a computed burden	HUD CHAS housing affordability
dev_ren_d1	−3.1	percentage points of the renter share with housing costs above 30% of income, tract minus its county	weighted mean over the tenth's tracts of the tract's share minus the county's weighted mean share across its tracts with an index; bootstrap over counties	renter households in tracts with an Area Deprivation Index (tenths hold near-equal numbers of tracts; tracts with equal ranks stay together), least deprived tenth	2018 to 2022; Area Deprivation Index 2023	95% CI −4.0 to −2.3	8,208 tracts	households of the tenure with a computed burden	HUD CHAS housing affordability
dev_ren_d10	+5.0	percentage points of the renter share with housing costs above 30% of income, tract minus its county	weighted mean over the tenth's tracts of the tract's share minus the county's weighted mean share across its tracts with an index; bootstrap over counties	renter households in tracts with an Area Deprivation Index (tenths hold near-equal numbers of tracts; tracts with equal ranks stay together), most deprived tenth	2018 to 2022; Area Deprivation Index 2023	95% CI 4.5 to 5.5	8,207 tracts	households of the tenure with a computed burden	HUD CHAS housing affordability
ev_bur_panel	48.5%	percent of renter households with housing costs above 30% of income	ratio of sums over tracts: households with the burden over households whose burden HUD computes, pooled over the tracts of the 50 states and DC; interval from a bootstrap over counties (replicates and seed in the methods note). The share carries no margin of error of its own: HUD rounds every cell independently	tracts of the eviction filing index (10,242 of them have a CHAS record)	2018 to 2022	95% CI 46.8% to 50.4%	10,242 tracts	none (pooled household counts)	HUD CHAS housing affordability
ev_bur_rest	45.1%	percent of renter households with housing costs above 30% of income	ratio of sums over tracts: households with the burden over households whose burden HUD computes, pooled over the tracts of the 50 states and DC; interval from a bootstrap over counties (replicates and seed in the methods note). The share carries no margin of error of its own: HUD rounds every cell independently	tracts of the 50 states and DC outside the filing index	2018 to 2022	95% CI 44.1% to 46.2%	74,168 tracts	none (pooled household counts)	HUD CHAS housing affordability
ev_rent_panel	41.9%	percent of occupied housing units that are rented	renter households over renter and owner households, pooled over tracts; bootstrap over counties	tracts of the eviction filing index (10,242 of them have a CHAS record)	2018 to 2022	95% CI 39.4% to 43.8%	10,242 tracts	none (pooled household counts)	HUD CHAS housing affordability
ev_rent_rest	34.2%	percent of occupied housing units that are rented	renter households over renter and owner households, pooled over tracts; bootstrap over counties	tracts of the 50 states and DC outside the filing index	2018 to 2022	95% CI 32.6% to 36.0%	74,168 tracts	none (pooled household counts)	HUD CHAS housing affordability
ev_share_renters	14.9%	percent of the nation's renter households	renter households in the tracts of the filing index over renter households in all tracts of the 50 states and DC (the index tracts are those of the Eviction Lab sites, matched on the 2020 tract code)	renter households of the 50 states and DC	2018 to 2022		10,242 tracts	none (survey-weighted household counts)	HUD CHAS housing affordability
fil_adi_d1	1.48	ratio of filings to the same-month baseline (1 = baseline)	filings divided by the pre-pandemic baseline, summed over the tract-months of the group (a ratio of sums)	tracts in the least deprived tenth of panel tracts by Area Deprivation Index (tenths hold equal numbers of tracts)	January 2022 to December 2025		1,007 tracts	none (full counts of filings)	Eviction Tracking System
fil_adi_d10	0.89	ratio of filings to the same-month baseline (1 = baseline)	filings divided by the pre-pandemic baseline, summed over the tract-months of the group (a ratio of sums)	tracts in the most deprived tenth of panel tracts by Area Deprivation Index (tenths hold equal numbers of tracts)	January 2022 to December 2025		1,008 tracts	none (full counts of filings)	Eviction Tracking System
fil_base_d1	11	baseline eviction filings per tract per year	sum of the pre-pandemic baseline over the tract-months of the group divided by the number of tracts and by the years in the window	tracts in the least deprived tenth of panel tracts by Area Deprivation Index	January 2022 to December 2025		1,007 tracts	none (full counts of filings)	Eviction Tracking System
fil_base_d10	88	baseline eviction filings per tract per year	sum of the pre-pandemic baseline over the tract-months of the group divided by the number of tracts and by the years in the window	tracts in the most deprived tenth of panel tracts by Area Deprivation Index	January 2022 to December 2025		1,008 tracts	none (full counts of filings)	Eviction Tracking System
fil_black_2023	0.98	ratio of filings to the same-month baseline (1 = baseline)	filings divided by the pre-pandemic baseline, summed over the tract-months of the group (a ratio of sums), all tract-months of 2023 (race is the tract's majority racial or ethnic group of residents in the ACS for 2015 to 2019 as the Eviction Lab classifies it, not the race of any tenant)	tracts classified majority Black by the Eviction Lab, in the balanced panel with a baseline	calendar year 2023		1,342 tracts	none (full counts of filings)	Eviction Tracking System
fil_city_median	1.11	ratio of filings to the same-month baseline (1 = baseline)	median over sites of the site's index	tracts of the sites in the balanced panel that have a pre-pandemic baseline	January 2023 to December 2025		32 cities and metro areas	none (each site counts once)	Eviction Tracking System
fil_city_p5	0.66	ratio of filings to the same-month baseline (1 = baseline)	5th percentile over sites of the site's index	tracts of the sites in the balanced panel that have a pre-pandemic baseline	January 2023 to December 2025		32 cities and metro areas	none (each site counts once)	Eviction Tracking System
fil_city_p95	1.48	ratio of filings to the same-month baseline (1 = baseline)	95th percentile over sites of the site's index	tracts of the sites in the balanced panel that have a pre-pandemic baseline	January 2023 to December 2025		32 cities and metro areas	none (each site counts once)	Eviction Tracking System
fil_cool_idx	0.62	ratio of filings to the same-month baseline (1 = baseline)	filings divided by the pre-pandemic baseline, summed over the tract-months of the group (a ratio of sums)	tracts of the site with the lowest index, in the balanced panel with a baseline	January 2023 to December 2025		408 tracts	none (full counts of filings)	Eviction Tracking System
fil_hisp_2023	1.11	ratio of filings to the same-month baseline (1 = baseline)	filings divided by the pre-pandemic baseline, summed over the tract-months of the group (a ratio of sums), all tract-months of 2023 (race is the tract's majority racial or ethnic group of residents in the ACS for 2015 to 2019 as the Eviction Lab classifies it, not the race of any tenant)	tracts classified majority Hispanic by the Eviction Lab, in the balanced panel with a baseline	calendar year 2023		1,591 tracts	none (full counts of filings)	Eviction Tracking System
fil_hot_idx	1.84	ratio of filings to the same-month baseline (1 = baseline)	filings divided by the pre-pandemic baseline, summed over the tract-months of the group (a ratio of sums)	tracts of the site with the highest index, in the balanced panel with a baseline	January 2023 to December 2025		361 tracts	none (full counts of filings)	Eviction Tracking System
fil_jan2020	1.01	ratio of filings to the same-month baseline (1 = baseline)	filings divided by the pre-pandemic baseline, summed over the tract-months of the group (a ratio of sums), January 2020	tracts of the sites in the balanced panel that have a pre-pandemic baseline	2020-01		10,243 tracts	none (full counts of filings)	Eviction Tracking System
fil_n_cities	35	cities and metro areas	count of distinct sites in the staged file	sites in the Eviction Tracking System file	2020-01 to 2026-06			none (full count)	Eviction Tracking System
fil_n_cities_idx	32	cities and metro areas	count of sites with an index over the post-recovery years	tracts of the sites in the balanced panel that have a pre-pandemic baseline	January 2023 to December 2025			none (full count)	Eviction Tracking System
fil_n_months	72	months	number of months from January 2020 to December 2025	the window of the index	January 2020 to December 2025			none (definition)	Eviction Tracking System
fil_n_sites	32	cities and metro areas	count of sites in the index	sites with a pre-pandemic baseline and tracts observed in every month	January 2020 to December 2025			none (full count)	Eviction Tracking System
fil_n_tracts	10,243	tracts	count of tracts with a baseline and an observation in every month of the window	tracts of the sites in the balanced panel that have a pre-pandemic baseline	January 2020 to December 2025			none (full count)	Eviction Tracking System
fil_one	1.00	ratio of filings to the same-month baseline	the index value at which filings equal the pre-pandemic baseline	tract-months of the panel	January 2020 to December 2025			none (definition)	Eviction Tracking System
fil_overshoot_all	1.17	ratio of filings to the same-month baseline (1 = baseline)	filings divided by the pre-pandemic baseline, summed over the tract-months of the group (a ratio of sums), all tract-months of 2023	tracts of the sites in the balanced panel that have a pre-pandemic baseline	calendar year 2023		10,243 tracts	none (full counts of filings)	Eviction Tracking System
fil_peak	1.37	ratio of filings to the same-month baseline (1 = baseline)	filings divided by the pre-pandemic baseline, summed over the tract-months of the group (a ratio of sums), the month of highest filings	tracts of the sites in the balanced panel that have a pre-pandemic baseline	2023-03		10,243 tracts	none (full counts of filings)	Eviction Tracking System
fil_peak_above	37%	percent above the baseline	the index in the month of highest filings minus one, times 100	tracts of the sites in the balanced panel that have a pre-pandemic baseline	2023-03			none (full counts of filings)	Eviction Tracking System
fil_rate_black_2023	12.5	eviction filings per 100 renter households per year	filings summed over the tracts of the group divided by the renter households of those tracts (ACS 2019-2023 households times one minus the homeownership rate), per 100	tracts classified majority Black by the Eviction Lab, in the balanced panel with a baseline and renter households	calendar year 2023		1,336 tracts	none (full counts of filings)	Eviction Tracking System
fil_rate_black_base	12.7	eviction filings per 100 renter households per year	filings summed over the tracts of the group divided by the renter households of those tracts (ACS 2019-2023 households times one minus the homeownership rate), per 100	tracts classified majority Black by the Eviction Lab, in the balanced panel with a baseline and renter households	an average year before the pandemic (baseline)		1,336 tracts	none (full counts of filings)	Eviction Tracking System
fil_rate_ratio_base	3.0	ratio of filings per 100 renter households	baseline filing rate per 100 renter households in majority-Black tracts divided by that in majority-white tracts	tracts classified majority Black and majority white by the Eviction Lab, in the balanced panel with a baseline and renter households	an average year before the pandemic (baseline)			none (full counts of filings)	Eviction Tracking System
fil_rate_white_2023	5.4	eviction filings per 100 renter households per year	filings summed over the tracts of the group divided by the renter households of those tracts (ACS 2019-2023 households times one minus the homeownership rate), per 100	tracts classified majority white by the Eviction Lab, in the balanced panel with a baseline and renter households	calendar year 2023		4,903 tracts	none (full counts of filings)	Eviction Tracking System
fil_rate_white_base	4.2	eviction filings per 100 renter households per year	filings summed over the tracts of the group divided by the renter households of those tracts (ACS 2019-2023 households times one minus the homeownership rate), per 100	tracts classified majority white by the Eviction Lab, in the balanced panel with a baseline and renter households	an average year before the pandemic (baseline)		4,903 tracts	none (full counts of filings)	Eviction Tracking System
fil_site_black_lower	21	cities and metro areas where the 2023 index is lower in majority-Black tracts than in majority-white tracts	count of sites where filings divided by the pre-pandemic baseline, summed over the site's majority-Black tracts and 2023 months, are below the same ratio for its majority-white tracts (point estimates; the counts are full counts)	sites of the balanced panel with at least 5 majority-Black and 5 majority-white tracts	calendar year 2023		23 cities and metro areas	none (full counts of filings)	Eviction Tracking System
fil_site_min	5	tracts	minimum number of majority-Black tracts and of majority-white tracts in a site's panel for the site to enter the comparison	sites in the within-site comparison of racial-majority groups	calendar year 2023			none (inclusion rule)	Eviction Tracking System
fil_site_n	23	cities and metro areas	count of sites in the within-site comparison	sites of the balanced panel with at least 5 majority-Black and 5 majority-white tracts	calendar year 2023			none (full count)	Eviction Tracking System
fil_trough	0.09	ratio of filings to the same-month baseline (1 = baseline)	filings divided by the pre-pandemic baseline, summed over the tract-months of the group (a ratio of sums), the month of lowest filings	tracts of the sites in the balanced panel that have a pre-pandemic baseline	2020-04		10,243 tracts	none (full counts of filings)	Eviction Tracking System
fil_trough_below	91%	percent below the baseline	one minus the index in the month of lowest filings, times 100	tracts of the sites in the balanced panel that have a pre-pandemic baseline	2020-04			none (full counts of filings)	Eviction Tracking System
fil_unclassified	236	tracts	count of panel tracts with no racial-majority classification from the Eviction Lab	tracts of the sites in the balanced panel that have a pre-pandemic baseline	January 2020 to December 2025			none (full count)	Eviction Tracking System
fil_white_2023	1.28	ratio of filings to the same-month baseline (1 = baseline)	filings divided by the pre-pandemic baseline, summed over the tract-months of the group (a ratio of sums), all tract-months of 2023 (race is the tract's majority racial or ethnic group of residents in the ACS for 2015 to 2019 as the Eviction Lab classifies it, not the race of any tenant)	tracts classified majority white by the Eviction Lab, in the balanced panel with a baseline	calendar year 2023		4,919 tracts	none (full counts of filings)	Eviction Tracking System
fmr_covered	94.4%	percent of renter households with a computed burden	renter households with a computed burden in the areas compared over those in all counties of the 50 states and DC	renter households of the 50 states and DC	rent standard for fiscal year 2025 (October 2024 to September 2025); incomes ACS 2019-2023; renter burden CHAS 2018-2022		2,139 FMR areas	none (survey-weighted household counts)	HUD Fair Market Rents
fmr_median_usd	$1,703	dollars per month, two-bedroom Fair Market Rent	median over areas of the two-bedroom Fair Market Rent, renter-weighted	HUD FMR areas made of whole counties with at least 500 renter households with a computed burden	rent standard for fiscal year 2025 (October 2024 to September 2025); incomes ACS 2019-2023; renter burden CHAS 2018-2022		2,139 FMR areas	renter households with a computed burden (CHAS 2018-2022)	HUD Fair Market Rents
fmr_n_areas	2,139	HUD FMR areas	count of FMR areas that consist of whole counties, have an income and pass the renter-household floor	HUD FMR areas made of whole counties with at least 500 renter households with a computed burden	rent standard for fiscal year 2025 (October 2024 to September 2025); incomes ACS 2019-2023; renter burden CHAS 2018-2022		2,696 counties	none (full count)	HUD Fair Market Rents
fmr_n_counties	2,696	counties	count of counties in the areas compared; counties in New England, where the file lists towns, and two other split counties are left out	counties of the 50 states and DC in the FMR areas compared	rent standard for fiscal year 2025 (October 2024 to September 2025); incomes ACS 2019-2023; renter burden CHAS 2018-2022			none (full count)	HUD Fair Market Rents
fmr_p5_usd	$933	dollars per month, two-bedroom Fair Market Rent	5th percentile over areas of the two-bedroom Fair Market Rent, renter-weighted	HUD FMR areas made of whole counties with at least 500 renter households with a computed burden	rent standard for fiscal year 2025 (October 2024 to September 2025); incomes ACS 2019-2023; renter burden CHAS 2018-2022		2,139 FMR areas	renter households with a computed burden (CHAS 2018-2022)	HUD Fair Market Rents
fmr_p95_usd	$2,684	dollars per month, two-bedroom Fair Market Rent	95th percentile over areas of the two-bedroom Fair Market Rent, renter-weighted	HUD FMR areas made of whole counties with at least 500 renter households with a computed burden	rent standard for fiscal year 2025 (October 2024 to September 2025); incomes ACS 2019-2023; renter burden CHAS 2018-2022		2,139 FMR areas	renter households with a computed burden (CHAS 2018-2022)	HUD Fair Market Rents
fmr_r	+0.70	correlation coefficient	renter-weighted correlation across areas of the rent share of income with the renter share above 30 percent of income (CHAS), bootstrap over states (the area's state is that of its county with the most renters)	HUD FMR areas made of whole counties with at least 500 renter households with a computed burden	rent standard for fiscal year 2025 (October 2024 to September 2025); incomes ACS 2019-2023; renter burden CHAS 2018-2022	95% CI 0.51 to 0.79	2,139 FMR areas	renter households with a computed burden (CHAS 2018-2022)	HUD Fair Market Rents
fmr_r_unw	+0.36	correlation coefficient	correlation across areas of the rent share of income with the renter share above 30 percent of income (CHAS), each area counted once, bootstrap over states	HUD FMR areas made of whole counties with at least 500 renter households with a computed burden	rent standard for fiscal year 2025 (October 2024 to September 2025); incomes ACS 2019-2023; renter burden CHAS 2018-2022	95% CI 0.25 to 0.47	2,139 FMR areas	none (each area counts once)	HUD Fair Market Rents
fmr_share_median	23.7%	percent of the area's median household income	median over areas of the ratio of a year of the area's two-bedroom Fair Market Rent to the area's median household income (household-weighted mean of its counties' ACS medians), as a percent; renter-weighted	HUD FMR areas made of whole counties with at least 500 renter households with a computed burden	rent standard for fiscal year 2025 (October 2024 to September 2025); incomes ACS 2019-2023; renter burden CHAS 2018-2022		2,139 FMR areas	renter households with a computed burden (CHAS 2018-2022)	HUD Fair Market Rents
fmr_share_median_unw	19.9%	percent of the area's median household income	median over areas of the ratio of a year of the two-bedroom Fair Market Rent to the area's median household income, each area counted once	HUD FMR areas made of whole counties with at least 500 renter households with a computed burden	rent standard for fiscal year 2025 (October 2024 to September 2025); incomes ACS 2019-2023; renter burden CHAS 2018-2022		2,139 FMR areas	none (each area counts once)	HUD Fair Market Rents
fmr_share_p5	17.6%	percent of the area's median household income	5th percentile over areas of the ratio of a year of the area's two-bedroom Fair Market Rent to the area's median household income (household-weighted mean of its counties' ACS medians), as a percent; renter-weighted	HUD FMR areas made of whole counties with at least 500 renter households with a computed burden	rent standard for fiscal year 2025 (October 2024 to September 2025); incomes ACS 2019-2023; renter burden CHAS 2018-2022		2,139 FMR areas	renter households with a computed burden (CHAS 2018-2022)	HUD Fair Market Rents
fmr_share_p95	35.9%	percent of the area's median household income	95th percentile over areas of the ratio of a year of the area's two-bedroom Fair Market Rent to the area's median household income (household-weighted mean of its counties' ACS medians), as a percent; renter-weighted	HUD FMR areas made of whole counties with at least 500 renter households with a computed burden	rent standard for fiscal year 2025 (October 2024 to September 2025); incomes ACS 2019-2023; renter burden CHAS 2018-2022		2,139 FMR areas	renter households with a computed burden (CHAS 2018-2022)	HUD Fair Market Rents
fmr_slope	0.72	percentage points of the renter share above 30% of income per percentage point of the rent share of income	renter-weighted slope across areas of the renter share on the rent share, bootstrap over states	HUD FMR areas made of whole counties with at least 500 renter households with a computed burden	rent standard for fiscal year 2025 (October 2024 to September 2025); incomes ACS 2019-2023; renter burden CHAS 2018-2022	95% CI 0.52 to 0.93	2,139 FMR areas	renter households with a computed burden (CHAS 2018-2022)	HUD Fair Market Rents
fmr_slope_unw	0.71	percentage points of the renter share above 30% of income per percentage point of the rent share of income	slope across areas of the renter share on the rent share, each area counted once, bootstrap over states	HUD FMR areas made of whole counties with at least 500 renter households with a computed burden	rent standard for fiscal year 2025 (October 2024 to September 2025); incomes ACS 2019-2023; renter burden CHAS 2018-2022	95% CI 0.49 to 0.94	2,139 FMR areas	none (each area counts once)	HUD Fair Market Rents
fq_burden_1	39.1%	percent of renter households with housing costs above 30% of income	renter households with a burden over renter households with a computed burden, pooled over the fifth's areas; bootstrap over states	HUD FMR areas made of whole counties with at least 500 renter households with a computed burden, lowest fifth of areas by median household income (fifths hold near-equal numbers of areas)	rent standard for fiscal year 2025 (October 2024 to September 2025); incomes ACS 2019-2023; renter burden CHAS 2018-2022	95% CI 37.6% to 40.9%	427 FMR areas	renter households with a computed burden (CHAS 2018-2022)	HUD CHAS housing affordability
fq_burden_5	46.9%	percent of renter households with housing costs above 30% of income	renter households with a burden over renter households with a computed burden, pooled over the fifth's areas; bootstrap over states	HUD FMR areas made of whole counties with at least 500 renter households with a computed burden, highest fifth of areas by median household income (fifths hold near-equal numbers of areas)	rent standard for fiscal year 2025 (October 2024 to September 2025); incomes ACS 2019-2023; renter burden CHAS 2018-2022	95% CI 44.8% to 48.4%	428 FMR areas	renter households with a computed burden (CHAS 2018-2022)	HUD CHAS housing affordability
fq_inc_1	$45,717	dollars of median household income	renter-weighted mean over the fifth's areas of the area's median household income (household-weighted mean of its counties' ACS medians); bootstrap over states	HUD FMR areas made of whole counties with at least 500 renter households with a computed burden, lowest fifth of areas by median household income (fifths hold near-equal numbers of areas)	ACS 2019-2023 (2023 dollars)	95% CI $44,955 to $46,628	427 FMR areas	renter households with a computed burden (CHAS 2018-2022)	American Community Survey
fq_inc_5	$91,563	dollars of median household income	renter-weighted mean over the fifth's areas of the area's median household income (household-weighted mean of its counties' ACS medians); bootstrap over states	HUD FMR areas made of whole counties with at least 500 renter households with a computed burden, highest fifth of areas by median household income (fifths hold near-equal numbers of areas)	ACS 2019-2023 (2023 dollars)	95% CI $86,017 to $96,668	428 FMR areas	renter households with a computed burden (CHAS 2018-2022)	American Community Survey
fq_share_1	24.4%	percent of the area's median household income	renter-weighted mean over the fifth's areas of the ratio of a year of the area's two-bedroom Fair Market Rent to the area's median household income (household-weighted mean of its counties' ACS medians), as a percent; bootstrap over states	HUD FMR areas made of whole counties with at least 500 renter households with a computed burden, lowest fifth of areas by median household income (fifths hold near-equal numbers of areas)	rent standard for fiscal year 2025 (October 2024 to September 2025); incomes ACS 2019-2023; renter burden CHAS 2018-2022	95% CI 23.4% to 25.3%	427 FMR areas	renter households with a computed burden (CHAS 2018-2022)	HUD Fair Market Rents
fq_share_3	21.5%	percent of the area's median household income	renter-weighted mean over the fifth's areas of the ratio of a year of the area's two-bedroom Fair Market Rent to the area's median household income (household-weighted mean of its counties' ACS medians), as a percent; bootstrap over states	HUD FMR areas made of whole counties with at least 500 renter households with a computed burden, middle fifth of areas by median household income (fifths hold near-equal numbers of areas)	rent standard for fiscal year 2025 (October 2024 to September 2025); incomes ACS 2019-2023; renter burden CHAS 2018-2022	95% CI 20.5% to 22.4%	428 FMR areas	renter households with a computed burden (CHAS 2018-2022)	HUD Fair Market Rents
fq_share_5	26.1%	percent of the area's median household income	renter-weighted mean over the fifth's areas of the ratio of a year of the area's two-bedroom Fair Market Rent to the area's median household income (household-weighted mean of its counties' ACS medians), as a percent; bootstrap over states	HUD FMR areas made of whole counties with at least 500 renter households with a computed burden, highest fifth of areas by median household income (fifths hold near-equal numbers of areas)	rent standard for fiscal year 2025 (October 2024 to September 2025); incomes ACS 2019-2023; renter burden CHAS 2018-2022	95% CI 23.0% to 28.3%	428 FMR areas	renter households with a computed burden (CHAS 2018-2022)	HUD Fair Market Rents
ft_burden_1	33.9%	percent of renter households with housing costs above 30% of income	renter-weighted mean over the tenth's areas of the area's renter share above 30 percent of income; bootstrap over states	HUD FMR areas made of whole counties with at least 500 renter households with a computed burden, lowest tenth of areas by the rent share of income (tenths hold near-equal numbers of areas)	rent standard for fiscal year 2025 (October 2024 to September 2025); incomes ACS 2019-2023; renter burden CHAS 2018-2022	95% CI 32.1% to 35.8%	213 FMR areas	renter households with a computed burden (CHAS 2018-2022)	HUD CHAS housing affordability
ft_burden_10	49.9%	percent of renter households with housing costs above 30% of income	renter-weighted mean over the tenth's areas of the area's renter share above 30 percent of income; bootstrap over states	HUD FMR areas made of whole counties with at least 500 renter households with a computed burden, highest tenth of areas by the rent share of income (tenths hold near-equal numbers of areas)	rent standard for fiscal year 2025 (October 2024 to September 2025); incomes ACS 2019-2023; renter burden CHAS 2018-2022	95% CI 45.9% to 51.4%	214 FMR areas	renter households with a computed burden (CHAS 2018-2022)	HUD CHAS housing affordability
hamfi_30	30%	percent of HUD area median family income	the income line between the lowest and the second of HUD's five income bands (income relative to HUD's area median family income, HAMFI)	households in the HUD CHAS tabulation	2018 to 2022			none (definition)	HUD CHAS housing affordability
hamfi_50	50%	percent of HUD area median family income	the income line between the second and the third of HUD's five income bands (income relative to HUD's area median family income, HAMFI)	households in the HUD CHAS tabulation	2018 to 2022			none (definition)	HUD CHAS housing affordability
hamfi_cut	80%	percent of HUD area median family income	the income line for a low-income household: income at or below this share of HUD's area median family income (HAMFI)	households in the HUD CHAS tabulation	2018 to 2022			none (definition)	HUD CHAS housing affordability
li_bur_owner	50.7%	percent of low-income owner households with a computed burden that have housing costs above 30% of income	low-income households (at or below 80 percent of HAMFI) with a burden above 30 percent, over low-income households with a computed burden (low-income households less the households whose burden is not computed; the staged HUD percentage divides by all households of the tenure and is not used); pooled over tracts, bootstrap over counties	low-income owner households with a computed burden in the tracts of the 50 states and DC	2018 to 2022	95% CI 49.8% to 51.7%	84,410 tracts	none (pooled household counts)	HUD CHAS housing affordability
li_bur_renter	69.0%	percent of low-income renter households with a computed burden that have housing costs above 30% of income	low-income households (at or below 80 percent of HAMFI) with a burden above 30 percent, over low-income households with a computed burden (low-income households less the households whose burden is not computed; the staged HUD percentage divides by all households of the tenure and is not used); pooled over tracts, bootstrap over counties	low-income renter households with a computed burden in the tracts of the 50 states and DC	2018 to 2022	95% CI 68.1% to 69.9%	84,410 tracts	none (pooled household counts)	HUD CHAS housing affordability
li_of_bur_owner	73.8%	percent of owner households with a burden above 30% that are low-income	low-income households with a burden above 30 percent over all households of the tenure with a burden above 30 percent; pooled over tracts, bootstrap over counties	owner households with housing costs above 30 percent of income	2018 to 2022	95% CI 72.8% to 74.7%	84,410 tracts	none (pooled household counts)	HUD CHAS housing affordability
li_of_bur_renter	91.8%	percent of renter households with a burden above 30% that are low-income	low-income households with a burden above 30 percent over all households of the tenure with a burden above 30 percent; pooled over tracts, bootstrap over counties	renter households with housing costs above 30 percent of income	2018 to 2022	95% CI 91.2% to 92.4%	84,410 tracts	none (pooled household counts)	HUD CHAS housing affordability
li_share_owner	30.2%	percent of owner households with a computed burden that have income at or below 80% of HAMFI	low-income households with a computed burden (income at or below 80 percent of HUD's area median family income, HAMFI, less the households whose burden is not computed) over all households of the tenure with a computed burden; pooled over tracts, bootstrap over counties. HAMFI is HUD's benchmark and differs from the Census median household income	owner households in the tracts of the 50 states and DC with a computed burden	2018 to 2022	95% CI 29.8% to 30.7%	84,410 tracts	none (pooled household counts)	HUD CHAS housing affordability
li_share_renter	60.6%	percent of renter households with a computed burden that have income at or below 80% of HAMFI	low-income households with a computed burden (income at or below 80 percent of HUD's area median family income, HAMFI, less the households whose burden is not computed) over all households of the tenure with a computed burden; pooled over tracts, bootstrap over counties. HAMFI is HUD's benchmark and differs from the Census median household income	renter households in the tracts of the 50 states and DC with a computed burden	2018 to 2022	95% CI 59.8% to 61.4%	84,410 tracts	none (pooled household counts)	HUD CHAS housing affordability
majority_line	50%	percent of renter households	the share of a county's renter households with a burden above which a majority of them have one	renter households in a county	2018 to 2022			none (definition)	HUD CHAS housing affordability
mod_owner	12.0%	percent of owner households with housing costs of 30% to 50% of income	households above the burden line minus households above the severe line, over households whose burden HUD computes, pooled over tracts; interval from a bootstrap over counties	owner households in the tracts of the 50 states and DC with a computed burden	2018 to 2022	95% CI 11.7% to 12.3%	84,410 tracts	none (pooled household counts)	HUD CHAS housing affordability
mod_renter	22.4%	percent of renter households with housing costs of 30% to 50% of income	households above the burden line minus households above the severe line, over households whose burden HUD computes, pooled over tracts; interval from a bootstrap over counties	renter households in the tracts of the 50 states and DC with a computed burden	2018 to 2022	95% CI 22.1% to 22.7%	84,410 tracts	none (pooled household counts)	HUD CHAS housing affordability
n_burdened_renters	19.7 million	renter households with housing costs above 30% of income	sum over tracts of renter households with a burden above 30 percent	households in the tracts of the 50 states and DC (Puerto Rico left out)	2018 to 2022		84,410 tracts	none (survey-weighted household counts)	HUD CHAS housing affordability
n_counties	3,143	counties and county equivalents	count of counties in the county frame: the county file for every state but Connecticut and the tract file summed over former counties for Connecticut	counties of the 50 states and DC (Connecticut as its eight former counties) in the HUD CHAS files	2018 to 2022			none (full count)	HUD CHAS housing affordability
n_cty_half	175	counties where more than half of renter households have housing costs above 30% of income	count of counties with a renter share above 50 percent	counties of the 50 states and DC (Connecticut as its eight former counties) with at least 500 renter and 500 owner households with a computed burden	2018 to 2022		2,753 counties	none (full count)	HUD CHAS housing affordability
n_cty_ok	2,753	counties	count of counties that pass the household floor for both tenures	counties of the 50 states and DC (Connecticut as its eight former counties) with at least 500 renter and 500 owner households with a computed burden	2018 to 2022		3,143 counties	none (full count)	HUD CHAS housing affordability
n_cty_owner_ge	31	counties where the owner share with a burden is at least the renter share	count of counties where the owner share above 30 percent of income is at least the renter share	counties of the 50 states and DC (Connecticut as its eight former counties) with at least 500 renter and 500 owner households with a computed burden	2018 to 2022		2,753 counties	none (full count)	HUD CHAS housing affordability
n_cty_owner_ge_hi	11	counties where the owner share with a burden is at least the renter share	count of counties where the owner share above 30 percent of income is at least the renter share under the alternative household floor	counties of the 50 states and DC (Connecticut as its eight former counties) with at least 1000 renter and 1000 owner households with a computed burden	2018 to 2022		2,323 counties	none (full count)	HUD CHAS housing affordability
n_cty_owner_ge_lo	106	counties where the owner share with a burden is at least the renter share	count of counties where the owner share above 30 percent of income is at least the renter share under the alternative household floor	counties of the 50 states and DC (Connecticut as its eight former counties) with at least 100 renter and 100 owner households with a computed burden	2018 to 2022		3,103 counties	none (full count)	HUD CHAS housing affordability
n_nc_owner	0.7 million	owner households whose burden HUD does not compute (no or negative income)	sum over tracts of the tenure's households less those with a computed burden; the raw county table puts all of them in the lowest income band	owner households in the tracts of the 50 states and DC	2018 to 2022		84,410 tracts	none (survey-weighted household counts)	HUD CHAS housing affordability
n_nc_renter	1.0 million	renter households whose burden HUD does not compute (no or negative income)	sum over tracts of the tenure's households less those with a computed burden; the raw county table puts all of them in the lowest income band	renter households in the tracts of the 50 states and DC	2018 to 2022		84,410 tracts	none (survey-weighted household counts)	HUD CHAS housing affordability
n_owner_hh	80.8 million	owner households with a computed burden	sum over tracts of the households whose cost burden HUD computes (households with no or negative income are left out)	owner households in the tracts of the 50 states and DC with a computed burden	2018 to 2022		84,410 tracts	none (survey-weighted household counts)	HUD CHAS housing affordability
n_renter_hh	43.2 million	renter households with a computed burden	sum over tracts of the households whose cost burden HUD computes (households with no or negative income are left out)	renter households in the tracts of the 50 states and DC with a computed burden	2018 to 2022		84,410 tracts	none (survey-weighted household counts)	HUD CHAS housing affordability
n_severe_renters	10.0 million	renter households with housing costs above 50% of income	sum over tracts of renter households with a severe burden	households in the tracts of the 50 states and DC (Puerto Rico left out)	2018 to 2022		84,410 tracts	none (survey-weighted household counts)	HUD CHAS housing affordability
n_tracts_adi	82,786	tracts	count of tracts with an Area Deprivation Index national rank, the tracts that the ADI comparisons rank into tenths	tracts of the 50 states and DC in the HUD CHAS tract file	2018 to 2022; Area Deprivation Index 2023		84,410 tracts	none (full count)	Area Deprivation Index
n_tracts_chas	84,410	tracts	count of tracts in the tract file after leaving out Puerto Rico and five Connecticut water-only tracts with no households	tracts of the 50 states and DC in the HUD CHAS tract file (Puerto Rico left out)	2018 to 2022 (American Community Survey five-year special tabulation by HUD)			none (full count)	HUD CHAS housing affordability
n_tracts_empty	1,051	tracts with no households	count of tracts with no owner and no renter households; they add nothing to a pooled share and drop out of the tenth means	tracts of the 50 states and DC in the HUD CHAS tract file (Puerto Rico left out)	2018 to 2022 (American Community Survey five-year special tabulation by HUD)		84,410 tracts	none (full count)	HUD CHAS housing affordability
n_tracts_no_adi	1,624	tracts	count of tracts with no Area Deprivation Index national rank, left out of the ADI comparisons	tracts of the 50 states and DC in the HUD CHAS tract file	2018 to 2022; Area Deprivation Index 2023		84,410 tracts	none (full count)	Area Deprivation Index
renter_hh_share	35.2%	percent of occupied housing units that are rented	renter households over renter and owner households, pooled over tracts; bootstrap over counties	households in the tracts of the 50 states and DC (Puerto Rico left out)	2018 to 2022	95% CI 33.7% to 36.8%	84,410 tracts	none (pooled household counts)	HUD CHAS housing affordability
sev_owner	8.8%	percent of owner households with housing costs above 50% of income	ratio of sums over tracts: households with the burden over households whose burden HUD computes, pooled over the tracts of the 50 states and DC; interval from a bootstrap over counties (replicates and seed in the methods note). The share carries no margin of error of its own: HUD rounds every cell independently	owner households in the tracts of the 50 states and DC with a computed burden	2018 to 2022	95% CI 8.5% to 9.2%	84,410 tracts	none (pooled household counts)	HUD CHAS housing affordability
sev_renter	23.2%	percent of renter households with housing costs above 50% of income	ratio of sums over tracts: households with the burden over households whose burden HUD computes, pooled over the tracts of the 50 states and DC; interval from a bootstrap over counties (replicates and seed in the methods note). The share carries no margin of error of its own: HUD rounds every cell independently	renter households in the tracts of the 50 states and DC with a computed burden	2018 to 2022	95% CI 22.6% to 23.8%	84,410 tracts	none (pooled household counts)	HUD CHAS housing affordability
severe_line	50%	percent of household income	HUD's line for a severe housing cost burden: housing costs above this share of household income	households in the HUD CHAS tabulation	2018 to 2022			none (definition)	HUD CHAS housing affordability
slope_btw_own	−1.6	percentage points of the owner share with housing costs above 30% of income per 10 percentile points of the Area Deprivation Index, between counties	household-weighted slope across counties of the county's pooled-tract mean share on the county's mean index rank, bootstrap over counties	counties with owner households in tracts that have an Area Deprivation Index	2018 to 2022; Area Deprivation Index 2023	95% CI −1.9 to −1.4	3,128 counties	households of the tenure with a computed burden	HUD CHAS housing affordability
slope_btw_ren	−1.1	percentage points of the renter share with housing costs above 30% of income per 10 percentile points of the Area Deprivation Index, between counties	household-weighted slope across counties of the county's pooled-tract mean share on the county's mean index rank, bootstrap over counties	counties with renter households in tracts that have an Area Deprivation Index	2018 to 2022; Area Deprivation Index 2023	95% CI −1.4 to −0.8	3,128 counties	households of the tenure with a computed burden	HUD CHAS housing affordability
slope_pool_own	−0.8	percentage points of the owner share with housing costs above 30% of income per 10 percentile points of the Area Deprivation Index, across the nation	household-weighted slope of the tract share on the ADI national rank, no county baseline, bootstrap over counties	owner households in tracts with an Area Deprivation Index and a computed burden	2018 to 2022; Area Deprivation Index 2023	95% CI −1.0 to −0.5	82,327 tracts	households of the tenure with a computed burden	HUD CHAS housing affordability
slope_pool_ren	0.0	percentage points of the renter share with housing costs above 30% of income per 10 percentile points of the Area Deprivation Index, across the nation	household-weighted slope of the tract share on the ADI national rank, no county baseline, bootstrap over counties	renter households in tracts with an Area Deprivation Index and a computed burden	2018 to 2022; Area Deprivation Index 2023	95% CI −0.3 to 0.3	82,558 tracts	households of the tenure with a computed burden	HUD CHAS housing affordability
slope_wc_own	0.9	percentage points of the owner share with housing costs above 30% of income per 10 percentile points of the Area Deprivation Index, within the same county	household-weighted slope of the tract share on the ADI national rank after subtracting each county's weighted mean from both (a county baseline for each county), bootstrap over counties	owner households in tracts with an Area Deprivation Index and a computed burden	2018 to 2022; Area Deprivation Index 2023	95% CI 0.9 to 1.0	82,327 tracts	households of the tenure with a computed burden	HUD CHAS housing affordability
slope_wc_ren	2.3	percentage points of the renter share with housing costs above 30% of income per 10 percentile points of the Area Deprivation Index, within the same county	household-weighted slope of the tract share on the ADI national rank after subtracting each county's weighted mean from both (a county baseline for each county), bootstrap over counties	renter households in tracts with an Area Deprivation Index and a computed burden	2018 to 2022; Area Deprivation Index 2023	95% CI 2.1 to 2.4	82,558 tracts	households of the tenure with a computed burden	HUD CHAS housing affordability
st_ca	50.7%	percent of renter households with housing costs above 30% of income	ratio of sums over tracts: households with the burden over households whose burden HUD computes, pooled over the tracts of California; interval from a bootstrap over counties (replicates and seed in the methods note). The share carries no margin of error of its own: HUD rounds every cell independently	renter households in California with a computed burden	2018 to 2022	95% CI 47.3% to 52.4%	9,129 tracts	none (pooled household counts)	HUD CHAS housing affordability
st_fl	53.3%	percent of renter households with housing costs above 30% of income	ratio of sums over tracts: households with the burden over households whose burden HUD computes, pooled over the tracts of Florida; interval from a bootstrap over counties (replicates and seed in the methods note). The share carries no margin of error of its own: HUD rounds every cell independently	renter households in Florida with a computed burden	2018 to 2022	95% CI 50.4% to 55.4%	5,160 tracts	none (pooled household counts)	HUD CHAS housing affordability
st_sd	33.9%	percent of renter households with housing costs above 30% of income	ratio of sums over tracts: households with the burden over households whose burden HUD computes, pooled over the tracts of South Dakota; interval from a bootstrap over counties (replicates and seed in the methods note). The share carries no margin of error of its own: HUD rounds every cell independently	renter households in South Dakota with a computed burden	2018 to 2022	95% CI 30.6% to 35.8%	242 tracts	none (pooled household counts)	HUD CHAS housing affordability
us_burden_li_renter	69.0%	percent of low-income renter households with housing costs above 30% of income	low-income households (at or below 80 percent of HAMFI) with a burden over low-income households of the tenure, pooled over tracts in all ten tenths, bootstrap over counties	low-income renter households in all the tracts with an Area Deprivation Index (all ten tenths pooled)	2018 to 2022; Area Deprivation Index 2023	95% CI 68.0% to 69.9%	81,284 tracts	low-income households of the tenure	HUD CHAS housing affordability
us_burden_owner	20.8%	percent of owner households with housing costs above 30% of income	pooled share of the tenure's households with the burden over tracts in all ten tenths, bootstrap over counties	owner households in all the tracts with an Area Deprivation Index (all ten tenths pooled)	2018 to 2022; Area Deprivation Index 2023	95% CI 20.1% to 21.5%	82,327 tracts	households of the tenure with a computed burden	HUD CHAS housing affordability
us_burden_renter	45.5%	percent of renter households with housing costs above 30% of income	pooled share of the tenure's households with the burden over tracts in all ten tenths, bootstrap over counties	renter households in all the tracts with an Area Deprivation Index (all ten tenths pooled)	2018 to 2022; Area Deprivation Index 2023	95% CI 44.7% to 46.4%	82,558 tracts	households of the tenure with a computed burden	HUD CHAS housing affordability

Definitions

Area Deprivation Index (ADI): A score that ranks neighborhoods by income, education, employment and housing conditions drawn from the American Community Survey. In this book a higher national percentile means a more deprived neighborhood.
Ecological inference: Drawing conclusions about individuals from data about places or groups. A pattern across counties need not hold for the people inside them.

Methods

This chapter compares the housing cost burden of renter and owner households in HUD's tabulation of the American Community Survey for 2018 to 2022, across income bands, tenths of tracts by deprivation, counties and Fair Market Rent areas, and then eviction filings by tract and by site from January 2020 to December 2025. The two parts cover different years and different tracts: the burden figures cover the 50 states and DC, with counties entering at 500 renter and 500 owner households with a computed burden, and the eviction index covers only tracts observed in all 72 months that have a baseline in every month. The burden intervals come from a bootstrap and do not include the sampling error of the survey, which HUD does not publish for shares, and HUD rounds every cell independently. The eviction series are full counts of filings and have no sampling interval.

Which places and households are covered

The 50 states and DC are covered, with Puerto Rico left out.

The county frame takes the county file for every state but Connecticut and sums the tract file over Connecticut's eight former counties; a county enters with at least 500 renter and 500 owner households with a computed burden.

Figures explained here: Figure 1 and Figure 2

How cost burden and income bands are defined

HUD CHAS counts households by tenure, by income relative to HUD's area median family income (HAMFI) and by the share of income spent on housing: a burden above 30 percent of income, and a severe burden above 50 percent.

Every share is a ratio of summed household counts (never an average of the published tract percentages) over households whose burden HUD computes; low-income households are those at or below 80 percent of HAMFI, and the low-income shares divide by the low-income households with a computed burden. The staged HUD percentage for low-income burdened households divides by all households and is not used.

The five income bands (30, 50, 80 and 100 percent of HAMFI) come from the raw HUD CHAS county Table 8, read once, and the income-mix standardization gives renters the owners' share of households in each band.

Figure explained here: Figure 1

How tracts and counties are grouped and weighted

Tenths of tracts hold near-equal numbers of tracts (tracts with equal ranks stay together) among those with an Area Deprivation Index national rank.

Tract shares are weighted by the households behind them; the within-county deviation subtracts each county's household-weighted mean from the tract share and from the index rank.

Figure explained here: Figure 3

How rent standards are matched to burden and income

An FMR area enters when all of its rows in the file are whole counties; the two-bedroom rent standard is the area's single value.

The area income is the household-weighted mean of the counties' ACS 2019-2023 median household incomes, and the renter burden is pooled over the area's counties.

Figure explained here: Figure 4

How the eviction filing index is built

The index is the sum of filings divided by the sum of the baseline over the tract-months of a group, for the tracts observed in all 72 months from January 2020 to December 2025 that have a baseline in every month.

Racial majority is the Eviction Lab's tract classification by the group that makes up a majority of residents in the ACS for 2015 to 2019. Filing rates per renter household divide filings by ACS 2019-2023 renter households.

Figures explained here: Figure 5, Figure 6 and Figure 7

What the intervals include and leave out

HUD rounds every cell independently and publishes no margin of error for the shares.

Intervals come from a bootstrap over counties (tracts) or over states (FMR areas) with 2,000 replicates and seed 12345; they do not include the sampling error of the survey, which HUD does not publish for shares.

The eviction series are full counts and have no sampling interval.

Four rankings of the same places

The comparison follows the book's ranking switch rule, fixed on October 28, 2026 before any of these gradients was computed. The main gradient of the chapter is recomputed under four rankings of the same places, with the outcome, period, weights, bins and intervals unchanged: the published ADI; a standardized index that applies the ADI's coefficients to its measures after standardizing each one across tracts; median household income; and the share of adults 25 and older with a bachelor's degree or more. The three alternatives come from ACS tract estimates for 2019 to 2023, the period of the ADI.

All four rankings use the same places, the 75,587 tracts that have the outcome and all four rankings, so the ADI panel can differ slightly from the chapter's main figure. Tracts enter only if they have every input of the standardized index, which leaves out tracts without a median rent, home value or mortgage cost.

A pattern counts as changed when the worse end switches sides, when the two ends differ under one ranking and not the other, or when the rank correlation of bin order and bin mean falls on the other side of 0.9 and moves by at least 0.1.

Figure explained here: Figure 8

What these data cannot show

References

McCarty, Maggie; Carpenter, David H.; Perl, Libby (2021). The CDC's Federal Eviction Moratorium. Congressional Research Service, Insight IN11673 (updated August 31, 2021). www.everycrsreport.com/reports/IN11673.html
Hepburn, Peter; Louis, Renee; Desmond, Matthew (2020). Racial and Gender Disparities among Evicted Americans. Sociological Science 7: 649-662. doi:10.15195/v7.a27
Desmond, Matthew (2016). Evicted: Poverty and Profit in the American City. Crown.
Collinson, Robert; Humphries, John Eric; Mader, Nicholas; Reed, Davin; Tannenbaum, Daniel; van Dijk, Winnie (2024). Eviction and Poverty in American Cities. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 139(1): 57-120. doi:10.1093/qje/qjad042

Provenance

Pipeline version: 0.1.0
Build script: book2/chapters/renting-affordability-and-eviction/build.py (sha256 4717a7206ea664bca6d253be8b22a05c907460347dafe0d2995f1664f7c6e456)
Built on: 2026-10-09
Site commit: c2b1ff3309cb4a10833f884da91ac0057a66ad0a

Inputs

File	Size (bytes)	SHA-256, first 1 MB	SHA-256, last 1 MB
book2/chapters/renting-affordability-and-eviction/bands.py	7,407	67c6908f103a5ef1a12817c41993b856281d82b58fd4838be5dc336335d1a8e6	67c6908f103a5ef1a12817c41993b856281d82b58fd4838be5dc336335d1a8e6
book2/chapters/renting-affordability-and-eviction/burden.py	15,084	a4d6074ef6582fc7da11263170a40367e1204f678fc175ffd1295e72d077a578	a4d6074ef6582fc7da11263170a40367e1204f678fc175ffd1295e72d077a578
book2/chapters/renting-affordability-and-eviction/eviction.py	10,864	1b9b0251f5e280b0c5548f1404beb38a4de73f8a5032e9485545d7284fb8d98c	1b9b0251f5e280b0c5548f1404beb38a4de73f8a5032e9485545d7284fb8d98c
book2/chapters/renting-affordability-and-eviction/rent.py	6,277	12fc2c7cba84fb452dd584fd19a863685cc5e67fc5581e4ad3d44a86efec9e55	12fc2c7cba84fb452dd584fd19a863685cc5e67fc5581e4ad3d44a86efec9e55
data/analytic/tract_atlas.parquet	39,659,925	29d5e4d943552d54aeb6ba92aadc939d9bd15bdea553c78357dbd516757be627	1e10d1ecf722340f23ee2212d4999a90250f85b65fa89b39e32db06d9472e22e
data/raw/acs/deprivation_components_2019_2023/county_core.parquet	498,878	8b177857027e73c1f404f7b62191ab78811e95ee54c4f07383e9e9e17da1a345	8b177857027e73c1f404f7b62191ab78811e95ee54c4f07383e9e9e17da1a345
data/raw/acs/deprivation_components_2019_2023/tract.parquet	13,197,793	5545cde2cbe96a8b56e468d65388248a241aa6bd300d3c9e325d08d3f86b11da	5c8ec454d066988b0f1a01aaa6ed34ebfc05d162e01cf9c6bb01f9198cbaff12
data/raw/hud_chas/2018_2022/2018thru2022-050-csv.zip	17,640,663	4053f34d426f5115eb0cd2df6b491628a2a154aec799a1e60d8f50fbaca2523e	f049e8659639476700aabc356a797b1ca70d8019072447ac6879e080ee543b0c
data/staged/adi/adi_atlas_tract2020_2023.parquet	798,078	5e409bc212ff871def780fa27b4cf8b616d9da420b2b9f6455517eddcd8c1a95	5e409bc212ff871def780fa27b4cf8b616d9da420b2b9f6455517eddcd8c1a95
data/staged/crosswalks/ct_tract2020_to_old_county.parquet	15,842	961ef39f31596ef65fca2c67d5f2f63e533c5dc9b49745d3bb6437844e4b831d	961ef39f31596ef65fca2c67d5f2f63e533c5dc9b49745d3bb6437844e4b831d
data/staged/housing/eviction_ets_tract_2020_2021.parquet	1,286,128	d7fb0e3947b961ca3cdc4e95ed0136072bd2198251d7bcd2b0bd587d5ed813af	fb1da4a871fcaa271c237fa4eb2a6cb894a524495db451a6105cdd93a755225e
data/staged/housing/hud_chas_county_2018_2022.parquet	985,759	aed3c7f19aca2598debda31c43492eb8c20e66bd71ea05cd8a204ace16f70eea	aed3c7f19aca2598debda31c43492eb8c20e66bd71ea05cd8a204ace16f70eea
data/staged/housing/hud_chas_tract2020_2018_2022.parquet	11,160,086	8435624fc4e027cb64a4130f1b3484e6f380f2fa4ce0940fc3b9b7d27729fe37	fde5dbb56ef312620e24275622d0ea8ba38093826433a1fe15edcfdeeea4f632
data/staged/housing/hud_fmr_area_fy2025.parquet	220,184	e8acd06036b1bf0c46d350385c9cf08de423cd7145ead42ac2b6bf9367361b7d	e8acd06036b1bf0c46d350385c9cf08de423cd7145ead42ac2b6bf9367361b7d
data/staged/ses/acs5_tract2020_2019_2023.parquet	7,232,424	5fe6f730a35225f14d5d8abfc6b9bce58b52e545f309a7eac74f1dae74d7a31c	7b4a2475b3852d3f91804716a04566ef8ceadacec2be9fb85f5eb642078efac6
data/staged/svi/svi_tract2020_2022.parquet	17,740,415	cb3860d8edc2aaf1f2a02211a58f7a0b80457eb6ad9a37b5ec8abb2d5da9da10	e371a4a696d5bed05d54ad7c5b6ca2504508805b847ec415c2322be7f66ec2b2

Outputs

File	SHA-256
facts.json	e406f8a10f637011935e5a498813d757cff8c7fa2eb2a6eec5f4d034d769f947
figures/alt_rankings.json	ad5422a3e2801029f9a69d147554ac6c36d9a6fa9064f8ac23a0418bf8a2dcd4
figures/burden_by_deprivation.json	a0f766e578479473605b0a240a240514814de8fe7aab2168bc7207dd044e2eee
figures/burden_by_tenure.json	a5d46eba16400056e5552ce37f3af4e346859ceab44b8e71415c05c38b79739b
figures/eviction_by_city.json	ac6dee2429bbe13f51db9672e39b47951944bd5a3dfae5d8b16c848f80bd86d3
figures/eviction_by_race.json	39480f8c3740b17173686d96f40a4a7ca10afbc6157e65cdb531a632f5df61fc
figures/eviction_filing_index.json	6740df1888b777f54552d055596ded434d6cd6cbb8dfd6e583a8bcd4bc3b913d
figures/rent_standard_vs_burden.json	7a4662dfacf266f30ec3d9fb75c844b95a8fee5b6e8b296927f65da78c0a22e1
figures/renter_burden_map.json	24a7f6d9409a64c9643639e89f382738501187daa0d762e7ff045b42448b8696
meta.json	c5d8a211321f56303e9cec50eecb1f97d9aac8ed98f5a1f7cd4abbaa91bc32e4
public/data/renting-affordability-and-eviction/fmr_scatter.json	b3c9d3d1222c54a96973a0026b091757fa86e646f547daf67c4d7b56b8b8befd
public/data/renting-affordability-and-eviction/renter_burden_map.json	6ab626bb2f8043eca30ee59646103a51ff8750102535c15eee25aa67386abc37
refs.json	931fb8050c701301f487f4643e6931c0e68f23643434bd6613eb1ff5445cd0ca

Machine formats

Report (Markdown): https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/renting-affordability-and-eviction/report.md
Every estimate (JSON): https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/renting-affordability-and-eviction/facts.json
Table 1, figure "burden_by_tenure" (JSON): https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/renting-affordability-and-eviction/figures/burden_by_tenure.json
Table 2, figure "renter_burden_map" (JSON): https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/renting-affordability-and-eviction/figures/renter_burden_map.json
Table 3, figure "burden_by_deprivation" (JSON): https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/renting-affordability-and-eviction/figures/burden_by_deprivation.json
Table 4, figure "rent_standard_vs_burden" (JSON): https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/renting-affordability-and-eviction/figures/rent_standard_vs_burden.json
Table 5, figure "eviction_filing_index" (JSON): https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/renting-affordability-and-eviction/figures/eviction_filing_index.json
Table 6, figure "eviction_by_race" (JSON): https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/renting-affordability-and-eviction/figures/eviction_by_race.json
Table 7, figure "eviction_by_city" (JSON): https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/renting-affordability-and-eviction/figures/eviction_by_city.json
Table 8, figure "alt_rankings" (JSON): https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/renting-affordability-and-eviction/figures/alt_rankings.json
Payload of "renter_burden_map" (JSON): https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/data/renting-affordability-and-eviction/renter_burden_map.json
Payload of "rent_standard_vs_burden" (JSON): https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/data/renting-affordability-and-eviction/fmr_scatter.json
Index of every report: https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/llms.txt; all reports in one file: https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/llms-full.txt

Identification

Principal estimates

Findings

Renters are burdened more often than owners, mostly at middle incomes

Renter burden by county

Renter burden has no national trend by deprivation and rises within counties

Renter burden rises with the rent standard's share of area income

Eviction filings against the pre-pandemic baseline

Renter burden rises steadily with deprivation under the standardized index and income

What these data cannot show

Tables

Table 1. 45.6% of renter households pay more than 30% of their income for housing, against 20.8% of owner households

Table 1.1. By tenure

Table 1.2. By income and tenure

Table 2. Between the 5th and 95th percentiles of counties, the share of renter households paying more than 30% of income runs from 23.0% to 50.9%, with a median county at 37.9%

Table 3. Pooled across the nation, renter burden is 44.4% in the least deprived tenth of tracts and 47.6% in the most deprived, but within a county it rises by 2.3 points per 10 percentile points of the index

Table 3.1. All households

Table 3.2. Low-income households

Table 3.3. Within the same county

Table 4. Renter burden is higher in areas where the two-bedroom Fair Market Rent takes a larger share of the median household income, a renter-weighted correlation of +0.70 across 2,139 areas

Table 4.1. Rent share against renter burden

Table 4.2. By area income

Table 5. Eviction filings fell to 0.09 times their pre-pandemic level in April 2020, stayed below it until early 2022 and peaked at 1.37 times that level in March 2023

Table 6. Eviction filings in majority-Black tracts ran at 0.98 times their baseline in 2023 and in majority-white tracts at 1.28 times, from baseline rates per renter household that differed by a factor of 3.0

Table 6.1. Against the baseline

Table 6.2. Filings per renter household

Table 7. From 2023 to 2025 filings ran from 0.62 times the baseline in Philadelphia to 1.84 times in Portland, with a median site at 1.11 times

Table 8. The renter share over the cost-burden line is worse at the more deprived end but uneven along the way under the ADI; it is steadily worse toward the more deprived end under the standardized index and the income ranking

All estimates

Definitions

Methods

Which places and households are covered

How cost burden and income bands are defined

How tracts and counties are grouped and weighted

How rent standards are matched to burden and income

How the eviction filing index is built

What the intervals include and leave out

Four rankings of the same places

What these data cannot show

References

Provenance

Machine formats