{
  "alt": "A figure with three tabs, each a line chart over ten deprivation tenths of tracts with a renter line and an owner line. The first shows a renter line with no clear slope and an owner line that is lower at the right, the second shows falling lines for low-income households, and the third shows rising lines relative to the county.",
  "caption": "The first tab pools tracts across the nation, the second restricts to low-income households, and the third subtracts each county's own level. The pooled renter line has no linear trend, it rises with deprivation once each tract is compared with its own county, and between counties the slope runs the other way.",
  "data": [],
  "id": "burden_by_deprivation",
  "notes": [
    "The Area Deprivation Index is built partly from median home value, median gross rent and median monthly mortgage cost, so it ranks tracts with costly housing as less deprived and a burden gradient against it is partly mechanical. The index also understates deprivation in high-cost cities. Tenths hold near-equal numbers of tracts (tracts with equal ranks stay in one tenth), not equal numbers of households.",
    "{fact:n_tracts_adi} tracts have an index and {fact:n_tracts_no_adi} do not and are left out. Each point weights tracts by the households behind the share, and a tract share rests on a few households in a small tract.",
    "Across all the tracts with an index, {fact:us_burden_renter} of renter households and {fact:us_burden_owner} of owner households pay more than {fact:burden_line} of income, and {fact:us_burden_li_renter} of low-income renter households do.",
    "In the third tab the county level is the household-weighted mean of the tract shares of the tenure across the county's tracts that have an index, so a county with one such tract adds no deviation. The slope is the within-county slope of the tract share on the index national rank with a separate baseline for each county, per {fact:adi_step} percentile points."
  ],
  "source": "HUD CHAS (American Community Survey 2018-2022 special tabulation) and Area Deprivation Index 2023 (built on ACS 2019-2023); shares pooled over tracts and weighted by households, bootstrap over counties, survey-based estimates with no margin of error published for the shares",
  "spec": {
    "panels": [
      {
        "figure": {
          "alt": "Line chart over ten deprivation tenths of tracts with two lines. The renter line has no clear slope across the ten tenths. The owner line starts high at the left, is lower by the ninth tenth and rises slightly at the tenth.",
          "caption": "The renter line stays within {fact:adi_ren_range} points across the ten tenths with no linear trend, and the owner line is higher in the least deprived tenth than in the ninth and turns up in the most deprived tenth. Points are pooled shares with 95% intervals from a bootstrap over counties.",
          "data": [
            {
              "conf_high": 46.68,
              "conf_low": 41.91,
              "decile": 1,
              "series": "Renter households",
              "share": 44.45,
              "tracts": 8208
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 50.08,
              "conf_low": 45,
              "decile": 2,
              "series": "Renter households",
              "share": 47.68,
              "tracts": 8074
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 48.5,
              "conf_low": 44.76,
              "decile": 3,
              "series": "Renter households",
              "share": 46.65,
              "tracts": 8454
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 46.71,
              "conf_low": 44.48,
              "decile": 4,
              "series": "Renter households",
              "share": 45.61,
              "tracts": 8241
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 46.16,
              "conf_low": 44.14,
              "decile": 5,
              "series": "Renter households",
              "share": 45.17,
              "tracts": 8179
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 46.02,
              "conf_low": 44.16,
              "decile": 6,
              "series": "Renter households",
              "share": 45.12,
              "tracts": 8304
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 45.57,
              "conf_low": 43.59,
              "decile": 7,
              "series": "Renter households",
              "share": 44.64,
              "tracts": 8307
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 45.27,
              "conf_low": 43.51,
              "decile": 8,
              "series": "Renter households",
              "share": 44.42,
              "tracts": 8234
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 44.95,
              "conf_low": 43.26,
              "decile": 9,
              "series": "Renter households",
              "share": 44.13,
              "tracts": 8350
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 48.42,
              "conf_low": 46.63,
              "decile": 10,
              "series": "Renter households",
              "share": 47.58,
              "tracts": 8207
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 27.22,
              "conf_low": 23.74,
              "decile": 1,
              "series": "Owner households",
              "share": 25.55,
              "tracts": 8189
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 25.42,
              "conf_low": 22.31,
              "decile": 2,
              "series": "Owner households",
              "share": 23.87,
              "tracts": 8070
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 22.64,
              "conf_low": 20.98,
              "decile": 3,
              "series": "Owner households",
              "share": 21.79,
              "tracts": 8460
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 21.7,
              "conf_low": 20.36,
              "decile": 4,
              "series": "Owner households",
              "share": 21.03,
              "tracts": 8229
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 20.85,
              "conf_low": 19.59,
              "decile": 5,
              "series": "Owner households",
              "share": 20.2,
              "tracts": 8147
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 20,
              "conf_low": 18.9,
              "decile": 6,
              "series": "Owner households",
              "share": 19.45,
              "tracts": 8249
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 19.56,
              "conf_low": 18.45,
              "decile": 7,
              "series": "Owner households",
              "share": 18.97,
              "tracts": 8249
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 18.89,
              "conf_low": 17.95,
              "decile": 8,
              "series": "Owner households",
              "share": 18.42,
              "tracts": 8193
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 18.74,
              "conf_low": 17.9,
              "decile": 9,
              "series": "Owner households",
              "share": 18.31,
              "tracts": 8329
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 20.28,
              "conf_low": 19.25,
              "decile": 10,
              "series": "Owner households",
              "share": 19.78,
              "tracts": 8212
            }
          ],
          "id": "burden_by_adi_tenth",
          "spec": {
            "colors": {
              "Owner households": "accent",
              "Renter households": "highlight"
            },
            "hi": "conf_high",
            "lo": "conf_low",
            "n": "tracts",
            "series": "series",
            "x": "decile",
            "xDomain": [
              1,
              10
            ],
            "xLabel": "Area Deprivation Index tenth of tracts (1 = least deprived, 10 = most deprived)",
            "xTicks": "data",
            "y": "share",
            "yDomain": [
              15,
              55
            ],
            "yFormat": {
              "digits": 0
            },
            "yLabel": "Share paying more than 30% of income (%)"
          },
          "subtitle": "Percent of households paying more than {fact:burden_line} of income by tenth of tracts on the Area Deprivation Index, pooled over tracts, 50 states and DC, 2018 to 2022",
          "title": "Renter burden is {fact:adi_ren_d1} in the least deprived tenth of tracts and {fact:adi_ren_d10} in the most deprived, while owner burden is {fact:adi_own_d1} in the least deprived tenth and {fact:adi_own_d9} in the ninth",
          "type": "line"
        },
        "label": "All households"
      },
      {
        "figure": {
          "alt": "Line chart over ten deprivation tenths of tracts with two lines for low-income households. The renter line starts high and falls from left to right; the owner line starts lower and falls more steeply.",
          "caption": "Both lines end lower in the most deprived tenth than in the least deprived. The index counts home values and rents among its inputs, so it ranks places with costly housing as less deprived. Points are pooled shares of low-income households with 95% intervals from a bootstrap over counties.",
          "data": [
            {
              "conf_high": 78.06,
              "conf_low": 72.6,
              "decile": 1,
              "series": "Renter households",
              "share": 75.33,
              "tracts": 7840
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 76.22,
              "conf_low": 74.15,
              "decile": 2,
              "series": "Renter households",
              "share": 75.05,
              "tracts": 7803
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 75.27,
              "conf_low": 72.86,
              "decile": 3,
              "series": "Renter households",
              "share": 74.01,
              "tracts": 8208
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 74.23,
              "conf_low": 72.1,
              "decile": 4,
              "series": "Renter households",
              "share": 73.2,
              "tracts": 8070
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 72.19,
              "conf_low": 69.9,
              "decile": 5,
              "series": "Renter households",
              "share": 71.11,
              "tracts": 8094
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 70.06,
              "conf_low": 67.89,
              "decile": 6,
              "series": "Renter households",
              "share": 68.99,
              "tracts": 8246
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 67.66,
              "conf_low": 65.52,
              "decile": 7,
              "series": "Renter households",
              "share": 66.62,
              "tracts": 8273
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 65.44,
              "conf_low": 63.63,
              "decile": 8,
              "series": "Renter households",
              "share": 64.56,
              "tracts": 8219
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 63.27,
              "conf_low": 61.66,
              "decile": 9,
              "series": "Renter households",
              "share": 62.51,
              "tracts": 8337
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 63.27,
              "conf_low": 61.58,
              "decile": 10,
              "series": "Renter households",
              "share": 62.46,
              "tracts": 8194
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 68.03,
              "conf_low": 64.01,
              "decile": 1,
              "series": "Owner households",
              "share": 65.94,
              "tracts": 8103
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 65.78,
              "conf_low": 62.52,
              "decile": 2,
              "series": "Owner households",
              "share": 64.09,
              "tracts": 8004
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 61.83,
              "conf_low": 59.86,
              "decile": 3,
              "series": "Owner households",
              "share": 60.84,
              "tracts": 8387
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 58.36,
              "conf_low": 56.58,
              "decile": 4,
              "series": "Owner households",
              "share": 57.47,
              "tracts": 8178
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 54.34,
              "conf_low": 52.58,
              "decile": 5,
              "series": "Owner households",
              "share": 53.46,
              "tracts": 8112
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 50.61,
              "conf_low": 48.99,
              "decile": 6,
              "series": "Owner households",
              "share": 49.79,
              "tracts": 8204
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 47.31,
              "conf_low": 45.57,
              "decile": 7,
              "series": "Owner households",
              "share": 46.39,
              "tracts": 8209
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 44.23,
              "conf_low": 42.86,
              "decile": 8,
              "series": "Owner households",
              "share": 43.56,
              "tracts": 8160
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 41.13,
              "conf_low": 39.97,
              "decile": 9,
              "series": "Owner households",
              "share": 40.53,
              "tracts": 8318
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 38.12,
              "conf_low": 37.02,
              "decile": 10,
              "series": "Owner households",
              "share": 37.6,
              "tracts": 8206
            }
          ],
          "id": "li_burden_by_adi_tenth",
          "spec": {
            "colors": {
              "Owner households": "accent",
              "Renter households": "highlight"
            },
            "hi": "conf_high",
            "lo": "conf_low",
            "n": "tracts",
            "series": "series",
            "x": "decile",
            "xDomain": [
              1,
              10
            ],
            "xLabel": "Area Deprivation Index tenth of tracts (1 = least deprived, 10 = most deprived)",
            "xTicks": "data",
            "y": "share",
            "yDomain": [
              30,
              80
            ],
            "yFormat": {
              "digits": 0
            },
            "yLabel": "Low-income households paying more than 30% of income (%)"
          },
          "subtitle": "Percent of low-income households (income at or below {fact:hamfi_cut} of the area median family income) paying more than {fact:burden_line} of income, by tenth of tracts on the Area Deprivation Index, 2018 to 2022",
          "title": "Among low-income households, the share paying more than {fact:burden_line} of income falls from {fact:adi_li_ren_d1} to {fact:adi_li_ren_d10} for renters across tenths of tracts, and from {fact:adi_li_own_d1} to {fact:adi_li_own_d10} for owners",
          "type": "line"
        },
        "label": "Low-income households"
      },
      {
        "figure": {
          "alt": "Line chart over ten deprivation tenths of tracts with a reference line at zero. Both the renter and the owner lines rise from below zero at the left to above zero at the right, and the renter line rises more steeply.",
          "caption": "Both lines run from below the county level in the least deprived tenth to above it in the most deprived tenth, and the renter line rises more. Across tenths the renter line moves by {fact:slope_wc_ren} points for every {fact:adi_step} percentile points of the index and the owner line by {fact:slope_wc_own} points. Points are household-weighted means with 95% intervals from a bootstrap over counties.",
          "data": [
            {
              "conf_high": -2.35,
              "conf_low": -3.97,
              "decile": 1,
              "series": "Renter households",
              "share": -3.06,
              "tracts": 8208
            },
            {
              "conf_high": -0.04,
              "conf_low": -2.45,
              "decile": 2,
              "series": "Renter households",
              "share": -1.07,
              "tracts": 8074
            },
            {
              "conf_high": -0.43,
              "conf_low": -2.25,
              "decile": 3,
              "series": "Renter households",
              "share": -1.33,
              "tracts": 8454
            },
            {
              "conf_high": -0.58,
              "conf_low": -1.84,
              "decile": 4,
              "series": "Renter households",
              "share": -1.21,
              "tracts": 8241
            },
            {
              "conf_high": -0.35,
              "conf_low": -1.35,
              "decile": 5,
              "series": "Renter households",
              "share": -0.84,
              "tracts": 8179
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 0.35,
              "conf_low": -0.64,
              "decile": 6,
              "series": "Renter households",
              "share": -0.13,
              "tracts": 8304
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 0.84,
              "conf_low": -0.21,
              "decile": 7,
              "series": "Renter households",
              "share": 0.33,
              "tracts": 8307
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 1.67,
              "conf_low": 0.73,
              "decile": 8,
              "series": "Renter households",
              "share": 1.19,
              "tracts": 8234
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 2.45,
              "conf_low": 1.47,
              "decile": 9,
              "series": "Renter households",
              "share": 1.96,
              "tracts": 8350
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 5.46,
              "conf_low": 4.54,
              "decile": 10,
              "series": "Renter households",
              "share": 5.01,
              "tracts": 8207
            },
            {
              "conf_high": -0.89,
              "conf_low": -1.58,
              "decile": 1,
              "series": "Owner households",
              "share": -1.19,
              "tracts": 8189
            },
            {
              "conf_high": -0.65,
              "conf_low": -1.32,
              "decile": 2,
              "series": "Owner households",
              "share": -0.97,
              "tracts": 8070
            },
            {
              "conf_high": -0.5,
              "conf_low": -1.03,
              "decile": 3,
              "series": "Owner households",
              "share": -0.78,
              "tracts": 8460
            },
            {
              "conf_high": -0.02,
              "conf_low": -0.52,
              "decile": 4,
              "series": "Owner households",
              "share": -0.28,
              "tracts": 8229
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 0.14,
              "conf_low": -0.27,
              "decile": 5,
              "series": "Owner households",
              "share": -0.07,
              "tracts": 8147
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 0.34,
              "conf_low": -0.06,
              "decile": 6,
              "series": "Owner households",
              "share": 0.14,
              "tracts": 8249
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 0.69,
              "conf_low": 0.27,
              "decile": 7,
              "series": "Owner households",
              "share": 0.47,
              "tracts": 8249
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 0.86,
              "conf_low": 0.46,
              "decile": 8,
              "series": "Owner households",
              "share": 0.66,
              "tracts": 8193
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 1.18,
              "conf_low": 0.81,
              "decile": 9,
              "series": "Owner households",
              "share": 1,
              "tracts": 8329
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 2.33,
              "conf_low": 1.72,
              "decile": 10,
              "series": "Owner households",
              "share": 2.03,
              "tracts": 8212
            }
          ],
          "id": "dev_by_adi_tenth",
          "spec": {
            "annotations": [
              {
                "label": "County level",
                "type": "y-rule",
                "y": 0
              }
            ],
            "colors": {
              "Owner households": "accent",
              "Renter households": "highlight"
            },
            "hi": "conf_high",
            "lo": "conf_low",
            "n": "tracts",
            "series": "series",
            "x": "decile",
            "xDomain": [
              1,
              10
            ],
            "xLabel": "Area Deprivation Index tenth of tracts (1 = least deprived, 10 = most deprived)",
            "xTicks": "data",
            "y": "share",
            "yDomain": [
              -6,
              8
            ],
            "yFormat": {
              "digits": 0
            },
            "yLabel": "Burden relative to the county, in percentage points"
          },
          "subtitle": "Tract share paying more than {fact:burden_line} of income minus the county's household-weighted share across its tracts, in percentage points, by tenth of tracts on the Area Deprivation Index, 2018 to 2022",
          "title": "Within a county, the renter share with a burden differs from the county's own level by {fact:dev_ren_d1} points in the least deprived tenth of tracts and by {fact:dev_ren_d10} points in the most deprived",
          "type": "line"
        },
        "label": "Within the same county"
      }
    ]
  },
  "subtitle": "Share of households paying more than {fact:burden_line} of income by tenth of tracts on the Area Deprivation Index, for all households, for low-income households and relative to the county, 2018 to 2022",
  "title": "Pooled across the nation, renter burden is {fact:adi_ren_d1} in the least deprived tenth of tracts and {fact:adi_ren_d10} in the most deprived, but within a county it rises by {fact:slope_wc_ren} points per {fact:adi_step} percentile points of the index",
  "type": "tabs",
  "width": "wide"
}