Chapter 8.4 · Two addresses · Report

Place and the length of a life

Life expectancy at birth was 82.3 years in the least deprived tenth of census tracts and 74.0 years in the most deprived, for deaths recorded in 2010 to 2015.

Author: Vishal Singh
Affiliation: NYU Stern
Published: 9 October 2026
Updated: 11 October 2026

Every estimate of the chapter with its interval and every figure as a table, generated from the chapter's data files. Table n of this report is figure n of the chapter. The same report as Markdown: report.md.

Identification

Title

Place and the length of a life

Label

Two addresses

Chapter

8.4 (Part VIII, Early death; An American life)

Question

How far apart are life expectancies in nearby neighborhoods, and how steadily does life expectancy fall with neighborhood deprivation?

Dek

Life expectancy at birth was 82.3 years in the least deprived tenth of census tracts and 74.0 years in the most deprived, for deaths recorded in 2010 to 2015.

Grain

neighborhoods

Status

published

Published

9 October 2026

Updated

11 October 2026

Data sources

USALEEP life expectancy. USALEEP life expectancy at birth with standard errors, 2010-2015: native 2010 tracts for the pairs, 2020 tracts (area-weighted from 2010 tracts, institutional tracts dropped) for everything else; years: 2010-2015; weights: ACS 2019-2023 tract population
Area Deprivation Index. Neighborhood Atlas Area Deprivation Index 2023, national percentile, 2020 tracts; years: 2023 release (version 4.0.1; built on ACS 2019-2023); weights: ACS 2019-2023 tract population, also for the ADI's split by county (over the frame of tracts of the chapter on gradients, slopes and variance)
American Community Survey. ACS 2019-2023 tracts: population (weights and the population floor of the pairs); years: 2019-2023 (5-year); weights: tract population
Census TIGER/Line tracts. Census 2020 tracts: internal points (distances in the pairs) and tract names; Census 2020 county file: the core-based statistical area of each county; years: 2020; weights: none (locations)
CDC PLACES. CDC PLACES 2024 release, tracts: current smoking and routine checkup among adults; years: 2024 release (tracts); 2025 release (ZCTAs, 2023 data year); weights: adult population of each tract (PLACES)
Published estimates from cited studies. Estimates from Ludwig and coauthors (2011) and Chetty, Hendren and Katz (2016), quoted in the box on the Moving to Opportunity experiment; years: as reported in each study; weights: as reported in each study

Canonical URL

https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/place-and-the-length-of-a-life

Markdown

https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/place-and-the-length-of-a-life/report.md

BibTeX

@misc{singh2026placeandthelengthofalife,
  author = {Singh, Vishal},
  title = {Place and the length of a life},
  year = {2026},
  url = {https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/place-and-the-length-of-a-life},
  note = {In ZIP Code Destiny. Published 9 October 2026; updated 11 October 2026.}
}

Principal estimates

The facts the dek and the opening prose cite, in order of appearance. Every fact is in the table of all estimates below.

Estimand	Population	Period	Value	Interval	n	Weights	Source	Fact id
population-weighted mean of tract life expectancy in a tenth of tracts (rank bins of the ADI; tracts with tied ranks fall in the same tenth), bootstrap interval over counties	residents of tracts in the least deprived tenth of tracts by ADI national percentile	deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, area-weighted onto 2020 tracts); ADI 2023; ACS 2019-2023 population	82.3	95% CI 82.0 to 82.6	7,820 tracts	ACS 2019-2023 tract population	USALEEP life expectancy	le_d1
population-weighted mean of tract life expectancy in a tenth of tracts (rank bins of the ADI; tracts with tied ranks fall in the same tenth), bootstrap interval over counties	residents of tracts in the most deprived tenth of tracts by ADI national percentile	deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, area-weighted onto 2020 tracts); ADI 2023; ACS 2019-2023 population	74.0	95% CI 73.7 to 74.3	7,844 tracts	ACS 2019-2023 tract population	USALEEP life expectancy	le_d10
count of tracts in the gradient	residents of non-institutional tracts in the 50 states and DC with a life expectancy estimate and an ADI rank	deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, area-weighted onto 2020 tracts); ADI 2023; ACS 2019-2023 population	77,936			none (full count)	USALEEP life expectancy	n_gradient_tracts
difference between the population-weighted mean life expectancy of the least and the most deprived tenth of tracts, bootstrap interval over counties (draws shared by the two means)	residents of non-institutional tracts in the 50 states and DC with a life expectancy estimate and an ADI rank	deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, area-weighted onto 2020 tracts); ADI 2023; ACS 2019-2023 population	8.3	95% CI 7.9 to 8.7	7,844 tracts	ACS 2019-2023 tract population	USALEEP life expectancy	le_decile_drop

Findings

Life expectancy at birth was 82.3 years in the least deprived tenth of census tracts and 74.0 years in the most deprived, for deaths recorded in 2010 to 2015.[1] Both are population-weighted averages of tenths cut from the 77,936 non-institutional tracts in the states and DC that have a life expectancy estimate and a deprivation rank. The difference between them is 8.3 (95% CI 7.9 to 8.7) years, with an interval from resampling whole counties. This chapter asks how steadily life expectancy falls with deprivation, what a county average leaves out, how far apart nearby neighborhoods are, whether the ordering repeats inside metros and counties, and what an experiment adds about moving. The introduction places the comparison among the book's other outcomes and sources.

A life expectancy estimate summarizes the death rates of a place during a period. It is the average age at death of newborns who would meet, at every age, the death rates that the tract recorded in 2010 to 2015, and it does not predict the lifespan of a particular child. Deprivation is measured separately, by the Area Deprivation Index (ADI), a national percentile built from census measures of income, education, employment and housing.[2] The ADI describes 2019 to 2023, after the deaths behind the life expectancy estimates, so the opening comparison sets an earlier pattern of mortality beside a later description of neighborhood conditions.

The distance between the two averages calls for a closer look. Comparing only the ends of a scale leaves the middle unseen. Comparing distant places mixes differences in their residents with differences in their surroundings, and a detailed map can exaggerate a contrast when each neighborhood's estimate is uncertain. The sections below take up those problems in turn.

A national pattern needs a closer look

Arranging the tracts from least to most deprived and cutting the ranking into tenths gives a mean life expectancy that is lower in every tenth than in the one before (Table 1). The means are weighted by tract population. The ordering holds along the whole scale, and the size of the step changes along the way. The step between the two least deprived tenths is 1.3 (95% CI 1.0 to 1.6) years and the step between the two most deprived is 1.9 (95% CI 1.6 to 2.1) years, and the steps are largest at the two ends. Between neighboring ADI percentiles the line sometimes rises by a fraction of a year. In the units of the index itself, life expectancy is 0.84 (95% CI 0.75 to 0.92) years lower for each ten-point step in the ADI percentile across all tracts.

Tracts with similar ranks still differ. A tract's estimate has a median standard error of 1.7 years, so part of the spread among tracts at one rank is estimation error, and part is differences that the deprivation rank does not summarize. The line describes an ordering of averages and leaves much about individual places unexplained.

Table 1. Life expectancy is lower in each higher tenth of tracts by deprivation, and smoking rises with it while the annual checkup rises little

The figure keeps these ideas apart. The line is the mean at each ADI percentile. The shaded band is the interquartile range of tract estimates, a spread of places that includes estimation error and spans several years at every percentile. The markers on the tenths carry intervals from a bootstrap over counties, which describe uncertainty about those averages. Averaging over thousands of tracts shrinks the error of a mean to a small interval, so a wide band of neighborhoods can surround a precisely estimated line, and the band is not the uncertainty of the line. A single dot in the first tab says little on its own.

County averages leave differences out

A county is a useful administrative unit, and it can contain neighborhoods with different incomes, housing and health. New York City makes the problem visible, because each of its five boroughs is also a county. Table 2 shades the 2,074 non-institutional tracts of the city that have an estimate and an ADI rank. In every borough the 5th to 95th percentile of tract life expectancy spans at least 9.3 years, while the borough means lie within 4.2 years of one another.

The shades need care. The estimates describe deaths in 2010 to 2015 and were moved by area from the 2010 tract boundaries onto the 2020 outlines drawn here. The published standard errors, which understate the noise, put estimation error at 37% of the variance of these estimates, so the map tends to exaggerate the contrast between neighbors. It gives a view inside the borough averages, and the edge between two shades is not a precise boundary in residents' prospects. A gray tract has no estimate or was excluded, and it is not a zero.

Table 2. Within every New York City borough, the 5th to 95th percentile of tract life expectancy spans at least 9.3 years, while the borough means lie within 4.2 years of one another

A comparison of nearby neighborhoods needs a selection rule as well. Tract life expectancy is a modeled estimate with a standard error, and picking the pairs with the largest apparent gaps would also pick the largest estimation errors. The pairs in Table 3 are chosen instead by their difference in deprivation, in the 20 most populous counties only, subject to requirements on distance, population, boundary stability and precision. The rule never compares the life expectancy of the tracts in a pair; it uses the estimate only to require one with a small enough standard error. Each pair uses the native estimates for deaths in 2010 to 2015 on the 2010 tract boundaries and the ADI for 2019 to 2023, so the deprivation measures date from about a decade after the deaths.

Table 3. In 17 large counties, the pair of tracts within 5 kilometers with the widest ADI difference had higher life expectancy in the less deprived tract in 15, and a median gap over the pairs of 5.4 years

The pairs are selected by deprivation differences rather than by their life expectancy gaps, so the selection rule does not directly choose the largest outcome estimates.

How the neighborhoods were paired

A tract qualifies if its boundary did not change between the 2010 and 2020 censuses, it is not an institutional tract, it has at least 2,000 residents and the standard error of its estimate is at most 2.0 years. Among qualifying tracts within 5 kilometers of each other, a county's pair is the one whose ADI differs most, and it counts if the difference reaches 50 percentile points.

Full procedure in Methods

In 15 of the 17 pairs the less deprived tract has the higher estimate, and in 12 the 95% interval for the gap lies above zero. The median gap over all 17 pairs, including those whose gap is not positive, is 5.4 (95% CI 3.0 to 6.9) years, with an interval from a bootstrap over pairs. The gap treats the two standard errors as independent.

This is a result about the pairs that meet the rule in the large counties searched. It does not estimate the gap between a typical pair of neighbors in the country, and it depends on the settings of the rule, above all the radius. Pairs chosen within 3 kilometers have a median gap of 2.7 years (see alternative choices in Methods for the other settings).

Showing the complete set keeps the widest contrast from standing in for every comparison. The widest pair is in Cook County, Illinois, and its tracts lie 5.0 kilometers apart. The more deprived one (ADI 94) had a life expectancy of 65.8 (95% CI 62.5 to 69.1) years and the less deprived one (ADI 24) 78.2 (95% CI 74.7 to 81.7) years, a gap of 12.4 (95% CI 7.6 to 17.2) years. The widest pair of a set is also the one most likely to have been widened by estimation error.

Wider gaps may exist among tracts the rule does not pair, because the ADI ranks some tracts alike that differ widely in life expectancy, as it does in high-cost cities (Chapter 1.1, What the deprivation index measures). The largest gaps among noisy estimates are also the least reliable, so the rule does not seek them.

Most variation lies between tracts in the same county

Splitting the variance of tract life expectancy into a part between states, a part between counties in a state and a part between tracts in a county gives 13.7%, 15.9% and 70.3% (Table 4). The split comes from every one of 78,008 tracts in 3,112 counties and Connecticut planning regions and has no sampling interval.

The within-county share includes estimation error. The tract estimates are modeled, and their mean squared standard error equals 26.7% of the total variance, all of it inside the within-county share. Taking the published errors at face value, 60% of the variance that is not estimation error lies within counties. Because the 2020-tract errors are mapping grade and understate the noise, the true share is lower.

The ADI is the contrast. Only 34% of its variance lies within counties, so the index that ranks tracts for the gradient places most of its variation between counties, while life expectancy places most of its variation inside them. Chapter 1.1, What the deprivation index measures examines what the ADI is made of.

Table 4. 70.3 percent of the variance of tract life expectancy lies between tracts in the same county, 26.7 points of it estimation error, against 34% percent for the ADI

Table 5 shows the range inside the 30 most populous counties. The 5th to 95th percentile range of tract life expectancy has a median of 10.5 years across them. The widest, 13.9 years in Cook County, is wider than the 8.3-year difference between the means of the nation's least and most deprived tenths, though a range of tract estimates and a difference between means are not the same kind of contrast.

Part of every range is estimation error. Shrinking each tract estimate toward its county mean approximates the range net of that error and gives a median range of 7.7 years. The approximation takes the published errors at face value and does not recover the true differences between tracts exactly, and because those errors understate the noise, the shrunken range is an upper bound. The median share of the variance within a county that is estimation error is 43% across these counties, against 38% for all counties together, and each estimate is shrunk by the square root of one minus its county's share.

Table 5. In the 30 most populous counties, tract life expectancy spans a median of 10.5 years between the 5th and 95th percentile, 7.7 net of estimation error

A map that paints each county one color shows the county mean and hides the range around it. Chapter 1.2, What a county average leaves out builds the deprivation index at two zooms to see how much a county-level measure keeps.

Repeating the comparison changes the question

The national line compares neighborhoods across the country, and it could arise from where deprived tracts are, with the least deprived concentrated in some regions and the most deprived in others. A different comparison asks whether the ordering also appears among neighborhoods of the same area.

Fitting the line separately in each metro, meaning a core-based statistical area of the Census Bureau, tests that. The 267 metros that have at least 40 tracts with an estimate and an ADI rank hold 82% of the residents in the sample. All of them show lower life expectancy in more deprived tracts (Table 6), and the 95% interval lies above zero in 260 of them. The median metro has life expectancy 1.20 (95% CI 1.14 to 1.23) years lower per ten-point step.

At the 5th percentile of metros the difference is 0.70 years and at the 95th 1.67. Those percentiles overstate the real spread of slopes, and a ranking of local slopes would put the noisiest estimates at the extremes. Estimation error makes up 48% of the variance of the estimated slopes, and the order of the dots in the figure puts the least precise slopes at both ends, so no metro is named steepest or flattest. Chapter 10.1, Gradients, slopes and variance shrinks the estimates and reports the same metro slopes.

Table 6. Life expectancy is lower in more deprived tracts in all 267 metros with enough tracts, by a median of 1.20 years per ten-point step

Comparing only tracts in the same county, with a separate baseline for each county (fixed effects), gives a slope of 1.12 (95% CI 1.07 to 1.16) years per ten-point step, against 0.84 (95% CI 0.75 to 0.92) across all tracts. The within-county slope is the larger of the two, and its interval lies entirely beyond the interval of the national slope, so the same difference in ADI goes with a larger difference in life expectancy inside a county than across the country. These comparisons describe the geography more closely and leave the causal question open. Chapter 10.1, Gradients, slopes and variance sets out how the slopes and the split of variation are built (the procedures used here are in Methods).

Some outcomes follow a different pattern

Other chapters ask whether the ordering seen in longevity holds for other measures of life, and where it breaks down. The second tab of Table 1 gives a first example. In the PLACES 2024 release, which models survey responses from 2022, the share of adults who smoke was 9.1% (95% CI 8.5% to 9.6%) in the least deprived tenth of tracts and 22.8% (95% CI 22.5% to 23.1%) in the most deprived, 13.7 (95% CI 13.1 to 14.4) points higher.

The share who had a routine checkup in the past year was 74.2% and 77.8%, only 3.6 (95% CI 2.4 to 4.6) points higher in the most deprived tenth. The checkup records contact with a physician and not the state of anyone's health. Its small difference across the scale is the exception that Chapter 7.1, Health behaviors and the supply of care examines beside the dental visit, which falls with deprivation. The smoking and checkup lines are both modeled estimates from CDC PLACES, which draws on survey responses and on census and American Community Survey inputs.[3] The ADI is built from the American Community Survey as well, so part of each of those two gradients is built in.

The choice of comparison matters as well. Traffic pollution is lower in more deprived tracts across the country and higher in more deprived tracts within a county (Chapter 6.1, Air pollution). The choice of deprivation measure matters too, because a national ranking combines different kinds of places, and its measures of housing cost can rank expensive neighborhoods in ways that obscure hardship (Chapter 1.1, What the deprivation index measures).

Chapter 7.2, Health behaviors, person by person changes the unit. A survey can ask the same respondent about household income and drinking instead of inferring that relationship from neighborhood averages, and among adults measured one at a time, binge drinking rises with household income except among non-Hispanic Black adults. The survey gains information about individuals and loses geographic detail, because its public files do not support the tract comparisons of the maps. PLACES draws on the same survey, so agreement between the two is not an independent replication.

Moving is a different question

The comparisons so far describe places. A family deciding whether to move faces another question, what would change for that family after the move, and the residents already living in a destination differ from potential movers in ways that a map cannot remove. This is the one section of the chapter that asks what moving does, and it reports a randomized experiment.

Causal evidenceRandomized housing-voucher experiment

Whether moving to a lower-poverty neighborhood changes health and later income

Every comparison above is between places, and none says whether a family that moved to a less deprived tract would live longer. The Moving to Opportunity experiment tested part of that question. From 1994 to 1998 the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development randomly assigned families in public housing in high-poverty census tracts to a voucher usable only in a low-poverty tract, to an unrestricted voucher, or to no voucher.[4]

In a survey in 2008 to 2010 of the women who had enrolled, the prevalence of a glycated hemoglobin level of 6.5% or more, a marker of diabetes, was 4.3 (95% CI 0.8 to 7.8) points lower in the group offered the low-poverty voucher than in the control group, and the prevalence of a body-mass index of 40 or more was 3.4 (95% CI 0.4 to 6.4) points lower. The unrestricted voucher showed no significant difference.[4]

Chetty, Hendren and Katz followed the children through tax records. Children assigned the experimental voucher before age 13 had an annual income 14% higher in their mid-twenties than the control group, an intention-to-treat comparison that includes families who did not move. Only 48% of the families took up the voucher, and scaling the comparison by take-up gives 31% for the children of families that did.[5]

Neither study measured life expectancy. The health results are for women who volunteered for the program from public housing in the poorest tracts, and the health results and the first income comparison are between groups assigned an offer of a voucher, which is not the same as every family moving. They do not give the size of the change along the full ADI scale.

The book sets this evidence beside its descriptive comparisons and does not treat the experiment as an explanation of the whole gradient.

Life expectancy falls across tenths of tracts under all four rankings

Over the 71,771 tracts that have every ranking, the ADI baseline runs from 82.3 (95% CI 82.1 to 82.6) years in the least deprived tenth to 74.0 (95% CI 73.8 to 74.3) in the most deprived, with a rank correlation of −1.00 between tenth and mean (Table 7). Under the standardized index, which applies the ADI's coefficients after standardizing each of its measures, the tenths run from 82.4 (95% CI 82.2 to 82.5) to 74.7 (95% CI 74.2 to 75.1) years with a correlation of −1.00. Ranking tracts by median household income gives 82.2 (95% CI 82.0 to 82.4) and 74.2 (95% CI 73.9 to 74.4) years (−1.00), and ranking them by the bachelor's degree share gives 82.3 (95% CI 82.0 to 82.5) and 75.3 (95% CI 74.9 to 75.7) years (−1.00). Under the rule of Chapter 9.1, How far one ranking goes none of the three counts as a change, since the ends differ under each ranking and every correlation stays beyond 0.9 in absolute value.

Table 7. Life expectancy at birth is steadily worse toward the more deprived end under the ADI and under each of the three other rankings

Where to read next

The rest of this part follows deaths before old age by cause. Chapter 8.1, Gun homicide and the causes of early death follows firearm homicide into the few neighborhoods where it concentrates, Chapter 8.2, Overdose, alcohol and suicide maps overdose, alcohol-induced deaths and suicide by county, Chapter 8.3, Mortality trends, 2018 to 2024 follows those deaths from 2018 to 2024, and Chapter 8.5, Violence and the life-expectancy gap asks how much of this chapter's gap between the least and the most deprived tenths homicide accounts for.

Reading paths connect to this chapter's comparisons. The argument in eight chapters follows the main line through the volumes, differences inside one county follows the within-county comparison, and outcomes that do not follow the gradient collects the exceptions. The contents page lists every chapter with its finding.

What these data cannot show

Outside the box, every number here describes places. A tract with a lower life expectancy and a higher ADI is a tract whose residents, taken together, died younger in 2010 to 2015, and the data do not say which of them did, or whether a person who moved would have died later (ecological inference). The pairs show that nearby tracts differ, and the data cannot separate what the places do from who lives in them. The experiment in the box covers women and children who enrolled in one program, and it does not say how much of the gradient in the figures would change if a place changed.

The periods differ. The life expectancy estimates are modeled for deaths in 2010 to 2015 and were never updated. The ADI is a national percentile built on survey data for 2019 to 2023, and it may rank a tract differently from the way the same tract looked in 2010.

The geography is matched imperfectly. The 2020-tract file used for the gradient is area-weighted from 2010 tracts, and its errors are mapping grade, approximations that understate the uncertainty. Because the pairs are chosen on the ADI among large counties, their median describes that rule, as the sensitivity to the radius shows, and says nothing about counties that are small or rural. The counties left out are Los Angeles, Santa Clara and Alameda, all in California, and the ADI understates deprivation in high-cost cities, so a qualifying pair there may exist and not be found. The distances are straight lines and not rides. Puerto Rico has no life expectancy estimates and is not included, and Connecticut's planning regions stand in for its counties. Institutional tracts are dropped, and a tract without an estimate is absent and not zero.

The estimates are modeled. A tract's life expectancy has a median standard error of 1.7 years, which the intervals in Table 3 show. The intervals in the figures come from resampling counties of published estimates, and they leave out error in the life expectancy model beyond its standard errors, error from moving estimates onto 2020 tracts and uncertainty in the ADI. The PLACES measures are modeled estimates built partly from the same census and survey inputs as the ADI, so the lines for smoking and the checkup show how the model maps those inputs into prevalence as well as how adults differ.

Tables

Table 1. Life expectancy is lower in each higher tenth of tracts by deprivation, and smoking rises with it while the annual checkup rises little

Tract life expectancy at birth by Area Deprivation Index percentile, and two modeled health measures by tenth of tracts

Table 1.1. Life expectancy

Life expectancy at birth falls from 82.3 years in the least deprived tenth of tracts to 74.0 years in the most deprived

Life expectancy at birth against the Area Deprivation Index national percentile, one dot per sampled tract, with the population-weighted mean and the interquartile range of tracts at each percentile, deaths in 2010 to 2015

No inline rows: the values of Table 1.1 are in /data/place-and-the-length-of-a-life/le_by_adi_tracts.json.

Table 1.2. Smoking and checkups

Smoking rises from 9.1% to 22.8% across tenths of tracts by deprivation, and the annual checkup moves from 74.2% to 77.8%

Percent of adults who currently smoke and percent who had a routine checkup in the past year, by tenth of tracts by ADI national percentile, modeled tract estimates, BRFSS 2022

conf_high	conf_low	decile	estimate	n	series
9.59	8.53	1	9.06	8,274	Current smoking
11.25	10.20	2	10.74	8,118	Current smoking
11.99	11.28	3	11.62	8,511	Current smoking
12.88	12.45	4	12.67	8,261	Current smoking
14.09	13.70	5	13.89	8,189	Current smoking
15.28	14.93	6	15.10	8,318	Current smoking
16.54	16.25	7	16.39	8,305	Current smoking
17.94	17.61	8	17.78	8,238	Current smoking
19.62	19.27	9	19.45	8,354	Current smoking
23.14	22.46	10	22.81	8,213	Current smoking
75.29	73.23	1	74.16	8,274	Annual checkup
75.40	73.25	2	74.27	8,118	Annual checkup
75.35	74	3	74.67	8,511	Annual checkup
75.41	74.40	4	74.90	8,261	Annual checkup
75.89	75.06	5	75.46	8,189	Annual checkup
76.26	75.45	6	75.85	8,318	Annual checkup
76.59	75.81	7	76.21	8,305	Annual checkup
76.96	76.26	8	76.62	8,238	Annual checkup
77.44	76.83	9	77.14	8,354	Annual checkup
78.18	77.34	10	77.76	8,213	Annual checkup

Source: USALEEP, 2010-2015; Area Deprivation Index, 2023; CDC PLACES 2024 release (BRFSS 2022); population-weighted, modeled estimates

Data: vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/place-and-the-length-of-a-life/figures/le_gradient.json

Table 2. Within every New York City borough, the 5th to 95th percentile of tract life expectancy spans at least 9.3 years, while the borough means lie within 4.2 years of one another

Life expectancy at birth of 2,074 census tracts in the five boroughs of New York City, deaths in 2010 to 2015, on 2020 tracts; 250 tracts are gray because they have no value

No inline rows: the values of Table 2 are in /data/place-and-the-length-of-a-life/nyc_le_map.json.

Note: The unit is the 2020 census tract. Life expectancy is the USALEEP estimate for deaths in 2010 to 2015, which the National Center for Health Statistics built on 2010 tracts and which is area-weighted onto 2020 tracts here, so the estimate for a 2020 tract blends the 2010 tracts that overlap it and its standard error is mapping grade, which understates the error. Every shade is a modeled estimate with a standard error (the median is 2.0 years), and the interval in the tooltip is a normal-approximation 95% interval built from the standard error.

Note: Taking the published standard errors at face value, estimation error makes up 37% of the variance of these estimates. If the errors of neighboring tracts are independent, the difference between two neighbors carries the sum of their error variances, so a map of noisy estimates exaggerates the contrast between neighbors. That is why the pairs figure chooses its pairs on the ADI, which shares no sampling error with life expectancy. This map marks no tract.

Note: 2,074 tracts are shaded: the non-institutional tracts of the five counties of New York City (Bronx, Kings, New York, Queens and Richmond) that have a life expectancy estimate, an ACS 2019-2023 population above zero and an ADI rank, which is the sample of the gradient. 250 are gray because the tract has no residents in the survey, no published estimate, an institutional population or no ADI rank; the tooltip names which.

Note: Ranges are population-weighted 5th and 95th percentiles of tract estimates, and borough means are population-weighted. A range of tract estimates and a spread of borough means are not the same kind of contrast, and the range includes estimation error. The range net of error shrinks each tract estimate toward its borough mean by the square root of one minus the borough's share of variance that is estimation error, as in the county spread figure, and is an upper bound because the 2020-tract errors are mapping grade.

Source: USALEEP life expectancy at birth, 2010-2015, area-weighted onto 2020 tracts; Area Deprivation Index, 2023; ACS 2019-2023 population; population-weighted ranges; modeled estimates

Data: vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/place-and-the-length-of-a-life/figures/nyc_le_map.json

Table 3. In 17 large counties, the pair of tracts within 5 kilometers with the widest ADI difference had higher life expectancy in the less deprived tract in 15, and a median gap over the pairs of 5.4 years

Life expectancy at birth in the two tracts of one pair per county, the pair with the widest ADI difference, in 17 of the 20 most populous counties, native 2010 tracts, deaths in 2010 to 2015, 95% intervals

County and tracts	Life expectancy, more deprived tract (years)	Life expectancy, less deprived tract (years)	Gap (years)	ADI, more deprived tract	ADI, less deprived tract	Distance (kilometers)
Cook County, IL (tracts 4910 and 7201)	65.8	78.2	12.4	94	24	5.0
Harris County, TX (tracts 4222 and 4207)	74.7	80.9	6.2	100	14	4.8
Maricopa County, AZ (tracts 4204.01 and 4204.02)	73.2	80.4	7.2	94	14	4.7
San Diego County, CA (tracts 202.09 and 207.06)	79.2	78.5	−0.7	69	5	4.4
Orange County, CA (tracts 748.02 and 751)	76.2	82.3	6.1	61	10	2.2
Miami-Dade County, FL (tracts 1.24 and 11.04)	75.9	81.3	5.4	88	9	4.5
Kings County, NY (tracts 596 and 422)	78.5	81.0	2.5	67	1	3.1
Riverside County, CA (tracts 422.09 and 306.03)	75.8	80.1	4.3	90	11	4.7
Dallas County, TX (tracts 136.21 and 136.11)	77.6	80.6	3.0	72	6	2.0
Queens County, NY (tracts 240 and 1333)	76.8	83.7	6.9	66	5	3.9
King County, WA (tracts 308.01 and 299.02)	72.8	79.4	6.6	89	14	4.1
San Bernardino County, CA (tracts 87.10 and 87.08)	74.2	79.1	4.9	98	24	2.1
Clark County, NV (tracts 29.65 and 29.47)	79.1	79.6	0.5	86	18	3.8
Tarrant County, TX (tracts 1025 and 1054.05)	69.1	79.1	10.0	82	6	2.4
Broward County, FL (tracts 104.02 and 105.02)	79.9	79.9	0.0	92	20	3.1
Bexar County, TX (tracts 1702 and 1902)	76.7	81.0	4.3	96	30	4.6
Wayne County, MI (tracts 5015 and 5506)	70.9	78.3	7.4	94	10	4.0

Note: The two tracts of a pair are chosen on the ADI, not on life expectancy, so the differences are not the largest that could be found among noisy estimates. A county with no pair that reaches an ADI difference of 50 percentile points is left out (3 of the 20 counties).

Note: Life expectancy is the native estimate for the 2010 tract, used only where the boundary did not change by 2020, meaning that the 2010 and 2020 tracts with one GEOID share at least 99% of the land area of each, so the ADI and the ACS population of the 2020 tract describe the same ground. Distances are straight lines between the Census internal points of the tracts, and the data hold no transit routes. Intervals are normal-approximation 95% intervals from the standard error; the gap treats the two errors as independent. Institutional tracts are excluded.

Source: USALEEP life expectancy at birth on 2010 tracts, 2010-2015, with standard errors; Area Deprivation Index, 2023; ACS 2019-2023; modeled estimates

Data: vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/place-and-the-length-of-a-life/figures/neighborhood_pairs.json

Table 4. 70.3 percent of the variance of tract life expectancy lies between tracts in the same county, 26.7 points of it estimation error, against 34% percent for the ADI

Share of the population-weighted variance of tract life expectancy and of the ADI national percentile that lies between states, between counties in a state and between tracts in a county, percent

level	measure	share
Between states	Tract life expectancy	13.75
Between counties in a state	Tract life expectancy	15.92
Between tracts in a county	Tract life expectancy	43.62
Estimation error within counties	Tract life expectancy	26.71
Between states	ADI national percentile	36.64
Between counties in a state	ADI national percentile	29.38
Between tracts in a county	ADI national percentile	33.98

Note: Tract life expectancy is modeled. The mean squared standard error of the tract estimates equals 26.7 percent of the total variance and sits inside the within-county share, as the two right-hand segments show; the 2020-tract standard errors are mapping grade and understate the noise, so the share of the true differences that lies between tracts in a county is lower than the net share.

Note: The life expectancy bar uses 78,008 tracts in 3,112 counties and Connecticut planning regions; the ADI bar uses the tracts of the index in the chapter on gradients, slopes and variance. Connecticut's planning regions stand in for its counties.

Source: USALEEP life expectancy, 2010-2015; ACS 2019-2023; Area Deprivation Index, 2023; population-weighted decomposition of the variance, full counts of tracts

Data: vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/place-and-the-length-of-a-life/figures/variance_split.json

Table 5. In the 30 most populous counties, tract life expectancy spans a median of 10.5 years between the 5th and 95th percentile, 7.7 net of estimation error

Population-weighted mean life expectancy at birth of each county (dot) and the 5th to 95th percentile of its tracts (whisker), sorted by the width of the range, deaths in 2010 to 2015

County	Mean life expectancy (years)	5th percentile of tracts	95th percentile of tracts	Range (years)	Range net of estimation error (years)	Estimation error, share of variance (%)	Tracts	Residents
Cook County, IL	78.5	70.7	84.6	13.9	12.1	24	1,221	4,864,100
Wayne County, MI	75.4	68.9	82.2	13.3	11.7	23	555	1,707,514
New York County, NY	82.4	75.6	88.6	13.0	10.8	31	250	1,405,675
Palm Beach County, FL	80.6	74.0	86.9	12.9	10.8	30	330	1,399,959
Philadelphia County, PA	75.4	69.0	81.5	12.5	10.9	25	364	1,502,783
Hillsborough County, FL	78.2	71.4	83.4	12.0	9.7	35	287	1,317,655
Miami-Dade County, FL	80.5	74.3	86.1	11.8	9.9	30	655	2,544,531
Kings County, NY	79.9	73.8	85.3	11.6	8.8	42	734	2,521,198
Alameda County, CA	81.0	75.3	86.5	11.2	8.6	41	362	1,598,446
Broward County, FL	79.5	73.6	84.7	11.1	8.7	39	392	1,847,256
Dallas County, TX	77.8	72.0	82.8	10.9	8.4	40	561	2,324,374
King County, WA	81.3	76.1	86.9	10.8	8.1	44	475	2,184,985
Harris County, TX	78.3	72.7	83.5	10.8	8.1	44	1,000	4,292,763
Queens County, NY	81.7	76.6	87.1	10.5	7.3	52	656	2,250,510
Orange County, FL	79.3	73.6	84.1	10.5	8.0	42	248	1,339,363
Los Angeles County, CA	80.6	75.4	85.9	10.5	7.8	45	2,350	9,461,723
Clark County, NV	77.7	72.2	82.5	10.3	7.2	52	475	2,040,360
Bronx County, NY	78.3	73.5	83.9	10.3	7.4	49	326	1,369,766
Riverside County, CA	79.4	74.1	84.3	10.2	7.6	45	492	2,352,240
San Diego County, CA	80.9	75.9	85.8	9.9	7.2	47	681	3,038,849
Middlesex County, MA	81.8	77.4	87.1	9.7	7.6	40	338	1,544,211
San Bernardino County, CA	78.4	73.5	83.2	9.7	7.1	47	447	2,093,159
Sacramento County, CA	78.8	74.2	83.9	9.7	7.6	39	343	1,515,289
Bexar County, TX	78.2	73.1	82.8	9.7	7.3	43	334	1,812,879
Maricopa County, AZ	78.8	73.9	83.5	9.6	6.8	50	865	3,980,946
Tarrant County, TX	78.0	73.0	82.4	9.4	6.5	52	402	1,931,602
Orange County, CA	81.7	77.6	86.1	8.5	4.9	67	575	2,964,928
Nassau County, NY	82.4	78.6	87.0	8.4	6.3	43	272	1,358,476
Santa Clara County, CA	82.8	78.8	87.1	8.3	4.2	75	393	1,835,064
Suffolk County, NY	80.7	77.0	84.5	7.5	5.0	55	359	1,400,449

Views: Tract estimates (every row); Net of estimation error (every row).

Note: Tract estimates are modeled, so the range of the estimates is wider than the range of the true values. The second view takes the published standard errors at face value: the median share of the variance within a county that is estimation error is 43%, against 38% for all counties together. The shrinkage multiplies the distance of the 5th and 95th percentiles from the county mean by the square root of one minus that share. The 2020-tract errors are mapping grade, so the range net of error is an upper bound. The range of tract estimates is not like-for-like with a difference between means of tenths.

Note: Counties are chosen by population and not by range. With 15 counties the median range is 10.5 years and with 60 it is 10.5. Institutional tracts are dropped. Connecticut's planning regions stand in for its counties.

Source: USALEEP life expectancy, 2010-2015; ACS 2019-2023 population; population-weighted percentiles of tract values, modeled estimates

Data: vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/place-and-the-length-of-a-life/figures/county_spread.json

Table 6. Life expectancy is lower in more deprived tracts in all 267 metros with enough tracts, by a median of 1.20 years per ten-point step

One regression of tract life expectancy on the ADI national percentile in each metro with enough tracts, shown by metro and as a distribution, deaths in 2010 to 2015

Table 6.1. Slope by metro

Life expectancy is lower in more deprived tracts in every metro, from 0.70 years per ten-point step at the 5th percentile of metros to 1.67 at the 95th

Slope of tract life expectancy at birth on the ADI national percentile within each metro, years lower per ten-point step, one dot per metro labeled by its most populous county, deaths in 2010 to 2015

conf_high	conf_low	errors	estimate	metro	n
1.46	1.09	HC3 errors	1.27	Summit, OH	167
1.73	0.711	HC3 errors	1.22	Dougherty, GA	43
1.55	0.922	Clustered on counties	1.24	Albany, NY	232
1.17	0.770	HC3 errors	0.968	Bernalillo, NM	223
1.90	0.894	HC3 errors	1.39	Rapides, LA	42
1.13	0.802	HC3 errors	0.965	Lehigh, PA	188
1.30	0.637	Clustered on counties	0.970	Randall, TX	64
1.84	1.07	HC3 errors	1.45	Anchorage, AK	79
1.71	1.15	HC3 errors	1.43	Washtenaw, MI	86
1.63	0.507	HC3 errors	1.07	Outagamie, WI	52
0.934	0.363	HC3 errors	0.649	Buncombe, NC	112
1.59	0.881	HC3 errors	1.23	Clarke, GA	53
1.19	0.949	Clustered on counties	1.07	Fulton, GA	1,354
1.18	0.542	HC3 errors	0.859	Atlantic, NJ	69
1.06	−0.236	HC3 errors	0.411	Lee, AL	43
1.26	0.917	Clustered on counties	1.09	Richmond, GA	134
0.846	0.511	Clustered on counties	0.679	Travis, TX	442
1.16	0.751	HC3 errors	0.957	Kern, CA	212
1.67	1.14	Clustered on counties	1.40	Baltimore, MD	670
2.99	0.846	HC3 errors	1.92	Barnstable, MA	52
1.87	0.796	Clustered on counties	1.33	East Baton Rouge, LA	192
1.49	0.976	HC3 errors	1.23	Jefferson, TX	105
1.60	0.018	HC3 errors	0.807	Whatcom, WA	50
2.18	0.665	HC3 errors	1.42	Deschutes, OR	42
2.00	0.799	HC3 errors	1.40	Yellowstone, MT	42
1.88	0.700	HC3 errors	1.29	Broome, NY	64
1.45	1.17	Clustered on counties	1.31	Jefferson, AL	289
1.63	0.624	HC3 errors	1.13	McLean, IL	40
1.17	0.843	Clustered on counties	1.00	Ada, ID	190
1.80	0.798	Clustered on counties	1.30	Middlesex, MA	1,045
1.98	0.652	HC3 errors	1.31	Boulder, CO	64
2.98	1.76	HC3 errors	2.37	Kitsap, WA	53
1.28	0.983	HC3 errors	1.13	Western Connecticut, CT	212
1.73	1.00	HC3 errors	1.36	Cameron, TX	118
1.49	1.17	HC3 errors	1.33	Erie, NY	307
1.76	0.633	HC3 errors	1.20	Chittenden, VT	50
1.84	1.31	HC3 errors	1.58	Stark, OH	95
1.02	0.583	HC3 errors	0.799	Lee, FL	190
1.63	0.653	HC3 errors	1.14	Linn, IA	65
2.34	1.40	HC3 errors	1.87	Champaign, IL	43
1.29	0.654	Clustered on counties	0.972	Kanawha, WV	76
1.06	0.708	HC3 errors	0.884	Charleston, SC	159
1.28	0.986	Clustered on counties	1.13	Mecklenburg, NC	599
1.76	0.435	Clustered on counties	1.10	Albemarle, VA	51
1.60	1.01	Clustered on counties	1.31	Hamilton, TN	130
1.23	1.06	Clustered on counties	1.15	Cook, IL	2,183
2.11	1.14	HC3 errors	1.63	Butte, CA	51
1.69	1.45	Clustered on counties	1.57	Hamilton, OH	522
1.22	0.711	HC3 errors	0.964	Montgomery, TN	52
1.46	1.19	Clustered on counties	1.33	Cuyahoga, OH	589
1.16	0.549	HC3 errors	0.854	Brazos, TX	60
1.81	1.09	HC3 errors	1.45	El Paso, CO	155
1.46	0.677	HC3 errors	1.07	Boone, MO	40
1.33	0.942	Clustered on counties	1.14	Richland, SC	205
1.53	1.34	Clustered on counties	1.43	Muscogee, GA	87
1.74	0.972	Clustered on counties	1.36	Franklin, OH	474
1.18	0.518	HC3 errors	0.848	Nueces, TX	103
1.33	0.752	HC3 errors	1.04	Okaloosa, FL	63
0.986	0.834	Clustered on counties	0.910	Dallas, TX	1,501
1.36	0.726	HC3 errors	1.04	Baldwin, AL	41
1.51	0.487	HC3 errors	0.996	Scott, IA	107
1.87	1.45	HC3 errors	1.66	Montgomery, OH	209
1.57	0.953	HC3 errors	1.26	Volusia, FL	143
1.43	0.939	Clustered on counties	1.19	Denver, CO	635
1.38	0.681	Clustered on counties	1.03	Polk, IA	154
1.40	1.20	Clustered on counties	1.30	Wayne, MI	1,238
1.51	0.670	HC3 errors	1.09	St. Louis, MN	93
1.75	0.308	Clustered on counties	1.03	Durham, NC	131
1.79	−0.045	HC3 errors	0.871	Monroe, PA	46
2.17	1.36	HC3 errors	1.77	Elkhart, IN	44
0.851	0.416	HC3 errors	0.633	El Paso, TX	175
2.08	0.935	HC3 errors	1.50	Erie, PA	65
1.91	0.820	HC3 errors	1.36	Lane, OR	86
2.13	1.46	HC3 errors	1.80	Vanderburgh, IN	88
2.06	1.28	HC3 errors	1.67	Cass, ND	58
1.65	0.765	HC3 errors	1.21	Cumberland, NC	107
0.985	0.401	HC3 errors	0.693	Benton, AR	109
1.57	1.07	HC3 errors	1.32	Genesee, MI	124
1.62	0.646	HC3 errors	1.13	Florence, SC	52
2.02	0.669	HC3 errors	1.34	Lauderdale, AL	40
2.56	−0.146	HC3 errors	1.21	Larimer, CO	76
1.79	0.738	HC3 errors	1.27	Sebastian, AR	63
1.96	1.20	HC3 errors	1.58	Allen, IN	100
1.26	0.827	HC3 errors	1.04	Fresno, CA	218
1.77	1.21	HC3 errors	1.49	Alachua, FL	60
1.19	0.487	HC3 errors	0.840	Hall, GA	48
1.26	0.142	HC3 errors	0.701	Warren, NY	42
1.24	0.877	HC3 errors	1.06	Kent, MI	228
1.53	0.618	HC3 errors	1.07	Weld, CO	69
1.57	0.572	HC3 errors	1.07	Brown, WI	69
1.64	1.20	HC3 errors	1.42	Guilford, NC	169
1.36	0.988	HC3 errors	1.18	Greenville, SC	221
1.26	0.390	HC3 errors	0.827	Harrison, MS	137
1.98	1.13	HC3 errors	1.56	Washington, MD	65
1.55	0.981	HC3 errors	1.27	Dauphin, PA	126
1.29	0.997	HC3 errors	1.15	Capitol, CT	272
1.66	0.607	HC3 errors	1.13	Forrest, MS	45
1.36	0.395	HC3 errors	0.879	Catawba, NC	78
1.52	0.392	HC3 errors	0.955	Hawaii, HI	43
1.36	0.503	HC3 errors	0.930	Beaufort, SC	42
1.51	0.360	HC3 errors	0.936	Citrus, FL	41
1.13	0.623	HC3 errors	0.874	Terrebonne, LA	59
0.892	0.758	Clustered on counties	0.825	Harris, TX	1,457
2.12	0.348	Clustered on counties	1.24	Cabell, WV	102
1.53	1.08	HC3 errors	1.30	Madison, AL	108
1.48	1.18	Clustered on counties	1.33	Marion, IN	453
1.59	0.656	HC3 errors	1.12	Jackson, MI	45
1.50	1.00	Clustered on counties	1.25	Hinds, MS	149
1.83	0.819	HC3 errors	1.32	Madison, TN	50
1.53	1.23	Clustered on counties	1.38	Duval, FL	319
1.47	0.562	HC3 errors	1.02	Washington, TN	53
2.26	0.816	HC3 errors	1.54	Jasper, MO	42
2.53	0.560	HC3 errors	1.54	Maui, HI	42
1.55	0.897	HC3 errors	1.22	Kalamazoo, MI	63
1.50	1.05	Clustered on counties	1.27	Jackson, MO	556
1.21	0.656	HC3 errors	0.934	Benton, WA	63
1.00	0.383	HC3 errors	0.694	Bell, TX	91
2.04	0.991	Clustered on counties	1.51	Sullivan, TN	77
1.88	0.315	HC3 errors	1.10	Ulster, NY	41
1.59	1.29	Clustered on counties	1.44	Knox, TN	198
1.44	0.826	Clustered on counties	1.13	Lafayette, LA	125
1.98	0.909	HC3 errors	1.44	Tippecanoe, IN	49
1.48	0.741	HC3 errors	1.11	Calcasieu, LA	52
1.29	0.490	HC3 errors	0.892	Mohave, AZ	55
1.51	0.881	HC3 errors	1.20	Polk, FL	162
1.57	0.750	HC3 errors	1.16	Lancaster, PA	112
1.33	0.912	HC3 errors	1.12	Ingham, MI	135
1.34	0.641	HC3 errors	0.991	Webb, TX	61
0.970	−0.013	HC3 errors	0.478	Doña Ana, NM	57
1.03	0.735	HC3 errors	0.885	Clark, NV	475
1.53	0.543	HC3 errors	1.03	Grafton, NH	66
1.84	0.989	Clustered on counties	1.41	Fayette, KY	124
1.65	0.994	HC3 errors	1.32	Lancaster, NE	74
1.82	0.949	Clustered on counties	1.38	Pulaski, AR	177
1.98	0.429	HC3 errors	1.20	Laurel, KY	43
1.02	0.470	HC3 errors	0.744	Gregg, TX	64
1.45	1.15	HC3 errors	1.30	Los Angeles, CA	2,923
1.73	1.29	Clustered on counties	1.51	Jefferson, KY	320
1.25	0.097	HC3 errors	0.675	Lubbock, TX	97
1.90	0.911	Clustered on counties	1.40	Bedford, VA	64
1.68	1.12	Clustered on counties	1.40	Bibb, GA	64
1.15	0.419	HC3 errors	0.782	Dane, WI	123
1.55	0.681	HC3 errors	1.12	Hillsborough, NH	99
0.888	0.374	HC3 errors	0.631	Hidalgo, TX	208
1.83	0.570	HC3 errors	1.20	Jackson, OR	51
1.45	1.12	Clustered on counties	1.29	Shelby, TN	316
1.32	0.358	HC3 errors	0.839	Merced, CA	60
0.922	0.725	HC3 errors	0.823	Miami-Dade, FL	1,377
1.32	1.08	HC3 errors	1.20	Milwaukee, WI	374
1.52	0.938	Clustered on counties	1.23	Hennepin, MN	847
1.61	1.02	HC3 errors	1.31	Mobile, AL	128
1.35	0.694	HC3 errors	1.02	Stanislaus, CA	111
1.93	1.04	HC3 errors	1.49	Ouachita, LA	57
2.14	1.11	HC3 errors	1.62	Monroe, MI	40
1.49	0.964	HC3 errors	1.23	Montgomery, AL	94
1.98	0.493	HC3 errors	1.24	Skagit, WA	41
1.92	1.19	HC3 errors	1.56	Muskegon, MI	44
1.15	0.593	HC3 errors	0.872	Horry, SC	110
1.38	0.423	HC3 errors	0.902	Collier, FL	94
1.55	0.985	Clustered on counties	1.27	Davidson, TN	384
1.31	0.818	HC3 errors	1.06	South Central Connecticut, CT	128
1.38	0.948	Clustered on counties	1.16	Jefferson, LA	379
1.12	0.421	Clustered on counties	0.771	Kings, NY	4,563
1.92	1.12	HC3 errors	1.52	Berrien, MI	51
1.19	0.714	HC3 errors	0.953	Sarasota, FL	204
1.66	0.818	HC3 errors	1.24	Southeastern Connecticut, CT	62
1.27	0.541	HC3 errors	0.906	Marion, FL	77
1.96	1.32	HC3 errors	1.64	Davis, UT	134
1.49	1.11	Clustered on counties	1.30	Oklahoma, OK	380
2.18	1.21	HC3 errors	1.69	Thurston, WA	60
1.31	0.980	Clustered on counties	1.14	Douglas, NE	247
1.03	0.689	HC3 errors	0.859	Orange, FL	460
1.49	0.593	HC3 errors	1.04	Ventura, CA	182
1.47	1.01	HC3 errors	1.24	Brevard, FL	140
1.23	0.379	HC3 errors	0.803	Bay, FL	46
1.73	1.17	HC3 errors	1.45	Escambia, FL	106
1.41	1.07	Clustered on counties	1.24	Peoria, IL	104
1.27	1.13	Clustered on counties	1.20	Philadelphia, PA	1,455
0.989	0.800	HC3 errors	0.894	Maricopa, AZ	948
1.21	0.893	Clustered on counties	1.05	Allegheny, PA	674
1.45	0.677	HC3 errors	1.06	Cumberland, ME	127
1.51	1.21	Clustered on counties	1.36	Multnomah, OR	537
1.67	1.00	HC3 errors	1.34	St. Lucie, FL	102
2.22	1.04	HC3 errors	1.63	Schuylkill, PA	40
1.02	0.313	HC3 errors	0.666	Orange, NY	162
1.26	0.223	HC3 errors	0.740	Yavapai, AZ	70
1.46	1.07	Clustered on counties	1.26	Providence, RI	357
1.53	0.768	HC3 errors	1.15	Utah, UT	140
1.79	1.14	HC3 errors	1.47	Pueblo, CO	55
1.58	0.643	HC3 errors	1.11	Charlotte, FL	40
1.42	0.528	HC3 errors	0.976	Racine, WI	41
1.04	0.745	HC3 errors	0.890	Wake, NC	268
1.39	0.967	HC3 errors	1.18	Berks, PA	103
1.73	0.732	HC3 errors	1.23	Shasta, CA	49
1.67	0.812	HC3 errors	1.24	Washoe, NV	117
1.36	1.12	Clustered on counties	1.24	Chesterfield, VA	298
1.15	0.890	HC3 errors	1.02	Riverside, CA	939
1.82	0.799	Clustered on counties	1.31	Roanoke, VA	75
1.41	0.373	HC3 errors	0.892	Olmsted, MN	52
1.39	1.05	Clustered on counties	1.22	Monroe, NY	288
1.91	1.01	HC3 errors	1.46	Winnebago, IL	88
1.61	1.27	HC3 errors	1.44	Sacramento, CA	519
2.09	1.35	HC3 errors	1.72	Saginaw, MI	59
1.86	0.503	HC3 errors	1.18	Stearns, MN	43
1.43	1.07	Clustered on counties	1.25	St. Louis, MO	669
2.15	0.667	HC3 errors	1.41	Marion, OR	78
1.58	0.320	HC3 errors	0.950	Monterey, CA	96
1.21	0.759	HC3 errors	0.986	Sussex, DE	105
1.51	0.894	HC3 errors	1.20	Salt Lake, UT	247
1.05	0.647	Clustered on counties	0.849	Bexar, TX	453
1.34	0.826	HC3 errors	1.08	San Diego, CA	681
3.04	1.67	Clustered on counties	2.36	Alameda, CA	1,044
1.09	0.161	HC3 errors	0.624	Santa Clara, CA	405
1.48	−0.040	HC3 errors	0.721	San Luis Obispo, CA	61
1.73	−0.548	HC3 errors	0.592	Santa Cruz, CA	63
1.03	0.374	HC3 errors	0.703	Santa Fe, NM	52
1.64	0.787	HC3 errors	1.22	Santa Barbara, CA	98
2.12	0.547	HC3 errors	1.34	Sonoma, CA	116
1.28	0.806	HC3 errors	1.04	Chatham, GA	101
1.64	1.08	HC3 errors	1.36	Luzerne, PA	162
1.79	1.34	HC3 errors	1.56	King, WA	829
1.27	0.555	HC3 errors	0.914	Indian River, FL	41
1.51	1.01	HC3 errors	1.26	Caddo, LA	114
1.87	0.709	HC3 errors	1.29	Minnehaha, SD	60
1.51	1.05	HC3 errors	1.28	St. Joseph, IN	92
1.63	0.905	HC3 errors	1.27	Spartanburg, SC	85
1.84	1.26	HC3 errors	1.55	Spokane, WA	140
2.00	1.14	HC3 errors	1.57	Sangamon, IL	56
1.67	1.27	HC3 errors	1.47	Hampden, MA	151
2.08	0.848	Clustered on counties	1.46	Greene, MO	111
2.70	1.57	HC3 errors	2.13	Clark, OH	41
1.76	1.15	HC3 errors	1.46	San Joaquin, CA	169
1.43	0.879	HC3 errors	1.15	Onondaga, NY	183
1.22	0.803	HC3 errors	1.01	Leon, FL	82
1.10	0.888	HC3 errors	0.995	Hillsborough, FL	692
2.40	1.28	Clustered on counties	1.84	Vigo, IN	53
1.64	0.254	HC3 errors	0.949	Bowie, TX	42
1.42	1.05	HC3 errors	1.23	Lucas, OH	213
1.32	1.12	Clustered on counties	1.22	Shawnee, KS	59
1.42	0.785	HC3 errors	1.10	Grand Traverse, MI	43
1.58	1.11	HC3 errors	1.34	Mercer, NJ	79
1.30	0.873	HC3 errors	1.08	Pima, AZ	246
1.48	0.994	Clustered on counties	1.24	Tulsa, OK	304
1.84	0.561	HC3 errors	1.20	Lee, MS	40
1.28	0.561	HC3 errors	0.920	Tuscaloosa, AL	69
1.45	0.295	HC3 errors	0.875	Smith, TX	53
1.57	0.764	HC3 errors	1.16	Honolulu, HI	286
2.16	1.08	HC3 errors	1.62	Oneida, NY	83
2.86	1.47	HC3 errors	2.16	Solano, CA	96
1.68	1.04	Clustered on counties	1.36	Virginia Beach, VA	436
1.44	0.731	HC3 errors	1.08	Tulare, CA	101
1.71	0.963	HC3 errors	1.34	McLennan, TX	55
1.37	0.235	HC3 errors	0.804	Houston, GA	44
1.34	0.861	Clustered on counties	1.10	Fairfax, VA	1,350
1.34	0.879	HC3 errors	1.11	Naugatuck Valley, CT	95
1.67	0.512	HC3 errors	1.09	Black Hawk, IA	46
2.51	0.881	HC3 errors	1.69	Marathon, WI	41
2.19	1.04	HC3 errors	1.61	Belmont, OH	48
1.51	1.07	HC3 errors	1.29	Sedgwick, KS	164
2.15	0.833	HC3 errors	1.49	Wichita, TX	44
1.27	0.688	HC3 errors	0.978	New Hanover, NC	61
1.59	0.891	Clustered on counties	1.24	Forsyth, NC	161
1.24	0.783	HC3 errors	1.01	Worcester, MA	184
1.41	0.812	HC3 errors	1.11	Yakima, WA	56
1.75	1.10	HC3 errors	1.43	York, PA	105
2.14	1.27	HC3 errors	1.70	Mahoning, OH	155
0.485	−0.212	HC3 errors	0.137	Yuma, AZ	60

Table 6.2. Distribution

Metro slopes cluster around a median of 1.20 years per ten-point step, with few metros at either end

Number of metros by slope of life expectancy on the ADI, years lower per ten-point step, in bins of equal width

metros	series	x0	x1
1	Estimated slope	0	0.200
0	Estimated slope	0.200	0.400
3	Estimated slope	0.400	0.600
17	Estimated slope	0.600	0.800
48	Estimated slope	0.800	1
63	Estimated slope	1	1.20
76	Estimated slope	1.20	1.40
38	Estimated slope	1.40	1.60
14	Estimated slope	1.60	1.80
3	Estimated slope	1.80	2
2	Estimated slope	2	2.20
2	Estimated slope	2.20	2.40
0	Estimated slope	2.40	2.60
0	Estimated slope	2.60	2.80

Source: USALEEP life expectancy, 2010-2015; Area Deprivation Index, 2023; ACS 2019-2023; population-weighted regression slopes, modeled estimates

Data: vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/place-and-the-length-of-a-life/figures/metro_slopes.json

Table 7. Life expectancy at birth is steadily worse toward the more deprived end under the ADI and under each of the three other rankings

Life expectancy at birth (years) by tenth of tracts ranked four ways, over the 71,771 tracts that have all four rankings

bin	conf_high	conf_low	estimate	n_units	ranking
1	82.56	82.11	82.33	7,179	Area Deprivation Index
2	81.18	80.73	80.93	7,168	Area Deprivation Index
3	80.50	80.11	80.30	7,220	Area Deprivation Index
4	79.87	79.54	79.71	7,108	Area Deprivation Index
5	79.25	78.93	79.09	7,229	Area Deprivation Index
6	78.54	78.25	78.40	7,042	Area Deprivation Index
7	77.83	77.56	77.70	7,298	Area Deprivation Index
8	77.05	76.77	76.90	7,109	Area Deprivation Index
9	76.04	75.76	75.90	7,212	Area Deprivation Index
10	74.34	73.79	74.04	7,206	Area Deprivation Index
1	82.54	82.16	82.37	7,177	Standardized index
2	81.23	80.97	81.10	7,177	Standardized index
3	80.45	80.20	80.32	7,177	Standardized index
4	79.73	79.48	79.61	7,177	Standardized index
5	79.12	78.84	78.97	7,177	Standardized index
6	78.43	78.09	78.26	7,177	Standardized index
7	77.84	77.46	77.65	7,177	Standardized index
8	77.15	76.65	76.89	7,177	Standardized index
9	76.32	75.72	76.00	7,177	Standardized index
10	75.14	74.24	74.69	7,178	Standardized index
1	82.43	82.00	82.23	7,177	Median household income
2	81.08	80.82	80.95	7,176	Median household income
3	80.39	80.13	80.26	7,177	Median household income
4	79.77	79.49	79.63	7,176	Median household income
5	79.12	78.85	78.99	7,179	Median household income
6	78.53	78.23	78.38	7,178	Median household income
7	77.84	77.56	77.70	7,176	Median household income
8	77.16	76.83	76.99	7,177	Median household income
9	76.01	75.62	75.81	7,177	Median household income
10	74.44	73.92	74.18	7,178	Median household income
1	82.51	82.02	82.27	7,178	Bachelor's degree share
2	81.27	80.92	81.09	7,181	Bachelor's degree share
3	80.47	80.15	80.31	7,166	Bachelor's degree share
4	79.73	79.42	79.57	7,182	Bachelor's degree share
5	78.99	78.68	78.84	7,185	Bachelor's degree share
6	78.40	78.05	78.22	7,171	Bachelor's degree share
7	77.82	77.45	77.63	7,175	Bachelor's degree share
8	77.19	76.81	77.00	7,178	Bachelor's degree share
9	76.49	76.01	76.24	7,180	Bachelor's degree share
10	75.71	74.93	75.29	7,175	Bachelor's degree share

Note: Least and most deprived tenth: ADI 82.3 and 74.0, rank correlation −1.00; standardized index 82.4 and 74.7, −1.00; median household income 82.2 and 74.2, −1.00; bachelor's degree share 82.3 and 75.3, −1.00.

Note: The standardized index applies the ADI's coefficients to its measures after standardizing each one, so home value and income carry less weight than in the ADI. Income and degree share are single census measures, each ranked from the highest value to the lowest.

Source: USALEEP life expectancy at birth, 2010-2015, and Area Deprivation Index, 2023; population-weighted (ACS 2019-2023 tract population), modeled estimates; ADI 2023 and ACS 2019-2023 tract tables (B19013, B15003 and the 15 rebuilt ADI measures)

Data: vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/place-and-the-length-of-a-life/figures/alt_rankings.json

Table 8. In all 49 states whose tracts reach across at least 4 national tenths, life expectancy is lower in the state's most deprived tenth than in its least deprived tenth

Life expectancy at birth by national tenth of tracts by ADI, within each state, population-weighted, deaths in 2010 to 2015; the faint line is all states together

bin	conf_high	conf_low	estimate	n_units	state	suppressed
1	82.56	82.11	82.33	7,179	US	no
2	81.18	80.73	80.93	7,168	US	no
3	80.50	80.11	80.30	7,220	US	no
4	79.87	79.54	79.71	7,108	US	no
5	79.25	78.93	79.09	7,229	US	no
6	78.54	78.25	78.40	7,042	US	no
7	77.83	77.56	77.70	7,298	US	no
8	77.05	76.77	76.90	7,109	US	no
9	76.04	75.76	75.90	7,212	US	no
10	74.34	73.79	74.04	7,206	US	no
1	n/a	n/a	n/a	1	AK	yes
2	n/a	n/a	n/a	10	AK	yes
3	n/a	n/a	n/a	18	AK	yes
4	81.01	79.04	79.57	36	AK	no
5	80.76	77.98	79.21	44	AK	no
6	n/a	n/a	n/a	18	AK	yes
7	n/a	n/a	n/a	9	AK	yes
8	n/a	n/a	n/a	7	AK	yes
9	n/a	n/a	n/a	2	AK	yes
10	n/a	n/a	n/a	8	AK	yes
1	n/a	n/a	n/a	7	AL	yes
2	n/a	n/a	n/a	13	AL	yes
3	81.45	80.28	80.93	34	AL	no
4	80.01	78.94	79.60	50	AL	no
5	78.81	77.59	78.27	83	AL	no
6	77.71	76.26	76.97	106	AL	no
7	76.92	75.32	76.12	149	AL	no
8	75.76	74.96	75.35	181	AL	no
9	74.74	73.87	74.29	254	AL	no
10	73.36	72.04	72.61	320	AL	no
1	n/a	n/a	n/a	1	AR	yes
2	n/a	n/a	n/a	4	AR	yes
3	n/a	n/a	n/a	15	AR	yes
4	n/a	n/a	n/a	17	AR	yes
5	79.27	77.41	78.50	43	AR	no
6	78.94	77	77.99	46	AR	no
7	77.32	76.41	76.87	84	AR	no
8	76.52	75.65	76.07	125	AR	no
9	75.86	74.85	75.32	165	AR	no
10	74.62	73.38	73.91	241	AR	no
1	87.50	82.79	82.90	60	AZ	no
2	82.55	80.51	80.77	171	AZ	no
3	81.91	79.60	80.08	205	AZ	no
4	81.01	78.80	79.30	220	AZ	no
5	79.90	77.36	77.92	197	AZ	no
6	78.46	76.88	77.21	157	AZ	no
7	79.09	76.89	77.43	134	AZ	no
8	77.68	75.94	76.59	105	AZ	no
9	76.48	74.69	75.42	82	AZ	no
10	77.48	74.77	76.04	71	AZ	no
1	82.49	82.04	82.24	3,373	CA	no
2	80.65	80.15	80.33	2,033	CA	no
3	79.57	78.81	79.09	1,064	CA	no
4	78.81	77.83	78.22	619	CA	no
5	78.10	76.73	77.31	387	CA	no
6	77.28	75.98	76.67	256	CA	no
7	76.97	75.78	76.37	187	CA	no
8	76.95	75.08	75.83	100	CA	no
9	77.19	74.04	75.19	40	CA	no
10	77.75	74.74	76.42	33	CA	no
1	82.90	81.64	82.18	182	CO	no
2	81.84	80.19	81	304	CO	no
3	80.51	78.92	79.57	258	CO	no
4	79.43	78	78.64	183	CO	no
5	79.13	77.34	77.96	97	CO	no
6	79.15	75.72	76.96	52	CO	no
7	78.86	76.27	77.31	50	CO	no
8	78.56	75.81	76.96	27	CO	no
9	79.04	74.10	75.82	29	CO	no
10	n/a	n/a	n/a	13	CO	yes
1	n/a	n/a	84.03	62	CT	no
2	n/a	n/a	82.80	64	CT	no
3	n/a	n/a	82	117	CT	no
4	n/a	n/a	80.81	122	CT	no
5	n/a	n/a	80.19	122	CT	no
6	n/a	n/a	79.04	93	CT	no
7	n/a	n/a	77.57	78	CT	no
8	n/a	n/a	76.60	70	CT	no
9	n/a	n/a	76.22	24	CT	no
10	n/a	n/a	n/a	5	CT	yes
1	n/a	n/a	79.57	81	DC	no
2	n/a	n/a	77.47	41	DC	no
3	n/a	n/a	n/a	18	DC	yes
4	n/a	n/a	71.99	20	DC	no
5	n/a	n/a	n/a	5	DC	yes
6	n/a	n/a	n/a	1	DC	yes
7	n/a	n/a	n/a	0	DC	yes
8	n/a	n/a	n/a	0	DC	yes
9	n/a	n/a	n/a	0	DC	yes
10	n/a	n/a	n/a	0	DC	yes
1	n/a	n/a	n/a	5	DE	yes
2	n/a	n/a	n/a	10	DE	yes
3	n/a	n/a	80.41	28	DE	no
4	n/a	n/a	79.06	33	DE	no
5	n/a	n/a	77.84	46	DE	no
6	n/a	n/a	77.45	32	DE	no
7	n/a	n/a	76.45	35	DE	no
8	n/a	n/a	n/a	11	DE	yes
9	n/a	n/a	n/a	4	DE	yes
10	n/a	n/a	n/a	5	DE	yes
1	83.56	81.85	82.87	162	FL	no
2	82.19	81.28	81.80	352	FL	no
3	81.52	80.65	81.08	519	FL	no
4	80.38	79.63	80.04	655	FL	no
5	79.28	78.62	78.95	644	FL	no
6	78.65	77.72	78.18	592	FL	no
7	77.59	76.59	77.07	498	FL	no
8	76.62	75.26	75.93	352	FL	no
9	76.03	74.43	75.22	278	FL	no
10	75.36	72.97	74.24	205	FL	no
1	82.33	80.57	81.45	52	GA	no
2	81.23	80.48	80.91	133	GA	no
3	80.53	79.44	79.92	189	GA	no
4	79.64	78.59	79.21	227	GA	no
5	78.27	77.21	77.79	288	GA	no
6	77.48	76.62	77.03	306	GA	no
7	76.66	76.01	76.32	293	GA	no
8	76.13	75.33	75.72	261	GA	no
9	75.18	74.45	74.81	275	GA	no
10	74.13	73.13	73.58	260	GA	no
1	n/a	n/a	82.37	213	HI	no
2	n/a	n/a	80.52	75	HI	no
3	n/a	n/a	81.22	43	HI	no
4	n/a	n/a	79.69	23	HI	no
5	n/a	n/a	n/a	6	HI	yes
6	n/a	n/a	n/a	2	HI	yes
7	n/a	n/a	n/a	5	HI	yes
8	n/a	n/a	n/a	0	HI	yes
9	n/a	n/a	n/a	1	HI	yes
10	n/a	n/a	n/a	0	HI	yes
1	n/a	n/a	n/a	0	IA	yes
2	n/a	n/a	n/a	3	IA	yes
3	n/a	n/a	n/a	17	IA	yes
4	82.42	80.91	81.53	46	IA	no
5	82.85	80.67	81.56	69	IA	no
6	82.33	80.78	81.46	98	IA	no
7	80.94	79.85	80.38	123	IA	no
8	79.40	78.19	78.78	175	IA	no
9	78.20	77.10	77.61	199	IA	no
10	76.99	75.46	76.14	104	IA	no
1	n/a	n/a	n/a	18	ID	yes
2	82.38	80.27	81.38	42	ID	no
3	80.86	79.43	80.52	83	ID	no
4	80.17	78.64	79.56	83	ID	no
5	80.23	78.83	79.42	69	ID	no
6	79.38	77.87	78.47	53	ID	no
7	79.24	76.90	77.88	42	ID	no
8	77.86	75.07	76.12	24	ID	no
9	n/a	n/a	n/a	3	ID	yes
10	n/a	n/a	n/a	0	ID	yes
1	84.36	81.93	82.83	83	IL	no
2	82.95	81.38	81.84	163	IL	no
3	82.29	80.91	81.39	209	IL	no
4	81.17	80.11	80.37	296	IL	no
5	80.82	79.37	79.86	354	IL	no
6	80.04	78.38	78.86	308	IL	no
7	79.63	77.49	78.18	334	IL	no
8	78.90	76.64	77.66	339	IL	no
9	77.95	75.54	76.67	377	IL	no
10	75.03	74.03	74.46	375	IL	no
1	n/a	n/a	n/a	3	IN	yes
2	n/a	n/a	n/a	14	IN	yes
3	81.62	80.16	80.94	44	IN	no
4	80.88	78.48	79.77	51	IN	no
5	80.87	79.31	80.07	138	IN	no
6	79.91	78.91	79.38	184	IN	no
7	78.78	77.64	78.11	233	IN	no
8	78.09	76.88	77.45	288	IN	no
9	76.49	75.19	75.74	273	IN	no
10	73.51	72.04	72.76	290	IN	no
1	n/a	n/a	n/a	2	KS	yes
2	n/a	n/a	n/a	15	KS	yes
3	82.74	80.32	81.92	35	KS	no
4	81.66	80.63	81.06	50	KS	no
5	80.83	79.64	80.33	60	KS	no
6	80.57	78.87	79.56	61	KS	no
7	80.25	79.02	79.55	85	KS	no
8	78.68	77.45	78.02	97	KS	no
9	77.80	76.72	77.17	139	KS	no
10	76.77	74.63	75.45	193	KS	no
1	n/a	n/a	n/a	1	KY	yes
2	n/a	n/a	n/a	9	KY	yes
3	82.78	78.73	81.68	34	KY	no
4	80.54	78.39	79.79	51	KY	no
5	79.74	78.68	79.29	75	KY	no
6	78.42	77.56	77.95	114	KY	no
7	77.17	76.35	76.78	134	KY	no
8	75.95	75.30	75.60	185	KY	no
9	74.94	74.12	74.52	258	KY	no
10	73.59	72.49	73.04	286	KY	no
1	n/a	n/a	n/a	12	LA	yes
2	n/a	n/a	n/a	18	LA	yes
3	81.39	78.41	79.97	43	LA	no
4	80.15	78.59	79.46	55	LA	no
5	78.94	77.63	78.38	77	LA	no
6	78.29	76.99	77.61	104	LA	no
7	76.95	75.95	76.42	176	LA	no
8	75.97	74.99	75.44	170	LA	no
9	75.14	74.11	74.59	190	LA	no
10	73.82	72.59	73.17	223	LA	no
1	83.32	81.35	82.72	321	MA	no
2	81.58	80.34	81.01	343	MA	no
3	80.82	79.88	80.32	292	MA	no
4	80.63	78.74	79.61	182	MA	no
5	80.16	77.34	78.50	104	MA	no
6	79.66	77.14	78.34	71	MA	no
7	78.21	77.12	77.45	48	MA	no
8	n/a	n/a	n/a	19	MA	yes
9	n/a	n/a	n/a	8	MA	yes
10	n/a	n/a	n/a	1	MA	yes
1	84.55	81.55	83.91	110	MD	no
2	82.73	80.68	81.78	195	MD	no
3	80.90	79.81	80.41	263	MD	no
4	79.95	78.71	79.43	225	MD	no
5	78.87	77.45	78.15	172	MD	no
6	78.30	76.30	77.06	104	MD	no
7	76.86	73.95	75.48	59	MD	no
8	75.45	73.64	74.17	66	MD	no
9	76.06	71.74	73.34	35	MD	no
10	74.38	69.18	70.28	42	MD	no
1	n/a	n/a	n/a	4	ME	yes
2	n/a	n/a	n/a	19	ME	yes
3	81.52	80.06	80.52	31	ME	no
4	82.03	78.74	79.37	34	ME	no
5	79.75	78.25	78.89	41	ME	no
6	79.92	77.77	78.76	49	ME	no
7	78.66	77.04	77.78	39	ME	no
8	77.72	76.49	77	43	ME	no
9	77.98	75.74	77.03	44	ME	no
10	n/a	n/a	n/a	15	ME	yes
1	n/a	n/a	n/a	14	MI	yes
2	84.40	82.09	82.67	40	MI	no
3	81.92	81.10	81.46	109	MI	no
4	81.46	80.45	80.93	195	MI	no
5	80.80	79.44	80.02	225	MI	no
6	79.70	78.86	79.23	304	MI	no
7	78.89	77.83	78.26	359	MI	no
8	78.23	77.21	77.65	377	MI	no
9	77.16	75.56	76.28	391	MI	no
10	74.83	72.72	73.36	451	MI	no
1	n/a	n/a	n/a	14	MN	yes
2	83.49	81.98	83.10	71	MN	no
3	82.39	81.66	82.04	152	MN	no
4	82.21	81.36	81.71	230	MN	no
5	81.88	80.31	80.92	266	MN	no
6	80.72	78.97	79.71	201	MN	no
7	80.42	77.89	78.99	175	MN	no
8	80.30	78.89	79.55	142	MN	no
9	79.47	77.47	78.40	78	MN	no
10	n/a	n/a	n/a	17	MN	yes
1	n/a	n/a	n/a	5	MO	yes
2	83.04	81.12	81.69	26	MO	no
3	82.38	80.07	81.58	52	MO	no
4	81.60	80.05	80.98	93	MO	no
5	80.31	79.08	79.82	136	MO	no
6	79.09	77.97	78.62	165	MO	no
7	78.46	77.31	77.84	233	MO	no
8	77.31	76.47	76.87	249	MO	no
9	76.19	75.14	75.68	257	MO	no
10	74.27	72.35	73.22	258	MO	no
1	n/a	n/a	n/a	1	MS	yes
2	n/a	n/a	n/a	2	MS	yes
3	n/a	n/a	n/a	5	MS	yes
4	n/a	n/a	n/a	16	MS	yes
5	80.41	78.28	79.51	30	MS	no
6	79.08	76.57	77.71	58	MS	no
7	77.88	76.53	77.29	66	MS	no
8	76.58	75.30	75.98	105	MS	no
9	75.21	74.31	74.76	161	MS	no
10	74.41	73.46	73.92	277	MS	no
1	n/a	n/a	n/a	7	MT	yes
2	81.50	80.07	80.98	23	MT	no
3	81.11	79.91	80.39	34	MT	no
4	80.45	79.19	79.65	46	MT	no
5	80.20	78.37	79.18	50	MT	no
6	80.21	77.86	78.84	35	MT	no
7	79.32	76.27	77.68	32	MT	no
8	78.02	75.90	76.62	35	MT	no
9	76.97	73.49	75.02	23	MT	no
10	n/a	n/a	n/a	7	MT	yes
1	82.71	81.42	81.96	44	NC	no
2	81.93	80.85	81.47	107	NC	no
3	80.52	79.53	80.14	194	NC	no
4	80.39	79.63	80.05	198	NC	no
5	79.24	78.38	78.84	245	NC	no
6	78.55	77.71	78.14	257	NC	no
7	77.42	76.71	77.02	321	NC	no
8	76.65	75.93	76.30	362	NC	no
9	75.99	75.32	75.66	317	NC	no
10	74.62	73.58	74.08	243	NC	no
1	n/a	n/a	n/a	0	ND	yes
2	n/a	n/a	n/a	0	ND	yes
3	n/a	n/a	n/a	9	ND	yes
4	n/a	n/a	n/a	19	ND	yes
5	81.93	80.34	81.29	31	ND	no
6	81.57	79.28	80.49	33	ND	no
7	79.32	77.13	78.44	36	ND	no
8	79.35	77.08	78.16	28	ND	no
9	80.02	77.82	78.92	40	ND	no
10	n/a	n/a	n/a	13	ND	yes
1	n/a	n/a	n/a	1	NE	yes
2	n/a	n/a	n/a	4	NE	yes
3	82.98	80.72	81.26	25	NE	no
4	82.22	80.41	81.11	44	NE	no
5	82.88	80.34	81.24	42	NE	no
6	81.22	79.95	80.50	61	NE	no
7	79.89	78.45	79.03	81	NE	no
8	79.65	77.83	78.63	102	NE	no
9	79.04	76.52	77.54	96	NE	no
10	78.38	73.43	75.21	42	NE	no
1	n/a	n/a	n/a	10	NH	yes
2	81.89	80.34	80.95	28	NH	no
3	81.11	80.11	80.57	71	NH	no
4	82.85	79.84	80.80	66	NH	no
5	81.77	79.12	80.11	60	NH	no
6	80.26	77.22	78.48	43	NH	no
7	78.38	76.38	77.34	24	NH	no
8	n/a	n/a	n/a	10	NH	yes
9	n/a	n/a	n/a	3	NH	yes
10	n/a	n/a	n/a	1	NH	yes
1	83.66	82.15	83.05	206	NJ	no
2	82.40	80.87	81.67	325	NJ	no
3	81.15	80.17	80.68	406	NJ	no
4	79.92	79.19	79.52	334	NJ	no
5	78.82	77.68	78.24	248	NJ	no
6	78.02	76.09	77.06	135	NJ	no
7	78.01	76.40	77.21	96	NJ	no
8	76.75	75.07	75.99	43	NJ	no
9	79.07	74.79	76.16	25	NJ	no
10	74.11	71.71	72.80	24	NJ	no
1	n/a	n/a	n/a	9	NM	yes
2	n/a	n/a	n/a	16	NM	yes
3	n/a	n/a	n/a	19	NM	yes
4	82.54	79.45	81.03	36	NM	no
5	81.14	79.26	80.07	61	NM	no
6	80.03	78.58	79.18	57	NM	no
7	80.18	77.52	78.44	62	NM	no
8	79.77	76.79	77.80	75	NM	no
9	77.80	76.17	76.99	73	NM	no
10	77.61	75.48	76.43	85	NM	no
1	82.12	79.81	81	37	NV	no
2	81.09	79.53	80.43	71	NV	no
3	79.84	77.94	78.93	127	NV	no
4	79.50	77.45	78.42	134	NV	no
5	78.17	75.99	76.75	96	NV	no
6	78.09	75.06	75.63	78	NV	no
7	76.35	74	75.04	46	NV	no
8	77.92	74.48	75.97	26	NV	no
9	n/a	n/a	n/a	13	NV	yes
10	n/a	n/a	n/a	11	NV	yes
1	83.52	81.21	82.23	1,082	NY	no
2	81.54	80.12	80.86	904	NY	no
3	81.44	79.88	80.58	405	NY	no
4	82.20	80.53	81.34	260	NY	no
5	81.95	80.87	81.38	223	NY	no
6	81.54	80.35	80.93	227	NY	no
7	81.03	79.83	80.48	286	NY	no
8	80.84	79.31	80.04	289	NY	no
9	79.49	77.79	78.67	318	NY	no
10	78.03	75.34	76.53	253	NY	no
1	n/a	n/a	n/a	16	OH	yes
2	83.79	80.85	82.37	40	OH	no
3	82.03	80.89	81.41	105	OH	no
4	80.77	79.70	80.12	133	OH	no
5	80.62	80.03	80.31	225	OH	no
6	79.46	78.67	79.04	309	OH	no
7	78.62	77.68	78.13	422	OH	no
8	77.71	76.59	77.14	458	OH	no
9	76.13	74.94	75.57	464	OH	no
10	73.25	72.24	72.75	599	OH	no
1	n/a	n/a	n/a	3	OK	yes
2	n/a	n/a	n/a	9	OK	yes
3	n/a	n/a	n/a	17	OK	yes
4	81.15	78.56	80.29	37	OK	no
5	80.54	78.87	79.67	78	OK	no
6	78.79	77.42	78.25	99	OK	no
7	78.02	77.11	77.57	134	OK	no
8	76.40	75.43	75.86	152	OK	no
9	76.07	74.92	75.44	286	OK	no
10	73.81	72.47	72.93	265	OK	no
1	83.62	81.64	82.64	69	OR	no
2	82.06	79.93	80.87	194	OR	no
3	80.33	78.92	79.57	207	OR	no
4	79.74	78.01	78.89	172	OR	no
5	78.30	77.16	77.68	132	OR	no
6	77.37	75.92	76.57	74	OR	no
7	78.33	76.28	77.27	43	OR	no
8	n/a	n/a	n/a	16	OR	yes
9	n/a	n/a	n/a	8	OR	yes
10	n/a	n/a	n/a	2	OR	yes
1	82.85	80.71	82.15	50	PA	no
2	82.06	80.72	81.66	137	PA	no
3	81.49	80.49	81.06	250	PA	no
4	81.14	79.39	80.26	247	PA	no
5	80.52	79.02	79.81	330	PA	no
6	80.02	78.72	79.38	354	PA	no
7	79.09	77.85	78.49	420	PA	no
8	78.40	77.20	77.81	406	PA	no
9	77.60	75.92	76.69	401	PA	no
10	74.67	73.04	73.75	421	PA	no
1	n/a	n/a	n/a	8	RI	yes
2	n/a	n/a	81.66	23	RI	no
3	n/a	n/a	80.52	38	RI	no
4	n/a	n/a	80.07	42	RI	no
5	n/a	n/a	78.34	62	RI	no
6	n/a	n/a	76.56	28	RI	no
7	n/a	n/a	n/a	10	RI	yes
8	n/a	n/a	n/a	4	RI	yes
9	n/a	n/a	n/a	1	RI	yes
10	n/a	n/a	n/a	0	RI	yes
1	82.76	80.47	81.45	21	SC	no
2	83.66	79.79	81.09	37	SC	no
3	80.93	79.62	80.16	51	SC	no
4	80.72	79.01	79.89	83	SC	no
5	79.26	78.24	78.83	95	SC	no
6	78.31	77.34	77.86	137	SC	no
7	77.61	76.37	76.98	165	SC	no
8	76.50	75.50	76	140	SC	no
9	75.50	74.58	74.99	183	SC	no
10	74.38	73.49	73.90	236	SC	no
1	n/a	n/a	n/a	0	SD	yes
2	n/a	n/a	n/a	2	SD	yes
3	n/a	n/a	n/a	8	SD	yes
4	83.30	81.05	82.39	21	SD	no
5	84.12	80.92	81.95	22	SD	no
6	81.24	79.61	80.39	34	SD	no
7	80.72	79.13	79.82	48	SD	no
8	80.46	77.29	78.75	32	SD	no
9	78.97	76.54	77.55	38	SD	no
10	n/a	n/a	n/a	18	SD	yes
1	81.97	80	81.73	26	TN	no
2	81.43	77.87	80.09	40	TN	no
3	80.41	78.22	79.19	86	TN	no
4	79.32	77.42	78.46	137	TN	no
5	78.25	76.78	77.47	148	TN	no
6	77.09	75.97	76.55	208	TN	no
7	75.97	75.16	75.58	190	TN	no
8	75.23	74.41	74.80	213	TN	no
9	73.88	73.31	73.61	237	TN	no
10	73.01	71.59	72.04	177	TN	no
1	82.22	80.86	81.75	189	TX	no
2	81.04	80.40	80.69	303	TX	no
3	80.93	80.08	80.49	445	TX	no
4	79.93	79.35	79.64	529	TX	no
5	79.58	78.76	79.15	596	TX	no
6	78.67	78	78.31	658	TX	no
7	78.42	77.52	77.97	650	TX	no
8	77.79	76.63	77.11	712	TX	no
9	77.03	75.94	76.46	706	TX	no
10	77.15	74.69	75.92	756	TX	no
1	81.98	81.48	81.73	45	UT	no
2	82.33	80.65	81.14	130	UT	no
3	81.26	79.43	80.18	150	UT	no
4	79.98	77.80	78.50	133	UT	no
5	78.81	76.80	77.56	83	UT	no
6	80.73	77.14	78.38	48	UT	no
7	n/a	n/a	n/a	18	UT	yes
8	n/a	n/a	n/a	3	UT	yes
9	n/a	n/a	n/a	2	UT	yes
10	n/a	n/a	n/a	3	UT	yes
1	83.30	81.77	82.74	213	VA	no
2	81.82	80.41	81.33	219	VA	no
3	80.68	79.59	80.09	232	VA	no
4	80	79.04	79.53	196	VA	no
5	79.08	78.08	78.62	213	VA	no
6	78.04	76.63	77.36	206	VA	no
7	76.85	75.83	76.34	173	VA	no
8	75.72	74.58	75.15	146	VA	no
9	75.44	74.37	74.94	137	VA	no
10	74.41	72.82	73.55	101	VA	no
1	n/a	n/a	n/a	0	VT	yes
2	n/a	n/a	n/a	9	VT	yes
3	n/a	n/a	n/a	16	VT	yes
4	84.08	80.76	81.68	31	VT	no
5	83.33	80.77	81.91	33	VT	no
6	82.72	80.59	81.71	40	VT	no
7	81.17	79.21	80.20	27	VT	no
8	78.96	77.03	78.08	21	VT	no
9	n/a	n/a	n/a	4	VT	yes
10	n/a	n/a	n/a	0	VT	yes
1	82.94	81.68	82.34	343	WA	no
2	81.79	80.29	80.63	358	WA	no
3	80.57	79.20	79.64	351	WA	no
4	79.33	77.60	78.35	240	WA	no
5	78.87	77.60	78.15	129	WA	no
6	78.84	77.07	77.94	97	WA	no
7	77.91	75.46	76.60	70	WA	no
8	79.58	75.16	76.99	25	WA	no
9	n/a	n/a	n/a	8	WA	yes
10	n/a	n/a	n/a	5	WA	yes
1	n/a	n/a	n/a	6	WI	yes
2	n/a	n/a	n/a	16	WI	yes
3	81.74	80.02	81.34	81	WI	no
4	81.65	80.67	81.03	133	WI	no
5	80.79	79.87	80.31	200	WI	no
6	81	79.99	80.48	218	WI	no
7	79.85	78.56	79.15	256	WI	no
8	78.34	76.98	77.56	194	WI	no
9	77.93	76.53	77.17	144	WI	no
10	76.68	73.67	74.17	75	WI	no

The first 500 of 520 rows; every row is in figures/le_state_tiles.json.

Note: A state's tenth with fewer than 20 tracts is left empty, so lines break. Intervals are from a bootstrap over counties; a state with too few counties for the bootstrap (Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Rhode Island and the District of Columbia) has no band.

Source: USALEEP life expectancy at birth, 2010-2015, and Area Deprivation Index, 2023; population-weighted (ACS 2019-2023 tract population), modeled estimates

Data: vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/place-and-the-length-of-a-life/figures/le_state_tiles.json

All estimates

Every fact in facts.json (113), sorted by id. The same values as JSON: facts.json.

Fact id	Value	Unit	Estimand	Population	Period	Interval	n	Weights	Source	Note
adi_within	34%	percent of the variance of the ADI national percentile	share of the population-weighted variance of the ADI national percentile that lies between tracts in the same county (sum-of-squares decomposition)	tracts in the 50 states and DC with all nine measures, an ACS population above zero and an ADI rank	ACS 2019-2023; ADI 2023		82,545 tracts	ACS 2019-2023 tract population	Area Deprivation Index
alt_adi_least	82.3	Life expectancy at birth (years)	population-weighted mean of tract life expectancy at birth; 95% intervals from a bootstrap over counties	the least deprived tenth of tracts ranked by Area Deprivation Index, among the tracts with all four rankings	deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, area-weighted onto 2020 tracts); ADI 2023; ACS 2019-2023 population	95% CI 82.1 to 82.6	7,179 tracts	ACS 2019-2023 tract population	USALEEP life expectancy
alt_adi_most	74.0	Life expectancy at birth (years)	population-weighted mean of tract life expectancy at birth; 95% intervals from a bootstrap over counties	the most deprived tenth of tracts ranked by Area Deprivation Index, among the tracts with all four rankings	deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, area-weighted onto 2020 tracts); ADI 2023; ACS 2019-2023 population	95% CI 73.8 to 74.3	7,206 tracts	ACS 2019-2023 tract population	USALEEP life expectancy
alt_adi_rho	−1.00	rank correlation	Spearman rank correlation between bin order and bin mean, each bin counted once	the bins of tracts ranked by Area Deprivation Index	deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, area-weighted onto 2020 tracts); ADI 2023; ACS 2019-2023 population			each bin counted once	USALEEP life expectancy
alt_degree_least	82.3	Life expectancy at birth (years)	population-weighted mean of tract life expectancy at birth; 95% intervals from a bootstrap over counties	the least deprived tenth of tracts ranked by Bachelor's degree share, among the tracts with all four rankings	deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, area-weighted onto 2020 tracts); ADI 2023; ACS 2019-2023 population	95% CI 82.0 to 82.5	7,178 tracts	ACS 2019-2023 tract population	USALEEP life expectancy
alt_degree_most	75.3	Life expectancy at birth (years)	population-weighted mean of tract life expectancy at birth; 95% intervals from a bootstrap over counties	the most deprived tenth of tracts ranked by Bachelor's degree share, among the tracts with all four rankings	deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, area-weighted onto 2020 tracts); ADI 2023; ACS 2019-2023 population	95% CI 74.9 to 75.7	7,175 tracts	ACS 2019-2023 tract population	USALEEP life expectancy
alt_degree_rho	−1.00	rank correlation	Spearman rank correlation between bin order and bin mean, each bin counted once	the bins of tracts ranked by Bachelor's degree share	deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, area-weighted onto 2020 tracts); ADI 2023; ACS 2019-2023 population			each bin counted once	USALEEP life expectancy
alt_income_least	82.2	Life expectancy at birth (years)	population-weighted mean of tract life expectancy at birth; 95% intervals from a bootstrap over counties	the least deprived tenth of tracts ranked by Median household income, among the tracts with all four rankings	deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, area-weighted onto 2020 tracts); ADI 2023; ACS 2019-2023 population	95% CI 82.0 to 82.4	7,177 tracts	ACS 2019-2023 tract population	USALEEP life expectancy
alt_income_most	74.2	Life expectancy at birth (years)	population-weighted mean of tract life expectancy at birth; 95% intervals from a bootstrap over counties	the most deprived tenth of tracts ranked by Median household income, among the tracts with all four rankings	deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, area-weighted onto 2020 tracts); ADI 2023; ACS 2019-2023 population	95% CI 73.9 to 74.4	7,178 tracts	ACS 2019-2023 tract population	USALEEP life expectancy
alt_income_rho	−1.00	rank correlation	Spearman rank correlation between bin order and bin mean, each bin counted once	the bins of tracts ranked by Median household income	deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, area-weighted onto 2020 tracts); ADI 2023; ACS 2019-2023 population			each bin counted once	USALEEP life expectancy
alt_n_places	71,771	tracts	count of tracts in the common sample of the ranking comparison	tracts with the outcome and all four rankings	deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, area-weighted onto 2020 tracts); ADI 2023; ACS 2019-2023 population			none (full count)	USALEEP life expectancy
alt_rho_cut	0.9	absolute rank correlation	threshold between a steady and an uneven gradient	the rule for changed gradients (docs/RANKING_SWITCH_RULE.md)	deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, area-weighted onto 2020 tracts); ADI 2023; ACS 2019-2023 population			none (a fixed rule)	USALEEP life expectancy
alt_rho_margin	0.1	absolute rank correlation	smallest move in the rank correlation that counts as a change of shape	the rule for changed gradients (docs/RANKING_SWITCH_RULE.md)	deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, area-weighted onto 2020 tracts); ADI 2023; ACS 2019-2023 population			none (a fixed rule)	USALEEP life expectancy
alt_std_least	82.4	Life expectancy at birth (years)	population-weighted mean of tract life expectancy at birth; 95% intervals from a bootstrap over counties	the least deprived tenth of tracts ranked by Standardized index, among the tracts with all four rankings	deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, area-weighted onto 2020 tracts); ADI 2023; ACS 2019-2023 population	95% CI 82.2 to 82.5	7,177 tracts	ACS 2019-2023 tract population	USALEEP life expectancy
alt_std_most	74.7	Life expectancy at birth (years)	population-weighted mean of tract life expectancy at birth; 95% intervals from a bootstrap over counties	the most deprived tenth of tracts ranked by Standardized index, among the tracts with all four rankings	deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, area-weighted onto 2020 tracts); ADI 2023; ACS 2019-2023 population	95% CI 74.2 to 75.1	7,178 tracts	ACS 2019-2023 tract population	USALEEP life expectancy
alt_std_rho	−1.00	rank correlation	Spearman rank correlation between bin order and bin mean, each bin counted once	the bins of tracts ranked by Standardized index	deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, area-weighted onto 2020 tracts); ADI 2023; ACS 2019-2023 population			each bin counted once	USALEEP life expectancy
chk_delta	3.6	percentage points of adults, higher in the most deprived tenth of tracts	difference between the weighted mean prevalence of the least deprived and the most deprived tenth of tracts by ADI national percentile, bootstrap interval over counties (draws shared by the two means)	adults: routine checkup in the past year	BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023	95% CI 2.4 to 4.6	8,213 tracts	adult population of the tract (PLACES)	CDC PLACES
chk_hi	77.8%	percent of adults	weighted mean of the tract prevalence in a tenth of tracts (rank bins of the ADI; tracts with tied ranks fall in the same tenth), bootstrap interval over counties	adults in the most deprived tenth of tracts by ADI national percentile: routine checkup in the past year	BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023	95% CI 77.3% to 78.2%	8,213 tracts	adult population of the tract (PLACES)	CDC PLACES
chk_lo	74.2%	percent of adults	weighted mean of the tract prevalence in a tenth of tracts (rank bins of the ADI; tracts with tied ranks fall in the same tenth), bootstrap interval over counties	adults in the least deprived tenth of tracts by ADI national percentile: routine checkup in the past year	BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023	95% CI 73.2% to 75.3%	8,274 tracts	adult population of the tract (PLACES)	CDC PLACES
ladder_county	1.12	years of life expectancy at birth lower per ten-point step in the ADI national percentile	population-weighted least-squares slope of tract life expectancy on the ADI national percentile, times ten, sign reversed, with a constant for each county; cluster-robust interval (t on the number of counties minus one)	residents of non-institutional tracts in the 50 states and DC with a life expectancy estimate and an ADI rank	deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, area-weighted onto 2020 tracts); ADI 2023; ACS 2019-2023 population	95% CI 1.07 to 1.16	77,722 tracts	ACS 2019-2023 tract population	USALEEP life expectancy
ladder_raw	0.84	years of life expectancy at birth lower per ten-point step in the ADI national percentile	population-weighted least-squares slope of tract life expectancy on the ADI national percentile, times ten, sign reversed; cluster-robust interval (t on the number of states minus one)	residents of non-institutional tracts in the 50 states and DC with a life expectancy estimate and an ADI rank	deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, area-weighted onto 2020 tracts); ADI 2023; ACS 2019-2023 population	95% CI 0.75 to 0.92	77,936 tracts	ACS 2019-2023 tract population	USALEEP life expectancy
le_d1	82.3	years of life expectancy at birth	population-weighted mean of tract life expectancy in a tenth of tracts (rank bins of the ADI; tracts with tied ranks fall in the same tenth), bootstrap interval over counties	residents of tracts in the least deprived tenth of tracts by ADI national percentile	deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, area-weighted onto 2020 tracts); ADI 2023; ACS 2019-2023 population	95% CI 82.0 to 82.6	7,820 tracts	ACS 2019-2023 tract population	USALEEP life expectancy
le_d10	74.0	years of life expectancy at birth	population-weighted mean of tract life expectancy in a tenth of tracts (rank bins of the ADI; tracts with tied ranks fall in the same tenth), bootstrap interval over counties	residents of tracts in the most deprived tenth of tracts by ADI national percentile	deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, area-weighted onto 2020 tracts); ADI 2023; ACS 2019-2023 population	95% CI 73.7 to 74.3	7,844 tracts	ACS 2019-2023 tract population	USALEEP life expectancy
le_decile_drop	8.3	years of life expectancy at birth lower in the most deprived tenth of tracts	difference between the population-weighted mean life expectancy of the least and the most deprived tenth of tracts, bootstrap interval over counties (draws shared by the two means)	residents of non-institutional tracts in the 50 states and DC with a life expectancy estimate and an ADI rank	deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, area-weighted onto 2020 tracts); ADI 2023; ACS 2019-2023 population	95% CI 7.9 to 8.7	7,844 tracts	ACS 2019-2023 tract population	USALEEP life expectancy
le_step_first	1.3	years of life expectancy at birth, first tenth minus second tenth of tracts by ADI	difference between the population-weighted mean life expectancy of the least deprived tenth and the next tenth, bootstrap interval over counties (draws shared)	residents of non-institutional tracts in the 50 states and DC with a life expectancy estimate and an ADI rank	deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, area-weighted onto 2020 tracts); ADI 2023; ACS 2019-2023 population	95% CI 1.0 to 1.6	7,820 tracts	ACS 2019-2023 tract population	USALEEP life expectancy
le_step_last	1.9	years of life expectancy at birth, ninth tenth minus tenth tenth of tracts by ADI	difference between the population-weighted mean life expectancy of the ninth tenth and the most deprived tenth, bootstrap interval over counties (draws shared)	residents of non-institutional tracts in the 50 states and DC with a life expectancy estimate and an ADI rank	deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, area-weighted onto 2020 tracts); ADI 2023; ACS 2019-2023 population	95% CI 1.6 to 2.1	7,844 tracts	ACS 2019-2023 tract population	USALEEP life expectancy
metro_flat_edge	0.70	years of life expectancy at birth lower per ten-point step in the ADI national percentile	5th percentile over metros of the estimated metro slope, sign reversed	residents of metros (core-based statistical areas) with at least 40 tracts that have a life expectancy estimate and an ADI rank	deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, area-weighted onto 2020 tracts); ADI 2023; ACS 2019-2023 population		267 metros	none (each metro counts once)	USALEEP life expectancy	A percentile of estimates, which are stretched by estimation error.
metro_floor	40	tracts	minimum number of tracts with a life expectancy estimate and an ADI rank for a metro to enter (rule)	metros	deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, area-weighted onto 2020 tracts); ADI 2023; ACS 2019-2023 population			none (definition)	USALEEP life expectancy
metro_median	1.20	years of life expectancy at birth lower per ten-point step in the ADI national percentile	median over metros of the metro slope, sign reversed; bootstrap interval over metros	residents of metros (core-based statistical areas) with at least 40 tracts that have a life expectancy estimate and an ADI rank	deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, area-weighted onto 2020 tracts); ADI 2023; ACS 2019-2023 population	95% CI 1.14 to 1.23	267 metros	none (each metro counts once)	USALEEP life expectancy
metro_n_lower	267	metros	count of metros with life expectancy lower in more deprived tracts: the reported slope (years lower per ten-point step) is above zero	residents of metros (core-based statistical areas) with at least 40 tracts that have a life expectancy estimate and an ADI rank	deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, area-weighted onto 2020 tracts); ADI 2023; ACS 2019-2023 population		267 metros	none (full count)	USALEEP life expectancy
metro_n_sig	260	metros	count of metros whose 95% interval for the reported slope lies above zero	residents of metros (core-based statistical areas) with at least 40 tracts that have a life expectancy estimate and an ADI rank	deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, area-weighted onto 2020 tracts); ADI 2023; ACS 2019-2023 population		267 metros	none (full count)	USALEEP life expectancy
metro_noise	48%	percent of the variance of the estimated metro slopes	mean squared standard error of the metro slopes over the variance of the estimated slopes across metros	residents of metros (core-based statistical areas) with at least 40 tracts that have a life expectancy estimate and an ADI rank	deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, area-weighted onto 2020 tracts); ADI 2023; ACS 2019-2023 population		267 metros	none (each metro counts once)	USALEEP life expectancy	The standard errors treat tracts as independent in metros with fewer than five counties, so this share may be too small.
metro_pop_share	82%	percent of residents	share of residents of the tract sample who live in the metros of the analysis	residents of non-institutional tracts in the 50 states and DC with a life expectancy estimate and an ADI rank	deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, area-weighted onto 2020 tracts); ADI 2023; ACS 2019-2023 population		267 metros	ACS 2019-2023 tract population	USALEEP life expectancy
metro_steep_edge	1.67	years of life expectancy at birth lower per ten-point step in the ADI national percentile	95th percentile over metros of the estimated metro slope, sign reversed	residents of metros (core-based statistical areas) with at least 40 tracts that have a life expectancy estimate and an ADI rank	deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, area-weighted onto 2020 tracts); ADI 2023; ACS 2019-2023 population		267 metros	none (each metro counts once)	USALEEP life expectancy	A percentile of estimates, which are stretched by estimation error.
mto_age_cut	13	years of age	the age below which Chetty, Hendren and Katz (2016) find the gain in income (definition from the study)	children in the Moving to Opportunity experiment	age when the family moved			none (definition)	Published estimates from cited studies
mto_bmi_cut	40	kilograms per square meter (body-mass index)	the body-mass index at or above which Ludwig and coauthors (2011) count a woman as extremely obese (definition from the study)	women in the Moving to Opportunity experiment	health measured in 2008 to 2010			none (definition)	Published estimates from cited studies
mto_diab_diff	4.3	percentage points lower prevalence of glycated hemoglobin of 6.5% or more in the low-poverty voucher group than in the control group	Ludwig and coauthors (2011), New England Journal of Medicine: 4,498 women with children living in public housing in high-poverty census tracts, randomly assigned in 1994 to 1998 to a voucher usable only in a low-poverty tract, an unrestricted voucher or no voucher; health measured in 2008 to 2010 (intention to treat); reported absolute difference in the prevalence of a glycated hemoglobin level of 6.5% or more, copied from the abstract and not computed in this build	women in the Moving to Opportunity experiment	health measured in 2008 to 2010	95% CI 0.8 to 7.8		none (reported estimate)	Published estimates from cited studies	A published estimate, not a result of this build.
mto_hba1c_cut	6.5%	percent glycated hemoglobin	the glycated hemoglobin level at or above which Ludwig and coauthors (2011) count a woman as having diabetes (definition from the study)	women in the Moving to Opportunity experiment	health measured in 2008 to 2010			none (definition)	Published estimates from cited studies
mto_income_itt	14%	percent higher annual income in the mid-twenties than the control group (intention to treat, $1,624)	Chetty, Hendren and Katz (2016), American Economic Review (NBER working paper 21156): children below age 13 at random assignment, individual earnings in the mid-twenties, control mean $11,270; intention-to-treat effect of assignment to the experimental voucher group, $1,624, a 14 percent increase; read in the text of the working paper and not computed in this build	children below age 13 at random assignment to the experimental voucher group of the Moving to Opportunity experiment	income in the mid-twenties			none (reported estimate)	Published estimates from cited studies	A published estimate, not a result of this build.
mto_income_tot	31%	percent higher annual income in the mid-twenties among families that took up the voucher (treatment on the treated, $3,477)	Chetty, Hendren and Katz (2016), American Economic Review (NBER working paper 21156): children below age 13 at random assignment, individual earnings in the mid-twenties, control mean $11,270; treatment-on-the-treated effect for families that took up the experimental voucher, the intention-to-treat effect scaled by the take-up rate, $3,477, a 31 percent increase; read in the text of the working paper and not computed in this build	children below age 13 whose families took up the experimental voucher in the Moving to Opportunity experiment	income in the mid-twenties			none (reported estimate)	Published estimates from cited studies	A published estimate, not a result of this build.
mto_obese_diff	3.4	percentage points lower prevalence of a body-mass index of 40 or more in the low-poverty voucher group than in the control group	Ludwig and coauthors (2011), New England Journal of Medicine: 4,498 women with children living in public housing in high-poverty census tracts, randomly assigned in 1994 to 1998 to a voucher usable only in a low-poverty tract, an unrestricted voucher or no voucher; health measured in 2008 to 2010 (intention to treat); reported absolute difference in the prevalence of a body-mass index of 40 or more, copied from the abstract and not computed in this build	women in the Moving to Opportunity experiment	health measured in 2008 to 2010	95% CI 0.4 to 6.4		none (reported estimate)	Published estimates from cited studies	A published estimate, not a result of this build.
mto_takeup	48%	percent of families assigned the experimental voucher who took it up	Chetty, Hendren and Katz (2016): take-up rate of the experimental voucher; read in the text of the working paper (NBER w21156) and not computed in this build	families in the experimental voucher group of the Moving to Opportunity experiment	take-up of the voucher			none (reported estimate)	Published estimates from cited studies	A published estimate, not a result of this build.
n_cloud	4,000	tracts	size of the random sample of tracts drawn with a fixed seed for the scatter (rule)	residents of non-institutional tracts in the 50 states and DC with a life expectancy estimate and an ADI rank	deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, area-weighted onto 2020 tracts); ADI 2023; ACS 2019-2023 population		77,936 tracts	none (definition)	USALEEP life expectancy
n_gradient_tracts	77,936	tracts	count of tracts in the gradient	residents of non-institutional tracts in the 50 states and DC with a life expectancy estimate and an ADI rank	deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, area-weighted onto 2020 tracts); ADI 2023; ACS 2019-2023 population			none (full count)	USALEEP life expectancy
n_metros	267	metros	count of metros	residents of metros (core-based statistical areas) with at least 40 tracts that have a life expectancy estimate and an ADI rank	deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, area-weighted onto 2020 tracts); ADI 2023; ACS 2019-2023 population			none (full count)	USALEEP life expectancy	Metropolitan and micropolitan statistical areas; each tract takes the area of its county (Census county file).
n_no_pair	3	counties	count of counties with no pair whose ADI difference reaches the minimum	the 20 most populous counties	deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, native 2010 tracts); ADI 2023 and ACS 2019-2023 on the same tracts			none (full count)	USALEEP life expectancy
n_pair_pool	4,917	tracts	count of tracts from which the pairs are drawn	tracts of the 20 most populous counties that pass the floors of the rule: boundary unchanged since 2010, not institutional, at least 2,000 residents, a standard error of at most 2.0 years, an ADI rank	deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, native 2010 tracts); ADI 2023 and ACS 2019-2023 on the same tracts			none (full count)	USALEEP life expectancy
n_pair_tracts	13,625	tracts	count of tracts searched	2020 tracts of the 20 most populous counties with an ACS population above zero and a life expectancy estimate	deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, native 2010 tracts); ADI 2023 and ACS 2019-2023 on the same tracts			none (full count)	USALEEP life expectancy
n_pairs	17	pairs of tracts	count of counties with such a pair (one pair per county)	counties among the 20 most populous with a pair that meets the rule	deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, native 2010 tracts); ADI 2023 and ACS 2019-2023 on the same tracts			none (full count)	USALEEP life expectancy
n_spread_counties	30	counties	number of most populous counties in the county spread (rule)	counties and county equivalents of the 50 states and DC	deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, area-weighted onto 2020 tracts); ADI 2023; ACS 2019-2023 population			none (definition)	USALEEP life expectancy
nyc_borough_mean_range	4.2	years of life expectancy at birth between the highest and the lowest borough mean of tract life expectancy	largest minus smallest of the five boroughs' population-weighted mean of tract life expectancy	residents of non-institutional tracts in the five boroughs of New York City (Bronx, Kings, New York, Queens and Richmond counties) that have a life expectancy estimate and an ADI rank	deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, area-weighted onto 2020 tracts); ADI 2023; ACS 2019-2023 population		5 boroughs	ACS 2019-2023 tract population	USALEEP life expectancy	A spread of five means and a range of tract estimates are not the same kind of contrast.
nyc_borough_range_min	9.3	years of life expectancy at birth between the 5th and 95th percentile of tracts in a borough	smallest of the five boroughs' population-weighted 95th minus 5th percentile of tract life expectancy (it is Richmond County's), each borough counted once	residents of non-institutional tracts in the five boroughs of New York City (Bronx, Kings, New York, Queens and Richmond counties) that have a life expectancy estimate and an ADI rank	deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, area-weighted onto 2020 tracts); ADI 2023; ACS 2019-2023 population		5 boroughs	none (each borough counts once)	USALEEP life expectancy	The percentiles are of modeled tract estimates, so part of the range is estimation error.
nyc_borough_range_min_net	6.9	years of life expectancy at birth between the 5th and 95th percentile of tracts in a borough, net of estimation error	smallest of the five boroughs' 5th to 95th percentile range after shrinking the tract estimates toward the borough mean by the square root of one minus the share of the variance that is estimation error (published standard errors, normal approximation), each borough counted once	residents of non-institutional tracts in the five boroughs of New York City (Bronx, Kings, New York, Queens and Richmond counties) that have a life expectancy estimate and an ADI rank	deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, area-weighted onto 2020 tracts); ADI 2023; ACS 2019-2023 population		5 boroughs	none (each borough counts once)	USALEEP life expectancy	The 2020-tract standard errors are mapping grade and understate the noise, so the range net of error is an upper bound.
nyc_n_gray	250	tracts	count of gray tracts on the map: no residents in the ACS, no life expectancy estimate, an institutional population, or no ADI rank	2020 tracts of the five boroughs of New York City (Bronx, Kings, New York, Queens and Richmond counties) that are not in the gradient sample	deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, area-weighted onto 2020 tracts); ADI 2023; ACS 2019-2023 population			none (full count)	USALEEP life expectancy
nyc_n_shaded	2,074	tracts	count of tracts shaded on the New York City map: the tracts of the gradient sample that lie in the five boroughs	non-institutional tracts in the five boroughs of New York City (Bronx, Kings, New York, Queens and Richmond counties) with a life expectancy estimate, an ACS 2019-2023 population above zero and an ADI rank	deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, area-weighted onto 2020 tracts); ADI 2023; ACS 2019-2023 population			none (full count)	USALEEP life expectancy
nyc_noise	37%	percent of the variance of tract life expectancy across the five boroughs	population-weighted mean squared standard error of the tract estimates over their population-weighted variance (the published errors taken at face value)	residents of non-institutional tracts in the five boroughs of New York City (Bronx, Kings, New York, Queens and Richmond counties) that have a life expectancy estimate and an ADI rank	deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, area-weighted onto 2020 tracts); ADI 2023; ACS 2019-2023 population		2,074 tracts	ACS 2019-2023 tract population	USALEEP life expectancy	The 2020-tract errors are mapping grade and understate the noise, so the share is a lower bound.
nyc_se_median	2.0	years of life expectancy	median over the shaded tracts of the standard error of tract life expectancy, each tract counted once	residents of non-institutional tracts in the five boroughs of New York City (Bronx, Kings, New York, Queens and Richmond counties) that have a life expectancy estimate and an ADI rank	deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, area-weighted onto 2020 tracts); ADI 2023; ACS 2019-2023 population		2,074 tracts	none (each tract counts once)	USALEEP life expectancy	The 2020-tract standard errors are mapping grade and understate the error of the area-weighted estimates.
pair_adi_min	50	percentile points of the ADI national percentile	smallest difference in ADI between the two tracts for a pair to count (rule)	pairs of tracts	deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, native 2010 tracts); ADI 2023 and ACS 2019-2023 on the same tracts			none (definition)	USALEEP life expectancy
pair_n_counties	20	counties	number of most populous counties searched for a pair (rule)	counties and county equivalents of the 50 states and DC	deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, native 2010 tracts); ADI 2023 and ACS 2019-2023 on the same tracts			none (definition)	USALEEP life expectancy
pair_pop_floor	2,000	residents	smallest ACS 2019-2023 population of a tract that enters a pair (rule)	tracts in a pair	deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, native 2010 tracts); ADI 2023 and ACS 2019-2023 on the same tracts			none (definition)	USALEEP life expectancy
pair_radius	5	kilometers	largest straight-line distance between the Census internal points of the two tracts (rule)	pairs of tracts	deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, native 2010 tracts); ADI 2023 and ACS 2019-2023 on the same tracts			none (definition)	USALEEP life expectancy
pair_se_cap	2.0	years of life expectancy	largest standard error of the USALEEP life expectancy of a tract that enters a pair (rule)	tracts in a pair	deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, native 2010 tracts); ADI 2023 and ACS 2019-2023 on the same tracts			none (definition)	USALEEP life expectancy
pair_stable_share	99%	percent of land area	smallest share of the land area of the 2010 tract and of the 2020 tract that two tracts with one GEOID must share for the boundary to count as unchanged (rule)	tracts present in both the 2010 and the 2020 census	deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, native 2010 tracts); ADI 2023 and ACS 2019-2023 on the same tracts			none (definition)	USALEEP life expectancy
pairs_median_gap	5.4	years of life expectancy at birth, less deprived tract minus more deprived tract	median over the pairs of the difference in life expectancy, each pair counted once; bootstrap interval over pairs	residents of the tracts of one pair per county: in each of the 20 most populous counties, the two tracts within 5 kilometers of each other with the widest difference in ADI, where that difference is at least 50 percentile points	deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, native 2010 tracts); ADI 2023 and ACS 2019-2023 on the same tracts	95% CI 3.0 to 6.9	17 pairs of tracts	none (each pair counts once)	USALEEP life expectancy	The two tracts of a pair are chosen on the ADI and not on life expectancy, so the difference is not selected for size.
pairs_median_km3	2.7	years of life expectancy at birth, less deprived tract minus more deprived tract	median over pairs of the difference in life expectancy, each pair counted once	pairs chosen by the same rule with 3 kilometers in place of the main setting, in counties where a pair meets the ADI minimum	deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, native 2010 tracts); ADI 2023 and ACS 2019-2023 on the same tracts		17 pairs of tracts	none (each pair counts once)	USALEEP life expectancy
pairs_median_km8	5.1	years of life expectancy at birth, less deprived tract minus more deprived tract	median over pairs of the difference in life expectancy, each pair counted once	pairs chosen by the same rule with 8 kilometers in place of the main setting, in counties where a pair meets the ADI minimum	deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, native 2010 tracts); ADI 2023 and ACS 2019-2023 on the same tracts		18 pairs of tracts	none (each pair counts once)	USALEEP life expectancy
pairs_median_pop4000	5.5	years of life expectancy at birth, less deprived tract minus more deprived tract	median over pairs of the difference in life expectancy, each pair counted once	pairs chosen by the same rule with a population floor of 4,000 in place of the main setting, in counties where a pair meets the ADI minimum	deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, native 2010 tracts); ADI 2023 and ACS 2019-2023 on the same tracts		16 pairs of tracts	none (each pair counts once)	USALEEP life expectancy
pairs_median_se15	4.3	years of life expectancy at birth, less deprived tract minus more deprived tract	median over pairs of the difference in life expectancy, each pair counted once	pairs chosen by the same rule with a standard-error cap of 1.5 years in place of the main setting, in counties where a pair meets the ADI minimum	deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, native 2010 tracts); ADI 2023 and ACS 2019-2023 on the same tracts		15 pairs of tracts	none (each pair counts once)	USALEEP life expectancy
pairs_median_se30	6.2	years of life expectancy at birth, less deprived tract minus more deprived tract	median over pairs of the difference in life expectancy, each pair counted once	pairs chosen by the same rule with a standard-error cap of 3.0 years in place of the main setting, in counties where a pair meets the ADI minimum	deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, native 2010 tracts); ADI 2023 and ACS 2019-2023 on the same tracts		17 pairs of tracts	none (each pair counts once)	USALEEP life expectancy
pairs_median_senone	4.6	years of life expectancy at birth, less deprived tract minus more deprived tract	median over pairs of the difference in life expectancy, each pair counted once	pairs chosen by the same rule with no standard-error cap in place of the main setting, in counties where a pair meets the ADI minimum	deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, native 2010 tracts); ADI 2023 and ACS 2019-2023 on the same tracts		18 pairs of tracts	none (each pair counts once)	USALEEP life expectancy
pairs_n_clear	12	pairs of tracts	count of pairs whose 95% interval for the difference, which treats the two standard errors as independent, lies above zero	residents of the tracts of one pair per county: in each of the 20 most populous counties, the two tracts within 5 kilometers of each other with the widest difference in ADI, where that difference is at least 50 percentile points	deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, native 2010 tracts); ADI 2023 and ACS 2019-2023 on the same tracts		17 pairs of tracts	none (full count)	USALEEP life expectancy
pairs_n_higher	15	pairs of tracts	count of pairs in which the less deprived tract has the higher life expectancy estimate	residents of the tracts of one pair per county: in each of the 20 most populous counties, the two tracts within 5 kilometers of each other with the widest difference in ADI, where that difference is at least 50 percentile points	deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, native 2010 tracts); ADI 2023 and ACS 2019-2023 on the same tracts		17 pairs of tracts	none (full count)	USALEEP life expectancy
pairs_n_se15	15	pairs of tracts	count of counties with such a pair (one pair per county)	pairs chosen by the same rule with a standard-error cap of 1.5 years, in counties where a pair meets the ADI minimum	deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, native 2010 tracts); ADI 2023 and ACS 2019-2023 on the same tracts			none (full count)	USALEEP life expectancy
pairs_n_senone	18	pairs of tracts	count of counties with such a pair (one pair per county)	pairs chosen by the same rule with no standard-error cap, in counties where a pair meets the ADI minimum	deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, native 2010 tracts); ADI 2023 and ACS 2019-2023 on the same tracts			none (full count)	USALEEP life expectancy
pairs_pop_alt	4,000	residents	larger population floor tried (sensitivity)	tracts in a pair	deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, native 2010 tracts); ADI 2023 and ACS 2019-2023 on the same tracts			none (definition)	USALEEP life expectancy
pairs_radius_km3	3	kilometers	smaller radius tried (sensitivity)	pairs of tracts	deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, native 2010 tracts); ADI 2023 and ACS 2019-2023 on the same tracts			none (definition)	USALEEP life expectancy
pairs_radius_km8	8	kilometers	larger radius tried (sensitivity)	pairs of tracts	deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, native 2010 tracts); ADI 2023 and ACS 2019-2023 on the same tracts			none (definition)	USALEEP life expectancy
pairs_se_alt_hi	3.0	years of life expectancy	larger standard-error cap tried (sensitivity)	tracts in a pair	deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, native 2010 tracts); ADI 2023 and ACS 2019-2023 on the same tracts			none (definition)	USALEEP life expectancy
pairs_se_alt_lo	1.5	years of life expectancy	smaller standard-error cap tried (sensitivity)	tracts in a pair	deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, native 2010 tracts); ADI 2023 and ACS 2019-2023 on the same tracts			none (definition)	USALEEP life expectancy
pw_adi_hi	94	ADI national percentile	Area Deprivation Index national percentile of one tract (mean of its block groups' ranks), rounded	the more deprived tract of the widest pair	deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, native 2010 tracts); ADI 2023 and ACS 2019-2023 on the same tracts		1 tracts	none (one tract)	USALEEP life expectancy
pw_adi_lo	24	ADI national percentile	Area Deprivation Index national percentile of one tract (mean of its block groups' ranks), rounded	the less deprived tract of the widest pair	deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, native 2010 tracts); ADI 2023 and ACS 2019-2023 on the same tracts		1 tracts	none (one tract)	USALEEP life expectancy
pw_gap	12.4	years of life expectancy at birth, less deprived tract minus more deprived tract	difference between the USALEEP life expectancy of the less deprived and the more deprived tract; 95% interval treats the two standard errors as independent	residents of two tracts of Cook County, IL, within 5 kilometers of each other (the pair of that county with the widest ADI difference)	deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, native 2010 tracts); ADI 2023 and ACS 2019-2023 on the same tracts	95% CI 7.6 to 17.2	2 tracts	none (two tracts)	USALEEP life expectancy	The widest of the 17 pairs by life expectancy, so its estimate is the likeliest to include noise that raised the gap.
pw_km	5.0	kilometers	straight-line distance between the Census internal points of the two tracts	residents of two tracts of Cook County, IL, within 5 kilometers of each other (the pair of that county with the widest ADI difference)	deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, native 2010 tracts); ADI 2023 and ACS 2019-2023 on the same tracts			none (one pair)	USALEEP life expectancy
pw_le_hi	65.8	years of life expectancy at birth	USALEEP life expectancy at birth of one tract (native 2010 tract), 95% interval of 1.96 standard errors	residents of the more deprived tract of the pair, Census Tract 4910	deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, native 2010 tracts); ADI 2023 and ACS 2019-2023 on the same tracts	95% CI 62.5 to 69.1	1 tracts	none (one tract)	USALEEP life expectancy
pw_le_lo	78.2	years of life expectancy at birth	USALEEP life expectancy at birth of one tract (native 2010 tract), 95% interval of 1.96 standard errors	residents of the less deprived tract of the pair, Census Tract 7201	deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, native 2010 tracts); ADI 2023 and ACS 2019-2023 on the same tracts	95% CI 74.7 to 81.7	1 tracts	none (one tract)	USALEEP life expectancy
smk_delta	13.7	percentage points of adults, higher in the most deprived tenth of tracts	difference between the weighted mean prevalence of the least deprived and the most deprived tenth of tracts by ADI national percentile, bootstrap interval over counties (draws shared by the two means)	adults: current cigarette smoking	BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023	95% CI 13.1 to 14.4	8,213 tracts	adult population of the tract (PLACES)	CDC PLACES
smk_hi	22.8%	percent of adults	weighted mean of the tract prevalence in a tenth of tracts (rank bins of the ADI; tracts with tied ranks fall in the same tenth), bootstrap interval over counties	adults in the most deprived tenth of tracts by ADI national percentile: current cigarette smoking	BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023	95% CI 22.5% to 23.1%	8,213 tracts	adult population of the tract (PLACES)	CDC PLACES
smk_lo	9.1%	percent of adults	weighted mean of the tract prevalence in a tenth of tracts (rank bins of the ADI; tracts with tied ranks fall in the same tenth), bootstrap interval over counties	adults in the least deprived tenth of tracts by ADI national percentile: current cigarette smoking	BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023	95% CI 8.5% to 9.6%	8,274 tracts	adult population of the tract (PLACES)	CDC PLACES
spread_median	10.5	years of life expectancy at birth between the 5th and 95th percentile of tracts	median over counties of the population-weighted 95th minus 5th percentile of tract life expectancy, each county counted once	residents of the 30 most populous counties and Connecticut planning regions	deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, area-weighted onto 2020 tracts); ADI 2023; ACS 2019-2023 population		30 counties	none (each county counts once)	USALEEP life expectancy	The percentiles are of modeled tract estimates, so part of the range is estimation error.
spread_median_15	10.5	years of life expectancy at birth between the 5th and 95th percentile of tracts	median over counties of the population-weighted 95th minus 5th percentile of tract life expectancy, each county counted once	residents of the 15 most populous counties and Connecticut planning regions	deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, area-weighted onto 2020 tracts); ADI 2023; ACS 2019-2023 population		15 counties	none (each county counts once)	USALEEP life expectancy
spread_median_60	10.5	years of life expectancy at birth between the 5th and 95th percentile of tracts	median over counties of the population-weighted 95th minus 5th percentile of tract life expectancy, each county counted once	residents of the 60 most populous counties and Connecticut planning regions	deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, area-weighted onto 2020 tracts); ADI 2023; ACS 2019-2023 population		60 counties	none (each county counts once)	USALEEP life expectancy
spread_median_net	7.7	years of life expectancy at birth between the 5th and 95th percentile of tracts, net of estimation error	median over counties of the 5th to 95th percentile range after shrinking the tract estimates toward the county mean by the square root of one minus the share of the variance that is estimation error (published standard errors, normal approximation)	residents of the 30 most populous counties and Connecticut planning regions	deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, area-weighted onto 2020 tracts); ADI 2023; ACS 2019-2023 population		30 counties	none (each county counts once)	USALEEP life expectancy	The 2020-tract standard errors are mapping grade and understate the noise, so the range net of error is an upper bound.
spread_n_15	15	counties	smaller or larger number of counties tried (sensitivity)	counties and county equivalents of the 50 states and DC	deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, area-weighted onto 2020 tracts); ADI 2023; ACS 2019-2023 population			none (definition)	USALEEP life expectancy
spread_n_60	60	counties	smaller or larger number of counties tried (sensitivity)	counties and county equivalents of the 50 states and DC	deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, area-weighted onto 2020 tracts); ADI 2023; ACS 2019-2023 population			none (definition)	USALEEP life expectancy
spread_noise_median	43%	percent of the variance of tract life expectancy within the county	median over counties of the mean squared standard error of tract life expectancy over the population-weighted variance of tract life expectancy in the county	residents of the 30 most populous counties and Connecticut planning regions	deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, area-weighted onto 2020 tracts); ADI 2023; ACS 2019-2023 population		30 counties	none (each county counts once)	USALEEP life expectancy
spread_widest	13.9	years of life expectancy at birth between the 5th and 95th percentile of tracts	population-weighted 95th minus 5th percentile of tract life expectancy in the county with the widest range among the 30 most populous	residents of Cook County, IL	deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, area-weighted onto 2020 tracts); ADI 2023; ACS 2019-2023 population		1,221 tracts	ACS 2019-2023 tract population	USALEEP life expectancy	Includes estimation error.
st_min_tracts	20	tracts	definition: the fewest tracts a state's tenth needs for an estimate	a state's tenth of tracts	deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, area-weighted onto 2020 tracts); ADI 2023; ACS 2019-2023 population			none (definition)	USALEEP life expectancy
st_span	4	national tenths	definition: the fewest national tenths, first to last, a state's estimated tenths must span to be counted	a state's tracts	deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, area-weighted onto 2020 tracts); ADI 2023; ACS 2019-2023 population			none (definition)	USALEEP life expectancy
st_with_span	49	states	count of states (50 and DC) meeting the stated rule, from population-weighted tract means by national ADI tenth	states whose estimated national ADI tenths of tracts run at least 3 tenths apart	deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, area-weighted onto 2020 tracts); ADI 2023; ACS 2019-2023 population			none (full count)	USALEEP life expectancy
tenth_max	8,031	tracts	largest count of tracts in a tenth of the gradient by ADI national percentile (tracts with tied ranks fall in the same tenth)	residents of non-institutional tracts in the 50 states and DC with a life expectancy estimate and an ADI rank	deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, area-weighted onto 2020 tracts); ADI 2023; ACS 2019-2023 population			none (full count)	USALEEP life expectancy
tenth_min	7,613	tracts	smallest count of tracts in a tenth of the gradient by ADI national percentile (tracts with tied ranks fall in the same tenth)	residents of non-institutional tracts in the 50 states and DC with a life expectancy estimate and an ADI rank	deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, area-weighted onto 2020 tracts); ADI 2023; ACS 2019-2023 population			none (full count)	USALEEP life expectancy
tract_se_median	1.7	years of life expectancy	median over tracts of the standard error of tract life expectancy, each tract counted once	residents of non-institutional tracts in the 50 states and DC with a life expectancy estimate and an ADI rank	deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, area-weighted onto 2020 tracts); ADI 2023; ACS 2019-2023 population		77,936 tracts	none (each tract counts once)	USALEEP life expectancy	The 2020-tract standard errors are mapping grade and understate the error of the area-weighted estimates.
us_checkup	75.6%	percent of adults	weighted mean of the tract prevalence over all the tracts of the tenths pooled, bootstrap interval over counties (the draws of the tenths)	adults in all tracts with an ADI rank: routine checkup in the past year	BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023	95% CI 75.1% to 76.0%	82,781 tracts	adult population of the tract (PLACES)	CDC PLACES
us_le	78.8	years of life expectancy at birth	population-weighted mean of tract life expectancy over all the tracts of the tenths pooled, bootstrap interval over counties (the draws of the tenths)	residents of all the tracts in the comparison: non-institutional tracts in the 50 states and DC with a life expectancy estimate and an ADI rank	deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, area-weighted onto 2020 tracts); ADI 2023; ACS 2019-2023 population	95% CI 78.6 to 79.0	77,936 tracts	ACS 2019-2023 tract population	USALEEP life expectancy
us_smoking	14.5%	percent of adults	weighted mean of the tract prevalence over all the tracts of the tenths pooled, bootstrap interval over counties (the draws of the tenths)	adults in all tracts with an ADI rank: current cigarette smoking	BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023	95% CI 14.2% to 14.8%	82,781 tracts	adult population of the tract (PLACES)	CDC PLACES
vsplit_county	15.9	percent of the variance of tract life expectancy	share of the population-weighted variance of tract life expectancy at birth between counties within states (sum-of-squares decomposition)	residents of non-institutional tracts with a life expectancy estimate (50 states and DC)	deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, area-weighted onto 2020 tracts)		78,008 tracts	ACS 2019-2023 tract population	USALEEP life expectancy	Connecticut's nine planning regions stand in for its counties. The tract estimates are modeled; their mean squared standard error equals 26.7 percent of the total variance and sits inside the within-county share.
vsplit_n_counties	3,112	counties and Connecticut planning regions	count of counties with at least one tract in the variance split	residents of non-institutional tracts with a life expectancy estimate (50 states and DC)	deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, area-weighted onto 2020 tracts)			none (full count)	USALEEP life expectancy
vsplit_n_tracts	78,008	tracts	count of tracts in the variance split	residents of non-institutional tracts with a life expectancy estimate (50 states and DC)	deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, area-weighted onto 2020 tracts)			none (full count)	USALEEP life expectancy
vsplit_noise	26.7	percent of the variance of tract life expectancy	population-weighted mean squared standard error of tract life expectancy as a share of the total variance	residents of non-institutional tracts with a life expectancy estimate (50 states and DC)	deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, area-weighted onto 2020 tracts)		78,008 tracts	ACS 2019-2023 tract population	USALEEP life expectancy	The 2020-tract standard errors are mapping grade and understate the error.
vsplit_noise_within	38%	percent of the within-county variance of tract life expectancy	mean squared standard error of tract life expectancy over the within-county part of the variance (the canonical noise share over the canonical within-county share), taking the published errors at face value	residents of non-institutional tracts with a life expectancy estimate (50 states and DC)	deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, area-weighted onto 2020 tracts)		78,008 tracts	ACS 2019-2023 tract population	USALEEP life expectancy	The same denominator as the county shares of estimation error in the county spread figure.
vsplit_state	13.7	percent of the variance of tract life expectancy	share of the population-weighted variance of tract life expectancy at birth between states (sum-of-squares decomposition)	residents of non-institutional tracts with a life expectancy estimate (50 states and DC)	deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, area-weighted onto 2020 tracts)		78,008 tracts	ACS 2019-2023 tract population	USALEEP life expectancy	Connecticut's nine planning regions stand in for its counties. The tract estimates are modeled; their mean squared standard error equals 26.7 percent of the total variance and sits inside the within-county share.
vsplit_within	70.3	percent of the variance of tract life expectancy	share of the population-weighted variance of tract life expectancy at birth between tracts within counties (sum-of-squares decomposition)	residents of non-institutional tracts with a life expectancy estimate (50 states and DC)	deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, area-weighted onto 2020 tracts)		78,008 tracts	ACS 2019-2023 tract population	USALEEP life expectancy	Connecticut's nine planning regions stand in for its counties. The tract estimates are modeled; their mean squared standard error equals 26.7 percent of the total variance and sits inside the within-county share.
vsplit_within_signal	60%	percent of the variance net of estimation error	within-county share of the variance of tract life expectancy after subtracting the mean squared standard error from the total and from the within-county part	residents of non-institutional tracts with a life expectancy estimate (50 states and DC)	deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, area-weighted onto 2020 tracts)		78,008 tracts	ACS 2019-2023 tract population	USALEEP life expectancy	Takes the published standard errors at face value; the 2020-tract errors are mapping grade and understate the noise, so the share of the true differences that lies within counties is lower.

Definitions

Census tract: A small area drawn by the Census Bureau to stand in for a neighborhood. Boundaries are redrawn after each decennial census.
Area Deprivation Index (ADI): A score that ranks neighborhoods by income, education, employment and housing conditions drawn from the American Community Survey. In this book a higher national percentile means a more deprived neighborhood.
Modeled estimate: A figure produced by a statistical model instead of a direct count or measurement, usually for small areas where direct data are thin, borrowing strength from surveys, neighboring areas or other data. Neighboring areas can share errors, so single extremes call for caution.
Fixed effects: A regression adjustment that gives each group, such as each county, its own baseline. The estimate then rests on differences within groups.
Ecological inference: Drawing conclusions about individuals from data about places or groups. A pattern across counties need not hold for the people inside them.

Methods

This chapter compares neighborhood estimates of life expectancy with a deprivation index and repeats the comparison at smaller geographic scales. The deaths behind the estimates (2010 to 2015) precede the survey data behind the index (2019 to 2023) by about a decade, the tract estimates are modeled and the displayed intervals do not carry all of their error, and the nearby pairs come from a rule applied to the most populous counties only. No result estimates what moving would do to a person's lifespan; the box on the Moving to Opportunity experiment quotes cited studies.

Sample and period

Tract life expectancy at birth is the USALEEP estimate for deaths in 2010 to 2015. The gradient, the metro slopes, the variance split, the county spread and the New York City map use the file on 2020 tracts, with institutional tracts (at least 25 percent of residents in group quarters, or a known case) dropped and an ACS 2019-2023 population above zero, in the 50 states and DC. The gradient covers the 77,936 such tracts that have an estimate and an ADI rank.

The Area Deprivation Index is the 2023 release of the national percentile (1 least, 100 most deprived), built on the ACS for 2019 to 2023, joined by tract. The deaths therefore precede the ACS data the ADI uses by about a decade.

The nearby pairs use a separate sample, the native 2010 tracts of the most populous counties whose boundaries did not change (How the neighborhoods were paired, below). Smoking and the checkup are CDC PLACES 2024 estimates, which model survey responses from 2022. The box on the Moving to Opportunity experiment quotes estimates from the cited studies; they are not results of this build and keep the populations, outcomes and periods the studies report.

The New York City map draws the tracts of the gradient sample that lie in the five counties of New York City (Bronx, Kings, New York, Queens and Richmond) on the 2020 tract outlines of the city, and every other tract of the outlines is gray with a reason: no residents in the ACS, no life expectancy estimate, an institutional tract or no ADI rank. No tract is chosen or marked.

Figures explained here: Figure 1, Figure 2, Figure 6, Figure 4 and Figure 5

Matching places across years

USALEEP built its estimates on 2010 tracts. The file on 2020 tracts used for the gradient and the comparisons of scale is area-weighted from the 2010 tracts, and its standard errors are mapping grade, so they understate the uncertainty of an estimate on a 2020 tract.

A pair uses the native estimate and standard error for the 2010 tract, not the interpolated file, and only for tracts whose boundary did not change. The 2010 and 2020 tracts with one GEOID must share at least 99% of the land area of each (Census 2010-to-2020 relationship file), so the ADI and the ACS population of the 2020 tract describe the same ground.

Weights and comparisons

Weights are the ACS 2019-2023 tract population for the means of tenths and percentiles, the metro slopes, the county spread and the borough figures, so those results describe residents, and so are the variance splits of life expectancy and of the ADI. Medians across metros, counties and boroughs count each place once, and each pair counts once in the median gap over pairs.

Tenths of tracts are rank bins of the ADI with tracts of tied rank in the same tenth, so they hold from 7,613 to 8,031 tracts. The dots in the first tab of the gradient figure are a random sample of 4,000 tracts drawn with a fixed seed; the line, the band and the markers use every tract.

Smoking and the checkup are the estimates of the chapter on health behaviors and the supply of care, from its function and its tenths of tracts, weighted by adults in each tract, with county-bootstrap intervals. PLACES values are modeled estimates built partly from the ACS, as the ADI is, so part of each gradient is built in.

Uncertainty

Each tract estimate has a published standard error, with a median of 1.7 years. The interval of a tract is 1.96 standard errors, and the interval of a gap treats the two errors as independent.

Intervals for the means of tenths and percentiles come from repeatedly drawing whole counties with replacement and recomputing the mean, a bootstrap over counties; they are percentile intervals from 2,000 draws with seed 12345. The median gap over pairs has a bootstrap interval over pairs, with the same draws and seed. Metro slopes have errors clustered on counties where a metro has at least five and HC3 errors otherwise.

The band in the gradient figure is the population-weighted interquartile range of tracts at each ADI percentile. It describes the spread of places, includes estimation error and is not an interval for the line.

The bootstrap resamples counties of published estimates. It does not add the error of the USALEEP model beyond the published standard errors, the error of moving estimates onto 2020 tracts or uncertainty in the ADI.

Figures explained here: Figure 1 and Figure 3

How the neighborhoods were paired

Each of the 20 most populous counties, by ACS population of the tracts in the sample, is searched. A tract enters if its boundary did not change between the 2010 and 2020 censuses (Matching places across years, above), if it is not an institutional tract such as a prison or a dormitory, if it has at least 2,000 residents and if the standard error of its life expectancy is at most 2.0 years. 4,917 of the 13,625 non-institutional tracts of these counties that have a life expectancy estimate qualify.

Among qualifying tracts whose Census internal points are at most 5 kilometers apart (a straight line, projected to EPSG:5070), the county's pair is the one whose ADI differs most, with ties going to the shorter distance, and it counts if the difference reaches 50 percentile points. No pair reaches that difference in 3 counties, and they are left out. The rule never looks at life expectancy.

The data hold no transit routes, so the pairs are a short distance apart and not a measured ride. The pairs are the result of a rule applied to large counties and are not a sample of neighborhoods.

Figure explained here: Figure 3

How the local slopes and variance split were calculated

The metro slopes and the fixed-effects ladder are the functions of the chapter on gradients, slopes and variance. A core-based statistical area is coded by the Census county file, a metro needs at least 40 tracts, and each slope is a population-weighted least-squares fit. The within-county slope adds a separate baseline for each county.

The variance split is b2.canon.variance_split(), the function the chapter on gradients, slopes and variance calls, and the split of the ADI is the one in the chapter on gradients, slopes and variance. Estimation error is the population-weighted mean squared standard error of the tract estimates as a share of the total variance; the 2020-tract standard errors are mapping grade and understate it.

The county spread gives, for the 30 most populous counties, the population-weighted 5th and 95th percentiles of tract life expectancy and the population-weighted mean. The view net of estimation error shrinks each tract estimate toward the county mean by the square root of one minus the county's share of variance that is estimation error. The shrinkage is an approximation that takes the published errors at face value; it does not recover the true differences between tracts.

For the New York City map, the 5th to 95th percentile of tract life expectancy in a borough and the mean of a borough are population-weighted, and the shrinkage toward the borough mean and the share of the variance that is estimation error are the rules of the county spread, applied to the five boroughs and taking the published standard errors at face value.

Figures explained here: Figure 6, Figure 4, Figure 5 and Figure 2

How the results change under alternative choices

The median gap over pairs depends on the settings of the rule, above all the radius. Pairs chosen within 3 kilometers have a median gap of 2.7 years, and within 8 kilometers it is 5.1, against 5.4 within 5 kilometers. Raising the population floor to 4,000 residents gives 5.5.

A cap of 1.5 years on the standard error gives a median of 4.3 over 15 pairs, a cap of 3.0 years gives 6.2, and no cap gives 4.6 over 18 pairs.

The number of counties in the county spread matters little. The median range is 10.5 years among the 15 most populous counties and 10.5 among the 60 most populous, against 10.5 among 30.

Figures explained here: Figure 3 and Figure 5

Four rankings of the same places

The comparison follows the book's ranking switch rule, fixed on October 28, 2026 before any of these gradients was computed. The main gradient of the chapter is recomputed under four rankings of the same places, with the outcome, period, weights, bins and intervals unchanged: the published ADI; a standardized index that applies the ADI's coefficients to its measures after standardizing each one across tracts; median household income; and the share of adults 25 and older with a bachelor's degree or more. The three alternatives come from ACS tract estimates for 2019 to 2023, the period of the ADI.

All four rankings use the same places, the 71,771 tracts that have the outcome and all four rankings, so the ADI panel can differ slightly from the chapter's main figure. Tracts enter only if they have every input of the standardized index, which leaves out tracts without a median rent, home value or mortgage cost.

A pattern counts as changed when the worse end switches sides, when the two ends differ under one ranking and not the other, or when the rank correlation of bin order and bin mean falls on the other side of 0.9 and moves by at least 0.1.

Figure explained here: Figure 7

Rankings and subsets of places

The file splits.json in this chapter's data folder repeats the tenths of tracts under five rankings (the ADI, the standardized index, median household income, the bachelor's degree share and the median home value) and within subsets of places: the four Census regions, counties where at least 25% of residents are Black alone and the other counties (ACS 2019-2023), and metro and nonmetro counties (Rural-Urban Continuum Codes 2023). Each place keeps its national tenth, so an end bin means the same level of deprivation in every subset. The outcome, weights and bootstrap are those of the chapter's gradient, over the places with all five rankings. A tenth with fewer than 20 tracts or 5 counties is left empty.

What these data cannot show

References

Arias, Elizabeth; Escobedo, Luis A.; Kennedy, Jiaquan; Fu, Chenxi; Cisewski, Jodi (2018). U.S. Small-area Life Expectancy Estimates Project: Methodology and Results Summary. Vital and Health Statistics, Series 2, Number 181, National Center for Health Statistics. www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/series/sr_02/sr02_181.pdf
Kind, Amy J. H.; Buckingham, William R. (2018). Making Neighborhood-Disadvantage Metrics Accessible: The Neighborhood Atlas. New England Journal of Medicine 378(26): 2456-2458. doi:10.1056/NEJMp1802313
Greenlund, Kurt J.; Lu, Hua; Wang, Yan; Matthews, Kevin A.; LeClercq, Jennifer M.; Lee, Benjamin; Carlson, Susan A. (2022). PLACES: Local Data for Better Health. Preventing Chronic Disease 19: 210459. doi:10.5888/pcd19.210459
Ludwig, Jens; Sanbonmatsu, Lisa; Gennetian, Lisa; Adam, Emma; Duncan, Greg J.; Katz, Lawrence F.; Kessler, Ronald C.; Kling, Jeffrey R.; Lindau, Stacy Tessler; Whitaker, Robert C.; McDade, Thomas W. (2011). Neighborhoods, Obesity, and Diabetes: A Randomized Social Experiment. New England Journal of Medicine 365(16): 1509-1519. doi:10.1056/NEJMsa1103216
Chetty, Raj; Hendren, Nathaniel; Katz, Lawrence F. (2016). The Effects of Exposure to Better Neighborhoods on Children: New Evidence from the Moving to Opportunity Experiment. American Economic Review 106(4): 855-902. doi:10.1257/aer.20150572

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data/staged/health/places_tract2020_latest.parquet	5,919,159	af4c3b0d1205b7d84b81676a9529ef73323b2dbeb9d54e235f5efeebfad83177	a2f19029ee2ef032be87e0d5288d88d489afd52379279833f178baa021df3dbf
data/staged/life_expectancy/usaleep_tract2010.parquet	771,963	fccbc4183992062a22c87cfb9644475b69e56b93e3b58b8035379144d8d5fc4e	fccbc4183992062a22c87cfb9644475b69e56b93e3b58b8035379144d8d5fc4e
data/staged/life_expectancy/usaleep_tract2020.parquet	1,316,169	9c9c7f103791b75eddba74e68a89804efdf2486b6b66bb4bc02a46ba5bf8bc23	27317107be2465d9fd5e83271dea0cd6e915ee419e2802bedc28747d0a41d38f
data/staged/ses/acs5_tract2020_2019_2023.parquet	7,232,424	5fe6f730a35225f14d5d8abfc6b9bce58b52e545f309a7eac74f1dae74d7a31c	7b4a2475b3852d3f91804716a04566ef8ceadacec2be9fb85f5eb642078efac6
data/staged/svi/svi_tract2020_2022.parquet	17,740,415	cb3860d8edc2aaf1f2a02211a58f7a0b80457eb6ad9a37b5ec8abb2d5da9da10	e371a4a696d5bed05d54ad7c5b6ca2504508805b847ec415c2322be7f66ec2b2

Outputs

File	SHA-256
facts.json	9eed1ad6694ae817ab5800fd787f79ec8a01a706b2d211bccb978f17d11e6e6d
figures/alt_rankings.json	09e34b229fe46e41cd294da684e89b20b3cfa35d04a5f3688c6995e96678516e
figures/county_spread.json	e7264a20e88e45945dda904deb0295fd9cf9f8f9629530d58f590cd201d7ce14
figures/le_gradient.json	fec8e001d57c3dc7cdce2699846d13a9b38ae12d162c014ea0adf565f67f48ee
figures/le_state_tiles.json	353890582755910d41349e48f84466bc96d3226a986b1ba491e79bdc6b977f8c
figures/metro_slopes.json	6828971481a384c1cd77181ce323ad134c86df75e927a9454a415e253221d917
figures/neighborhood_pairs.json	a351ec74a8c8fe67ccd8d866f8b591ecc80d0559539cc1196cd8943a1916b3b5
figures/nyc_le_map.json	7c2ea29ada631687412387561ab61d15ba9abe1c499bba627b7b4efd26108901
figures/variance_split.json	b593bd67f1860a4c7eb7b601fd57c654de59efeac52138f06720bb029d77ba04
meta.json	bee1a755cc118018bb92b9645379a902c8464586320564bf21defbc311a76ee7
public/data/place-and-the-length-of-a-life/le_by_adi_tracts.json	c7d1c7d6edc208acaf1de63281fa09caeabc7c4256ea9b2dd32153f5cfac50cd
public/data/place-and-the-length-of-a-life/nyc_le_map.json	9403c0f4c4f07e8cc999821cccaa7cb8a632036ff44c84847015dc3cea44c649
public/data/place-and-the-length-of-a-life/splits.json	63e1adbb1d7ae3354bb1e224c982a8c535e1e1137340d5ae18d3d5e613b3c353
refs.json	2d976463c36bc44fd12832d343cc0a844526c07065c1c3444516db9b007dd7f8

Machine formats

Report (Markdown): https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/place-and-the-length-of-a-life/report.md
Every estimate (JSON): https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/place-and-the-length-of-a-life/facts.json
Table 1, figure "le_gradient" (JSON): https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/place-and-the-length-of-a-life/figures/le_gradient.json
Table 2, figure "nyc_le_map" (JSON): https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/place-and-the-length-of-a-life/figures/nyc_le_map.json
Table 3, figure "neighborhood_pairs" (JSON): https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/place-and-the-length-of-a-life/figures/neighborhood_pairs.json
Table 4, figure "variance_split" (JSON): https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/place-and-the-length-of-a-life/figures/variance_split.json
Table 5, figure "county_spread" (JSON): https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/place-and-the-length-of-a-life/figures/county_spread.json
Table 6, figure "metro_slopes" (JSON): https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/place-and-the-length-of-a-life/figures/metro_slopes.json
Table 7, figure "alt_rankings" (JSON): https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/place-and-the-length-of-a-life/figures/alt_rankings.json
Table 8, figure "le_state_tiles" (JSON): https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/place-and-the-length-of-a-life/figures/le_state_tiles.json
Payload of "le_gradient" (JSON): https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/data/place-and-the-length-of-a-life/le_by_adi_tracts.json
Payload of "nyc_le_map" (JSON): https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/data/place-and-the-length-of-a-life/nyc_le_map.json
Index of every report: https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/llms.txt; all reports in one file: https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/llms-full.txt