# Renting, affordability and eviction: report

Chapter 5.4 of ZIP Code Destiny, by Vishal Singh (NYU Stern). Generated from the chapter's data files; the reading version is at https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/renting-affordability-and-eviction. Table n of this report is figure n of the chapter.

## Identification

- Title: Renting, affordability and eviction
- Label: The first of the month
- Chapter: 5.4 (Part V, Home, work and money; An American life)
- Question: Where do renters spend the largest share of their income on housing, how does that burden differ from owners and across neighborhoods, and how did eviction filings change in the places where they are tracked?
- Dek: 45.6% of renter households with a computed burden spent more than 30% of their income on housing in 2018 to 2022, against 20.8% of owner households, a gap detectable only among low-income households.
- Grain: neighborhoods
- Status: published
- Published: 2026-10-09
- Updated: not revised
- Data sources:
  - HUD CHAS housing affordability. HUD Comprehensive Housing Affordability Strategy, American Community Survey 2018-2022 special tabulation: households by tenure, income relative to HUD's area median family income and housing cost burden, tracts and counties; years: 2018-2022; weights: none (pooled household counts)
  - HUD Fair Market Rents. HUD Fair Market Rents, fiscal year 2025: the two-bedroom rent standard for each FMR area; years: fiscal year 2025 (October 2024 to September 2025); weights: renter households with a computed burden (CHAS)
  - American Community Survey. ACS 2019-2023 county median household income; years: 2019-2023 (5-year); weights: household counts (CHAS) for the area mean
  - Area Deprivation Index. Area Deprivation Index 2023, national rank, tracts ranked into tenths; years: 2023 release (version 4.0.1; built on ACS 2019-2023); weights: households of the tenure with a computed burden
  - Eviction Tracking System. Eviction Tracking System, monthly eviction filings by tract and a pre-pandemic baseline, January 2020 to December 2025; years: 2020-2026 (monthly); weights: none (full counts of filings)
- Canonical URL: https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/renting-affordability-and-eviction
- Report: https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/renting-affordability-and-eviction/report
- Markdown: https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/renting-affordability-and-eviction/report.md
- BibTeX key: singh2026rentingaffordabilityandeviction

```bibtex
@misc{singh2026rentingaffordabilityandeviction,
  author = {Singh, Vishal},
  title = {Renting, affordability and eviction},
  year = {2026},
  url = {https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/renting-affordability-and-eviction},
  note = {In ZIP Code Destiny. Published 9 October 2026.}
}
```

## Principal estimates

The facts the dek and the opening prose cite, in order of appearance.

| Estimand | Population | Period | Value | Interval | n | Weights | Source | Fact id |
| --- | --- | --- | ---: | --- | ---: | --- | --- | --- |
| ratio of sums over tracts: households with the burden over households whose burden HUD computes, pooled over the tracts of the 50 states and DC; interval from a bootstrap over counties (replicates and seed in the methods note). The share carries no margin of error of its own: HUD rounds every cell independently; the count includes the households with a severe burden | renter households in the tracts of the 50 states and DC with a computed burden | 2018 to 2022 | 45.6% | 95% CI 44.7% to 46.5% | 84,410 tracts | none (pooled household counts) | HUD CHAS housing affordability | bur_renter |
| HUD's line for a housing cost burden: housing costs above this share of household income | households in the HUD CHAS tabulation | 2018 to 2022 | 30% |   |   | none (definition) | HUD CHAS housing affordability | burden_line |
| ratio of sums over tracts: households with the burden over households whose burden HUD computes, pooled over the tracts of the 50 states and DC; interval from a bootstrap over counties (replicates and seed in the methods note). The share carries no margin of error of its own: HUD rounds every cell independently; the count includes the households with a severe burden | owner households in the tracts of the 50 states and DC with a computed burden | 2018 to 2022 | 20.8% | 95% CI 20.1% to 21.5% | 84,410 tracts | none (pooled household counts) | HUD CHAS housing affordability | bur_owner |
| the income line between the lowest and the second of HUD's five income bands (income relative to HUD's area median family income, HAMFI) | households in the HUD CHAS tabulation | 2018 to 2022 | 30% |   |   | none (definition) | HUD CHAS housing affordability | hamfi_30 |
| the income line for a low-income household: income at or below this share of HUD's area median family income (HAMFI) | households in the HUD CHAS tabulation | 2018 to 2022 | 80% |   |   | none (definition) | HUD CHAS housing affordability | hamfi_cut |
| pooled renter share with a burden minus the pooled owner share with a burden; bootstrap over counties | households in the tracts of the 50 states and DC (Puerto Rico left out) | 2018 to 2022 | 24.8 | 95% CI 24.2 to 25.3 | 84,410 tracts | none (pooled household counts) | HUD CHAS housing affordability | bur_gap |
| the renter burden at the owners' mix of five income bands minus the owner burden (a reweighting of the renters' rates, not a causal decomposition); bootstrap over counties. From the raw HUD CHAS county Table 8 | households with a computed burden in the counties of the 50 states and DC (Connecticut by planning region) | 2018 to 2022 | 3.8 | 95% CI 3.3 to 4.2 | 3,144 counties | none (pooled household counts) | HUD CHAS housing affordability | bur_gap_std |

## Findings

Of the renter households with a computed burden in the states and DC, 45.6% (95% CI 44.7% to 46.5%) spent more than 30% of their income on housing in 2018 to 2022, against 20.8% (95% CI 20.1% to 21.5%) of owner households. The gap is widest at incomes between 30% and 80% of the area median family income and is not detectable above 80%. Giving renters the owners' mix of incomes would cut it from 24.8 (95% CI 24.2 to 25.3) to 3.8 (95% CI 3.3 to 4.2) points. Across census tracts ranked by the Area Deprivation Index, the share of renters with a burden has no linear trend nationally, and within a single county it is higher in the more deprived tracts.

The chapter reads the burden by tenure, county and tract. It sets the burden beside the Fair Market Rents that the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) publishes for its housing voucher program. It then follows eviction filings in the cities where the Eviction Lab tracks them. Every comparison is between places or between groups of households, and none follows a household. Home values, tax-return incomes and the redlining grades are in Chapter 5.2, Home value, income and redlining (https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/home-value-income-and-redlining), mortgage denials in Chapter 5.3, Mortgage denials (https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/mortgage-denials) and the earnings of workers in Chapter 5.1, Work, wages and access to jobs (https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/work-wages-and-access-to-jobs).

### Renters are burdened more often than owners, mostly at middle incomes

HUD's Comprehensive Housing Affordability Strategy (CHAS) files tabulate the American Community Survey for 2018 to 2022 by tenure, income and housing cost. A household has a cost burden when its housing costs exceed 30% of its income, a moderate burden when they run from 30% to 50% and a severe burden when they exceed 50%. Costs are rent and utilities for renters, and owner costs such as mortgage payments, taxes, insurance and utilities for owners.

The shares below divide by the households whose burden HUD computes, which leaves out households with no or negative income. That base is 43.2 million renter and 80.8 million owner households in the tracts of the states and DC. The 1.0 million renter and 0.7 million owner households without a computed burden are all in the lowest income band. Renters are 35.2% (95% CI 33.7% to 36.8%) of these households. The file's 84,410 tracts include 1,051 with no households, which add nothing to the pooled shares and drop out of the tenth means below.

A moderate burden affects 22.4% (95% CI 22.1% to 22.7%) of renter households and 12.0% (95% CI 11.7% to 12.3%) of owner households, and a severe burden 23.2% (95% CI 22.6% to 23.8%) and 8.8% (95% CI 8.5% to 9.2%) (Table 1). The renter share with a burden is 2.2 (95% CI 2.1 to 2.2) times the owner share, a gap of 24.8 (95% CI 24.2 to 25.3) points.

In all, 19.7 million renter households spent more than 30% of their income on housing. Of these, 10.0 million spent more than 50%.

Table 1. 45.6% of renter households pay more than 30% of their income for housing, against 20.8% of owner households

Income separates households more than tenure does. HUD measures income against its area median family income (HAMFI), a benchmark it sets for each area that differs from the Census median household income, and sorts households into five bands. The share with a burden runs from 83.9% (95% CI 83.3% to 84.6%) of renters at or below 30% of HAMFI to 5.3% (95% CI 4.8% to 5.9%) of renters in the highest band, and from 82.8% (95% CI 82.2% to 83.4%) to 5.5% (95% CI 5.1% to 5.9%) for owners (second tab of Table 1).

The renter share minus the owner share is +1.2 (95% CI 0.3 to 1.9) points in the lowest band. It is +24.4 (95% CI 23.4 to 25.3) points between 30% and 50% of HAMFI and +12.0 (95% CI 10.8 to 13.2) points between 50% and 80%. In the two bands above 80% it is −0.5 (95% CI −1.4 to 0.4) and −0.2 (95% CI −0.6 to 0.2) points, and the intervals include zero. The gap in the totals therefore reflects where renters sit in the income range.

Of renter households with a computed burden, 60.6% (95% CI 59.8% to 61.4%) have incomes at or below 80% of HAMFI, against 30.2% (95% CI 29.8% to 30.7%) of owner households. Among these low-income households, 69.0% (95% CI 68.1% to 69.9%) of renters and 50.7% (95% CI 49.8% to 51.7%) of owners have a burden. Low-income households are 91.8% (95% CI 91.2% to 92.4%) of burdened renter households and 73.8% (95% CI 72.8% to 74.7%) of burdened owner households.

Giving renters the owners' mix across the five bands would bring the renter share with a burden to 24.6% (95% CI 23.7% to 25.4%), which leaves a gap of 3.8 (95% CI 3.3 to 4.2) points against owners. That reweighting rearranges the shares and does not say what would happen to any household. HUD rounds every count and publishes margins of error for the counts but not for the shares, so the intervals in this chapter come from resampling counties and leave out the survey's own sampling error.

### Renter burden by county

Of the 3,143 counties, 2,753 have at least 500 renter and 500 owner households with a computed burden, and they hold 99.8% of renter households.

Counting each county once, the share of renters with a burden has a median of 37.9% and runs from 23.0% to 50.9% between the 5th and 95th percentiles of counties (Table 2). The pooled national share of 45.6% counts each county in proportion to its renter households.

Table 2. Between the 5th and 95th percentiles of counties, the share of renter households paying more than 30% of income runs from 23.0% to 50.9%, with a median county at 37.9%

In 175 of these counties the share of renter households with a burden is above 50%. Owners have a burden as often as renters, or more often, in only 31 counties.

Pooled over its counties, the renter share with a burden is 53.3% (95% CI 50.4% to 55.4%) in Florida and 50.7% (95% CI 47.3% to 52.4%) in California, against 33.9% (95% CI 30.6% to 35.8%) in South Dakota. The map shows where renters spend a large share of their income and not whether rents or incomes account for it.

The household floor matters for the tails, since a share in a county near it rests on a few hundred renter households and is uncertain by several points. With a floor of 100 households the 5th percentile is 19.2%, and owners have a burden as often as renters in 106 counties. With a floor of 1,000 the 5th percentile is 25.9% and the count is 11.

### Renter burden has no national trend by deprivation and rises within counties

Ranking the 82,786 tracts that have an Area Deprivation Index into tenths, the share of renters with a burden is 44.4% (95% CI 41.9% to 46.7%) in the least deprived tenth and 47.6% (95% CI 46.6% to 48.4%) in the most deprived (Table 3). The means for the ten tenths stay within 3.6 points of each other. The slope across the nation is 0.0 (95% CI −0.3 to 0.3) points for each 10 percentile points of the index for renters, an interval that includes zero.

For owners the slope is −0.8 (95% CI −1.0 to −0.5) points. Owner burden falls from 25.5% (95% CI 23.7% to 27.2%) in the least deprived tenth to 18.3% (95% CI 17.9% to 18.7%) in the ninth and is 19.8% (95% CI 19.3% to 20.3%) in the most deprived. The 1,624 tracts with no index are left out.

Table 3. Pooled across the nation, renter burden is 44.4% in the least deprived tenth of tracts and 47.6% in the most deprived, but within a county it rises by 2.3 points per 10 percentile points of the index

Among low-income households alone, the share with a burden is lower where the index shows more deprivation. For renters it falls from 75.3% (95% CI 72.6% to 78.1%) in the least deprived tenth to 62.5% (95% CI 61.6% to 63.3%) in the most deprived, and for owners from 65.9% (95% CI 64.0% to 68.0%) to 37.6% (95% CI 37.0% to 38.1%).

The index is built partly from median home value, median gross rent and the monthly mortgage cost, so it ranks tracts with costly housing as less deprived (Chapter 1.1, What the deprivation index measures (https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/anatomy-of-deprivation) shows how far home value alone orders it). Costly housing also means a larger burden at a given income, so a gradient of burden against the index is partly mechanical, and the index understates deprivation in high-cost cities. A tract share is also noisy where a tract has few renter households, which is why each tenth pools the households behind its tracts.

Comparing each tract with its own county removes the differences between counties. Within a county, the renter share with a burden is higher by 2.3 (95% CI 2.1 to 2.4) points for each 10 percentile points of the index, and the owner share by 0.9 (95% CI 0.9 to 1.0). In the most deprived tenth a tract's renter share differs from its county's level by +5.0 (95% CI 4.5 to 5.5) points, and in the least deprived tenth by −3.1 (95% CI −4.0 to −2.3) points. For owners the differences are +2.0 (95% CI 1.7 to 2.3) and −1.2 (95% CI −1.6 to −0.9).

Between counties the slope runs the other way, at −1.1 (95% CI −1.4 to −0.8) points per 10 percentile points for renters and −1.6 (95% CI −1.9 to −1.4) for owners. The two patterns offset each other in the national line, which runs from 44.4% (95% CI 41.9% to 46.7%) of renters with a burden in the least deprived tenth to 47.6% (95% CI 46.6% to 48.4%) in the most deprived. The data show the pattern and not its reason. Rents and incomes both differ between counties, and the index counts both.

### Renter burden rises with the rent standard's share of area income

HUD publishes a Fair Market Rent each fiscal year for each of its areas, a monthly rent standard by bedroom count for its housing voucher program. The file used here is the release for fiscal year 2025, October 2024 to September 2025. It has one value for each area, so every county in a metropolitan area shares it, and a difference between two of them is not a difference in rent. This section therefore compares areas made of whole counties: 2,139 areas with 2,696 counties and 94.4% of the nation's renter households. New England is left out because the file lists towns there, which a county cannot be matched to.

Weighting areas by their renter households, the two-bedroom rent standard is $1,703 a month at the median and runs from $933 to $2,684 between the 5th and 95th percentiles of areas. A year of it is 23.7% of the area's median household income at the median, and the share runs from 17.6% to 35.9% between the 5th and 95th percentiles. Counting each area once, the median share is 19.9%. The income is the household-weighted mean of the counties' ACS medians for 2019 to 2023 and covers all households, not only renters, so the share is not the share of any renter's income.

Across areas the renter share with a burden moves with the rent share. Weighting areas by their renter households, the correlation is +0.70 (95% CI 0.51 to 0.79) and each point of rent share goes with 0.72 (95% CI 0.52 to 0.93) points of renter burden (Table 4). The renter share is 33.9% (95% CI 32.1% to 35.8%) in the tenth of areas with the lowest rent share and 49.9% (95% CI 45.9% to 51.4%) in the tenth with the highest. Both measures are a cost over an income, so they move together partly by construction. Counting each area once, the correlation is +0.36 (95% CI 0.25 to 0.47) and the slope 0.71 (95% CI 0.49 to 0.94).

Table 4. Renter burden is higher in areas where the two-bedroom Fair Market Rent takes a larger share of the median household income, a renter-weighted correlation of +0.70 across 2,139 areas

Areas with higher nominal incomes do not have lower renter burden. Ranked by median household income into fifths, the areas have a median household income that averages $45,717 in the lowest fifth and $91,563 in the highest. The share of renters with a burden is 39.1% (95% CI 37.6% to 40.9%) in the lowest fifth and 46.9% (95% CI 44.8% to 48.4%) in the highest.

The rent standard takes 21.5% (95% CI 20.5% to 22.4%) of income in the middle fifth, against 24.4% (95% CI 23.4% to 25.3%) in the lowest fifth and 26.1% (95% CI 23.0% to 28.3%) in the highest. A comparison of places at the same dollar income would miss that difference in the price of housing. The rent standard is for fiscal year 2025, later than the burden and the incomes. The comparison therefore sets places against one another at one set of prices and is not a statement about a single year.

### Eviction filings against the pre-pandemic baseline

The Eviction Lab's Eviction Tracking System counts eviction court filings by month and census tract in 35 cities and metro areas, which it calls sites. Filings are landlord petitions in court, not completed evictions, and the sites are the places the Eviction Lab tracks, not the nation. The tracts in the index below hold 14.9% of the nation's renter households. Of the households in them, 41.9% (95% CI 39.4% to 43.8%) rent, against 34.2% (95% CI 32.6% to 36.0%) elsewhere. Of their renters, 48.5% (95% CI 46.8% to 50.4%) have a burden, against 45.1% (95% CI 44.1% to 46.2%) elsewhere, so no filing count or index in this section describes the rest of the country.

The index divides a tract's filings in a month by the filings that the Eviction Lab records for the same calendar month before the pandemic (the baseline), summed over tracts. An index of 1.00 means filings at the baseline. The panel is the 10,243 tracts of 32 sites that have a baseline and an observation in each of the 72 months from January 2020 to December 2025. Atlanta and the Other Oregon Counties site have no baseline, and Greenville, South Carolina, has no tract observed in every month, so the three are left out.

The pooled index was 1.01 in January 2020, fell to 0.09 in April 2020, which is 91% below the baseline, and stayed below the baseline until January 2022 (Table 5). It first rose above the baseline in February 2022, reached 1.37 in March 2023, which is 37% above the baseline, and averaged 1.17 over 2023. The shaded band marks the federal moratoria, from the CARES Act in March 2020 to the Supreme Court's ruling against the CDC order in August 2021.[1] Federal protection was not continuous, and states and cities set their own rules, so the band is a guide to timing and not a measure of coverage.

Table 5. Eviction filings fell to 0.09 times their pre-pandemic level in April 2020, stayed below it until early 2022 and peaked at 1.37 times that level in March 2023

The pooled series hides differences between neighborhoods. The Eviction Lab classifies each tract by the racial or ethnic group that makes up a majority of its residents in the American Community Survey for 2015 to 2019. The classification says nothing about the race of any tenant. Black and white mean non-Hispanic, and a fourth group holds tracts where another group or no group is a majority. 236 panel tracts with no classification are left out of the comparison by group. In 2023 the index was 0.98 in majority-Black tracts, 1.11 in majority-Hispanic tracts and 1.28 in majority-white tracts (Table 6).

Since March 2021 the line for majority-Black tracts is at or near the lowest of the four groups in every month, and from 2024 the line for majority-white tracts is at or near the highest. Within the 23 sites that have at least 5 majority-Black and 5 majority-white tracts, the 2023 index is lower in majority-Black tracts than in majority-white tracts in 21 of them.

The index compares each group with its own past, and the pasts differ. Before the pandemic, filings ran at 12.7 per hundred renter households per year in majority-Black tracts and 4.2 in majority-white tracts, a ratio of 3.0. In 2023 the rates were 12.5 and 5.4. Filings in majority-Black tracts returned to about their baseline, which was already high, and filings in majority-white tracts rose above a lower baseline. Hepburn, Louis and Desmond found the highest rates of eviction filing among Black renters in court records for 2012 to 2016.[2]

Table 6. Eviction filings in majority-Black tracts ran at 0.98 times their baseline in 2023 and in majority-white tracts at 1.28 times, from baseline rates per renter household that differed by a factor of 3.0

Ranking the panel tracts that have an Area Deprivation Index by deprivation, the index over 2022 to 2025 is 1.48 in the least deprived tenth and 0.89 in the most deprived tenth. That is the reverse of the order that a gradient in distress would suggest. The least deprived tenth had a baseline of 11 filings per tract per year and the most deprived tenth 88. A small number of added filings therefore moves a low-baseline tract's index by a large ratio. The index shows where filings rose against the past, not where households face the most eviction.

Across the 32 sites in the panel, the index for 2023 to 2025 has a median of 1.11 and runs from 0.66 to 1.48 between the 5th and 95th percentiles of sites (Table 7). Portland is highest, at 1.84, and Philadelphia is among the lowest, at 0.62. These data do not say why. Local rules, court practice, rental assistance and the way filings are recorded differ by site.

Table 7. From 2023 to 2025 filings ran from 0.62 times the baseline in Philadelphia to 1.84 times in Portland, with a median site at 1.11 times

Matthew Desmond argued in *Evicted* that eviction is a cause of poverty and not only a condition of it.[3] Counts of filings cannot test that claim, since they count petitions and not what follows them, and the box below reports a study that tests a version of it.

> Causal evidence: Whether an eviction order changes a tenant's later outcomes (Instrumental variables with random assignment of cases to judges)
>
> Collinson and coauthors test a version of that claim with linked court and administrative records for Cook County, Illinois, and New York City.[4] Cases in these courts are assigned to judges at random, and judges differ in how often they order an eviction, so the judge a tenant draws shifts the chance of an eviction order independently of the tenant. Using that variation, the authors find that an eviction order increases homelessness and hospital visits and lowers earnings, durable goods consumption and access to credit in the years just after the order, with larger effects for female and Black tenants.
>
> The estimates are for tenants whose outcomes depend on the judge they draw, in two courts, and they concern a court order. They do not measure the effect of the pandemic moratoria or of the monthly filing pattern in this section.

### Renter burden rises steadily with deprivation under the standardized index and income

Over the 75,587 tracts that have renter households with a computed burden and all four rankings, the Area Deprivation Index puts the share of renter households over the burden line at 44.0% (95% CI 41.4% to 46.2%) in the least deprived tenth and 47.1% (95% CI 46.3% to 48.0%) in the most deprived, with a rank correlation between tenth and share of −0.30 (Table 8). Under the standardized index the share rises steadily, from 38.6% (95% CI 37.0% to 40.3%) to 53.5% (95% CI 52.7% to 54.3%) with a rank correlation of +0.99, and under median household income from 37.7% (95% CI 36.4% to 39.1%) to 53.4% (95% CI 52.6% to 54.1%). Under the bachelor's degree share it runs from 39.6% (95% CI 38.5% to 40.9%) to 49.3% (95% CI 48.0% to 50.6%) with a rank correlation of +0.79, uneven like the line under the deprivation index. By the rule in Chapter 9.1, How far one ranking goes (https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/how-far-one-ranking-goes) the standardized index and income would each change the shape of this gradient, but rent and income are inputs to the deprivation index and to the standardized index (Chapter 1.1, What the deprivation index measures (https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/anatomy-of-deprivation)), so the comparison is reported and left out of the book's count.

Table 8. The renter share over the cost-burden line is worse at the more deprived end but uneven along the way under the ADI; it is steadily worse toward the more deprived end under the standardized index and the income ranking

### What these data cannot show

Every comparison in this chapter describes places or groups of households. A county, a tract, an area in the Fair Market Rent file or a site in the Eviction Tracking System is not a person. A pattern across places need not hold for the people inside them (ecological inference). The renters of a tract differ from people who move in and out of it, and the data cannot separate who lives there from what the place provides.

The burden compares housing costs with income at one time. It does not say whether a household chose costly housing or had no cheaper option, and it does not measure the condition of the home, crowding or arrears. The shares come from a survey tabulation that HUD rounds cell by cell, tract shares are noisy, and the intervals leave out the survey's sampling error. HAMFI is HUD's benchmark and differs from the median household income used elsewhere in the book. The deprivation tenths use an index that counts housing costs among its inputs, so they cannot say whether deprivation or price levels sit behind a gradient.

The rent standard is one release for one fiscal year, set for an area and not for a county, and the incomes are the incomes of all households. The comparison holds across areas and not within a metropolitan area, and New England is not in it.

Filings are landlord petitions, not evictions or displaced households, and one household can be the subject of several filings. The index compares each tract with its own baseline, so it does not say where eviction is most common. Moratoria, emergency rental assistance, court closures and changes in local law all moved filings in these years, and the data do not separate them. The renter households behind the filing rates are from 2019 to 2023 and the filings from 2020 to 2025. The counts are full counts for the participating sites, so the series carry no sampling interval, and the sites are not a sample of the nation.

## Tables

### Table 1. 45.6% of renter households pay more than 30% of their income for housing, against 20.8% of owner households

Housing cost burden by tenure as HUD defines it, and by income relative to HUD's area median family income, 50 states and DC, 2018 to 2022

#### Table 1.1. By tenure

Of renter households, 23.2% pay more than 50% of their income for housing, against 8.8% of owner households

Percent of households by tenure with housing costs of 30% to 50% of income (moderate burden) and above 50% (severe burden), 50 states and DC, 2018 to 2022

| level | share | tenure |
| --- | ---: | --- |
| Moderate burden | 11.98 | Owner households |
| Severe burden | 8.82 | Owner households |
| Moderate burden | 22.39 | Renter households |
| Severe burden | 23.17 | Renter households |

#### Table 1.2. By income and tenure

The renter share with a burden is +24.4 points above the owner share at incomes of 30% to 50% of the area median and +12.0 points above it at 50% to 80%, and −0.5 and −0.2 points above it in the two bands over 80%

Percent of households with a computed burden paying more than 30% of income, by tenure and by income relative to HUD's area median family income (HAMFI), 2018 to 2022

| conf_high | conf_low | households | income | share | tenure |
| ---: | ---: | ---: | --- | ---: | --- |
| 83.36 | 82.24 | 5567551 | At or below 30% of HAMFI | 82.79 | Owner households |
| 84.62 | 83.26 | 9549471 | At or below 30% of HAMFI | 83.94 | Renter households |
| 54.06 | 52.15 | 6958005 | Above 30% to 50% | 53.11 | Owner households |
| 78.39 | 76.49 | 7497295 | Above 30% to 50% | 77.48 | Renter households |
| 35.51 | 33.46 | 11919509 | Above 50% to 80% | 34.49 | Owner households |
| 47.96 | 44.82 | 9118643 | Above 50% to 80% | 46.49 | Renter households |
| 22.12 | 20.07 | 8344114 | Above 80% to 100% | 21.11 | Owner households |
| 21.98 | 19.15 | 4689985 | Above 80% to 100% | 20.65 | Renter households |
| 5.94 | 5.13 | 48039984 | Above 100% | 5.53 | Owner households |
| 5.87 | 4.75 | 12336798 | Above 100% | 5.31 | Renter households |

Note: HUD counts a household as burdened when its housing costs exceed 30% of its income, and as severely burdened above 50%. Costs are rent and utilities for renters, and mortgage payments, taxes, insurance and utilities for owners. The moderate segment is the burdened share minus the severe share.

Note: The five income bands are HUD's: at or below 30% of its area median family income (HAMFI), a benchmark HUD sets for each area that differs from the Census median household income, then up to 50%, up to 80%, up to the area median and above it. Low-income households are the three lowest bands. Every share divides by households with a computed burden, which leaves out 1.0 million renter and 0.7 million owner households with no or negative income, all in the lowest band; the staged HUD percentage for low-income burdened households divides by all households and is not used.

Note: The second tab reads the raw county table of HUD's Table 8 (Connecticut by planning region), which is the only source of the five bands, and its totals differ from the tract totals in the first tab by HUD's rounding (a few hundredths of a point). In the two highest bands the renter and owner shares are about equal, so the gap in the first tab reflects where renters and owners sit in the income range.

Note: The shares are ratios of survey-based household counts that HUD rounds cell by cell; HUD publishes margins of error for the counts and none for the shares. The intervals in the second tab come from a bootstrap over counties (replicates and seed in the methods note) and do not include the survey's sampling error. The stacked bars in the first tab carry no interval.

Note: Puerto Rico is left out of every figure in this chapter.

Source: HUD CHAS (American Community Survey 2018-2022 special tabulation); shares pooled over tracts and weighted by households, survey-based estimates with no margin of error published for the shares

Data: https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/renting-affordability-and-eviction/figures/burden_by_tenure.json

### Table 2. Between the 5th and 95th percentiles of counties, the share of renter households paying more than 30% of income runs from 23.0% to 50.9%, with a median county at 37.9%

Percent of renter households with housing costs above 30% of income, counties of the 50 states and DC, 2018 to 2022

No inline rows: the values of Table 2 are in https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/data/renting-affordability-and-eviction/renter_burden_map.json.

Note: A county is drawn when it has at least 500 renter households and at least 500 owner households with a computed burden; 2,753 of 3,143 counties pass, and they hold 99.8% of the nation's renter households. A share in a county near the floor rests on a few hundred households and is uncertain by several points; HUD rounds every count and publishes no margin of error for the share.

Note: Connecticut is drawn as its eight former counties, summed from the tract file because the county file is coded by planning region. Alaska is drawn. Puerto Rico is not drawn.

Source: HUD CHAS (American Community Survey 2018-2022 special tabulation), county file; shares of renter households pooled within counties and weighted by households, survey-based estimates with no margin of error published for the shares

Data: https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/renting-affordability-and-eviction/figures/renter_burden_map.json

### Table 3. Pooled across the nation, renter burden is 44.4% in the least deprived tenth of tracts and 47.6% in the most deprived, but within a county it rises by 2.3 points per 10 percentile points of the index

Share of households paying more than 30% of income by tenth of tracts on the Area Deprivation Index, for all households, for low-income households and relative to the county, 2018 to 2022

#### Table 3.1. All households

Renter burden is 44.4% in the least deprived tenth of tracts and 47.6% in the most deprived, while owner burden is 25.5% in the least deprived tenth and 18.3% in the ninth

Percent of households paying more than 30% of income by tenth of tracts on the Area Deprivation Index, pooled over tracts, 50 states and DC, 2018 to 2022

| conf_high | conf_low | decile | series | share | tracts |
| ---: | ---: | ---: | --- | ---: | ---: |
| 46.68 | 41.91 | 1 | Renter households | 44.45 | 8208 |
| 50.08 | 45 | 2 | Renter households | 47.68 | 8074 |
| 48.50 | 44.76 | 3 | Renter households | 46.65 | 8454 |
| 46.71 | 44.48 | 4 | Renter households | 45.61 | 8241 |
| 46.16 | 44.14 | 5 | Renter households | 45.17 | 8179 |
| 46.02 | 44.16 | 6 | Renter households | 45.12 | 8304 |
| 45.57 | 43.59 | 7 | Renter households | 44.64 | 8307 |
| 45.27 | 43.51 | 8 | Renter households | 44.42 | 8234 |
| 44.95 | 43.26 | 9 | Renter households | 44.13 | 8350 |
| 48.42 | 46.63 | 10 | Renter households | 47.58 | 8207 |
| 27.22 | 23.74 | 1 | Owner households | 25.55 | 8189 |
| 25.42 | 22.31 | 2 | Owner households | 23.87 | 8070 |
| 22.64 | 20.98 | 3 | Owner households | 21.79 | 8460 |
| 21.70 | 20.36 | 4 | Owner households | 21.03 | 8229 |
| 20.85 | 19.59 | 5 | Owner households | 20.20 | 8147 |
| 20 | 18.90 | 6 | Owner households | 19.45 | 8249 |
| 19.56 | 18.45 | 7 | Owner households | 18.97 | 8249 |
| 18.89 | 17.95 | 8 | Owner households | 18.42 | 8193 |
| 18.74 | 17.90 | 9 | Owner households | 18.31 | 8329 |
| 20.28 | 19.25 | 10 | Owner households | 19.78 | 8212 |

#### Table 3.2. Low-income households

Among low-income households, the share paying more than 30% of income falls from 75.3% to 62.5% for renters across tenths of tracts, and from 65.9% to 37.6% for owners

Percent of low-income households (income at or below 80% of the area median family income) paying more than 30% of income, by tenth of tracts on the Area Deprivation Index, 2018 to 2022

| conf_high | conf_low | decile | series | share | tracts |
| ---: | ---: | ---: | --- | ---: | ---: |
| 78.06 | 72.60 | 1 | Renter households | 75.33 | 7840 |
| 76.22 | 74.15 | 2 | Renter households | 75.05 | 7803 |
| 75.27 | 72.86 | 3 | Renter households | 74.01 | 8208 |
| 74.23 | 72.10 | 4 | Renter households | 73.20 | 8070 |
| 72.19 | 69.90 | 5 | Renter households | 71.11 | 8094 |
| 70.06 | 67.89 | 6 | Renter households | 68.99 | 8246 |
| 67.66 | 65.52 | 7 | Renter households | 66.62 | 8273 |
| 65.44 | 63.63 | 8 | Renter households | 64.56 | 8219 |
| 63.27 | 61.66 | 9 | Renter households | 62.51 | 8337 |
| 63.27 | 61.58 | 10 | Renter households | 62.46 | 8194 |
| 68.03 | 64.01 | 1 | Owner households | 65.94 | 8103 |
| 65.78 | 62.52 | 2 | Owner households | 64.09 | 8004 |
| 61.83 | 59.86 | 3 | Owner households | 60.84 | 8387 |
| 58.36 | 56.58 | 4 | Owner households | 57.47 | 8178 |
| 54.34 | 52.58 | 5 | Owner households | 53.46 | 8112 |
| 50.61 | 48.99 | 6 | Owner households | 49.79 | 8204 |
| 47.31 | 45.57 | 7 | Owner households | 46.39 | 8209 |
| 44.23 | 42.86 | 8 | Owner households | 43.56 | 8160 |
| 41.13 | 39.97 | 9 | Owner households | 40.53 | 8318 |
| 38.12 | 37.02 | 10 | Owner households | 37.60 | 8206 |

#### Table 3.3. Within the same county

Within a county, the renter share with a burden differs from the county's own level by −3.1 points in the least deprived tenth of tracts and by +5.0 points in the most deprived

Tract share paying more than 30% of income minus the county's household-weighted share across its tracts, in percentage points, by tenth of tracts on the Area Deprivation Index, 2018 to 2022

| conf_high | conf_low | decile | series | share | tracts |
| ---: | ---: | ---: | --- | ---: | ---: |
| −2.35 | −3.97 | 1 | Renter households | −3.06 | 8208 |
| −0.040 | −2.45 | 2 | Renter households | −1.07 | 8074 |
| −0.430 | −2.25 | 3 | Renter households | −1.33 | 8454 |
| −0.580 | −1.84 | 4 | Renter households | −1.21 | 8241 |
| −0.350 | −1.35 | 5 | Renter households | −0.840 | 8179 |
| 0.350 | −0.640 | 6 | Renter households | −0.130 | 8304 |
| 0.840 | −0.210 | 7 | Renter households | 0.330 | 8307 |
| 1.67 | 0.730 | 8 | Renter households | 1.19 | 8234 |
| 2.45 | 1.47 | 9 | Renter households | 1.96 | 8350 |
| 5.46 | 4.54 | 10 | Renter households | 5.01 | 8207 |
| −0.890 | −1.58 | 1 | Owner households | −1.19 | 8189 |
| −0.650 | −1.32 | 2 | Owner households | −0.970 | 8070 |
| −0.500 | −1.03 | 3 | Owner households | −0.780 | 8460 |
| −0.020 | −0.520 | 4 | Owner households | −0.280 | 8229 |
| 0.140 | −0.270 | 5 | Owner households | −0.070 | 8147 |
| 0.340 | −0.060 | 6 | Owner households | 0.140 | 8249 |
| 0.690 | 0.270 | 7 | Owner households | 0.470 | 8249 |
| 0.860 | 0.460 | 8 | Owner households | 0.660 | 8193 |
| 1.18 | 0.810 | 9 | Owner households | 1 | 8329 |
| 2.33 | 1.72 | 10 | Owner households | 2.03 | 8212 |

Note: The Area Deprivation Index is built partly from median home value, median gross rent and median monthly mortgage cost, so it ranks tracts with costly housing as less deprived and a burden gradient against it is partly mechanical. The index also understates deprivation in high-cost cities. Tenths hold near-equal numbers of tracts (tracts with equal ranks stay in one tenth), not equal numbers of households.

Note: 82,786 tracts have an index and 1,624 do not and are left out. Each point weights tracts by the households behind the share, and a tract share rests on a few households in a small tract.

Note: Across all the tracts with an index, 45.5% of renter households and 20.8% of owner households pay more than 30% of income, and 69.0% of low-income renter households do.

Note: In the third tab the county level is the household-weighted mean of the tract shares of the tenure across the county's tracts that have an index, so a county with one such tract adds no deviation. The slope is the within-county slope of the tract share on the index national rank with a separate baseline for each county, per 10 percentile points.

Source: HUD CHAS (American Community Survey 2018-2022 special tabulation) and Area Deprivation Index 2023 (built on ACS 2019-2023); shares pooled over tracts and weighted by households, bootstrap over counties, survey-based estimates with no margin of error published for the shares

Data: https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/renting-affordability-and-eviction/figures/burden_by_deprivation.json

### Table 4. Renter burden is higher in areas where the two-bedroom Fair Market Rent takes a larger share of the median household income, a renter-weighted correlation of +0.70 across 2,139 areas

Renter households paying more than 30% of income (CHAS 2018-2022) against a year of the two-bedroom Fair Market Rent (fiscal year 2025) as a percent of the area's median household income (ACS 2019-2023), HUD FMR areas

#### Table 4.1. Rent share against renter burden

Renter burden is 33.9% in the lowest tenth of areas by the rent standard's share of median household income and 49.9% in the highest

Renter households paying more than 30% of income against a year of the two-bedroom Fair Market Rent as a percent of median household income, one dot per FMR area, with renter-weighted means for tenths of areas

No inline rows: the values of Table 4.1 are in https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/data/renting-affordability-and-eviction/fmr_scatter.json.

#### Table 4.2. By area income

Across fifths of areas by median household income, renter burden is 39.1% in the lowest fifth and 46.9% in the highest, while the rent standard's share of income is lower in the second and middle fifths than in the lowest and highest

Renter-weighted means for fifths of FMR areas ranked by median household income: the rent standard as a percent of median household income and the percent of renter households paying more than 30% of income

| areas | conf_high | conf_low | fifth | measure | value |
| ---: | ---: | ---: | --- | --- | ---: |
| 427 | 25.28 | 23.39 | Lowest income fifth | Rent standard as a percent of median household income | 24.38 |
| 428 | 22.41 | 20.87 | Second fifth | Rent standard as a percent of median household income | 21.63 |
| 428 | 22.43 | 20.54 | Middle fifth | Rent standard as a percent of median household income | 21.48 |
| 428 | 26.94 | 20.44 | Fourth fifth | Rent standard as a percent of median household income | 23.42 |
| 428 | 28.31 | 23.02 | Highest income fifth | Rent standard as a percent of median household income | 26.11 |
| 427 | 40.91 | 37.58 | Lowest income fifth | Renter households paying more than 30% of income (%) | 39.12 |
| 428 | 42.20 | 39.58 | Second fifth | Renter households paying more than 30% of income (%) | 40.95 |
| 428 | 43.96 | 40.91 | Middle fifth | Renter households paying more than 30% of income (%) | 42.53 |
| 428 | 47.69 | 42.06 | Fourth fifth | Renter households paying more than 30% of income (%) | 44.81 |
| 428 | 48.37 | 44.83 | Highest income fifth | Renter households paying more than 30% of income (%) | 46.86 |

Note: Fair Market Rents are monthly rent standards for the housing voucher program. HUD sets one value for each FMR area and applies it to every county in the area, so counties of one metropolitan area share a value and this chapter compares areas, not counties. The file is one release, for fiscal year 2025; the incomes are ACS 2019-2023 in 2023 dollars and the burden is CHAS 2018-2022, so the three describe different years and the level of the rent share is not exact.

Note: The area income is the household-weighted mean of the median household incomes of its counties, a mean of medians and not the median of the area's households. It covers all households, not renters, so the rent share of the income of renters is higher than the share plotted.

Note: An area enters when its counties are whole in the file and hold at least 500 renter households with a computed burden. New England areas are towns that counties cannot be matched to and are left out, which covers Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island and Vermont; the 2,139 areas hold 94.4% of the nation's renter households.

Note: The scatter is every area (no sample); the fitted line is the renter-weighted least-squares line, with a slope of 0.72 points of renter burden per point of rent share. Fifths and tenths hold near-equal numbers of areas, not equal numbers of renters.

Source: HUD Fair Market Rents, fiscal year 2025, with ACS 2019-2023 county median household incomes and HUD CHAS 2018-2022 renter burden; renter-weighted, one rent standard per FMR area

Data: https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/renting-affordability-and-eviction/figures/rent_standard_vs_burden.json

### Table 5. Eviction filings fell to 0.09 times their pre-pandemic level in April 2020, stayed below it until early 2022 and peaked at 1.37 times that level in March 2023

Monthly eviction filings divided by the pre-pandemic baseline for the same calendar month, summed over tracts in cities and metro areas the Eviction Lab tracks, January 2020 to December 2025

| baseline | filings | index | month | x |
| ---: | ---: | ---: | --- | ---: |
| 42272.4 | 42872 | 1.01 | 2020-01 | 2020 |
| 34769.3 | 37665 | 1.08 | 2020-02 | 2020.1 |
| 31946.6 | 20221 | 0.633 | 2020-03 | 2020.2 |
| 34266.3 | 2977 | 0.087 | 2020-04 | 2020.3 |
| 38876.2 | 5210 | 0.134 | 2020-05 | 2020.3 |
| 42054.2 | 11163 | 0.265 | 2020-06 | 2020.4 |
| 42511.8 | 11588 | 0.273 | 2020-07 | 2020.5 |
| 43972.6 | 18092 | 0.411 | 2020-08 | 2020.6 |
| 41377 | 20824 | 0.503 | 2020-09 | 2020.7 |
| 41585.2 | 23256 | 0.559 | 2020-10 | 2020.8 |
| 36142.7 | 23371 | 0.647 | 2020-11 | 2020.8 |
| 36183.2 | 24355 | 0.673 | 2020-12 | 2020.9 |
| 42272.4 | 21712 | 0.514 | 2021-01 | 2021 |
| 34551.6 | 18147 | 0.525 | 2021-02 | 2021.1 |
| 31946.6 | 23346 | 0.731 | 2021-03 | 2021.2 |
| 34266.3 | 18309 | 0.534 | 2021-04 | 2021.3 |
| 38876.2 | 18073 | 0.465 | 2021-05 | 2021.3 |
| 42054.2 | 23690 | 0.563 | 2021-06 | 2021.4 |
| 42511.8 | 24160 | 0.568 | 2021-07 | 2021.5 |
| 43972.6 | 25512 | 0.580 | 2021-08 | 2021.6 |
| 41377 | 30486 | 0.737 | 2021-09 | 2021.7 |
| 41585.2 | 32950 | 0.792 | 2021-10 | 2021.8 |
| 36142.7 | 30066 | 0.832 | 2021-11 | 2021.8 |
| 36183.2 | 30786 | 0.851 | 2021-12 | 2021.9 |
| 42272.4 | 37251 | 0.881 | 2022-01 | 2022 |
| 34551.6 | 37192 | 1.08 | 2022-02 | 2022.1 |
| 31946.6 | 40492 | 1.27 | 2022-03 | 2022.2 |
| 34266.3 | 36033 | 1.05 | 2022-04 | 2022.3 |
| 38876.2 | 38922 | 1.00 | 2022-05 | 2022.3 |
| 42054.2 | 43885 | 1.04 | 2022-06 | 2022.4 |
| 42511.8 | 45073 | 1.06 | 2022-07 | 2022.5 |
| 43972.6 | 50594 | 1.15 | 2022-08 | 2022.6 |
| 41377 | 46815 | 1.13 | 2022-09 | 2022.7 |
| 41585.2 | 46443 | 1.12 | 2022-10 | 2022.8 |
| 36142.7 | 42892 | 1.19 | 2022-11 | 2022.8 |
| 36183.2 | 44738 | 1.24 | 2022-12 | 2022.9 |
| 42272.4 | 49002 | 1.16 | 2023-01 | 2023 |
| 34551.6 | 43487 | 1.26 | 2023-02 | 2023.1 |
| 31946.6 | 43843 | 1.37 | 2023-03 | 2023.2 |
| 34266.3 | 38975 | 1.14 | 2023-04 | 2023.3 |
| 38876.2 | 46373 | 1.19 | 2023-05 | 2023.3 |
| 42054.2 | 47463 | 1.13 | 2023-06 | 2023.4 |
| 42511.8 | 45985 | 1.08 | 2023-07 | 2023.5 |
| 43972.6 | 51021 | 1.16 | 2023-08 | 2023.6 |
| 41377 | 45813 | 1.11 | 2023-09 | 2023.7 |
| 41585.2 | 49261 | 1.19 | 2023-10 | 2023.8 |
| 36142.7 | 42908 | 1.19 | 2023-11 | 2023.8 |
| 36183.2 | 41475 | 1.15 | 2023-12 | 2023.9 |
| 42272.4 | 48898 | 1.16 | 2024-01 | 2024 |
| 34769.3 | 45467 | 1.31 | 2024-02 | 2024.1 |
| 31946.6 | 37506 | 1.17 | 2024-03 | 2024.2 |
| 34266.3 | 41059 | 1.20 | 2024-04 | 2024.3 |
| 38876.2 | 42532 | 1.09 | 2024-05 | 2024.3 |
| 42054.2 | 43694 | 1.04 | 2024-06 | 2024.4 |
| 42511.8 | 48633 | 1.14 | 2024-07 | 2024.5 |
| 43972.6 | 46965 | 1.07 | 2024-08 | 2024.6 |
| 41377 | 44394 | 1.07 | 2024-09 | 2024.7 |
| 41585.2 | 42052 | 1.01 | 2024-10 | 2024.8 |
| 36142.7 | 39671 | 1.10 | 2024-11 | 2024.8 |
| 36183.2 | 42537 | 1.18 | 2024-12 | 2024.9 |
| 42272.4 | 46910 | 1.11 | 2025-01 | 2025 |
| 34551.6 | 41394 | 1.20 | 2025-02 | 2025.1 |
| 31946.6 | 38220 | 1.20 | 2025-03 | 2025.2 |
| 34266.3 | 38359 | 1.12 | 2025-04 | 2025.3 |
| 38876.2 | 42221 | 1.09 | 2025-05 | 2025.3 |
| 42054.2 | 42601 | 1.01 | 2025-06 | 2025.4 |
| 42511.8 | 47242 | 1.11 | 2025-07 | 2025.5 |
| 43972.6 | 44216 | 1.01 | 2025-08 | 2025.6 |
| 41377 | 44694 | 1.08 | 2025-09 | 2025.7 |
| 41585.2 | 45124 | 1.08 | 2025-10 | 2025.8 |
| 36142.7 | 36607 | 1.01 | 2025-11 | 2025.8 |
| 36183.2 | 40997 | 1.13 | 2025-12 | 2025.9 |

Note: The index is a ratio of sums: filings summed over the tract-months of the panel divided by the baseline summed over the same tract-months. 1 means filings equal the baseline for the same calendar month before the pandemic. Filings are landlord petitions, not completed evictions.

Note: The panel is the 10,243 tracts of 32 sites that have a baseline and an observation in each of the 72 months. Atlanta and Other Oregon Counties have no baseline, and Greenville, South Carolina, has no tract observed in every month, so the three are left out; the file has 35 sites in all. The months of 2026 are incomplete and are not shown.

Note: The band runs from March 2020 to August 2021. Federal protection was not continuous: the CARES Act moratorium ended in the summer of 2020 and the CDC order began in September 2020, and states and cities set their own rules. The counts are full counts of filings in the participating sites, so the line has no sampling interval.

Source: Eviction Lab Eviction Tracking System, 2020-2025, balanced panel of tracts with a baseline; full counts of court filings, not weighted

Data: https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/renting-affordability-and-eviction/figures/eviction_filing_index.json

### Table 6. Eviction filings in majority-Black tracts ran at 0.98 times their baseline in 2023 and in majority-white tracts at 1.28 times, from baseline rates per renter household that differed by a factor of 3.0

Eviction filings against the pre-pandemic baseline by the racial majority of the tract, and filings per 100 renter households per year before the pandemic and in 2023

#### Table 6.1. Against the baseline

Since March 2021 the filing index is at or near its lowest in majority-Black tracts in every month, and from 2024 it is at or near its highest in majority-white tracts

Monthly filings divided by each group's pre-pandemic baseline, by racial majority of the tract, January 2020 to December 2025

| group | index | month | tracts | x |
| --- | ---: | --- | ---: | ---: |
| Majority-Black tracts | 0.964 | 2020-01 | 1342 | 2020 |
| Majority-Black tracts | 1.02 | 2020-02 | 1342 | 2020.1 |
| Majority-Black tracts | 0.566 | 2020-03 | 1342 | 2020.2 |
| Majority-Black tracts | 0.074 | 2020-04 | 1342 | 2020.3 |
| Majority-Black tracts | 0.137 | 2020-05 | 1342 | 2020.3 |
| Majority-Black tracts | 0.296 | 2020-06 | 1342 | 2020.4 |
| Majority-Black tracts | 0.306 | 2020-07 | 1342 | 2020.5 |
| Majority-Black tracts | 0.405 | 2020-08 | 1342 | 2020.6 |
| Majority-Black tracts | 0.515 | 2020-09 | 1342 | 2020.7 |
| Majority-Black tracts | 0.521 | 2020-10 | 1342 | 2020.8 |
| Majority-Black tracts | 0.551 | 2020-11 | 1342 | 2020.8 |
| Majority-Black tracts | 0.661 | 2020-12 | 1342 | 2020.9 |
| Majority-Black tracts | 0.477 | 2021-01 | 1342 | 2021 |
| Majority-Black tracts | 0.527 | 2021-02 | 1342 | 2021.1 |
| Majority-Black tracts | 0.689 | 2021-03 | 1342 | 2021.2 |
| Majority-Black tracts | 0.498 | 2021-04 | 1342 | 2021.3 |
| Majority-Black tracts | 0.414 | 2021-05 | 1342 | 2021.3 |
| Majority-Black tracts | 0.467 | 2021-06 | 1342 | 2021.4 |
| Majority-Black tracts | 0.472 | 2021-07 | 1342 | 2021.5 |
| Majority-Black tracts | 0.497 | 2021-08 | 1342 | 2021.6 |
| Majority-Black tracts | 0.631 | 2021-09 | 1342 | 2021.7 |
| Majority-Black tracts | 0.712 | 2021-10 | 1342 | 2021.8 |
| Majority-Black tracts | 0.755 | 2021-11 | 1342 | 2021.8 |
| Majority-Black tracts | 0.791 | 2021-12 | 1342 | 2021.9 |
| Majority-Black tracts | 0.801 | 2022-01 | 1342 | 2022 |
| Majority-Black tracts | 0.932 | 2022-02 | 1342 | 2022.1 |
| Majority-Black tracts | 1.10 | 2022-03 | 1342 | 2022.2 |
| Majority-Black tracts | 0.908 | 2022-04 | 1342 | 2022.3 |
| Majority-Black tracts | 0.864 | 2022-05 | 1342 | 2022.3 |
| Majority-Black tracts | 0.876 | 2022-06 | 1342 | 2022.4 |
| Majority-Black tracts | 0.891 | 2022-07 | 1342 | 2022.5 |
| Majority-Black tracts | 0.969 | 2022-08 | 1342 | 2022.6 |
| Majority-Black tracts | 0.951 | 2022-09 | 1342 | 2022.7 |
| Majority-Black tracts | 0.939 | 2022-10 | 1342 | 2022.8 |
| Majority-Black tracts | 1.04 | 2022-11 | 1342 | 2022.8 |
| Majority-Black tracts | 1.05 | 2022-12 | 1342 | 2022.9 |
| Majority-Black tracts | 0.992 | 2023-01 | 1342 | 2023 |
| Majority-Black tracts | 1.09 | 2023-02 | 1342 | 2023.1 |
| Majority-Black tracts | 1.17 | 2023-03 | 1342 | 2023.2 |
| Majority-Black tracts | 0.973 | 2023-04 | 1342 | 2023.3 |
| Majority-Black tracts | 0.964 | 2023-05 | 1342 | 2023.3 |
| Majority-Black tracts | 0.953 | 2023-06 | 1342 | 2023.4 |
| Majority-Black tracts | 0.871 | 2023-07 | 1342 | 2023.5 |
| Majority-Black tracts | 0.974 | 2023-08 | 1342 | 2023.6 |
| Majority-Black tracts | 0.916 | 2023-09 | 1342 | 2023.7 |
| Majority-Black tracts | 0.999 | 2023-10 | 1342 | 2023.8 |
| Majority-Black tracts | 1.01 | 2023-11 | 1342 | 2023.8 |
| Majority-Black tracts | 0.965 | 2023-12 | 1342 | 2023.9 |
| Majority-Black tracts | 0.972 | 2024-01 | 1342 | 2024 |
| Majority-Black tracts | 1.13 | 2024-02 | 1342 | 2024.1 |
| Majority-Black tracts | 0.920 | 2024-03 | 1342 | 2024.2 |
| Majority-Black tracts | 1.01 | 2024-04 | 1342 | 2024.3 |
| Majority-Black tracts | 0.906 | 2024-05 | 1342 | 2024.3 |
| Majority-Black tracts | 0.880 | 2024-06 | 1342 | 2024.4 |
| Majority-Black tracts | 0.962 | 2024-07 | 1342 | 2024.5 |
| Majority-Black tracts | 0.868 | 2024-08 | 1342 | 2024.6 |
| Majority-Black tracts | 0.841 | 2024-09 | 1342 | 2024.7 |
| Majority-Black tracts | 0.833 | 2024-10 | 1342 | 2024.8 |
| Majority-Black tracts | 0.919 | 2024-11 | 1342 | 2024.8 |
| Majority-Black tracts | 0.933 | 2024-12 | 1342 | 2024.9 |
| Majority-Black tracts | 0.903 | 2025-01 | 1342 | 2025 |
| Majority-Black tracts | 0.987 | 2025-02 | 1342 | 2025.1 |
| Majority-Black tracts | 0.992 | 2025-03 | 1342 | 2025.2 |
| Majority-Black tracts | 0.910 | 2025-04 | 1342 | 2025.3 |
| Majority-Black tracts | 0.875 | 2025-05 | 1342 | 2025.3 |
| Majority-Black tracts | 0.853 | 2025-06 | 1342 | 2025.4 |
| Majority-Black tracts | 0.958 | 2025-07 | 1342 | 2025.5 |
| Majority-Black tracts | 0.834 | 2025-08 | 1342 | 2025.6 |
| Majority-Black tracts | 0.883 | 2025-09 | 1342 | 2025.7 |
| Majority-Black tracts | 0.902 | 2025-10 | 1342 | 2025.8 |
| Majority-Black tracts | 0.798 | 2025-11 | 1342 | 2025.8 |
| Majority-Black tracts | 0.954 | 2025-12 | 1342 | 2025.9 |
| Majority-Hispanic tracts | 0.987 | 2020-01 | 1591 | 2020 |
| Majority-Hispanic tracts | 1.10 | 2020-02 | 1591 | 2020.1 |
| Majority-Hispanic tracts | 0.662 | 2020-03 | 1591 | 2020.2 |
| Majority-Hispanic tracts | 0.118 | 2020-04 | 1591 | 2020.3 |
| Majority-Hispanic tracts | 0.171 | 2020-05 | 1591 | 2020.3 |
| Majority-Hispanic tracts | 0.310 | 2020-06 | 1591 | 2020.4 |
| Majority-Hispanic tracts | 0.292 | 2020-07 | 1591 | 2020.5 |
| Majority-Hispanic tracts | 0.431 | 2020-08 | 1591 | 2020.6 |
| Majority-Hispanic tracts | 0.478 | 2020-09 | 1591 | 2020.7 |
| Majority-Hispanic tracts | 0.517 | 2020-10 | 1591 | 2020.8 |
| Majority-Hispanic tracts | 0.628 | 2020-11 | 1591 | 2020.8 |
| Majority-Hispanic tracts | 0.574 | 2020-12 | 1591 | 2020.9 |
| Majority-Hispanic tracts | 0.492 | 2021-01 | 1591 | 2021 |
| Majority-Hispanic tracts | 0.471 | 2021-02 | 1591 | 2021.1 |
| Majority-Hispanic tracts | 0.700 | 2021-03 | 1591 | 2021.2 |
| Majority-Hispanic tracts | 0.580 | 2021-04 | 1591 | 2021.3 |
| Majority-Hispanic tracts | 0.492 | 2021-05 | 1591 | 2021.3 |
| Majority-Hispanic tracts | 0.579 | 2021-06 | 1591 | 2021.4 |
| Majority-Hispanic tracts | 0.593 | 2021-07 | 1591 | 2021.5 |
| Majority-Hispanic tracts | 0.597 | 2021-08 | 1591 | 2021.6 |
| Majority-Hispanic tracts | 0.762 | 2021-09 | 1591 | 2021.7 |
| Majority-Hispanic tracts | 0.816 | 2021-10 | 1591 | 2021.8 |
| Majority-Hispanic tracts | 0.833 | 2021-11 | 1591 | 2021.8 |
| Majority-Hispanic tracts | 0.880 | 2021-12 | 1591 | 2021.9 |
| Majority-Hispanic tracts | 0.885 | 2022-01 | 1591 | 2022 |
| Majority-Hispanic tracts | 1.16 | 2022-02 | 1591 | 2022.1 |
| Majority-Hispanic tracts | 1.40 | 2022-03 | 1591 | 2022.2 |
| Majority-Hispanic tracts | 1.12 | 2022-04 | 1591 | 2022.3 |
| Majority-Hispanic tracts | 1.01 | 2022-05 | 1591 | 2022.3 |
| Majority-Hispanic tracts | 1.01 | 2022-06 | 1591 | 2022.4 |
| Majority-Hispanic tracts | 1.10 | 2022-07 | 1591 | 2022.5 |
| Majority-Hispanic tracts | 1.10 | 2022-08 | 1591 | 2022.6 |
| Majority-Hispanic tracts | 1.18 | 2022-09 | 1591 | 2022.7 |
| Majority-Hispanic tracts | 1.07 | 2022-10 | 1591 | 2022.8 |
| Majority-Hispanic tracts | 1.13 | 2022-11 | 1591 | 2022.8 |
| Majority-Hispanic tracts | 1.22 | 2022-12 | 1591 | 2022.9 |
| Majority-Hispanic tracts | 1.08 | 2023-01 | 1591 | 2023 |
| Majority-Hispanic tracts | 1.19 | 2023-02 | 1591 | 2023.1 |
| Majority-Hispanic tracts | 1.35 | 2023-03 | 1591 | 2023.2 |
| Majority-Hispanic tracts | 1.17 | 2023-04 | 1591 | 2023.3 |
| Majority-Hispanic tracts | 1.17 | 2023-05 | 1591 | 2023.3 |
| Majority-Hispanic tracts | 1.01 | 2023-06 | 1591 | 2023.4 |
| Majority-Hispanic tracts | 1.06 | 2023-07 | 1591 | 2023.5 |
| Majority-Hispanic tracts | 1.09 | 2023-08 | 1591 | 2023.6 |
| Majority-Hispanic tracts | 1.05 | 2023-09 | 1591 | 2023.7 |
| Majority-Hispanic tracts | 1.07 | 2023-10 | 1591 | 2023.8 |
| Majority-Hispanic tracts | 1.08 | 2023-11 | 1591 | 2023.8 |
| Majority-Hispanic tracts | 1.05 | 2023-12 | 1591 | 2023.9 |
| Majority-Hispanic tracts | 1.06 | 2024-01 | 1591 | 2024 |
| Majority-Hispanic tracts | 1.21 | 2024-02 | 1591 | 2024.1 |
| Majority-Hispanic tracts | 1.09 | 2024-03 | 1591 | 2024.2 |
| Majority-Hispanic tracts | 1.13 | 2024-04 | 1591 | 2024.3 |
| Majority-Hispanic tracts | 1.04 | 2024-05 | 1591 | 2024.3 |
| Majority-Hispanic tracts | 0.916 | 2024-06 | 1591 | 2024.4 |
| Majority-Hispanic tracts | 1.07 | 2024-07 | 1591 | 2024.5 |
| Majority-Hispanic tracts | 0.987 | 2024-08 | 1591 | 2024.6 |
| Majority-Hispanic tracts | 1.05 | 2024-09 | 1591 | 2024.7 |
| Majority-Hispanic tracts | 0.963 | 2024-10 | 1591 | 2024.8 |
| Majority-Hispanic tracts | 0.987 | 2024-11 | 1591 | 2024.8 |
| Majority-Hispanic tracts | 1.04 | 2024-12 | 1591 | 2024.9 |
| Majority-Hispanic tracts | 0.993 | 2025-01 | 1591 | 2025 |
| Majority-Hispanic tracts | 1.06 | 2025-02 | 1591 | 2025.1 |
| Majority-Hispanic tracts | 1.12 | 2025-03 | 1591 | 2025.2 |
| Majority-Hispanic tracts | 0.993 | 2025-04 | 1591 | 2025.3 |
| Majority-Hispanic tracts | 1.01 | 2025-05 | 1591 | 2025.3 |
| Majority-Hispanic tracts | 0.865 | 2025-06 | 1591 | 2025.4 |
| Majority-Hispanic tracts | 0.988 | 2025-07 | 1591 | 2025.5 |
| Majority-Hispanic tracts | 0.886 | 2025-08 | 1591 | 2025.6 |
| Majority-Hispanic tracts | 1.00 | 2025-09 | 1591 | 2025.7 |
| Majority-Hispanic tracts | 0.937 | 2025-10 | 1591 | 2025.8 |
| Majority-Hispanic tracts | 0.898 | 2025-11 | 1591 | 2025.8 |
| Majority-Hispanic tracts | 0.997 | 2025-12 | 1591 | 2025.9 |
| No majority or other group | 1.06 | 2020-01 | 2155 | 2020 |
| No majority or other group | 1.14 | 2020-02 | 2155 | 2020.1 |
| No majority or other group | 0.684 | 2020-03 | 2155 | 2020.2 |
| No majority or other group | 0.070 | 2020-04 | 2155 | 2020.3 |
| No majority or other group | 0.112 | 2020-05 | 2155 | 2020.3 |
| No majority or other group | 0.231 | 2020-06 | 2155 | 2020.4 |
| No majority or other group | 0.227 | 2020-07 | 2155 | 2020.5 |
| No majority or other group | 0.383 | 2020-08 | 2155 | 2020.6 |
| No majority or other group | 0.481 | 2020-09 | 2155 | 2020.7 |
| No majority or other group | 0.589 | 2020-10 | 2155 | 2020.8 |
| No majority or other group | 0.735 | 2020-11 | 2155 | 2020.8 |
| No majority or other group | 0.702 | 2020-12 | 2155 | 2020.9 |
| No majority or other group | 0.542 | 2021-01 | 2155 | 2021 |
| No majority or other group | 0.546 | 2021-02 | 2155 | 2021.1 |
| No majority or other group | 0.777 | 2021-03 | 2155 | 2021.2 |
| No majority or other group | 0.541 | 2021-04 | 2155 | 2021.3 |
| No majority or other group | 0.469 | 2021-05 | 2155 | 2021.3 |
| No majority or other group | 0.605 | 2021-06 | 2155 | 2021.4 |
| No majority or other group | 0.605 | 2021-07 | 2155 | 2021.5 |
| No majority or other group | 0.599 | 2021-08 | 2155 | 2021.6 |
| No majority or other group | 0.787 | 2021-09 | 2155 | 2021.7 |
| No majority or other group | 0.830 | 2021-10 | 2155 | 2021.8 |
| No majority or other group | 0.873 | 2021-11 | 2155 | 2021.8 |
| No majority or other group | 0.862 | 2021-12 | 2155 | 2021.9 |
| No majority or other group | 0.934 | 2022-01 | 2155 | 2022 |
| No majority or other group | 1.19 | 2022-02 | 2155 | 2022.1 |
| No majority or other group | 1.43 | 2022-03 | 2155 | 2022.2 |
| No majority or other group | 1.12 | 2022-04 | 2155 | 2022.3 |
| No majority or other group | 1.09 | 2022-05 | 2155 | 2022.3 |
| No majority or other group | 1.16 | 2022-06 | 2155 | 2022.4 |
| No majority or other group | 1.20 | 2022-07 | 2155 | 2022.5 |
| No majority or other group | 1.29 | 2022-08 | 2155 | 2022.6 |
| No majority or other group | 1.21 | 2022-09 | 2155 | 2022.7 |
| No majority or other group | 1.19 | 2022-10 | 2155 | 2022.8 |
| No majority or other group | 1.27 | 2022-11 | 2155 | 2022.8 |
| No majority or other group | 1.32 | 2022-12 | 2155 | 2022.9 |
| No majority or other group | 1.26 | 2023-01 | 2155 | 2023 |
| No majority or other group | 1.37 | 2023-02 | 2155 | 2023.1 |
| No majority or other group | 1.52 | 2023-03 | 2155 | 2023.2 |
| No majority or other group | 1.25 | 2023-04 | 2155 | 2023.3 |
| No majority or other group | 1.33 | 2023-05 | 2155 | 2023.3 |
| No majority or other group | 1.21 | 2023-06 | 2155 | 2023.4 |
| No majority or other group | 1.21 | 2023-07 | 2155 | 2023.5 |
| No majority or other group | 1.25 | 2023-08 | 2155 | 2023.6 |
| No majority or other group | 1.21 | 2023-09 | 2155 | 2023.7 |
| No majority or other group | 1.27 | 2023-10 | 2155 | 2023.8 |
| No majority or other group | 1.25 | 2023-11 | 2155 | 2023.8 |
| No majority or other group | 1.18 | 2023-12 | 2155 | 2023.9 |
| No majority or other group | 1.24 | 2024-01 | 2155 | 2024 |
| No majority or other group | 1.34 | 2024-02 | 2155 | 2024.1 |
| No majority or other group | 1.30 | 2024-03 | 2155 | 2024.2 |
| No majority or other group | 1.25 | 2024-04 | 2155 | 2024.3 |
| No majority or other group | 1.17 | 2024-05 | 2155 | 2024.3 |
| No majority or other group | 1.11 | 2024-06 | 2155 | 2024.4 |
| No majority or other group | 1.21 | 2024-07 | 2155 | 2024.5 |
| No majority or other group | 1.13 | 2024-08 | 2155 | 2024.6 |
| No majority or other group | 1.15 | 2024-09 | 2155 | 2024.7 |
| No majority or other group | 1.03 | 2024-10 | 2155 | 2024.8 |
| No majority or other group | 1.13 | 2024-11 | 2155 | 2024.8 |
| No majority or other group | 1.21 | 2024-12 | 2155 | 2024.9 |
| No majority or other group | 1.17 | 2025-01 | 2155 | 2025 |
| No majority or other group | 1.27 | 2025-02 | 2155 | 2025.1 |
| No majority or other group | 1.29 | 2025-03 | 2155 | 2025.2 |
| No majority or other group | 1.16 | 2025-04 | 2155 | 2025.3 |
| No majority or other group | 1.14 | 2025-05 | 2155 | 2025.3 |
| No majority or other group | 1.06 | 2025-06 | 2155 | 2025.4 |
| No majority or other group | 1.12 | 2025-07 | 2155 | 2025.5 |
| No majority or other group | 1.04 | 2025-08 | 2155 | 2025.6 |
| No majority or other group | 1.11 | 2025-09 | 2155 | 2025.7 |
| No majority or other group | 1.13 | 2025-10 | 2155 | 2025.8 |
| No majority or other group | 1.06 | 2025-11 | 2155 | 2025.8 |
| No majority or other group | 1.12 | 2025-12 | 2155 | 2025.9 |
| Majority-white tracts | 1.01 | 2020-01 | 4919 | 2020 |
| Majority-white tracts | 1.06 | 2020-02 | 4919 | 2020.1 |
| Majority-white tracts | 0.618 | 2020-03 | 4919 | 2020.2 |
| Majority-white tracts | 0.095 | 2020-04 | 4919 | 2020.3 |
| Majority-white tracts | 0.136 | 2020-05 | 4919 | 2020.3 |
| Majority-white tracts | 0.252 | 2020-06 | 4919 | 2020.4 |
| Majority-white tracts | 0.270 | 2020-07 | 4919 | 2020.5 |
| Majority-white tracts | 0.428 | 2020-08 | 4919 | 2020.6 |
| Majority-white tracts | 0.532 | 2020-09 | 4919 | 2020.7 |
| Majority-white tracts | 0.579 | 2020-10 | 4919 | 2020.8 |
| Majority-white tracts | 0.640 | 2020-11 | 4919 | 2020.8 |
| Majority-white tracts | 0.687 | 2020-12 | 4919 | 2020.9 |
| Majority-white tracts | 0.526 | 2021-01 | 4919 | 2021 |
| Majority-white tracts | 0.531 | 2021-02 | 4919 | 2021.1 |
| Majority-white tracts | 0.739 | 2021-03 | 4919 | 2021.2 |
| Majority-white tracts | 0.550 | 2021-04 | 4919 | 2021.3 |
| Majority-white tracts | 0.497 | 2021-05 | 4919 | 2021.3 |
| Majority-white tracts | 0.604 | 2021-06 | 4919 | 2021.4 |
| Majority-white tracts | 0.612 | 2021-07 | 4919 | 2021.5 |
| Majority-white tracts | 0.643 | 2021-08 | 4919 | 2021.6 |
| Majority-white tracts | 0.781 | 2021-09 | 4919 | 2021.7 |
| Majority-white tracts | 0.817 | 2021-10 | 4919 | 2021.8 |
| Majority-white tracts | 0.862 | 2021-11 | 4919 | 2021.8 |
| Majority-white tracts | 0.871 | 2021-12 | 4919 | 2021.9 |
| Majority-white tracts | 0.892 | 2022-01 | 4919 | 2022 |
| Majority-white tracts | 1.04 | 2022-02 | 4919 | 2022.1 |
| Majority-white tracts | 1.19 | 2022-03 | 4919 | 2022.2 |
| Majority-white tracts | 1.09 | 2022-04 | 4919 | 2022.3 |
| Majority-white tracts | 1.04 | 2022-05 | 4919 | 2022.3 |
| Majority-white tracts | 1.11 | 2022-06 | 4919 | 2022.4 |
| Majority-white tracts | 1.06 | 2022-07 | 4919 | 2022.5 |
| Majority-white tracts | 1.20 | 2022-08 | 4919 | 2022.6 |
| Majority-white tracts | 1.21 | 2022-09 | 4919 | 2022.7 |
| Majority-white tracts | 1.23 | 2022-10 | 4919 | 2022.8 |
| Majority-white tracts | 1.26 | 2022-11 | 4919 | 2022.8 |
| Majority-white tracts | 1.30 | 2022-12 | 4919 | 2022.9 |
| Majority-white tracts | 1.26 | 2023-01 | 4919 | 2023 |
| Majority-white tracts | 1.31 | 2023-02 | 4919 | 2023.1 |
| Majority-white tracts | 1.40 | 2023-03 | 4919 | 2023.2 |
| Majority-white tracts | 1.14 | 2023-04 | 4919 | 2023.3 |
| Majority-white tracts | 1.29 | 2023-05 | 4919 | 2023.3 |
| Majority-white tracts | 1.28 | 2023-06 | 4919 | 2023.4 |
| Majority-white tracts | 1.18 | 2023-07 | 4919 | 2023.5 |
| Majority-white tracts | 1.29 | 2023-08 | 4919 | 2023.6 |
| Majority-white tracts | 1.22 | 2023-09 | 4919 | 2023.7 |
| Majority-white tracts | 1.33 | 2023-10 | 4919 | 2023.8 |
| Majority-white tracts | 1.33 | 2023-11 | 4919 | 2023.8 |
| Majority-white tracts | 1.32 | 2023-12 | 4919 | 2023.9 |
| Majority-white tracts | 1.30 | 2024-01 | 4919 | 2024 |
| Majority-white tracts | 1.50 | 2024-02 | 4919 | 2024.1 |
| Majority-white tracts | 1.33 | 2024-03 | 4919 | 2024.2 |
| Majority-white tracts | 1.37 | 2024-04 | 4919 | 2024.3 |
| Majority-white tracts | 1.23 | 2024-05 | 4919 | 2024.3 |
| Majority-white tracts | 1.22 | 2024-06 | 4919 | 2024.4 |
| Majority-white tracts | 1.30 | 2024-07 | 4919 | 2024.5 |
| Majority-white tracts | 1.25 | 2024-08 | 4919 | 2024.6 |
| Majority-white tracts | 1.24 | 2024-09 | 4919 | 2024.7 |
| Majority-white tracts | 1.20 | 2024-10 | 4919 | 2024.8 |
| Majority-white tracts | 1.29 | 2024-11 | 4919 | 2024.8 |
| Majority-white tracts | 1.43 | 2024-12 | 4919 | 2024.9 |
| Majority-white tracts | 1.31 | 2025-01 | 4919 | 2025 |
| Majority-white tracts | 1.40 | 2025-02 | 4919 | 2025.1 |
| Majority-white tracts | 1.34 | 2025-03 | 4919 | 2025.2 |
| Majority-white tracts | 1.35 | 2025-04 | 4919 | 2025.3 |
| Majority-white tracts | 1.29 | 2025-05 | 4919 | 2025.3 |
| Majority-white tracts | 1.23 | 2025-06 | 4919 | 2025.4 |
| Majority-white tracts | 1.32 | 2025-07 | 4919 | 2025.5 |
| Majority-white tracts | 1.22 | 2025-08 | 4919 | 2025.6 |
| Majority-white tracts | 1.29 | 2025-09 | 4919 | 2025.7 |
| Majority-white tracts | 1.31 | 2025-10 | 4919 | 2025.8 |
| Majority-white tracts | 1.23 | 2025-11 | 4919 | 2025.8 |
| Majority-white tracts | 1.38 | 2025-12 | 4919 | 2025.9 |

#### Table 6.2. Filings per renter household

Majority-Black tracts have the highest filing rate per renter household both before the pandemic and in 2023

Eviction filings per 100 renter households per year, by racial majority of the tract, an average year before the pandemic and calendar year 2023

| group | period | rate | tracts |
| --- | --- | ---: | ---: |
| Majority-Black tracts | Average year before the pandemic | 12.72 | 1336 |
| Majority-Black tracts | Calendar year 2023 | 12.50 | 1336 |
| Majority-white tracts | Average year before the pandemic | 4.25 | 4903 |
| Majority-white tracts | Calendar year 2023 | 5.42 | 4903 |
| Majority-Hispanic tracts | Average year before the pandemic | 6.41 | 1588 |
| Majority-Hispanic tracts | Calendar year 2023 | 7.09 | 1588 |
| No majority or other group | Average year before the pandemic | 8.43 | 2060 |
| No majority or other group | Calendar year 2023 | 10.71 | 2060 |

Note: Race is the Eviction Lab's tract classification by the group that makes up a majority of residents in the ACS for 2015 to 2019 (Black and White are non-Hispanic, Hispanic is of any race; the fourth group is another majority or none) and is missing for 236 panel tracts, which are left out of this figure. The index uses each group's own baseline, so it measures change from that group's past and does not compare the groups' filing rates.

Note: Filing rates divide filings in the group's tracts by renter households (ACS 2019-2023 households times one minus the homeownership rate), so the numerator and the denominator describe different years. Filings can repeat at one address, so a rate of filings per household is not a share of households.

Note: Hepburn, Louis and Desmond report the highest filing rates among Black renters in court records for 2012 to 2016, which is consistent with the baseline rates in the second tab.

Source: Eviction Lab Eviction Tracking System, 2020-2025, and ACS 2019-2023 renter households; full counts of court filings, not weighted

Data: https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/renting-affordability-and-eviction/figures/eviction_by_race.json

### Table 7. From 2023 to 2025 filings ran from 0.62 times the baseline in Philadelphia to 1.84 times in Portland, with a median site at 1.11 times

Eviction filings divided by the pre-pandemic baseline, January 2023 to December 2025, by site in the balanced panel of the Eviction Tracking System

| filings_per_year | index | site | tracts |
| ---: | ---: | --- | ---: |
| 13046 | 0.619 | Philadelphia, PA | 408 |
| 5381 | 0.649 | Cleveland, OH | 160 |
| 7559 | 0.673 | Wilmington, DE | 145 |
| 9703 | 0.674 | Charleston, SC | 99 |
| 8672 | 0.800 | Albuquerque, NM | 176 |
| 10719 | 0.830 | Milwaukee, WI | 302 |
| 24977 | 0.866 | Indianapolis, IN | 253 |
| 4366 | 0.891 | New Orleans, LA | 183 |
| 5632 | 0.893 | Providence, RI | 145 |
| 2730 | 0.928 | South Bend, IN | 82 |
| 8094 | 0.954 | Palm Beach | 373 |
| 3885 | 0.975 | Bridgeport, CT | 227 |
| 2817 | 0.983 | Southwest Oregon, OR | 158 |
| 12838 | 1.00 | Cincinnati, OH | 226 |
| 6269 | 1.05 | Hartford, CT | 235 |
| 18730 | 1.07 | Tampa, FL | 610 |
| 16885 | 1.15 | St Louis, MO | 340 |
| 10646 | 1.18 | Kansas City, MO | 227 |
| 48055 | 1.19 | Dallas, TX | 645 |
| 14316 | 1.20 | Jacksonville, FL | 219 |
| 22161 | 1.21 | Columbus, OH | 328 |
| 45697 | 1.23 | Fort Worth, TX | 642 |
| 16262 | 1.26 | Miami | 707 |
| 3152 | 1.27 | Tacoma, WA | 193 |
| 78233 | 1.34 | Houston, TX | 1218 |
| 49301 | 1.35 | Las Vegas, NV | 535 |
| 29057 | 1.37 | Memphis, TN | 249 |
| 2157 | 1.38 | Gainesville, FL | 58 |
| 14062 | 1.38 | Nashville, TN | 174 |
| 2402 | 1.39 | Eugene, OR | 93 |
| 12570 | 1.59 | Minneapolis-Saint Paul, MN | 472 |
| 15492 | 1.84 | Portland, OR | 361 |

Note: The index compares a site with its own past, so it does not rank sites by how many households face eviction. Sites differ in local rules, court practice, rental assistance and how filings are recorded, and these data do not separate those.

Note: The 32 sites are the participating cities and metro areas with a baseline and at least one tract observed in every month (Atlanta, Other Oregon Counties and Greenville, South Carolina, are not). The counts are full counts of filings and carry no sampling interval.

Source: Eviction Lab Eviction Tracking System, 2023-2025, balanced panel of tracts with a baseline; full counts of court filings, not weighted

Data: https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/renting-affordability-and-eviction/figures/eviction_by_city.json

### Table 8. The renter share over the cost-burden line is worse at the more deprived end but uneven along the way under the ADI; it is steadily worse toward the more deprived end under the standardized index and the income ranking

Share paying more than 30% of income (%) by tenth of tracts ranked four ways, over the 75,587 tracts that have all four rankings

| bin | conf_high | conf_low | estimate | n_units | ranking |
| ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | --- |
| 1 | 46.19 | 41.35 | 43.97 | 7,550 | Area Deprivation Index |
| 2 | 49.62 | 45.03 | 47.43 | 7,560 | Area Deprivation Index |
| 3 | 47.36 | 44.33 | 45.79 | 7,486 | Area Deprivation Index |
| 4 | 46.30 | 44.30 | 45.31 | 7,757 | Area Deprivation Index |
| 5 | 46.14 | 44.11 | 45.08 | 7,485 | Area Deprivation Index |
| 6 | 45.43 | 43.56 | 44.47 | 7,513 | Area Deprivation Index |
| 7 | 45.11 | 43.33 | 44.24 | 7,658 | Area Deprivation Index |
| 8 | 44.67 | 42.96 | 43.84 | 7,418 | Area Deprivation Index |
| 9 | 44.51 | 42.88 | 43.69 | 7,617 | Area Deprivation Index |
| 10 | 48.00 | 46.26 | 47.12 | 7,543 | Area Deprivation Index |
| 1 | 40.25 | 37.02 | 38.63 | 7,553 | Standardized index |
| 2 | 42.15 | 39.85 | 40.93 | 7,560 | Standardized index |
| 3 | 42.48 | 40.72 | 41.56 | 7,558 | Standardized index |
| 4 | 43.31 | 41.57 | 42.42 | 7,560 | Standardized index |
| 5 | 43.18 | 41.38 | 42.28 | 7,560 | Standardized index |
| 6 | 44.53 | 42.68 | 43.56 | 7,559 | Standardized index |
| 7 | 45.67 | 43.90 | 44.78 | 7,560 | Standardized index |
| 8 | 47.56 | 45.54 | 46.56 | 7,557 | Standardized index |
| 9 | 49.89 | 48.16 | 49.03 | 7,560 | Standardized index |
| 10 | 54.30 | 52.69 | 53.51 | 7,560 | Standardized index |
| 1 | 39.11 | 36.41 | 37.69 | 7,555 | Median household income |
| 2 | 41.93 | 39.76 | 40.79 | 7,557 | Median household income |
| 3 | 43.34 | 40.95 | 42.13 | 7,559 | Median household income |
| 4 | 44.13 | 41.67 | 42.85 | 7,560 | Median household income |
| 5 | 44.36 | 42.13 | 43.26 | 7,559 | Median household income |
| 6 | 44.89 | 42.54 | 43.67 | 7,560 | Median household income |
| 7 | 45.99 | 43.84 | 44.90 | 7,554 | Median household income |
| 8 | 47.91 | 45.65 | 46.79 | 7,564 | Median household income |
| 9 | 49.65 | 47.59 | 48.59 | 7,560 | Median household income |
| 10 | 54.09 | 52.62 | 53.36 | 7,559 | Median household income |
| 1 | 40.92 | 38.48 | 39.58 | 7,554 | Bachelor's degree share |
| 2 | 44.44 | 42.86 | 43.65 | 7,556 | Bachelor's degree share |
| 3 | 46.05 | 44.25 | 45.13 | 7,564 | Bachelor's degree share |
| 4 | 46.54 | 44.93 | 45.71 | 7,560 | Bachelor's degree share |
| 5 | 46.67 | 44.96 | 45.83 | 7,553 | Bachelor's degree share |
| 6 | 46.80 | 44.84 | 45.80 | 7,558 | Bachelor's degree share |
| 7 | 46.32 | 44.35 | 45.33 | 7,561 | Bachelor's degree share |
| 8 | 46.28 | 44.30 | 45.30 | 7,569 | Bachelor's degree share |
| 9 | 47.49 | 45.32 | 46.43 | 7,548 | Bachelor's degree share |
| 10 | 50.56 | 48.03 | 49.33 | 7,564 | Bachelor's degree share |

Note: Least and most deprived tenth: ADI 44.0% and 47.1%, rank correlation −0.30; standardized index 38.6% and 53.5%, +0.99; median household income 37.7% and 53.4%, +1.00; bachelor's degree share 39.6% and 49.3%, +0.79.

Note: The standardized index applies the ADI's coefficients to its measures after standardizing each one, so home value and income carry less weight than in the ADI. Income and degree share are single census measures, each ranked from the highest value to the lowest.

Note: Rent and income are inputs to the ADI and to the standardized index, so this comparison is left out of the book's count of changed gradients.

Source: HUD CHAS (American Community Survey 2018-2022 special tabulation) and Area Deprivation Index 2023 (built on ACS 2019-2023); shares pooled over tracts and weighted by households, bootstrap over counties, survey-based estimates with no margin of error published for the shares; ADI 2023 and ACS 2019-2023 tract tables (B19013, B15003 and the 15 rebuilt ADI measures)

Data: https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/renting-affordability-and-eviction/figures/alt_rankings.json

## All estimates

Every fact in facts.json (160), sorted by id.

| Fact id | Value | Unit | Estimand | Population | Period | Interval | n | Weights | Source | Note |
| --- | ---: | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---: | --- | --- | --- |
| adi_li_own_d1 | 65.9% | percent of low-income owner households with housing costs above 30% of income | low-income households (at or below 80 percent of HAMFI) with a burden over low-income households of the tenure, pooled over tracts in the tenth, bootstrap over counties | low-income owner households in tracts with an Area Deprivation Index, least deprived tenth | 2018 to 2022; Area Deprivation Index 2023 | 95% CI 64.0% to 68.0% | 8,103 tracts | low-income households of the tenure | HUD CHAS housing affordability |   |
| adi_li_own_d10 | 37.6% | percent of low-income owner households with housing costs above 30% of income | low-income households (at or below 80 percent of HAMFI) with a burden over low-income households of the tenure, pooled over tracts in the tenth, bootstrap over counties | low-income owner households in tracts with an Area Deprivation Index, most deprived tenth | 2018 to 2022; Area Deprivation Index 2023 | 95% CI 37.0% to 38.1% | 8,206 tracts | low-income households of the tenure | HUD CHAS housing affordability |   |
| adi_li_ren_d1 | 75.3% | percent of low-income renter households with housing costs above 30% of income | low-income households (at or below 80 percent of HAMFI) with a burden over low-income households of the tenure, pooled over tracts in the tenth, bootstrap over counties | low-income renter households in tracts with an Area Deprivation Index, least deprived tenth | 2018 to 2022; Area Deprivation Index 2023 | 95% CI 72.6% to 78.1% | 7,840 tracts | low-income households of the tenure | HUD CHAS housing affordability |   |
| adi_li_ren_d10 | 62.5% | percent of low-income renter households with housing costs above 30% of income | low-income households (at or below 80 percent of HAMFI) with a burden over low-income households of the tenure, pooled over tracts in the tenth, bootstrap over counties | low-income renter households in tracts with an Area Deprivation Index, most deprived tenth | 2018 to 2022; Area Deprivation Index 2023 | 95% CI 61.6% to 63.3% | 8,194 tracts | low-income households of the tenure | HUD CHAS housing affordability |   |
| adi_own_d1 | 25.5% | percent of owner households with housing costs above 30% of income | pooled share of the tenure's households with the burden over tracts in the tenth, bootstrap over counties | owner households in tracts with an Area Deprivation Index (tenths hold near-equal numbers of tracts; tracts with equal ranks stay together), least deprived tenth | 2018 to 2022; Area Deprivation Index 2023 | 95% CI 23.7% to 27.2% | 8,189 tracts | households of the tenure with a computed burden | HUD CHAS housing affordability |   |
| adi_own_d10 | 19.8% | percent of owner households with housing costs above 30% of income | pooled share of the tenure's households with the burden over tracts in the tenth, bootstrap over counties | owner households in tracts with an Area Deprivation Index (tenths hold near-equal numbers of tracts; tracts with equal ranks stay together), most deprived tenth | 2018 to 2022; Area Deprivation Index 2023 | 95% CI 19.3% to 20.3% | 8,212 tracts | households of the tenure with a computed burden | HUD CHAS housing affordability |   |
| adi_own_d9 | 18.3% | percent of owner households with housing costs above 30% of income | pooled share of the tenure's households with the burden over tracts in the tenth, bootstrap over counties | owner households in tracts with an Area Deprivation Index (tenths hold near-equal numbers of tracts; tracts with equal ranks stay together), ninth tenth | 2018 to 2022; Area Deprivation Index 2023 | 95% CI 17.9% to 18.7% | 8,329 tracts | households of the tenure with a computed burden | HUD CHAS housing affordability |   |
| adi_ren_d1 | 44.4% | percent of renter households with housing costs above 30% of income | pooled share of the tenure's households with the burden over tracts in the tenth, bootstrap over counties | renter households in tracts with an Area Deprivation Index (tenths hold near-equal numbers of tracts; tracts with equal ranks stay together), least deprived tenth | 2018 to 2022; Area Deprivation Index 2023 | 95% CI 41.9% to 46.7% | 8,208 tracts | households of the tenure with a computed burden | HUD CHAS housing affordability |   |
| adi_ren_d10 | 47.6% | percent of renter households with housing costs above 30% of income | pooled share of the tenure's households with the burden over tracts in the tenth, bootstrap over counties | renter households in tracts with an Area Deprivation Index (tenths hold near-equal numbers of tracts; tracts with equal ranks stay together), most deprived tenth | 2018 to 2022; Area Deprivation Index 2023 | 95% CI 46.6% to 48.4% | 8,207 tracts | households of the tenure with a computed burden | HUD CHAS housing affordability |   |
| adi_ren_range | 3.6 | percentage points, largest minus smallest renter share with housing costs above 30% of income among the ten tenths | largest minus smallest of the ten tenth means (a range of estimates, no interval) | renter households in tracts with an Area Deprivation Index (tenths hold near-equal numbers of tracts; tracts with equal ranks stay together) | 2018 to 2022; Area Deprivation Index 2023 |   | 10 tenths of tracts | households of the tenure with a computed burden | HUD CHAS housing affordability |   |
| adi_step | 10 | percentile points of the Area Deprivation Index national rank | the step in the national percentile rank for which a slope is stated | tracts with an Area Deprivation Index | Area Deprivation Index 2023 |   |   | none (definition) | Area Deprivation Index |   |
| alt_adi_least | 44.0% | Share paying more than 30% of income (%) | pooled share of renter households with a computed burden whose housing costs are above the burden line; 95% intervals from a bootstrap over counties | the least deprived tenth of tracts ranked by Area Deprivation Index, among the tracts with all four rankings | 2018 to 2022 | 95% CI 41.4% to 46.2% | 7,550 tracts | none (pooled household counts) | HUD CHAS housing affordability |   |
| alt_adi_most | 47.1% | Share paying more than 30% of income (%) | pooled share of renter households with a computed burden whose housing costs are above the burden line; 95% intervals from a bootstrap over counties | the most deprived tenth of tracts ranked by Area Deprivation Index, among the tracts with all four rankings | 2018 to 2022 | 95% CI 46.3% to 48.0% | 7,543 tracts | none (pooled household counts) | HUD CHAS housing affordability |   |
| alt_adi_rho | −0.30 | rank correlation | Spearman rank correlation between bin order and bin mean, each bin counted once | the bins of tracts ranked by Area Deprivation Index | 2018 to 2022 |   |   | each bin counted once | HUD CHAS housing affordability |   |
| alt_degree_least | 39.6% | Share paying more than 30% of income (%) | pooled share of renter households with a computed burden whose housing costs are above the burden line; 95% intervals from a bootstrap over counties | the least deprived tenth of tracts ranked by Bachelor's degree share, among the tracts with all four rankings | 2018 to 2022 | 95% CI 38.5% to 40.9% | 7,554 tracts | none (pooled household counts) | HUD CHAS housing affordability |   |
| alt_degree_most | 49.3% | Share paying more than 30% of income (%) | pooled share of renter households with a computed burden whose housing costs are above the burden line; 95% intervals from a bootstrap over counties | the most deprived tenth of tracts ranked by Bachelor's degree share, among the tracts with all four rankings | 2018 to 2022 | 95% CI 48.0% to 50.6% | 7,564 tracts | none (pooled household counts) | HUD CHAS housing affordability |   |
| alt_degree_rho | +0.79 | rank correlation | Spearman rank correlation between bin order and bin mean, each bin counted once | the bins of tracts ranked by Bachelor's degree share | 2018 to 2022 |   |   | each bin counted once | HUD CHAS housing affordability |   |
| alt_income_least | 37.7% | Share paying more than 30% of income (%) | pooled share of renter households with a computed burden whose housing costs are above the burden line; 95% intervals from a bootstrap over counties | the least deprived tenth of tracts ranked by Median household income, among the tracts with all four rankings | 2018 to 2022 | 95% CI 36.4% to 39.1% | 7,555 tracts | none (pooled household counts) | HUD CHAS housing affordability |   |
| alt_income_most | 53.4% | Share paying more than 30% of income (%) | pooled share of renter households with a computed burden whose housing costs are above the burden line; 95% intervals from a bootstrap over counties | the most deprived tenth of tracts ranked by Median household income, among the tracts with all four rankings | 2018 to 2022 | 95% CI 52.6% to 54.1% | 7,559 tracts | none (pooled household counts) | HUD CHAS housing affordability |   |
| alt_income_rho | +1.00 | rank correlation | Spearman rank correlation between bin order and bin mean, each bin counted once | the bins of tracts ranked by Median household income | 2018 to 2022 |   |   | each bin counted once | HUD CHAS housing affordability |   |
| alt_n_places | 75,587 | tracts | count of tracts in the common sample of the ranking comparison | tracts with the outcome and all four rankings | 2018 to 2022 |   |   | none (full count) | HUD CHAS housing affordability |   |
| alt_rho_cut | 0.9 | absolute rank correlation | threshold between a steady and an uneven gradient | the rule for changed gradients (docs/RANKING_SWITCH_RULE.md) | 2018 to 2022 |   |   | none (a fixed rule) | HUD CHAS housing affordability |   |
| alt_rho_margin | 0.1 | absolute rank correlation | smallest move in the rank correlation that counts as a change of shape | the rule for changed gradients (docs/RANKING_SWITCH_RULE.md) | 2018 to 2022 |   |   | none (a fixed rule) | HUD CHAS housing affordability |   |
| alt_std_least | 38.6% | Share paying more than 30% of income (%) | pooled share of renter households with a computed burden whose housing costs are above the burden line; 95% intervals from a bootstrap over counties | the least deprived tenth of tracts ranked by Standardized index, among the tracts with all four rankings | 2018 to 2022 | 95% CI 37.0% to 40.3% | 7,553 tracts | none (pooled household counts) | HUD CHAS housing affordability |   |
| alt_std_most | 53.5% | Share paying more than 30% of income (%) | pooled share of renter households with a computed burden whose housing costs are above the burden line; 95% intervals from a bootstrap over counties | the most deprived tenth of tracts ranked by Standardized index, among the tracts with all four rankings | 2018 to 2022 | 95% CI 52.7% to 54.3% | 7,560 tracts | none (pooled household counts) | HUD CHAS housing affordability |   |
| alt_std_rho | +0.99 | rank correlation | Spearman rank correlation between bin order and bin mean, each bin counted once | the bins of tracts ranked by Standardized index | 2018 to 2022 |   |   | each bin counted once | HUD CHAS housing affordability |   |
| band_gap_1 | +1.2 | percentage points, renter share minus owner share with housing costs above 30% of income, households at or below 30 percent of HAMFI | ratio of sums over counties: renter households in the income band minus owner households in the income band with a burden above 30 percent over households in the band whose burden HUD computes; bootstrap over counties. From the raw HUD CHAS county Table 8 | households at or below 30 percent of HAMFI with a computed burden | 2018 to 2022 | 95% CI 0.3 to 1.9 | 3,144 counties | none (pooled household counts) | HUD CHAS housing affordability |   |
| band_gap_2 | +24.4 | percentage points, renter share minus owner share with housing costs above 30% of income, households above 30 and up to 50 percent of HAMFI | ratio of sums over counties: renter households in the income band minus owner households in the income band with a burden above 30 percent over households in the band whose burden HUD computes; bootstrap over counties. From the raw HUD CHAS county Table 8 | households above 30 and up to 50 percent of HAMFI with a computed burden | 2018 to 2022 | 95% CI 23.4 to 25.3 | 3,144 counties | none (pooled household counts) | HUD CHAS housing affordability |   |
| band_gap_3 | +12.0 | percentage points, renter share minus owner share with housing costs above 30% of income, households above 50 and up to 80 percent of HAMFI | ratio of sums over counties: renter households in the income band minus owner households in the income band with a burden above 30 percent over households in the band whose burden HUD computes; bootstrap over counties. From the raw HUD CHAS county Table 8 | households above 50 and up to 80 percent of HAMFI with a computed burden | 2018 to 2022 | 95% CI 10.8 to 13.2 | 3,144 counties | none (pooled household counts) | HUD CHAS housing affordability |   |
| band_gap_4 | −0.5 | percentage points, renter share minus owner share with housing costs above 30% of income, households above 80 and up to 100 percent of HAMFI | ratio of sums over counties: renter households in the income band minus owner households in the income band with a burden above 30 percent over households in the band whose burden HUD computes; bootstrap over counties. From the raw HUD CHAS county Table 8 | households above 80 and up to 100 percent of HAMFI with a computed burden | 2018 to 2022 | 95% CI −1.4 to 0.4 | 3,144 counties | none (pooled household counts) | HUD CHAS housing affordability |   |
| band_gap_5 | −0.2 | percentage points, renter share minus owner share with housing costs above 30% of income, households above 100 percent of HAMFI | ratio of sums over counties: renter households in the income band minus owner households in the income band with a burden above 30 percent over households in the band whose burden HUD computes; bootstrap over counties. From the raw HUD CHAS county Table 8 | households above 100 percent of HAMFI with a computed burden | 2018 to 2022 | 95% CI −0.6 to 0.2 | 3,144 counties | none (pooled household counts) | HUD CHAS housing affordability |   |
| band_owner_1 | 82.8% | percent of owner households with housing costs above 30% of income | ratio of sums over counties: households in the income band with a burden above 30 percent over households in the band whose burden HUD computes; bootstrap over counties. From the raw HUD CHAS county Table 8 | owner households at or below 30 percent of HAMFI with a computed burden | 2018 to 2022 | 95% CI 82.2% to 83.4% | 3,144 counties | none (pooled household counts) | HUD CHAS housing affordability |   |
| band_owner_5 | 5.5% | percent of owner households with housing costs above 30% of income | ratio of sums over counties: households in the income band with a burden above 30 percent over households in the band whose burden HUD computes; bootstrap over counties. From the raw HUD CHAS county Table 8 | owner households above 100 percent of HAMFI with a computed burden | 2018 to 2022 | 95% CI 5.1% to 5.9% | 3,144 counties | none (pooled household counts) | HUD CHAS housing affordability |   |
| band_renter_1 | 83.9% | percent of renter households with housing costs above 30% of income | ratio of sums over counties: households in the income band with a burden above 30 percent over households in the band whose burden HUD computes; bootstrap over counties. From the raw HUD CHAS county Table 8 | renter households at or below 30 percent of HAMFI with a computed burden | 2018 to 2022 | 95% CI 83.3% to 84.6% | 3,144 counties | none (pooled household counts) | HUD CHAS housing affordability |   |
| band_renter_5 | 5.3% | percent of renter households with housing costs above 30% of income | ratio of sums over counties: households in the income band with a burden above 30 percent over households in the band whose burden HUD computes; bootstrap over counties. From the raw HUD CHAS county Table 8 | renter households above 100 percent of HAMFI with a computed burden | 2018 to 2022 | 95% CI 4.8% to 5.9% | 3,144 counties | none (pooled household counts) | HUD CHAS housing affordability |   |
| bur_gap | 24.8 | percentage points, renter share minus owner share with housing costs above 30% of income | pooled renter share with a burden minus the pooled owner share with a burden; bootstrap over counties | households in the tracts of the 50 states and DC (Puerto Rico left out) | 2018 to 2022 | 95% CI 24.2 to 25.3 | 84,410 tracts | none (pooled household counts) | HUD CHAS housing affordability |   |
| bur_gap_std | 3.8 | percentage points, standardized renter share minus owner share with housing costs above 30% of income | the renter burden at the owners' mix of five income bands minus the owner burden (a reweighting of the renters' rates, not a causal decomposition); bootstrap over counties. From the raw HUD CHAS county Table 8 | households with a computed burden in the counties of the 50 states and DC (Connecticut by planning region) | 2018 to 2022 | 95% CI 3.3 to 4.2 | 3,144 counties | none (pooled household counts) | HUD CHAS housing affordability |   |
| bur_owner | 20.8% | percent of owner households with housing costs above 30% of income | ratio of sums over tracts: households with the burden over households whose burden HUD computes, pooled over the tracts of the 50 states and DC; interval from a bootstrap over counties (replicates and seed in the methods note). The share carries no margin of error of its own: HUD rounds every cell independently; the count includes the households with a severe burden | owner households in the tracts of the 50 states and DC with a computed burden | 2018 to 2022 | 95% CI 20.1% to 21.5% | 84,410 tracts | none (pooled household counts) | HUD CHAS housing affordability |   |
| bur_ratio | 2.2 | ratio of the renter share to the owner share with housing costs above 30% of income | pooled renter share with a burden over the pooled owner share with a burden; bootstrap over counties | households in the tracts of the 50 states and DC (Puerto Rico left out) | 2018 to 2022 | 95% CI 2.1 to 2.2 | 84,410 tracts | none (pooled household counts) | HUD CHAS housing affordability |   |
| bur_renter | 45.6% | percent of renter households with housing costs above 30% of income | ratio of sums over tracts: households with the burden over households whose burden HUD computes, pooled over the tracts of the 50 states and DC; interval from a bootstrap over counties (replicates and seed in the methods note). The share carries no margin of error of its own: HUD rounds every cell independently; the count includes the households with a severe burden | renter households in the tracts of the 50 states and DC with a computed burden | 2018 to 2022 | 95% CI 44.7% to 46.5% | 84,410 tracts | none (pooled household counts) | HUD CHAS housing affordability |   |
| bur_renter_std | 24.6% | percent of renter households with housing costs above 30% of income, at the owners' mix of five income bands | the sum over the five income bands of the owners' share of households with a computed burden in the band times the renters' burden rate in the band (direct standardization); bootstrap over counties. From the raw HUD CHAS county Table 8 | households with a computed burden in the counties of the 50 states and DC (Connecticut by planning region) | 2018 to 2022 | 95% CI 23.7% to 25.4% | 3,144 counties | none (pooled household counts) | HUD CHAS housing affordability |   |
| burden_line | 30% | percent of household income | HUD's line for a housing cost burden: housing costs above this share of household income | households in the HUD CHAS tabulation | 2018 to 2022 |   |   | none (definition) | HUD CHAS housing affordability |   |
| cty_floor | 500 | households with a computed burden | minimum number of renter households and of owner households with a computed burden for a county to enter the county comparisons and the map | counties in the county comparisons | 2018 to 2022 |   |   | none (inclusion rule) | HUD CHAS housing affordability |   |
| cty_floor_hi | 1,000 | households with a computed burden | an alternative minimum number of renter households and of owner households with a computed burden | counties in the sensitivity of the county comparisons to the household floor | 2018 to 2022 |   |   | none (inclusion rule) | HUD CHAS housing affordability |   |
| cty_floor_lo | 100 | households with a computed burden | an alternative minimum number of renter households and of owner households with a computed burden | counties in the sensitivity of the county comparisons to the household floor | 2018 to 2022 |   |   | none (inclusion rule) | HUD CHAS housing affordability |   |
| cty_median | 37.9% | percent of renter households with housing costs above 30% of income | median over counties of the county's renter share with a burden (each county counts once) | counties of the 50 states and DC (Connecticut as its eight former counties) with at least 500 renter and 500 owner households with a computed burden | 2018 to 2022 |   | 2,753 counties | none (each county counts once) | HUD CHAS housing affordability |   |
| cty_ok_renters | 99.8% | percent of renter households with a computed burden | renter households with a computed burden in the counties that pass the floor over those in all counties | renter households in the counties of the 50 states and DC | 2018 to 2022 |   | 2,753 counties | none (survey-weighted household counts) | HUD CHAS housing affordability |   |
| cty_p5 | 23.0% | percent of renter households with housing costs above 30% of income | 5th percentile over counties of the county's renter share with a burden (each county counts once) | counties of the 50 states and DC (Connecticut as its eight former counties) with at least 500 renter and 500 owner households with a computed burden | 2018 to 2022 |   | 2,753 counties | none (each county counts once) | HUD CHAS housing affordability |   |
| cty_p5_hi | 25.9% | percent of renter households with housing costs above 30% of income | 5th percentile over counties of the county's renter share with a burden under the alternative household floor | counties of the 50 states and DC (Connecticut as its eight former counties) with at least 1000 renter and 1000 owner households with a computed burden | 2018 to 2022 |   | 2,323 counties | none (each county counts once) | HUD CHAS housing affordability |   |
| cty_p5_lo | 19.2% | percent of renter households with housing costs above 30% of income | 5th percentile over counties of the county's renter share with a burden under the alternative household floor | counties of the 50 states and DC (Connecticut as its eight former counties) with at least 100 renter and 100 owner households with a computed burden | 2018 to 2022 |   | 3,103 counties | none (each county counts once) | HUD CHAS housing affordability |   |
| cty_p95 | 50.9% | percent of renter households with housing costs above 30% of income | 95th percentile over counties of the county's renter share with a burden (each county counts once) | counties of the 50 states and DC (Connecticut as its eight former counties) with at least 500 renter and 500 owner households with a computed burden | 2018 to 2022 |   | 2,753 counties | none (each county counts once) | HUD CHAS housing affordability |   |
| dev_own_d1 | −1.2 | percentage points of the owner share with housing costs above 30% of income, tract minus its county | weighted mean over the tenth's tracts of the tract's share minus the county's weighted mean share across its tracts with an index; bootstrap over counties | owner households in tracts with an Area Deprivation Index (tenths hold near-equal numbers of tracts; tracts with equal ranks stay together), least deprived tenth | 2018 to 2022; Area Deprivation Index 2023 | 95% CI −1.6 to −0.9 | 8,189 tracts | households of the tenure with a computed burden | HUD CHAS housing affordability |   |
| dev_own_d10 | +2.0 | percentage points of the owner share with housing costs above 30% of income, tract minus its county | weighted mean over the tenth's tracts of the tract's share minus the county's weighted mean share across its tracts with an index; bootstrap over counties | owner households in tracts with an Area Deprivation Index (tenths hold near-equal numbers of tracts; tracts with equal ranks stay together), most deprived tenth | 2018 to 2022; Area Deprivation Index 2023 | 95% CI 1.7 to 2.3 | 8,212 tracts | households of the tenure with a computed burden | HUD CHAS housing affordability |   |
| dev_ren_d1 | −3.1 | percentage points of the renter share with housing costs above 30% of income, tract minus its county | weighted mean over the tenth's tracts of the tract's share minus the county's weighted mean share across its tracts with an index; bootstrap over counties | renter households in tracts with an Area Deprivation Index (tenths hold near-equal numbers of tracts; tracts with equal ranks stay together), least deprived tenth | 2018 to 2022; Area Deprivation Index 2023 | 95% CI −4.0 to −2.3 | 8,208 tracts | households of the tenure with a computed burden | HUD CHAS housing affordability |   |
| dev_ren_d10 | +5.0 | percentage points of the renter share with housing costs above 30% of income, tract minus its county | weighted mean over the tenth's tracts of the tract's share minus the county's weighted mean share across its tracts with an index; bootstrap over counties | renter households in tracts with an Area Deprivation Index (tenths hold near-equal numbers of tracts; tracts with equal ranks stay together), most deprived tenth | 2018 to 2022; Area Deprivation Index 2023 | 95% CI 4.5 to 5.5 | 8,207 tracts | households of the tenure with a computed burden | HUD CHAS housing affordability |   |
| ev_bur_panel | 48.5% | percent of renter households with housing costs above 30% of income | ratio of sums over tracts: households with the burden over households whose burden HUD computes, pooled over the tracts of the 50 states and DC; interval from a bootstrap over counties (replicates and seed in the methods note). The share carries no margin of error of its own: HUD rounds every cell independently | tracts of the eviction filing index (10,242 of them have a CHAS record) | 2018 to 2022 | 95% CI 46.8% to 50.4% | 10,242 tracts | none (pooled household counts) | HUD CHAS housing affordability |   |
| ev_bur_rest | 45.1% | percent of renter households with housing costs above 30% of income | ratio of sums over tracts: households with the burden over households whose burden HUD computes, pooled over the tracts of the 50 states and DC; interval from a bootstrap over counties (replicates and seed in the methods note). The share carries no margin of error of its own: HUD rounds every cell independently | tracts of the 50 states and DC outside the filing index | 2018 to 2022 | 95% CI 44.1% to 46.2% | 74,168 tracts | none (pooled household counts) | HUD CHAS housing affordability |   |
| ev_rent_panel | 41.9% | percent of occupied housing units that are rented | renter households over renter and owner households, pooled over tracts; bootstrap over counties | tracts of the eviction filing index (10,242 of them have a CHAS record) | 2018 to 2022 | 95% CI 39.4% to 43.8% | 10,242 tracts | none (pooled household counts) | HUD CHAS housing affordability |   |
| ev_rent_rest | 34.2% | percent of occupied housing units that are rented | renter households over renter and owner households, pooled over tracts; bootstrap over counties | tracts of the 50 states and DC outside the filing index | 2018 to 2022 | 95% CI 32.6% to 36.0% | 74,168 tracts | none (pooled household counts) | HUD CHAS housing affordability |   |
| ev_share_renters | 14.9% | percent of the nation's renter households | renter households in the tracts of the filing index over renter households in all tracts of the 50 states and DC (the index tracts are those of the Eviction Lab sites, matched on the 2020 tract code) | renter households of the 50 states and DC | 2018 to 2022 |   | 10,242 tracts | none (survey-weighted household counts) | HUD CHAS housing affordability |   |
| fil_adi_d1 | 1.48 | ratio of filings to the same-month baseline (1 = baseline) | filings divided by the pre-pandemic baseline, summed over the tract-months of the group (a ratio of sums) | tracts in the least deprived tenth of panel tracts by Area Deprivation Index (tenths hold equal numbers of tracts) | January 2022 to December 2025 |   | 1,007 tracts | none (full counts of filings) | Eviction Tracking System |   |
| fil_adi_d10 | 0.89 | ratio of filings to the same-month baseline (1 = baseline) | filings divided by the pre-pandemic baseline, summed over the tract-months of the group (a ratio of sums) | tracts in the most deprived tenth of panel tracts by Area Deprivation Index (tenths hold equal numbers of tracts) | January 2022 to December 2025 |   | 1,008 tracts | none (full counts of filings) | Eviction Tracking System |   |
| fil_base_d1 | 11 | baseline eviction filings per tract per year | sum of the pre-pandemic baseline over the tract-months of the group divided by the number of tracts and by the years in the window | tracts in the least deprived tenth of panel tracts by Area Deprivation Index | January 2022 to December 2025 |   | 1,007 tracts | none (full counts of filings) | Eviction Tracking System |   |
| fil_base_d10 | 88 | baseline eviction filings per tract per year | sum of the pre-pandemic baseline over the tract-months of the group divided by the number of tracts and by the years in the window | tracts in the most deprived tenth of panel tracts by Area Deprivation Index | January 2022 to December 2025 |   | 1,008 tracts | none (full counts of filings) | Eviction Tracking System |   |
| fil_black_2023 | 0.98 | ratio of filings to the same-month baseline (1 = baseline) | filings divided by the pre-pandemic baseline, summed over the tract-months of the group (a ratio of sums), all tract-months of 2023 (race is the tract's majority racial or ethnic group of residents in the ACS for 2015 to 2019 as the Eviction Lab classifies it, not the race of any tenant) | tracts classified majority Black by the Eviction Lab, in the balanced panel with a baseline | calendar year 2023 |   | 1,342 tracts | none (full counts of filings) | Eviction Tracking System |   |
| fil_city_median | 1.11 | ratio of filings to the same-month baseline (1 = baseline) | median over sites of the site's index | tracts of the sites in the balanced panel that have a pre-pandemic baseline | January 2023 to December 2025 |   | 32 cities and metro areas | none (each site counts once) | Eviction Tracking System |   |
| fil_city_p5 | 0.66 | ratio of filings to the same-month baseline (1 = baseline) | 5th percentile over sites of the site's index | tracts of the sites in the balanced panel that have a pre-pandemic baseline | January 2023 to December 2025 |   | 32 cities and metro areas | none (each site counts once) | Eviction Tracking System |   |
| fil_city_p95 | 1.48 | ratio of filings to the same-month baseline (1 = baseline) | 95th percentile over sites of the site's index | tracts of the sites in the balanced panel that have a pre-pandemic baseline | January 2023 to December 2025 |   | 32 cities and metro areas | none (each site counts once) | Eviction Tracking System |   |
| fil_cool_idx | 0.62 | ratio of filings to the same-month baseline (1 = baseline) | filings divided by the pre-pandemic baseline, summed over the tract-months of the group (a ratio of sums) | tracts of the site with the lowest index, in the balanced panel with a baseline | January 2023 to December 2025 |   | 408 tracts | none (full counts of filings) | Eviction Tracking System |   |
| fil_hisp_2023 | 1.11 | ratio of filings to the same-month baseline (1 = baseline) | filings divided by the pre-pandemic baseline, summed over the tract-months of the group (a ratio of sums), all tract-months of 2023 (race is the tract's majority racial or ethnic group of residents in the ACS for 2015 to 2019 as the Eviction Lab classifies it, not the race of any tenant) | tracts classified majority Hispanic by the Eviction Lab, in the balanced panel with a baseline | calendar year 2023 |   | 1,591 tracts | none (full counts of filings) | Eviction Tracking System |   |
| fil_hot_idx | 1.84 | ratio of filings to the same-month baseline (1 = baseline) | filings divided by the pre-pandemic baseline, summed over the tract-months of the group (a ratio of sums) | tracts of the site with the highest index, in the balanced panel with a baseline | January 2023 to December 2025 |   | 361 tracts | none (full counts of filings) | Eviction Tracking System |   |
| fil_jan2020 | 1.01 | ratio of filings to the same-month baseline (1 = baseline) | filings divided by the pre-pandemic baseline, summed over the tract-months of the group (a ratio of sums), January 2020 | tracts of the sites in the balanced panel that have a pre-pandemic baseline | 2020-01 |   | 10,243 tracts | none (full counts of filings) | Eviction Tracking System |   |
| fil_n_cities | 35 | cities and metro areas | count of distinct sites in the staged file | sites in the Eviction Tracking System file | 2020-01 to 2026-06 |   |   | none (full count) | Eviction Tracking System |   |
| fil_n_cities_idx | 32 | cities and metro areas | count of sites with an index over the post-recovery years | tracts of the sites in the balanced panel that have a pre-pandemic baseline | January 2023 to December 2025 |   |   | none (full count) | Eviction Tracking System |   |
| fil_n_months | 72 | months | number of months from January 2020 to December 2025 | the window of the index | January 2020 to December 2025 |   |   | none (definition) | Eviction Tracking System |   |
| fil_n_sites | 32 | cities and metro areas | count of sites in the index | sites with a pre-pandemic baseline and tracts observed in every month | January 2020 to December 2025 |   |   | none (full count) | Eviction Tracking System |   |
| fil_n_tracts | 10,243 | tracts | count of tracts with a baseline and an observation in every month of the window | tracts of the sites in the balanced panel that have a pre-pandemic baseline | January 2020 to December 2025 |   |   | none (full count) | Eviction Tracking System |   |
| fil_one | 1.00 | ratio of filings to the same-month baseline | the index value at which filings equal the pre-pandemic baseline | tract-months of the panel | January 2020 to December 2025 |   |   | none (definition) | Eviction Tracking System |   |
| fil_overshoot_all | 1.17 | ratio of filings to the same-month baseline (1 = baseline) | filings divided by the pre-pandemic baseline, summed over the tract-months of the group (a ratio of sums), all tract-months of 2023 | tracts of the sites in the balanced panel that have a pre-pandemic baseline | calendar year 2023 |   | 10,243 tracts | none (full counts of filings) | Eviction Tracking System |   |
| fil_peak | 1.37 | ratio of filings to the same-month baseline (1 = baseline) | filings divided by the pre-pandemic baseline, summed over the tract-months of the group (a ratio of sums), the month of highest filings | tracts of the sites in the balanced panel that have a pre-pandemic baseline | 2023-03 |   | 10,243 tracts | none (full counts of filings) | Eviction Tracking System |   |
| fil_peak_above | 37% | percent above the baseline | the index in the month of highest filings minus one, times 100 | tracts of the sites in the balanced panel that have a pre-pandemic baseline | 2023-03 |   |   | none (full counts of filings) | Eviction Tracking System |   |
| fil_rate_black_2023 | 12.5 | eviction filings per 100 renter households per year | filings summed over the tracts of the group divided by the renter households of those tracts (ACS 2019-2023 households times one minus the homeownership rate), per 100 | tracts classified majority Black by the Eviction Lab, in the balanced panel with a baseline and renter households | calendar year 2023 |   | 1,336 tracts | none (full counts of filings) | Eviction Tracking System |   |
| fil_rate_black_base | 12.7 | eviction filings per 100 renter households per year | filings summed over the tracts of the group divided by the renter households of those tracts (ACS 2019-2023 households times one minus the homeownership rate), per 100 | tracts classified majority Black by the Eviction Lab, in the balanced panel with a baseline and renter households | an average year before the pandemic (baseline) |   | 1,336 tracts | none (full counts of filings) | Eviction Tracking System |   |
| fil_rate_ratio_base | 3.0 | ratio of filings per 100 renter households | baseline filing rate per 100 renter households in majority-Black tracts divided by that in majority-white tracts | tracts classified majority Black and majority white by the Eviction Lab, in the balanced panel with a baseline and renter households | an average year before the pandemic (baseline) |   |   | none (full counts of filings) | Eviction Tracking System |   |
| fil_rate_white_2023 | 5.4 | eviction filings per 100 renter households per year | filings summed over the tracts of the group divided by the renter households of those tracts (ACS 2019-2023 households times one minus the homeownership rate), per 100 | tracts classified majority white by the Eviction Lab, in the balanced panel with a baseline and renter households | calendar year 2023 |   | 4,903 tracts | none (full counts of filings) | Eviction Tracking System |   |
| fil_rate_white_base | 4.2 | eviction filings per 100 renter households per year | filings summed over the tracts of the group divided by the renter households of those tracts (ACS 2019-2023 households times one minus the homeownership rate), per 100 | tracts classified majority white by the Eviction Lab, in the balanced panel with a baseline and renter households | an average year before the pandemic (baseline) |   | 4,903 tracts | none (full counts of filings) | Eviction Tracking System |   |
| fil_site_black_lower | 21 | cities and metro areas where the 2023 index is lower in majority-Black tracts than in majority-white tracts | count of sites where filings divided by the pre-pandemic baseline, summed over the site's majority-Black tracts and 2023 months, are below the same ratio for its majority-white tracts (point estimates; the counts are full counts) | sites of the balanced panel with at least 5 majority-Black and 5 majority-white tracts | calendar year 2023 |   | 23 cities and metro areas | none (full counts of filings) | Eviction Tracking System |   |
| fil_site_min | 5 | tracts | minimum number of majority-Black tracts and of majority-white tracts in a site's panel for the site to enter the comparison | sites in the within-site comparison of racial-majority groups | calendar year 2023 |   |   | none (inclusion rule) | Eviction Tracking System |   |
| fil_site_n | 23 | cities and metro areas | count of sites in the within-site comparison | sites of the balanced panel with at least 5 majority-Black and 5 majority-white tracts | calendar year 2023 |   |   | none (full count) | Eviction Tracking System |   |
| fil_trough | 0.09 | ratio of filings to the same-month baseline (1 = baseline) | filings divided by the pre-pandemic baseline, summed over the tract-months of the group (a ratio of sums), the month of lowest filings | tracts of the sites in the balanced panel that have a pre-pandemic baseline | 2020-04 |   | 10,243 tracts | none (full counts of filings) | Eviction Tracking System |   |
| fil_trough_below | 91% | percent below the baseline | one minus the index in the month of lowest filings, times 100 | tracts of the sites in the balanced panel that have a pre-pandemic baseline | 2020-04 |   |   | none (full counts of filings) | Eviction Tracking System |   |
| fil_unclassified | 236 | tracts | count of panel tracts with no racial-majority classification from the Eviction Lab | tracts of the sites in the balanced panel that have a pre-pandemic baseline | January 2020 to December 2025 |   |   | none (full count) | Eviction Tracking System |   |
| fil_white_2023 | 1.28 | ratio of filings to the same-month baseline (1 = baseline) | filings divided by the pre-pandemic baseline, summed over the tract-months of the group (a ratio of sums), all tract-months of 2023 (race is the tract's majority racial or ethnic group of residents in the ACS for 2015 to 2019 as the Eviction Lab classifies it, not the race of any tenant) | tracts classified majority white by the Eviction Lab, in the balanced panel with a baseline | calendar year 2023 |   | 4,919 tracts | none (full counts of filings) | Eviction Tracking System |   |
| fmr_covered | 94.4% | percent of renter households with a computed burden | renter households with a computed burden in the areas compared over those in all counties of the 50 states and DC | renter households of the 50 states and DC | rent standard for fiscal year 2025 (October 2024 to September 2025); incomes ACS 2019-2023; renter burden CHAS 2018-2022 |   | 2,139 FMR areas | none (survey-weighted household counts) | HUD Fair Market Rents |   |
| fmr_median_usd | $1,703 | dollars per month, two-bedroom Fair Market Rent | median over areas of the two-bedroom Fair Market Rent, renter-weighted | HUD FMR areas made of whole counties with at least 500 renter households with a computed burden | rent standard for fiscal year 2025 (October 2024 to September 2025); incomes ACS 2019-2023; renter burden CHAS 2018-2022 |   | 2,139 FMR areas | renter households with a computed burden (CHAS 2018-2022) | HUD Fair Market Rents |   |
| fmr_n_areas | 2,139 | HUD FMR areas | count of FMR areas that consist of whole counties, have an income and pass the renter-household floor | HUD FMR areas made of whole counties with at least 500 renter households with a computed burden | rent standard for fiscal year 2025 (October 2024 to September 2025); incomes ACS 2019-2023; renter burden CHAS 2018-2022 |   | 2,696 counties | none (full count) | HUD Fair Market Rents |   |
| fmr_n_counties | 2,696 | counties | count of counties in the areas compared; counties in New England, where the file lists towns, and two other split counties are left out | counties of the 50 states and DC in the FMR areas compared | rent standard for fiscal year 2025 (October 2024 to September 2025); incomes ACS 2019-2023; renter burden CHAS 2018-2022 |   |   | none (full count) | HUD Fair Market Rents |   |
| fmr_p5_usd | $933 | dollars per month, two-bedroom Fair Market Rent | 5th percentile over areas of the two-bedroom Fair Market Rent, renter-weighted | HUD FMR areas made of whole counties with at least 500 renter households with a computed burden | rent standard for fiscal year 2025 (October 2024 to September 2025); incomes ACS 2019-2023; renter burden CHAS 2018-2022 |   | 2,139 FMR areas | renter households with a computed burden (CHAS 2018-2022) | HUD Fair Market Rents |   |
| fmr_p95_usd | $2,684 | dollars per month, two-bedroom Fair Market Rent | 95th percentile over areas of the two-bedroom Fair Market Rent, renter-weighted | HUD FMR areas made of whole counties with at least 500 renter households with a computed burden | rent standard for fiscal year 2025 (October 2024 to September 2025); incomes ACS 2019-2023; renter burden CHAS 2018-2022 |   | 2,139 FMR areas | renter households with a computed burden (CHAS 2018-2022) | HUD Fair Market Rents |   |
| fmr_r | +0.70 | correlation coefficient | renter-weighted correlation across areas of the rent share of income with the renter share above 30 percent of income (CHAS), bootstrap over states (the area's state is that of its county with the most renters) | HUD FMR areas made of whole counties with at least 500 renter households with a computed burden | rent standard for fiscal year 2025 (October 2024 to September 2025); incomes ACS 2019-2023; renter burden CHAS 2018-2022 | 95% CI 0.51 to 0.79 | 2,139 FMR areas | renter households with a computed burden (CHAS 2018-2022) | HUD Fair Market Rents |   |
| fmr_r_unw | +0.36 | correlation coefficient | correlation across areas of the rent share of income with the renter share above 30 percent of income (CHAS), each area counted once, bootstrap over states | HUD FMR areas made of whole counties with at least 500 renter households with a computed burden | rent standard for fiscal year 2025 (October 2024 to September 2025); incomes ACS 2019-2023; renter burden CHAS 2018-2022 | 95% CI 0.25 to 0.47 | 2,139 FMR areas | none (each area counts once) | HUD Fair Market Rents |   |
| fmr_share_median | 23.7% | percent of the area's median household income | median over areas of the ratio of a year of the area's two-bedroom Fair Market Rent to the area's median household income (household-weighted mean of its counties' ACS medians), as a percent; renter-weighted | HUD FMR areas made of whole counties with at least 500 renter households with a computed burden | rent standard for fiscal year 2025 (October 2024 to September 2025); incomes ACS 2019-2023; renter burden CHAS 2018-2022 |   | 2,139 FMR areas | renter households with a computed burden (CHAS 2018-2022) | HUD Fair Market Rents |   |
| fmr_share_median_unw | 19.9% | percent of the area's median household income | median over areas of the ratio of a year of the two-bedroom Fair Market Rent to the area's median household income, each area counted once | HUD FMR areas made of whole counties with at least 500 renter households with a computed burden | rent standard for fiscal year 2025 (October 2024 to September 2025); incomes ACS 2019-2023; renter burden CHAS 2018-2022 |   | 2,139 FMR areas | none (each area counts once) | HUD Fair Market Rents |   |
| fmr_share_p5 | 17.6% | percent of the area's median household income | 5th percentile over areas of the ratio of a year of the area's two-bedroom Fair Market Rent to the area's median household income (household-weighted mean of its counties' ACS medians), as a percent; renter-weighted | HUD FMR areas made of whole counties with at least 500 renter households with a computed burden | rent standard for fiscal year 2025 (October 2024 to September 2025); incomes ACS 2019-2023; renter burden CHAS 2018-2022 |   | 2,139 FMR areas | renter households with a computed burden (CHAS 2018-2022) | HUD Fair Market Rents |   |
| fmr_share_p95 | 35.9% | percent of the area's median household income | 95th percentile over areas of the ratio of a year of the area's two-bedroom Fair Market Rent to the area's median household income (household-weighted mean of its counties' ACS medians), as a percent; renter-weighted | HUD FMR areas made of whole counties with at least 500 renter households with a computed burden | rent standard for fiscal year 2025 (October 2024 to September 2025); incomes ACS 2019-2023; renter burden CHAS 2018-2022 |   | 2,139 FMR areas | renter households with a computed burden (CHAS 2018-2022) | HUD Fair Market Rents |   |
| fmr_slope | 0.72 | percentage points of the renter share above 30% of income per percentage point of the rent share of income | renter-weighted slope across areas of the renter share on the rent share, bootstrap over states | HUD FMR areas made of whole counties with at least 500 renter households with a computed burden | rent standard for fiscal year 2025 (October 2024 to September 2025); incomes ACS 2019-2023; renter burden CHAS 2018-2022 | 95% CI 0.52 to 0.93 | 2,139 FMR areas | renter households with a computed burden (CHAS 2018-2022) | HUD Fair Market Rents |   |
| fmr_slope_unw | 0.71 | percentage points of the renter share above 30% of income per percentage point of the rent share of income | slope across areas of the renter share on the rent share, each area counted once, bootstrap over states | HUD FMR areas made of whole counties with at least 500 renter households with a computed burden | rent standard for fiscal year 2025 (October 2024 to September 2025); incomes ACS 2019-2023; renter burden CHAS 2018-2022 | 95% CI 0.49 to 0.94 | 2,139 FMR areas | none (each area counts once) | HUD Fair Market Rents |   |
| fq_burden_1 | 39.1% | percent of renter households with housing costs above 30% of income | renter households with a burden over renter households with a computed burden, pooled over the fifth's areas; bootstrap over states | HUD FMR areas made of whole counties with at least 500 renter households with a computed burden, lowest fifth of areas by median household income (fifths hold near-equal numbers of areas) | rent standard for fiscal year 2025 (October 2024 to September 2025); incomes ACS 2019-2023; renter burden CHAS 2018-2022 | 95% CI 37.6% to 40.9% | 427 FMR areas | renter households with a computed burden (CHAS 2018-2022) | HUD CHAS housing affordability |   |
| fq_burden_5 | 46.9% | percent of renter households with housing costs above 30% of income | renter households with a burden over renter households with a computed burden, pooled over the fifth's areas; bootstrap over states | HUD FMR areas made of whole counties with at least 500 renter households with a computed burden, highest fifth of areas by median household income (fifths hold near-equal numbers of areas) | rent standard for fiscal year 2025 (October 2024 to September 2025); incomes ACS 2019-2023; renter burden CHAS 2018-2022 | 95% CI 44.8% to 48.4% | 428 FMR areas | renter households with a computed burden (CHAS 2018-2022) | HUD CHAS housing affordability |   |
| fq_inc_1 | $45,717 | dollars of median household income | renter-weighted mean over the fifth's areas of the area's median household income (household-weighted mean of its counties' ACS medians); bootstrap over states | HUD FMR areas made of whole counties with at least 500 renter households with a computed burden, lowest fifth of areas by median household income (fifths hold near-equal numbers of areas) | ACS 2019-2023 (2023 dollars) | 95% CI $44,955 to $46,628 | 427 FMR areas | renter households with a computed burden (CHAS 2018-2022) | American Community Survey |   |
| fq_inc_5 | $91,563 | dollars of median household income | renter-weighted mean over the fifth's areas of the area's median household income (household-weighted mean of its counties' ACS medians); bootstrap over states | HUD FMR areas made of whole counties with at least 500 renter households with a computed burden, highest fifth of areas by median household income (fifths hold near-equal numbers of areas) | ACS 2019-2023 (2023 dollars) | 95% CI $86,017 to $96,668 | 428 FMR areas | renter households with a computed burden (CHAS 2018-2022) | American Community Survey |   |
| fq_share_1 | 24.4% | percent of the area's median household income | renter-weighted mean over the fifth's areas of the ratio of a year of the area's two-bedroom Fair Market Rent to the area's median household income (household-weighted mean of its counties' ACS medians), as a percent; bootstrap over states | HUD FMR areas made of whole counties with at least 500 renter households with a computed burden, lowest fifth of areas by median household income (fifths hold near-equal numbers of areas) | rent standard for fiscal year 2025 (October 2024 to September 2025); incomes ACS 2019-2023; renter burden CHAS 2018-2022 | 95% CI 23.4% to 25.3% | 427 FMR areas | renter households with a computed burden (CHAS 2018-2022) | HUD Fair Market Rents |   |
| fq_share_3 | 21.5% | percent of the area's median household income | renter-weighted mean over the fifth's areas of the ratio of a year of the area's two-bedroom Fair Market Rent to the area's median household income (household-weighted mean of its counties' ACS medians), as a percent; bootstrap over states | HUD FMR areas made of whole counties with at least 500 renter households with a computed burden, middle fifth of areas by median household income (fifths hold near-equal numbers of areas) | rent standard for fiscal year 2025 (October 2024 to September 2025); incomes ACS 2019-2023; renter burden CHAS 2018-2022 | 95% CI 20.5% to 22.4% | 428 FMR areas | renter households with a computed burden (CHAS 2018-2022) | HUD Fair Market Rents |   |
| fq_share_5 | 26.1% | percent of the area's median household income | renter-weighted mean over the fifth's areas of the ratio of a year of the area's two-bedroom Fair Market Rent to the area's median household income (household-weighted mean of its counties' ACS medians), as a percent; bootstrap over states | HUD FMR areas made of whole counties with at least 500 renter households with a computed burden, highest fifth of areas by median household income (fifths hold near-equal numbers of areas) | rent standard for fiscal year 2025 (October 2024 to September 2025); incomes ACS 2019-2023; renter burden CHAS 2018-2022 | 95% CI 23.0% to 28.3% | 428 FMR areas | renter households with a computed burden (CHAS 2018-2022) | HUD Fair Market Rents |   |
| ft_burden_1 | 33.9% | percent of renter households with housing costs above 30% of income | renter-weighted mean over the tenth's areas of the area's renter share above 30 percent of income; bootstrap over states | HUD FMR areas made of whole counties with at least 500 renter households with a computed burden, lowest tenth of areas by the rent share of income (tenths hold near-equal numbers of areas) | rent standard for fiscal year 2025 (October 2024 to September 2025); incomes ACS 2019-2023; renter burden CHAS 2018-2022 | 95% CI 32.1% to 35.8% | 213 FMR areas | renter households with a computed burden (CHAS 2018-2022) | HUD CHAS housing affordability |   |
| ft_burden_10 | 49.9% | percent of renter households with housing costs above 30% of income | renter-weighted mean over the tenth's areas of the area's renter share above 30 percent of income; bootstrap over states | HUD FMR areas made of whole counties with at least 500 renter households with a computed burden, highest tenth of areas by the rent share of income (tenths hold near-equal numbers of areas) | rent standard for fiscal year 2025 (October 2024 to September 2025); incomes ACS 2019-2023; renter burden CHAS 2018-2022 | 95% CI 45.9% to 51.4% | 214 FMR areas | renter households with a computed burden (CHAS 2018-2022) | HUD CHAS housing affordability |   |
| hamfi_30 | 30% | percent of HUD area median family income | the income line between the lowest and the second of HUD's five income bands (income relative to HUD's area median family income, HAMFI) | households in the HUD CHAS tabulation | 2018 to 2022 |   |   | none (definition) | HUD CHAS housing affordability |   |
| hamfi_50 | 50% | percent of HUD area median family income | the income line between the second and the third of HUD's five income bands (income relative to HUD's area median family income, HAMFI) | households in the HUD CHAS tabulation | 2018 to 2022 |   |   | none (definition) | HUD CHAS housing affordability |   |
| hamfi_cut | 80% | percent of HUD area median family income | the income line for a low-income household: income at or below this share of HUD's area median family income (HAMFI) | households in the HUD CHAS tabulation | 2018 to 2022 |   |   | none (definition) | HUD CHAS housing affordability |   |
| li_bur_owner | 50.7% | percent of low-income owner households with a computed burden that have housing costs above 30% of income | low-income households (at or below 80 percent of HAMFI) with a burden above 30 percent, over low-income households with a computed burden (low-income households less the households whose burden is not computed; the staged HUD percentage divides by all households of the tenure and is not used); pooled over tracts, bootstrap over counties | low-income owner households with a computed burden in the tracts of the 50 states and DC | 2018 to 2022 | 95% CI 49.8% to 51.7% | 84,410 tracts | none (pooled household counts) | HUD CHAS housing affordability |   |
| li_bur_renter | 69.0% | percent of low-income renter households with a computed burden that have housing costs above 30% of income | low-income households (at or below 80 percent of HAMFI) with a burden above 30 percent, over low-income households with a computed burden (low-income households less the households whose burden is not computed; the staged HUD percentage divides by all households of the tenure and is not used); pooled over tracts, bootstrap over counties | low-income renter households with a computed burden in the tracts of the 50 states and DC | 2018 to 2022 | 95% CI 68.1% to 69.9% | 84,410 tracts | none (pooled household counts) | HUD CHAS housing affordability |   |
| li_of_bur_owner | 73.8% | percent of owner households with a burden above 30% that are low-income | low-income households with a burden above 30 percent over all households of the tenure with a burden above 30 percent; pooled over tracts, bootstrap over counties | owner households with housing costs above 30 percent of income | 2018 to 2022 | 95% CI 72.8% to 74.7% | 84,410 tracts | none (pooled household counts) | HUD CHAS housing affordability |   |
| li_of_bur_renter | 91.8% | percent of renter households with a burden above 30% that are low-income | low-income households with a burden above 30 percent over all households of the tenure with a burden above 30 percent; pooled over tracts, bootstrap over counties | renter households with housing costs above 30 percent of income | 2018 to 2022 | 95% CI 91.2% to 92.4% | 84,410 tracts | none (pooled household counts) | HUD CHAS housing affordability |   |
| li_share_owner | 30.2% | percent of owner households with a computed burden that have income at or below 80% of HAMFI | low-income households with a computed burden (income at or below 80 percent of HUD's area median family income, HAMFI, less the households whose burden is not computed) over all households of the tenure with a computed burden; pooled over tracts, bootstrap over counties. HAMFI is HUD's benchmark and differs from the Census median household income | owner households in the tracts of the 50 states and DC with a computed burden | 2018 to 2022 | 95% CI 29.8% to 30.7% | 84,410 tracts | none (pooled household counts) | HUD CHAS housing affordability |   |
| li_share_renter | 60.6% | percent of renter households with a computed burden that have income at or below 80% of HAMFI | low-income households with a computed burden (income at or below 80 percent of HUD's area median family income, HAMFI, less the households whose burden is not computed) over all households of the tenure with a computed burden; pooled over tracts, bootstrap over counties. HAMFI is HUD's benchmark and differs from the Census median household income | renter households in the tracts of the 50 states and DC with a computed burden | 2018 to 2022 | 95% CI 59.8% to 61.4% | 84,410 tracts | none (pooled household counts) | HUD CHAS housing affordability |   |
| majority_line | 50% | percent of renter households | the share of a county's renter households with a burden above which a majority of them have one | renter households in a county | 2018 to 2022 |   |   | none (definition) | HUD CHAS housing affordability |   |
| mod_owner | 12.0% | percent of owner households with housing costs of 30% to 50% of income | households above the burden line minus households above the severe line, over households whose burden HUD computes, pooled over tracts; interval from a bootstrap over counties | owner households in the tracts of the 50 states and DC with a computed burden | 2018 to 2022 | 95% CI 11.7% to 12.3% | 84,410 tracts | none (pooled household counts) | HUD CHAS housing affordability |   |
| mod_renter | 22.4% | percent of renter households with housing costs of 30% to 50% of income | households above the burden line minus households above the severe line, over households whose burden HUD computes, pooled over tracts; interval from a bootstrap over counties | renter households in the tracts of the 50 states and DC with a computed burden | 2018 to 2022 | 95% CI 22.1% to 22.7% | 84,410 tracts | none (pooled household counts) | HUD CHAS housing affordability |   |
| n_burdened_renters | 19.7 million | renter households with housing costs above 30% of income | sum over tracts of renter households with a burden above 30 percent | households in the tracts of the 50 states and DC (Puerto Rico left out) | 2018 to 2022 |   | 84,410 tracts | none (survey-weighted household counts) | HUD CHAS housing affordability |   |
| n_counties | 3,143 | counties and county equivalents | count of counties in the county frame: the county file for every state but Connecticut and the tract file summed over former counties for Connecticut | counties of the 50 states and DC (Connecticut as its eight former counties) in the HUD CHAS files | 2018 to 2022 |   |   | none (full count) | HUD CHAS housing affordability |   |
| n_cty_half | 175 | counties where more than half of renter households have housing costs above 30% of income | count of counties with a renter share above 50 percent | counties of the 50 states and DC (Connecticut as its eight former counties) with at least 500 renter and 500 owner households with a computed burden | 2018 to 2022 |   | 2,753 counties | none (full count) | HUD CHAS housing affordability |   |
| n_cty_ok | 2,753 | counties | count of counties that pass the household floor for both tenures | counties of the 50 states and DC (Connecticut as its eight former counties) with at least 500 renter and 500 owner households with a computed burden | 2018 to 2022 |   | 3,143 counties | none (full count) | HUD CHAS housing affordability |   |
| n_cty_owner_ge | 31 | counties where the owner share with a burden is at least the renter share | count of counties where the owner share above 30 percent of income is at least the renter share | counties of the 50 states and DC (Connecticut as its eight former counties) with at least 500 renter and 500 owner households with a computed burden | 2018 to 2022 |   | 2,753 counties | none (full count) | HUD CHAS housing affordability |   |
| n_cty_owner_ge_hi | 11 | counties where the owner share with a burden is at least the renter share | count of counties where the owner share above 30 percent of income is at least the renter share under the alternative household floor | counties of the 50 states and DC (Connecticut as its eight former counties) with at least 1000 renter and 1000 owner households with a computed burden | 2018 to 2022 |   | 2,323 counties | none (full count) | HUD CHAS housing affordability |   |
| n_cty_owner_ge_lo | 106 | counties where the owner share with a burden is at least the renter share | count of counties where the owner share above 30 percent of income is at least the renter share under the alternative household floor | counties of the 50 states and DC (Connecticut as its eight former counties) with at least 100 renter and 100 owner households with a computed burden | 2018 to 2022 |   | 3,103 counties | none (full count) | HUD CHAS housing affordability |   |
| n_nc_owner | 0.7 million | owner households whose burden HUD does not compute (no or negative income) | sum over tracts of the tenure's households less those with a computed burden; the raw county table puts all of them in the lowest income band | owner households in the tracts of the 50 states and DC | 2018 to 2022 |   | 84,410 tracts | none (survey-weighted household counts) | HUD CHAS housing affordability |   |
| n_nc_renter | 1.0 million | renter households whose burden HUD does not compute (no or negative income) | sum over tracts of the tenure's households less those with a computed burden; the raw county table puts all of them in the lowest income band | renter households in the tracts of the 50 states and DC | 2018 to 2022 |   | 84,410 tracts | none (survey-weighted household counts) | HUD CHAS housing affordability |   |
| n_owner_hh | 80.8 million | owner households with a computed burden | sum over tracts of the households whose cost burden HUD computes (households with no or negative income are left out) | owner households in the tracts of the 50 states and DC with a computed burden | 2018 to 2022 |   | 84,410 tracts | none (survey-weighted household counts) | HUD CHAS housing affordability |   |
| n_renter_hh | 43.2 million | renter households with a computed burden | sum over tracts of the households whose cost burden HUD computes (households with no or negative income are left out) | renter households in the tracts of the 50 states and DC with a computed burden | 2018 to 2022 |   | 84,410 tracts | none (survey-weighted household counts) | HUD CHAS housing affordability |   |
| n_severe_renters | 10.0 million | renter households with housing costs above 50% of income | sum over tracts of renter households with a severe burden | households in the tracts of the 50 states and DC (Puerto Rico left out) | 2018 to 2022 |   | 84,410 tracts | none (survey-weighted household counts) | HUD CHAS housing affordability |   |
| n_tracts_adi | 82,786 | tracts | count of tracts with an Area Deprivation Index national rank, the tracts that the ADI comparisons rank into tenths | tracts of the 50 states and DC in the HUD CHAS tract file | 2018 to 2022; Area Deprivation Index 2023 |   | 84,410 tracts | none (full count) | Area Deprivation Index |   |
| n_tracts_chas | 84,410 | tracts | count of tracts in the tract file after leaving out Puerto Rico and five Connecticut water-only tracts with no households | tracts of the 50 states and DC in the HUD CHAS tract file (Puerto Rico left out) | 2018 to 2022 (American Community Survey five-year special tabulation by HUD) |   |   | none (full count) | HUD CHAS housing affordability |   |
| n_tracts_empty | 1,051 | tracts with no households | count of tracts with no owner and no renter households; they add nothing to a pooled share and drop out of the tenth means | tracts of the 50 states and DC in the HUD CHAS tract file (Puerto Rico left out) | 2018 to 2022 (American Community Survey five-year special tabulation by HUD) |   | 84,410 tracts | none (full count) | HUD CHAS housing affordability |   |
| n_tracts_no_adi | 1,624 | tracts | count of tracts with no Area Deprivation Index national rank, left out of the ADI comparisons | tracts of the 50 states and DC in the HUD CHAS tract file | 2018 to 2022; Area Deprivation Index 2023 |   | 84,410 tracts | none (full count) | Area Deprivation Index |   |
| renter_hh_share | 35.2% | percent of occupied housing units that are rented | renter households over renter and owner households, pooled over tracts; bootstrap over counties | households in the tracts of the 50 states and DC (Puerto Rico left out) | 2018 to 2022 | 95% CI 33.7% to 36.8% | 84,410 tracts | none (pooled household counts) | HUD CHAS housing affordability |   |
| sev_owner | 8.8% | percent of owner households with housing costs above 50% of income | ratio of sums over tracts: households with the burden over households whose burden HUD computes, pooled over the tracts of the 50 states and DC; interval from a bootstrap over counties (replicates and seed in the methods note). The share carries no margin of error of its own: HUD rounds every cell independently | owner households in the tracts of the 50 states and DC with a computed burden | 2018 to 2022 | 95% CI 8.5% to 9.2% | 84,410 tracts | none (pooled household counts) | HUD CHAS housing affordability |   |
| sev_renter | 23.2% | percent of renter households with housing costs above 50% of income | ratio of sums over tracts: households with the burden over households whose burden HUD computes, pooled over the tracts of the 50 states and DC; interval from a bootstrap over counties (replicates and seed in the methods note). The share carries no margin of error of its own: HUD rounds every cell independently | renter households in the tracts of the 50 states and DC with a computed burden | 2018 to 2022 | 95% CI 22.6% to 23.8% | 84,410 tracts | none (pooled household counts) | HUD CHAS housing affordability |   |
| severe_line | 50% | percent of household income | HUD's line for a severe housing cost burden: housing costs above this share of household income | households in the HUD CHAS tabulation | 2018 to 2022 |   |   | none (definition) | HUD CHAS housing affordability |   |
| slope_btw_own | −1.6 | percentage points of the owner share with housing costs above 30% of income per 10 percentile points of the Area Deprivation Index, between counties | household-weighted slope across counties of the county's pooled-tract mean share on the county's mean index rank, bootstrap over counties | counties with owner households in tracts that have an Area Deprivation Index | 2018 to 2022; Area Deprivation Index 2023 | 95% CI −1.9 to −1.4 | 3,128 counties | households of the tenure with a computed burden | HUD CHAS housing affordability |   |
| slope_btw_ren | −1.1 | percentage points of the renter share with housing costs above 30% of income per 10 percentile points of the Area Deprivation Index, between counties | household-weighted slope across counties of the county's pooled-tract mean share on the county's mean index rank, bootstrap over counties | counties with renter households in tracts that have an Area Deprivation Index | 2018 to 2022; Area Deprivation Index 2023 | 95% CI −1.4 to −0.8 | 3,128 counties | households of the tenure with a computed burden | HUD CHAS housing affordability |   |
| slope_pool_own | −0.8 | percentage points of the owner share with housing costs above 30% of income per 10 percentile points of the Area Deprivation Index, across the nation | household-weighted slope of the tract share on the ADI national rank, no county baseline, bootstrap over counties | owner households in tracts with an Area Deprivation Index and a computed burden | 2018 to 2022; Area Deprivation Index 2023 | 95% CI −1.0 to −0.5 | 82,327 tracts | households of the tenure with a computed burden | HUD CHAS housing affordability |   |
| slope_pool_ren | 0.0 | percentage points of the renter share with housing costs above 30% of income per 10 percentile points of the Area Deprivation Index, across the nation | household-weighted slope of the tract share on the ADI national rank, no county baseline, bootstrap over counties | renter households in tracts with an Area Deprivation Index and a computed burden | 2018 to 2022; Area Deprivation Index 2023 | 95% CI −0.3 to 0.3 | 82,558 tracts | households of the tenure with a computed burden | HUD CHAS housing affordability |   |
| slope_wc_own | 0.9 | percentage points of the owner share with housing costs above 30% of income per 10 percentile points of the Area Deprivation Index, within the same county | household-weighted slope of the tract share on the ADI national rank after subtracting each county's weighted mean from both (a county baseline for each county), bootstrap over counties | owner households in tracts with an Area Deprivation Index and a computed burden | 2018 to 2022; Area Deprivation Index 2023 | 95% CI 0.9 to 1.0 | 82,327 tracts | households of the tenure with a computed burden | HUD CHAS housing affordability |   |
| slope_wc_ren | 2.3 | percentage points of the renter share with housing costs above 30% of income per 10 percentile points of the Area Deprivation Index, within the same county | household-weighted slope of the tract share on the ADI national rank after subtracting each county's weighted mean from both (a county baseline for each county), bootstrap over counties | renter households in tracts with an Area Deprivation Index and a computed burden | 2018 to 2022; Area Deprivation Index 2023 | 95% CI 2.1 to 2.4 | 82,558 tracts | households of the tenure with a computed burden | HUD CHAS housing affordability |   |
| st_ca | 50.7% | percent of renter households with housing costs above 30% of income | ratio of sums over tracts: households with the burden over households whose burden HUD computes, pooled over the tracts of California; interval from a bootstrap over counties (replicates and seed in the methods note). The share carries no margin of error of its own: HUD rounds every cell independently | renter households in California with a computed burden | 2018 to 2022 | 95% CI 47.3% to 52.4% | 9,129 tracts | none (pooled household counts) | HUD CHAS housing affordability |   |
| st_fl | 53.3% | percent of renter households with housing costs above 30% of income | ratio of sums over tracts: households with the burden over households whose burden HUD computes, pooled over the tracts of Florida; interval from a bootstrap over counties (replicates and seed in the methods note). The share carries no margin of error of its own: HUD rounds every cell independently | renter households in Florida with a computed burden | 2018 to 2022 | 95% CI 50.4% to 55.4% | 5,160 tracts | none (pooled household counts) | HUD CHAS housing affordability |   |
| st_sd | 33.9% | percent of renter households with housing costs above 30% of income | ratio of sums over tracts: households with the burden over households whose burden HUD computes, pooled over the tracts of South Dakota; interval from a bootstrap over counties (replicates and seed in the methods note). The share carries no margin of error of its own: HUD rounds every cell independently | renter households in South Dakota with a computed burden | 2018 to 2022 | 95% CI 30.6% to 35.8% | 242 tracts | none (pooled household counts) | HUD CHAS housing affordability |   |
| us_burden_li_renter | 69.0% | percent of low-income renter households with housing costs above 30% of income | low-income households (at or below 80 percent of HAMFI) with a burden over low-income households of the tenure, pooled over tracts in all ten tenths, bootstrap over counties | low-income renter households in all the tracts with an Area Deprivation Index (all ten tenths pooled) | 2018 to 2022; Area Deprivation Index 2023 | 95% CI 68.0% to 69.9% | 81,284 tracts | low-income households of the tenure | HUD CHAS housing affordability |   |
| us_burden_owner | 20.8% | percent of owner households with housing costs above 30% of income | pooled share of the tenure's households with the burden over tracts in all ten tenths, bootstrap over counties | owner households in all the tracts with an Area Deprivation Index (all ten tenths pooled) | 2018 to 2022; Area Deprivation Index 2023 | 95% CI 20.1% to 21.5% | 82,327 tracts | households of the tenure with a computed burden | HUD CHAS housing affordability |   |
| us_burden_renter | 45.5% | percent of renter households with housing costs above 30% of income | pooled share of the tenure's households with the burden over tracts in all ten tenths, bootstrap over counties | renter households in all the tracts with an Area Deprivation Index (all ten tenths pooled) | 2018 to 2022; Area Deprivation Index 2023 | 95% CI 44.7% to 46.4% | 82,558 tracts | households of the tenure with a computed burden | HUD CHAS housing affordability |   |

## Definitions

- Area Deprivation Index (ADI): A score that ranks neighborhoods by income, education, employment and housing conditions drawn from the American Community Survey. In this book a higher national percentile means a more deprived neighborhood.
- Ecological inference: Drawing conclusions about individuals from data about places or groups. A pattern across counties need not hold for the people inside them.

## Methods

This chapter compares the housing cost burden of renter and owner households in HUD's tabulation of the American Community Survey for 2018 to 2022, across income bands, tenths of tracts by deprivation, counties and Fair Market Rent areas, and then eviction filings by tract and by site from January 2020 to December 2025. The two parts cover different years and different tracts: the burden figures cover the 50 states and DC, with counties entering at 500 renter and 500 owner households with a computed burden, and the eviction index covers only tracts observed in all 72 months that have a baseline in every month. The burden intervals come from a bootstrap and do not include the sampling error of the survey, which HUD does not publish for shares, and HUD rounds every cell independently. The eviction series are full counts of filings and have no sampling interval.

### Which places and households are covered

The 50 states and DC are covered, with Puerto Rico left out.

The county frame takes the county file for every state but Connecticut and sums the tract file over Connecticut's eight former counties; a county enters with at least 500 renter and 500 owner households with a computed burden.

Explains Table 1 and Table 2.

### How cost burden and income bands are defined

HUD CHAS counts households by tenure, by income relative to HUD's area median family income (HAMFI) and by the share of income spent on housing: a burden above 30 percent of income, and a severe burden above 50 percent.

Every share is a ratio of summed household counts (never an average of the published tract percentages) over households whose burden HUD computes; low-income households are those at or below 80 percent of HAMFI, and the low-income shares divide by the low-income households with a computed burden. The staged HUD percentage for low-income burdened households divides by all households and is not used.

The five income bands (30, 50, 80 and 100 percent of HAMFI) come from the raw HUD CHAS county Table 8, read once, and the income-mix standardization gives renters the owners' share of households in each band.

Explains Table 1.

### How tracts and counties are grouped and weighted

Tenths of tracts hold near-equal numbers of tracts (tracts with equal ranks stay together) among those with an Area Deprivation Index national rank.

Tract shares are weighted by the households behind them; the within-county deviation subtracts each county's household-weighted mean from the tract share and from the index rank.

Explains Table 3.

### How rent standards are matched to burden and income

An FMR area enters when all of its rows in the file are whole counties; the two-bedroom rent standard is the area's single value.

The area income is the household-weighted mean of the counties' ACS 2019-2023 median household incomes, and the renter burden is pooled over the area's counties.

Explains Table 4.

### How the eviction filing index is built

The index is the sum of filings divided by the sum of the baseline over the tract-months of a group, for the tracts observed in all 72 months from January 2020 to December 2025 that have a baseline in every month.

Racial majority is the Eviction Lab's tract classification by the group that makes up a majority of residents in the ACS for 2015 to 2019. Filing rates per renter household divide filings by ACS 2019-2023 renter households.

Explains Table 5, Table 6 and Table 7.

### What the intervals include and leave out

HUD rounds every cell independently and publishes no margin of error for the shares.

Intervals come from a bootstrap over counties (tracts) or over states (FMR areas) with 2,000 replicates and seed 12345; they do not include the sampling error of the survey, which HUD does not publish for shares.

The eviction series are full counts and have no sampling interval.

### Four rankings of the same places

The comparison follows the book's ranking switch rule, fixed on October 28, 2026 before any of these gradients was computed. The main gradient of the chapter is recomputed under four rankings of the same places, with the outcome, period, weights, bins and intervals unchanged: the published ADI; a standardized index that applies the ADI's coefficients to its measures after standardizing each one across tracts; median household income; and the share of adults 25 and older with a bachelor's degree or more. The three alternatives come from ACS tract estimates for 2019 to 2023, the period of the ADI.

All four rankings use the same places, the 75,587 tracts that have the outcome and all four rankings, so the ADI panel can differ slightly from the chapter's main figure. Tracts enter only if they have every input of the standardized index, which leaves out tracts without a median rent, home value or mortgage cost.

A pattern counts as changed when the worse end switches sides, when the two ends differ under one ranking and not the other, or when the rank correlation of bin order and bin mean falls on the other side of 0.9 and moves by at least 0.1.

Explains Table 8.

## What these data cannot show

Every comparison in this chapter describes places or groups of households. A county, a tract, an area in the Fair Market Rent file or a site in the Eviction Tracking System is not a person. A pattern across places need not hold for the people inside them (ecological inference). The renters of a tract differ from people who move in and out of it, and the data cannot separate who lives there from what the place provides.

The burden compares housing costs with income at one time. It does not say whether a household chose costly housing or had no cheaper option, and it does not measure the condition of the home, crowding or arrears. The shares come from a survey tabulation that HUD rounds cell by cell, tract shares are noisy, and the intervals leave out the survey's sampling error. HAMFI is HUD's benchmark and differs from the median household income used elsewhere in the book. The deprivation tenths use an index that counts housing costs among its inputs, so they cannot say whether deprivation or price levels sit behind a gradient.

The rent standard is one release for one fiscal year, set for an area and not for a county, and the incomes are the incomes of all households. The comparison holds across areas and not within a metropolitan area, and New England is not in it.

Filings are landlord petitions, not evictions or displaced households, and one household can be the subject of several filings. The index compares each tract with its own baseline, so it does not say where eviction is most common. Moratoria, emergency rental assistance, court closures and changes in local law all moved filings in these years, and the data do not separate them. The renter households behind the filing rates are from 2019 to 2023 and the filings from 2020 to 2025. The counts are full counts for the participating sites, so the series carry no sampling interval, and the sites are not a sample of the nation.

## References

1. McCarty, Maggie; Carpenter, David H.; Perl, Libby (2021). The CDC's Federal Eviction Moratorium. Congressional Research Service, Insight IN11673 (updated August 31, 2021). https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/IN11673.html
2. Hepburn, Peter; Louis, Renee; Desmond, Matthew (2020). Racial and Gender Disparities among Evicted Americans. Sociological Science 7: 649-662. https://doi.org/10.15195/v7.a27
3. Desmond, Matthew (2016). Evicted: Poverty and Profit in the American City. Crown.
4. Collinson, Robert; Humphries, John Eric; Mader, Nicholas; Reed, Davin; Tannenbaum, Daniel; van Dijk, Winnie (2024). Eviction and Poverty in American Cities. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 139(1): 57-120. https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjad042

## Provenance

- Pipeline version: 0.1.0
- Build script: book2/chapters/renting-affordability-and-eviction/build.py (sha256 4717a7206ea664bca6d253be8b22a05c907460347dafe0d2995f1664f7c6e456)
- Built on: 2026-10-09
- Site commit: c2b1ff3309cb4a10833f884da91ac0057a66ad0a

Inputs:

| File | Size (bytes) | SHA-256, first 1 MB | SHA-256, last 1 MB |
| --- | ---: | --- | --- |
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| book2/chapters/renting-affordability-and-eviction/burden.py | 15,084 | a4d6074ef6582fc7da11263170a40367e1204f678fc175ffd1295e72d077a578 | a4d6074ef6582fc7da11263170a40367e1204f678fc175ffd1295e72d077a578 |
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| data/analytic/tract_atlas.parquet | 39,659,925 | 29d5e4d943552d54aeb6ba92aadc939d9bd15bdea553c78357dbd516757be627 | 1e10d1ecf722340f23ee2212d4999a90250f85b65fa89b39e32db06d9472e22e |
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| data/staged/ses/acs5_tract2020_2019_2023.parquet | 7,232,424 | 5fe6f730a35225f14d5d8abfc6b9bce58b52e545f309a7eac74f1dae74d7a31c | 7b4a2475b3852d3f91804716a04566ef8ceadacec2be9fb85f5eb642078efac6 |
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Outputs:

| File | SHA-256 |
| --- | --- |
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| figures/burden_by_deprivation.json | a0f766e578479473605b0a240a240514814de8fe7aab2168bc7207dd044e2eee |
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| figures/eviction_by_city.json | ac6dee2429bbe13f51db9672e39b47951944bd5a3dfae5d8b16c848f80bd86d3 |
| figures/eviction_by_race.json | 39480f8c3740b17173686d96f40a4a7ca10afbc6157e65cdb531a632f5df61fc |
| figures/eviction_filing_index.json | 6740df1888b777f54552d055596ded434d6cd6cbb8dfd6e583a8bcd4bc3b913d |
| figures/rent_standard_vs_burden.json | 7a4662dfacf266f30ec3d9fb75c844b95a8fee5b6e8b296927f65da78c0a22e1 |
| figures/renter_burden_map.json | 24a7f6d9409a64c9643639e89f382738501187daa0d762e7ff045b42448b8696 |
| meta.json | c5d8a211321f56303e9cec50eecb1f97d9aac8ed98f5a1f7cd4abbaa91bc32e4 |
| public/data/renting-affordability-and-eviction/fmr_scatter.json | b3c9d3d1222c54a96973a0026b091757fa86e646f547daf67c4d7b56b8b8befd |
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| refs.json | 931fb8050c701301f487f4643e6931c0e68f23643434bd6613eb1ff5445cd0ca |

## Machine formats

- Report (HTML): https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/renting-affordability-and-eviction/report
- Report (Markdown): https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/renting-affordability-and-eviction/report.md
- Every estimate (JSON): https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/renting-affordability-and-eviction/facts.json
- Table 1, figure "burden_by_tenure" (JSON): https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/renting-affordability-and-eviction/figures/burden_by_tenure.json
- Table 2, figure "renter_burden_map" (JSON): https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/renting-affordability-and-eviction/figures/renter_burden_map.json
- Table 3, figure "burden_by_deprivation" (JSON): https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/renting-affordability-and-eviction/figures/burden_by_deprivation.json
- Table 4, figure "rent_standard_vs_burden" (JSON): https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/renting-affordability-and-eviction/figures/rent_standard_vs_burden.json
- Table 5, figure "eviction_filing_index" (JSON): https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/renting-affordability-and-eviction/figures/eviction_filing_index.json
- Table 6, figure "eviction_by_race" (JSON): https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/renting-affordability-and-eviction/figures/eviction_by_race.json
- Table 7, figure "eviction_by_city" (JSON): https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/renting-affordability-and-eviction/figures/eviction_by_city.json
- Table 8, figure "alt_rankings" (JSON): https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/renting-affordability-and-eviction/figures/alt_rankings.json
- Payload of "renter_burden_map" (JSON): https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/data/renting-affordability-and-eviction/renter_burden_map.json
- Payload of "rent_standard_vs_burden" (JSON): https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/data/renting-affordability-and-eviction/fmr_scatter.json
- Index of every report: https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/llms.txt; all reports in one file: https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/llms-full.txt