Skip to content
Contents
ZIP Code Destiny

    Type to search. Planned chapters match by title only.

    Chapter 9.1 · One ranking, many outcomes · Report

    How far one ranking goes

    Of 30 outcome gradients drawn from 18 chapters, 17 are steadily worse toward the more deprived end of the ranking each chapter uses, 5 are better there, and 2 show no detectable difference between the least and the most deprived places.

    Author
    Vishal Singh
    Affiliation
    NYU Stern
    Published

    Every estimate of the chapter with its interval and every figure as a table, generated from the chapter's data files. Table n of this report is figure n of the chapter. The same report as Markdown: report.md.

    Identification

    Title
    How far one ranking goes
    Label
    One ranking, many outcomes
    Chapter
    9.1 (Part IX, Reading the patterns; Reading the patterns)
    Question
    Across the outcomes in this book, how often does an outcome change steadily from the least to the most deprived places, and where does it change little or run the other way?
    Dek
    Of 30 outcome gradients drawn from 18 chapters, 17 are steadily worse toward the more deprived end of the ranking each chapter uses, 5 are better there, and 2 show no detectable difference between the least and the most deprived places.
    Grain
    neighborhoods
    Status
    draft
    Published
    Updated
    not revised
    Data sources
    • Area Deprivation Index. Area Deprivation Index tenths, fifths or quarters of tracts or counties, as each chapter defines them; district income tenths for the gender gaps; years: 2023 release (version 4.0.1; built on ACS 2019-2023); weights: as in each chapter
    • Published estimates from cited studies. None in the table; the chapter reads only this book's own figures; years: as reported in each study; weights: not applicable
    Canonical URL
    https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/how-far-one-ranking-goes
    Markdown
    https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/how-far-one-ranking-goes/report.md
    BibTeX
    @misc{singh2026howfaronerankinggoes,
  author = {Singh, Vishal},
  title = {How far one ranking goes},
  year = {2026},
  url = {https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/how-far-one-ranking-goes},
  note = {In ZIP Code Destiny. Published 28 October 2026.}
}

    Principal estimates

    The facts the dek and the opening prose cite, in order of appearance. Every fact is in the table of all estimates below.

    EstimandPopulationPeriodValueIntervalnWeightsSourceFact id
    count of rows of the pattern table that meet the stated ruleoutcome gradients that the chapters of this book publish by bins of a ranking of placesas in each chapter30none (count of rows)Area Deprivation Indexn_rows
    count of rows of the pattern table that meet the stated ruleoutcome gradients that the chapters of this book publish by bins of a ranking of placesas in each chapter18none (count of rows)Area Deprivation Indexn_chapters
    count of rows of the pattern table that meet the stated ruleoutcome gradients that the chapters of this book publish by bins of a ranking of placesas in each chapter17none (count of rows)Area Deprivation Indexn_steady_worse
    count of rows of the pattern table that meet the stated ruleoutcome gradients that the chapters of this book publish by bins of a ranking of placesas in each chapter5none (count of rows)Area Deprivation Indexn_better
    count of rows of the pattern table that meet the stated ruleoutcome gradients that the chapters of this book publish by bins of a ranking of placesas in each chapter2none (count of rows)Area Deprivation Indexn_flat
    count of rows of the pattern table that meet the stated ruleoutcome gradients that the chapters of this book publish by bins of a ranking of placesas in each chapter3none (count of rows)Area Deprivation Indexn_uneven_worse

    Findings

    Of 3030 outcome gradientsEstimandcount of rows of the pattern table that meet the stated ruleWeightsnone (count of rows)Populationoutcome gradients that the chapters of this book publish by bins of a ranking of placesPeriodas in each chapterSourceArea Deprivation Index outcome gradients that 1818 chaptersEstimandcount of rows of the pattern table that meet the stated ruleWeightsnone (count of rows)Populationoutcome gradients that the chapters of this book publish by bins of a ranking of placesPeriodas in each chapterSourceArea Deprivation Index chapters of this book publish by bins of a ranking of places, 1717 outcome gradientsEstimandcount of rows of the pattern table that meet the stated ruleWeightsnone (count of rows)Populationoutcome gradients that the chapters of this book publish by bins of a ranking of placesPeriodas in each chapterSourceArea Deprivation Index are steadily worse toward the more deprived end, 33 outcome gradientsEstimandcount of rows of the pattern table that meet the stated ruleWeightsnone (count of rows)Populationoutcome gradients that the chapters of this book publish by bins of a ranking of placesPeriodas in each chapterSourceArea Deprivation Index are worse there but uneven along the way, 55 outcome gradientsEstimandcount of rows of the pattern table that meet the stated ruleWeightsnone (count of rows)Populationoutcome gradients that the chapters of this book publish by bins of a ranking of placesPeriodas in each chapterSourceArea Deprivation Index are better at the deprived end, and 22 outcome gradientsEstimandcount of rows of the pattern table that meet the stated ruleWeightsnone (count of rows)Populationoutcome gradients that the chapters of this book publish by bins of a ranking of placesPeriodas in each chapterSourceArea Deprivation Index show no detectable difference between the least and the most deprived places (Table 1). The common ordering of places describes much of the book, and the exceptions are concentrated in housing costs, air pollution, the use of care and the county geography of overdose, suicide and homicide.

    This chapter reads those gradients side by side. Each keeps its own units, places, period and ranking. Most rows rank tracts or counties by the Area Deprivation IndexArea Deprivation Index (ADI)A score that ranks neighborhoods by income, education, employment and housing conditions drawn from the American Community Survey. In this book a higher national percentile means a more deprived neighborhood., and the gender gaps in test scores rank school districts by median household income. The rows describe different places in different years, so the chapter counts patterns under a stated rule and does not compare the size of one outcome's difference with another's.

    Table 1. Of 30 outcome gradients, 17 are steadily worse toward the more deprived end, 5 are better there and 2 show no detectable difference between the ends

    The rule that sorts the gradients

    A gradient is a list of means, one for each tenth, fifth or quarter of places from the least to the most deprived. The chapter asks two things of each list. First, whether the two ends differ, which it answers by whether the 95% intervals of the first and last bins overlap. Second, whether the means change steadily along the way, which it answers with the rank correlation between the order of the bins and their means. A row whose ends differ is steady when that correlation is at least 0.90.9 absolute rank correlation between bin order and bin meanEstimanddefinition: threshold for a steady gradientWeightsnone (definition)Populationthe rule of this chapterPeriodnot applicable (definition)SourceArea Deprivation Index in absolute value, and uneven otherwise.

    The classification depends on two choices, an interval test at the ends and a threshold on the rank correlation, and a different choice would move rows near the boundary.

    How a gradient is classified

    Non-overlapping intervals at the two ends are a conservative test of a difference. The rank correlation is computed over the published bin means, each bin counted once. Where higher or lower values are worse for residents, the row records which end is worse; outcomes without such a reading are classified by shape alone.

    Full procedure in Methods

    Where an outcome has a direction that is worse for residents, such as a higher death rate or a lower turnout, the table records whether the deprived end is worse or better. 44 outcome gradientsEstimandcount of rows of the pattern table that meet the stated ruleWeightsnone (count of rows)Populationoutcome gradients that the chapters of this book publish by bins of a ranking of placesPeriodas in each chapterSourceArea Deprivation Index rows carry no such reading: the gender gaps in reading and math, the predicted share of women with a teen birth and emergency visits per Medicare beneficiary.

    Birth, health and civic participation follow the ranking step by step

    The steady rows run across the life course. Low birthweight, preterm birth and infant mortality rise across tenths of counties. Distance to a four-year college, incarceration among children from low-income families, mortgage denials, smoking, the number of chronic conditions that are high in a tract, adult disability and the number of residents per primary care physician rise across tenths of tracts or counties. Voter turnout, census self-response, the ladder score of life evaluation and life expectancy fall (Table 2).

    Table 2. Within each domain, most outcomes move in one direction along the ranking, and the exceptions differ by domain

    Several of these rows are not independent of the ranking. The PLACES health estimates and the CDC injury panel are modeled partly from census measures that the deprivation index also uses, so part of their agreement with it is built in. The steady rows are a count of chapters' findings and not a test that one process links them.

    Some outcomes run the other way

    55 outcome gradientsEstimandcount of rows of the pattern table that meet the stated ruleWeightsnone (count of rows)Populationoutcome gradients that the chapters of this book publish by bins of a ranking of placesPeriodas in each chapterSourceArea Deprivation Index rows are better at the deprived end. Traffic proximity falls from a mean national percentile of 74.7 (95% CI 68.0 to 79.2)74.7 mean national percentile of tract traffic proximityEstimandbin mean as published in Air pollutionInterval95% CI 68.0 to 79.2Weightsas in Air pollutionPopulationleast deprived bin of decile of the Area Deprivation Index national rank (1 = least deprived, 10 = most deprived)Periodas in Air pollutionSourceEPA EJScreenNoteCopied from the figure rows of Air pollution. in the least deprived tenth of tracts to 39.0 (95% CI 35.4 to 42.1)39.0 mean national percentile of tract traffic proximityEstimandbin mean as published in Air pollutionInterval95% CI 35.4 to 42.1Weightsas in Air pollutionPopulationmost deprived bin of decile of the Area Deprivation Index national rank (1 = least deprived, 10 = most deprived)Periodas in Air pollutionSourceEPA EJScreenNoteCopied from the figure rows of Air pollution. in the most deprived, and fine particulate matter falls with it. Both comparisons run across the whole country, and Chapter 6.1, Air pollution finds that the traffic comparison reverses within counties. The share of adults with a routine checkup is 74.2 (95% CI 73.2 to 75.3)74.2 percent of adults with a routine checkup in the past yearEstimandbin mean as published in Place and the length of a lifeInterval95% CI 73.2 to 75.3Weightsas in Place and the length of a lifePopulationleast deprived bin of tenth of tracts by Area Deprivation Index (1 = least deprived, 10 = most deprived)Periodas in Place and the length of a lifeSourceCDC PLACESNoteCopied from the figure rows of Place and the length of a life. in the least deprived tenth and 77.8 (95% CI 77.3 to 78.2)77.8 percent of adults with a routine checkup in the past yearEstimandbin mean as published in Place and the length of a lifeInterval95% CI 77.3 to 78.2Weightsas in Place and the length of a lifePopulationmost deprived bin of tenth of tracts by Area Deprivation Index (1 = least deprived, 10 = most deprived)Periodas in Place and the length of a lifeSourceCDC PLACESNoteCopied from the figure rows of Place and the length of a life. in the most deprived, while the dental visit and screening tests that Chapter 7.1, Health behaviors and the supply of care follows fall.

    Housing costs make up the rest. Owner households are less often over the cost-burden line in more deprived tracts, and so are low-income renters, while the share of all renter households over the line shows no detectable difference between the ends. Gross rent, home value, the mortgage cost and family income are ingredients of the index (Chapter 1.1, What the deprivation index measures), so a housing-cost ratio compared along it is sorted partly on its own parts.

    Some death rates are worse at the deprived end without rising step by step

    The overdose death rate is 23.8 (95% CI 22.2 to 25.6)23.8 overdose deaths per 100,000 residentsEstimandbin mean as published in Overdose, alcohol and suicideInterval95% CI 22.2 to 25.6Weightsas in Overdose, alcohol and suicidePopulationleast deprived bin of tenth of counties by Area Deprivation Index (1 = least deprived, 10 = most deprived)Periodas in Overdose, alcohol and suicideSourceCDC injury and violence mappingNoteCopied from the figure rows of Overdose, alcohol and suicide. in the least deprived tenth of counties and 31.1 (95% CI 25.7 to 36.5)31.1 overdose deaths per 100,000 residentsEstimandbin mean as published in Overdose, alcohol and suicideInterval95% CI 25.7 to 36.5Weightsas in Overdose, alcohol and suicidePopulationmost deprived bin of tenth of counties by Area Deprivation Index (1 = least deprived, 10 = most deprived)Periodas in Overdose, alcohol and suicideSourceCDC injury and violence mappingNoteCopied from the figure rows of Overdose, alcohol and suicide. in the most deprived, yet the rank correlation across the tenths is +0.09+0.09 rank correlation between bin order and bin meanEstimandSpearman correlation over the published binsWeightsnone (bins counted once)Populationoverdose death rate, bins of tenth of counties by Area Deprivation Index (1 = least deprived, 10 = most deprived)Periodas in Overdose, alcohol and suicideSourceCDC injury and violence mapping: the middle tenths do not lie between the ends. Suicide and homicide by county are also worse at the deprived end and uneven. Homicide shows how the scale of the comparison matters. Across tenths of counties its rank correlation is +0.47+0.47 rank correlation between bin order and bin meanEstimandSpearman correlation over the published binsWeightsnone (bins counted once)Populationhomicide death rate, counties, bins of tenth of counties by Area Deprivation Index (1 = least deprived, 10 = most deprived)Periodas in Overdose, alcohol and suicideSourceCDC injury and violence mapping, and across tenths of tracts it is +1.00+1.00 rank correlation between bin order and bin meanEstimandSpearman correlation over the published binsWeightsnone (bins counted once)Populationhomicide death rate, tracts, bins of tenth of tracts by Area Deprivation Index (1 = least deprived, 10 = most deprived)Periodas in Violence and the life-expectancy gapSourceCDC injury and violence mapping (Chapter 8.5, Violence and the life-expectancy gap). The two rows come from different periods and estimates, and a county average mixes tracts with very different rates.

    The most deprived places usually stand farther from the national value than the least deprived

    Each end of a ranking can also be set against the country as a whole. For the 2525 outcome gradientsEstimandcount of ratio-scale rows of the pattern table meeting the stated rule (log distance of each end from the middle of the ranking)Weightsnone (count of rows)Populationoutcome gradients that the chapters of this book publish by bins of a ranking of placesPeriodas in each chapterSourceArea Deprivation Index rows whose values have a natural zero, Table 3 divides the mean in the least and in the most deprived bin by the national value that the row's chapter publishes, the same estimate over all the places it ranks. The most deprived end lies farther from that value in 1717 outcome gradientsEstimandcount of ratio-scale rows of the pattern table meeting the stated rule (log distance of each end from the middle of the ranking)Weightsnone (count of rows)Populationoutcome gradients that the chapters of this book publish by bins of a ranking of placesPeriodas in each chapterSourceArea Deprivation Index of them and the least deprived end in 88 outcome gradientsEstimandcount of ratio-scale rows of the pattern table meeting the stated rule (log distance of each end from the middle of the ranking)Weightsnone (count of rows)Populationoutcome gradients that the chapters of this book publish by bins of a ranking of placesPeriodas in each chapterSourceArea Deprivation Index. The distance to a four-year college, residents per primary care physician and the county homicide rate depart most at the most deprived end, above the national value. For chronic conditions, homicide by tract, smoking and the predicted teen birth share, the least deprived end departs more, below it. Renter burden, the annual checkup and life expectancy stay close to the national value at both ends. The national value weights places by population, births or households, so it lies nearer the places that hold more of that weight, and the ratios carry no intervals.

    Table 3. In 17 of 25 outcomes the most deprived places stand farther from the national value than the least deprived places do

    Under three other rankings, one main gradient changes

    1717 chaptersEstimandchapters whose main gradient was recomputed under four rankingsWeightsnone (count of chapters)Populationthe main gradients of the chapters counted by the ranking switch rulePeriodas in each chapterSourceArea Deprivation Index chapters that rank places by the deprivation index recomputed their main gradient under three other rankings of the same places (Table 4). The standardized index applies the deprivation index's coefficients to its measures after standardizing each one, so home value and income weigh less in it. Median household income and the share of adults with a bachelor's degree are single census measures. Each chapter kept its outcome, weights, bins and intervals and used only the places that have all four rankings, and its report shows the four panels.

    Under the standardized index, 11 chaptersEstimandcounted main gradients that change under the standardized indexWeightsnone (count of chapters)Populationthe main gradients of the chapters counted by the ranking switch rulePeriodas in each chapterSourceArea Deprivation Index of the 1616 chaptersEstimandchapters whose main gradient enters the count of the ruleWeightsnone (count of chapters)Populationthe main gradients of the chapters counted by the ranking switch rulePeriodas in each chapterSourceArea Deprivation Index counted gradients changes class and no gradient reverses. The book set its threshold before the comparison: the standardized index would replace the deprivation index if it changed at least 44 chaptersEstimandrule: changed main gradients under the standardized index that switch the rankingWeightsnone (count of chapters)Populationthe main gradients of the chapters counted by the ranking switch rulePeriodas in each chapterSourceArea Deprivation Index counted gradients or reversed at least 22 chaptersEstimandrule: reversed main gradients under the standardized index that switch the rankingWeightsnone (count of chapters)Populationthe main gradients of the chapters counted by the ranking switch rulePeriodas in each chapterSourceArea Deprivation Index. The deprivation index therefore stays the book's primary ranking. The gradient that changes is traffic proximity. Across the country it falls toward the more deprived end under the deprivation index, and under the standardized index the least and the most deprived tenths of tracts no longer differ, with the middle tenths below both ends (Chapter 6.1, Air pollution).

    The two checks move a few rows. Median household income changes 22 chaptersEstimandcounted main gradients that change under the median household incomeWeightsnone (count of chapters)Populationthe main gradients of the chapters counted by the ranking switch rulePeriodas in each chapterSourceArea Deprivation Index counted gradients, traffic proximity and the county overdose rate, whose ends differ only under income. The degree share changes 11 chaptersEstimandcounted main gradients that change under the bachelor's degree shareWeightsnone (count of chapters)Populationthe main gradients of the chapters counted by the ranking switch rulePeriodas in each chapterSourceArea Deprivation Index, low birthweight, whose ends no longer differ. On the places with all four rankings, the county overdose rate shows no detectable difference between the ends under the deprivation index itself, where the table above, read from the chapter's full sample, finds a small one. Renting is recomputed and left out of the count, because rent and income are inputs to both indices; under the standardized index and under income the share of renters over the cost-burden line rises steadily toward the more deprived end.

    Table 4. Under the standardized index the main gradient changes class in 1 of 16 counted chapters, below the threshold of 4 that would replace the deprivation index

    What the count leaves out

    The table holds only outcomes that a chapter publishes in bins with intervals. Upward mobility, test score levels and the jobs held by residents are reported against other rankings or as scatters and are not in it. 44 outcome gradientsEstimandcount of rows of the pattern table that meet the stated ruleWeightsnone (count of rows)Populationoutcome gradients that the chapters of this book publish by bins of a ranking of placesPeriodas in each chapterSourceArea Deprivation Index rows are uneven and 2020 outcome gradientsEstimandcount of rows of the pattern table that meet the stated ruleWeightsnone (count of rows)Populationoutcome gradients that the chapters of this book publish by bins of a ranking of placesPeriodas in each chapterSourceArea Deprivation Index are worse at the deprived end in total, counts that would change with a different threshold or a different interval test, and with a different ranking. The ranking comparison above covers one main gradient per chapter and not every row of the table.

    What these data cannot show

    The rows come from different sources, places, periods and units. Births are ranked by county, life expectancy by tract, and the gender gaps by district, and the outcome periods differ from one row to the next and from the period of the index, 2019 to 2023. The count is not an estimate for one population and does not measure how strongly places shape any outcome. A steady row describes an ordering of places and not the experience of every resident, and the classification says nothing about why an outcome follows the ranking or departs from it.

    Tables

    Table 1. Of 30 outcome gradients, 17 are steadily worse toward the more deprived end, 5 are better there and 2 show no detectable difference between the ends

    One row per outcome: the mean in the least and the most deprived bin of the ranking its chapter uses, in that chapter's units, the rank correlation between bin order and bin mean, and the pattern under the rule in the methods

    DomainOutcomeChapterLeast deprived binMost deprived binRank correlation with bin orderPatternMore deprived endBinsUnitRanking
    Birth and schoolLow birthweightBirthweight and preterm birth7.49.7+1.00SteadyWorse at the deprived end10Share of live births (%)Decile of county deprivation rank (1 = least deprived tenth of counties, 10 = most deprived)
    Birth and schoolPreterm birthBirthweight and preterm birth8.812.1+1.00SteadyWorse at the deprived end10Share of live births (%)Decile of county deprivation rank (1 = least deprived tenth of counties, 10 = most deprived)
    Birth and schoolInfant mortalityInfant mortality4.08.8+0.95SteadyWorse at the deprived end10Infant deaths per 1,000 live birthsDecile of county deprivation rank (1 = least deprived tenth of counties, 10 = most deprived)
    Birth and schoolReading gap, boys minus girlsGender gaps in reading and math−0.87−0.79+0.39No detectable difference between the endsNo reading10Mean male minus female gap (grade levels)Tenth of districts by median household income (1 = lowest, 10 = highest), read from the highest bin to the lowest
    Birth and schoolMath gap, boys minus girlsGender gaps in reading and math0.08−0.20−0.93SteadyNo reading10Mean male minus female gap (grade levels)Tenth of districts by median household income (1 = lowest, 10 = highest), read from the highest bin to the lowest
    Becoming an adultDistance to a four-year collegeCollege access, price and earnings6.129.3+1.00SteadyWorse at the deprived end10Miles to the nearest four-year campus, average residentTenth of counties by ADI national rank (1 = least deprived, 10 = most deprived)
    Becoming an adultPredicted teen birth shareTeen births13.038.5+1.00SteadyNo reading10Predicted share of women with a teen birth (percent)Tenth of places, means of the points by Area Deprivation Index national rank (1 = least deprived, 100 = most deprived)
    Becoming an adultIncarceration, Black children from low-income familiesSchool discipline and incarceration3.86.4+0.99SteadyWorse at the deprived end10Percent incarcerated on April 1, 2010Tenth of tracts by deprivation rank (1 = least deprived, 10 = most deprived)
    Becoming an adultIncarceration, white children from low-income familiesSchool discipline and incarceration1.232.59+1.00SteadyWorse at the deprived end10Percent incarcerated on April 1, 2010Tenth of tracts by deprivation rank (1 = least deprived, 10 = most deprived)
    Home, work and moneyMortgage denial rateMortgage denials7.813.8+0.95SteadyWorse at the deprived end10Denied share of decided applications (%)Tenth of places, means of the points by Area Deprivation Index national rank (1 = least deprived, 100 = most deprived)
    Home, work and moneyRenter households over the cost-burden lineRenting, affordability and eviction44.547.6−0.30No detectable difference between the endsNeither10Share paying more than 30% of income (%)Area Deprivation Index tenth of tracts (1 = least deprived, 10 = most deprived)
    Home, work and moneyOwner households over the cost-burden lineRenting, affordability and eviction25.619.8−0.88UnevenBetter at the deprived end10Share paying more than 30% of income (%)Area Deprivation Index tenth of tracts (1 = least deprived, 10 = most deprived)
    Home, work and moneyLow-income renters over the cost-burden lineRenting, affordability and eviction75.362.5−1.00SteadyBetter at the deprived end10Low-income households paying more than 30% of income (%)Area Deprivation Index tenth of tracts (1 = least deprived, 10 = most deprived)
    Environment and connectionTraffic proximityAir pollution74.739.0−0.96SteadyBetter at the deprived end10Mean national percentile of the tract (0 to 100)Decile of the Area Deprivation Index national rank (1 = least deprived, 10 = most deprived)
    Environment and connectionFine particulate matterAir pollution64.347.8−0.93SteadyBetter at the deprived end10Mean national percentile of the tract (0 to 100)Decile of the Area Deprivation Index national rank (1 = least deprived, 10 = most deprived)
    Environment and connectionVoter turnout, 2020Civic life, loneliness and partnership72.156.4−1.00SteadyWorse at the deprived end10Turnout or self-response (%)Decile of county deprivation (1 = least deprived tenth of counties, 10 = most deprived)
    Environment and connectionCensus self-response, 2020Civic life, loneliness and partnership68.647.6−1.00SteadyWorse at the deprived end10Turnout or self-response (%)Decile of county deprivation (1 = least deprived tenth of counties, 10 = most deprived)
    Environment and connectionLife evaluation (ladder score)Life evaluation and daily feelings7.176.93−1.00SteadyWorse at the deprived end10Mean ladder score (0 to 10)Decile of deprivation (1 = least deprived tenth of interviews, 10 = most deprived)
    Health and careCurrent smokingPlace and the length of a life9.122.8+1.00SteadyWorse at the deprived end10Percent of adultsTenth of tracts by Area Deprivation Index (1 = least deprived, 10 = most deprived)
    Health and careAnnual checkupPlace and the length of a life74.277.8+1.00SteadyBetter at the deprived end10Percent of adultsTenth of tracts by Area Deprivation Index (1 = least deprived, 10 = most deprived)
    Health and careChronic conditions that are highMultiple chronic conditions0.55.7+1.00SteadyWorse at the deprived end10Mean number of high conditions (of nine)Tenth of tracts by ADI national percentile (1 = least deprived, 10 = most deprived)
    Health and careAdult disabilityDisability, retirement and Medicare23.342.9+1.00SteadyWorse at the deprived end10Percent of adultsTenth of tracts by Area Deprivation Index (1 = least deprived, 10 = most deprived)
    Health and careResidents per primary care physicianHealth behaviors and the supply of care1,1592,730+1.00SteadyWorse at the deprived end10Residents per providerCounty deprivation decile (1 = least deprived, 10 = most deprived)
    Health and careEmergency visits per Medicare beneficiaryDisability, retirement and Medicare571677+1.00SteadyNo reading5Visits per thousand beneficiaries per yearFifth of counties by ADI
    Early deathPremature death rateGun homicide and the causes of early death307701+1.00SteadyWorse at the deprived end10Premature deaths per 100,000 residents, age-adjustedDecile of the county area deprivation index (1 least deprived, 10 most deprived)
    Early deathOverdose death rateOverdose, alcohol and suicide23.831.1+0.09UnevenWorse at the deprived end10Deaths per 100,000 residentsTenth of counties by Area Deprivation Index (1 = least deprived, 10 = most deprived)
    Early deathSuicide death rateOverdose, alcohol and suicide12.217.4+0.81UnevenWorse at the deprived end10Deaths per 100,000 residentsTenth of counties by Area Deprivation Index (1 = least deprived, 10 = most deprived)
    Early deathHomicide death rate, countiesOverdose, alcohol and suicide4.813.6+0.47UnevenWorse at the deprived end10Deaths per 100,000 residentsTenth of counties by Area Deprivation Index (1 = least deprived, 10 = most deprived)
    Early deathHomicide death rate, tractsViolence and the life-expectancy gap1.814.8+1.00SteadyWorse at the deprived end10Homicide deaths per 100,000 residents a yearTenth of tracts by Area Deprivation Index (1 = least deprived, 10 = most deprived)
    Early deathLife expectancy at birthPlace and the length of a life82.374.0−1.00SteadyWorse at the deprived end10Life expectancy at birth (years)Tenth of places, means of the points by Area Deprivation Index national percentile (1 = least deprived, 100 = most deprived)

    Note: Gender gaps in scores, the predicted teen birth share and emergency visits have no reading of better or worse and carry none.

    Note: The district income tenths of the gender-gap rows run from the highest to the lowest income here, so that the first bin is the most advantaged, as in the other rows.

    Note: Bins are tenths, fifths or quarters of places, as each chapter defines them; the units of the rows are named in the Unit column.

    Source: Figures of the chapters named in each row, data years 1978 to 2024 as each chapter states; estimates as published there: full counts, crude rates, population-weighted means, unweighted survey means or modeled estimates.

    Data: vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/how-far-one-ranking-goes/figures/pattern_table.json

    Table 2. Within each domain, most outcomes move in one direction along the ranking, and the exceptions differ by domain

    Mean and 95% interval for each bin of the ranking each chapter uses, one panel per outcome, each in its own units

    Table 2.1. Birth and school

    Birth and school outcomes by bin of the ranking each chapter uses

    Mean and 95% interval for each bin, least deprived at the top, each panel in its own units

    binconf_highconf_lowestimateoutcome
    1, least deprived7.687.187.43Low birthweight
    28.007.327.63Low birthweight
    38.367.557.96Low birthweight
    48.677.848.29Low birthweight
    58.657.978.37Low birthweight
    68.988.298.69Low birthweight
    79.508.579.05Low birthweight
    89.858.899.40Low birthweight
    910.189.009.63Low birthweight
    10, most deprived10.269.209.68Low birthweight
    1, least deprived9.018.598.82Preterm birth
    29.489.089.28Preterm birth
    310.129.479.82Preterm birth
    410.299.8010.05Preterm birth
    510.539.9810.27Preterm birth
    611.2810.2610.80Preterm birth
    711.2210.5610.92Preterm birth
    811.5910.9211.27Preterm birth
    911.8211.0111.42Preterm birth
    10, most deprived12.6611.3212.05Preterm birth
    1, least deprived4.193.834.00Infant mortality
    25.324.885.11Infant mortality
    35.975.515.78Infant mortality
    46.345.866.09Infant mortality
    57.066.376.72Infant mortality
    67.346.707.05Infant mortality
    78.127.127.65Infant mortality
    87.966.737.38Infant mortality
    97.926.497.24Infant mortality
    10, most deprived9.468.058.77Infant mortality
    1, least deprived−0.781−0.971−0.867Reading gap, boys minus girls
    2−0.735−0.881−0.806Reading gap, boys minus girls
    3−0.725−0.854−0.799Reading gap, boys minus girls
    4−0.687−0.858−0.767Reading gap, boys minus girls
    5−0.692−0.841−0.760Reading gap, boys minus girls
    6−0.678−0.805−0.737Reading gap, boys minus girls
    7−0.701−0.855−0.782Reading gap, boys minus girls
    8−0.704−0.861−0.780Reading gap, boys minus girls
    9−0.718−0.880−0.795Reading gap, boys minus girls
    10, most deprived−0.714−0.885−0.791Reading gap, boys minus girls
    1, least deprived0.1190.0380.080Math gap, boys minus girls
    20.063−0.0320.008Math gap, boys minus girls
    30.001−0.101−0.061Math gap, boys minus girls
    4−0.017−0.114−0.063Math gap, boys minus girls
    5−0.032−0.111−0.071Math gap, boys minus girls
    6−0.013−0.086−0.051Math gap, boys minus girls
    7−0.049−0.154−0.102Math gap, boys minus girls
    8−0.093−0.196−0.143Math gap, boys minus girls
    9−0.102−0.190−0.145Math gap, boys minus girls
    10, most deprived−0.153−0.259−0.203Math gap, boys minus girls

    Table 2.2. Becoming an adult

    Becoming an adult outcomes by bin of the ranking each chapter uses

    Mean and 95% interval for each bin, least deprived at the top, each panel in its own units

    binconf_highconf_lowestimateoutcome
    1, least deprived6.915.276.10Distance to a four-year college
    210.377.338.53Distance to a four-year college
    312.347.709.36Distance to a four-year college
    411.677.949.54Distance to a four-year college
    520.6810.7714.49Distance to a four-year college
    618.9412.6715.25Distance to a four-year college
    721.9614.7317.97Distance to a four-year college
    824.3018.3521.28Distance to a four-year college
    929.5022.4525.60Distance to a four-year college
    10, most deprived35.0224.6429.34Distance to a four-year college
    1, least deprived14.0111.8512.95Predicted teen birth share
    219.3416.0617.73Predicted teen birth share
    321.1418.9720.03Predicted teen birth share
    423.0121.6222.31Predicted teen birth share
    525.1723.9424.55Predicted teen birth share
    627.1525.9026.54Predicted teen birth share
    729.2528.0328.65Predicted teen birth share
    831.2629.9230.57Predicted teen birth share
    933.3732.1232.75Predicted teen birth share
    10, most deprived39.2737.7938.54Predicted teen birth share
    1, least deprived4.173.403.80Incarceration, Black children from low-income families
    24.804.134.46Incarceration, Black children from low-income families
    35.084.514.79Incarceration, Black children from low-income families
    45.304.755.02Incarceration, Black children from low-income families
    55.615.085.33Incarceration, Black children from low-income families
    65.765.315.52Incarceration, Black children from low-income families
    75.745.325.52Incarceration, Black children from low-income families
    86.035.555.79Incarceration, Black children from low-income families
    96.105.595.84Incarceration, Black children from low-income families
    10, most deprived6.686.066.37Incarceration, Black children from low-income families
    1, least deprived1.411.091.23Incarceration, white children from low-income families
    21.611.331.47Incarceration, white children from low-income families
    31.751.521.64Incarceration, white children from low-income families
    42.031.801.92Incarceration, white children from low-income families
    52.231.872.05Incarceration, white children from low-income families
    62.291.972.13Incarceration, white children from low-income families
    72.392.072.23Incarceration, white children from low-income families
    82.422.102.25Incarceration, white children from low-income families
    92.452.172.32Incarceration, white children from low-income families
    10, most deprived2.812.402.59Incarceration, white children from low-income families

    Table 2.3. Home, work and money

    Home, work and money outcomes by bin of the ranking each chapter uses

    Mean and 95% interval for each bin, least deprived at the top, each panel in its own units

    binconf_highconf_lowestimateoutcome
    1, least deprived8.447.177.81Mortgage denial rate
    28.237.207.69Mortgage denial rate
    38.027.257.63Mortgage denial rate
    48.627.798.19Mortgage denial rate
    59.048.148.59Mortgage denial rate
    69.638.689.18Mortgage denial rate
    79.999.109.55Mortgage denial rate
    810.519.5910.04Mortgage denial rate
    911.3510.5410.91Mortgage denial rate
    10, most deprived14.3313.3313.81Mortgage denial rate
    1, least deprived46.6841.9144.45Renter households over the cost-burden line
    250.084547.68Renter households over the cost-burden line
    348.5044.7646.65Renter households over the cost-burden line
    446.7144.4845.61Renter households over the cost-burden line
    546.1644.1445.17Renter households over the cost-burden line
    646.0244.1645.12Renter households over the cost-burden line
    745.5743.5944.64Renter households over the cost-burden line
    845.2743.5144.42Renter households over the cost-burden line
    944.9543.2644.13Renter households over the cost-burden line
    10, most deprived48.4246.6347.58Renter households over the cost-burden line
    1, least deprived27.2223.7425.55Owner households over the cost-burden line
    225.4222.3123.87Owner households over the cost-burden line
    322.6420.9821.79Owner households over the cost-burden line
    421.7020.3621.03Owner households over the cost-burden line
    520.8519.5920.20Owner households over the cost-burden line
    62018.9019.45Owner households over the cost-burden line
    719.5618.4518.97Owner households over the cost-burden line
    818.8917.9518.42Owner households over the cost-burden line
    918.7417.9018.31Owner households over the cost-burden line
    10, most deprived20.2819.2519.78Owner households over the cost-burden line
    1, least deprived78.0672.6075.33Low-income renters over the cost-burden line
    276.2274.1575.05Low-income renters over the cost-burden line
    375.2772.8674.01Low-income renters over the cost-burden line
    474.2372.1073.20Low-income renters over the cost-burden line
    572.1969.9071.11Low-income renters over the cost-burden line
    670.0667.8968.99Low-income renters over the cost-burden line
    767.6665.5266.62Low-income renters over the cost-burden line
    865.4463.6364.56Low-income renters over the cost-burden line
    963.2761.6662.51Low-income renters over the cost-burden line
    10, most deprived63.2761.5862.46Low-income renters over the cost-burden line

    Table 2.4. Environment and connection

    Environment and connection outcomes by bin of the ranking each chapter uses

    Mean and 95% interval for each bin, least deprived at the top, each panel in its own units

    binconf_highconf_lowestimateoutcome
    1, least deprived79.1868.0574.70Traffic proximity
    271.2958.9665.23Traffic proximity
    360.2353.4956.92Traffic proximity
    453.7748.8751.45Traffic proximity
    550.3444.9347.72Traffic proximity
    647.1341.6644.43Traffic proximity
    744.3238.1741.19Traffic proximity
    840.5535.3938.01Traffic proximity
    937.5332.2034.92Traffic proximity
    10, most deprived42.1335.4238.99Traffic proximity
    1, least deprived73.2452.3464.27Fine particulate matter
    265.8447.6156.82Fine particulate matter
    356.9947.6952.29Fine particulate matter
    454.1147.2050.75Fine particulate matter
    551.9946.0949.21Fine particulate matter
    651.2844.8748.16Fine particulate matter
    750.7044.2047.40Fine particulate matter
    847.3841.6444.47Fine particulate matter
    946.6241.5044.06Fine particulate matter
    10, most deprived50.9744.2947.76Fine particulate matter
    1, least deprived73.8070.5872.06Voter turnout, 2020
    27167.9369.33Voter turnout, 2020
    368.5864.6266.59Voter turnout, 2020
    465.5762.0763.95Voter turnout, 2020
    564.1561.4362.84Voter turnout, 2020
    662.0859.1060.63Voter turnout, 2020
    760.9458.8459.85Voter turnout, 2020
    860.5256.9058.66Voter turnout, 2020
    959.0157.1858.06Voter turnout, 2020
    10, most deprived57.5955.3756.43Voter turnout, 2020
    1, least deprived69.9467.3968.60Census self-response, 2020
    268.1565.9166.97Census self-response, 2020
    368.046566.45Census self-response, 2020
    466.2563.6164.94Census self-response, 2020
    564.8062.5663.80Census self-response, 2020
    662.8860.2461.63Census self-response, 2020
    761.8559.7260.76Census self-response, 2020
    858.7655.7557.15Census self-response, 2020
    955.2153.1854.20Census self-response, 2020
    10, most deprived49.1246.1147.63Census self-response, 2020
    1, least deprived7.237.117.17Life evaluation (ladder score)
    27.177.097.13Life evaluation (ladder score)
    37.157.087.11Life evaluation (ladder score)
    47.147.077.10Life evaluation (ladder score)
    57.127.077.10Life evaluation (ladder score)
    67.127.067.09Life evaluation (ladder score)
    77.087.037.06Life evaluation (ladder score)
    87.067.027.04Life evaluation (ladder score)
    97.006.966.98Life evaluation (ladder score)
    10, most deprived6.946.916.93Life evaluation (ladder score)

    Table 2.5. Health and care

    Health and care outcomes by bin of the ranking each chapter uses

    Mean and 95% interval for each bin, least deprived at the top, each panel in its own units

    binconf_highconf_lowestimateoutcome
    1, least deprived9.598.539.06Current smoking
    211.2510.2010.74Current smoking
    311.9911.2811.62Current smoking
    412.8812.4512.67Current smoking
    514.0913.7013.89Current smoking
    615.2814.9315.10Current smoking
    716.5416.2516.39Current smoking
    817.9417.6117.78Current smoking
    919.6219.2719.45Current smoking
    10, most deprived23.1422.4622.81Current smoking
    1, least deprived75.2973.2374.16Annual checkup
    275.4073.2574.27Annual checkup
    375.357474.67Annual checkup
    475.4174.4074.90Annual checkup
    575.8975.0675.46Annual checkup
    676.2675.4575.85Annual checkup
    776.5975.8176.21Annual checkup
    876.9676.2676.62Annual checkup
    977.4476.8377.14Annual checkup
    10, most deprived78.1877.3477.76Annual checkup
    1, least deprived0.5500.3800.450Chronic conditions that are high
    20.7000.5500.620Chronic conditions that are high
    310.7800.880Chronic conditions that are high
    41.100.9201.01Chronic conditions that are high
    51.391.191.29Chronic conditions that are high
    61.831.601.71Chronic conditions that are high
    72.462.222.34Chronic conditions that are high
    83.343.073.21Chronic conditions that are high
    94.494.214.35Chronic conditions that are high
    10, most deprived5.815.525.66Chronic conditions that are high
    1, least deprived24.0722.3023.28Adult disability
    227.4524.5025.97Adult disability
    327.9926.0827Adult disability
    428.7327.6028.17Adult disability
    530.3229.3929.84Adult disability
    632.0631.2131.62Adult disability
    733.8833.1633.53Adult disability
    835.8135.1535.48Adult disability
    938.3937.7438.06Adult disability
    10, most deprived43.2142.5042.86Adult disability
    1, least deprived120510931159Residents per primary care physician
    2144912211335Residents per primary care physician
    3151112861389Residents per primary care physician
    4151213091411Residents per primary care physician
    5173713651529Residents per primary care physician
    6187714581656Residents per primary care physician
    7214816601894Residents per primary care physician
    8224919052083Residents per primary care physician
    9282823942593Residents per primary care physician
    10, most deprived301824522730Residents per primary care physician
    1, least deprived584555.5570.5Emergency visits per Medicare beneficiary
    2617.4582.1598.9Emergency visits per Medicare beneficiary
    3635.5603620.1Emergency visits per Medicare beneficiary
    4655.4627.3642.1Emergency visits per Medicare beneficiary
    5, most deprived693.6656.4676.7Emergency visits per Medicare beneficiary

    Table 2.6. Early death

    Early death outcomes by bin of the ranking each chapter uses

    Mean and 95% interval for each bin, least deprived at the top, each panel in its own units

    binconf_highconf_lowestimateoutcome
    1, least deprived317.6296.1306.9Premature death rate
    2387.5356.6372.7Premature death rate
    3438.9399.7417.1Premature death rate
    4493.3439.2465.4Premature death rate
    5510.6465.7490.1Premature death rate
    6536.2483.2505.8Premature death rate
    7563.4502531.3Premature death rate
    8588.4508.8543.4Premature death rate
    9631.6568.9604Premature death rate
    10, most deprived739.9659.7701.1Premature death rate
    1, least deprived25.5822.1723.84Overdose death rate
    229.9324.5727.28Overdose death rate
    334.9626.9030.74Overdose death rate
    442.0130.6036.13Overdose death rate
    535.4927.6131.86Overdose death rate
    631.2524.5827.90Overdose death rate
    735.1327.8931.39Overdose death rate
    833.1321.7127.17Overdose death rate
    930.1223.8626.83Overdose death rate
    10, most deprived36.4925.6631.09Overdose death rate
    1, least deprived13.1611.3112.18Suicide death rate
    215.2013.2314.15Suicide death rate
    317.1114.8315.83Suicide death rate
    417.0415.0916.03Suicide death rate
    517.9416.0416.91Suicide death rate
    618.7616.5717.63Suicide death rate
    719.0917.6018.32Suicide death rate
    818.9414.2016.62Suicide death rate
    918.8317.3318.10Suicide death rate
    10, most deprived19.4115.7117.37Suicide death rate
    1, least deprived5.444.194.82Homicide death rate, counties
    29.175.657.31Homicide death rate, counties
    39.026.407.86Homicide death rate, counties
    414.248.5311.44Homicide death rate, counties
    512.337.489.89Homicide death rate, counties
    69.996.878.45Homicide death rate, counties
    710.006.197.86Homicide death rate, counties
    87.735.666.63Homicide death rate, counties
    910.317.408.79Homicide death rate, counties
    10, most deprived16.1711.1413.63Homicide death rate, counties
    1, least deprived2.161.351.76Homicide death rate, tracts
    23.182.072.62Homicide death rate, tracts
    33.482.633.03Homicide death rate, tracts
    44.183.293.70Homicide death rate, tracts
    54.693.974.33Homicide death rate, tracts
    65.634.685.16Homicide death rate, tracts
    77.095.556.27Homicide death rate, tracts
    88.326.487.34Homicide death rate, tracts
    99.597.418.43Homicide death rate, tracts
    10, most deprived16.8512.7614.81Homicide death rate, tracts
    1, least deprived82.5581.9982.29Life expectancy at birth
    281.2180.7380.95Life expectancy at birth
    380.5280.0780.30Life expectancy at birth
    479.9179.5879.74Life expectancy at birth
    579.2778.9779.12Life expectancy at birth
    678.5478.2578.39Life expectancy at birth
    777.8277.5677.69Life expectancy at birth
    877.0376.7576.88Life expectancy at birth
    976.0375.7275.87Life expectancy at birth
    10, most deprived74.3273.7274.01Life expectancy at birth

    Source: Figures of the chapters named in each row, data years 1978 to 2024 as each chapter states; estimates as published there: full counts, crude rates, population-weighted means, unweighted survey means or modeled estimates.

    Data: vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/how-far-one-ranking-goes/figures/gradients_by_domain.json

    Table 3. In 17 of 25 outcomes the most deprived places stand farther from the national value than the least deprived places do

    Mean at each end of the ranking each chapter uses, divided by the value for all the places of the comparison, on a log scale so that twice and half the national value sit the same distance from it

    DomainOutcomeLeast deprived endUnited StatesMost deprived endLeast deprived end divided by the US valueMost deprived end divided by the US valueUnit
    Birth and schoolInfant mortality4.05.78.80.711.55Infant deaths per 1,000 live births
    Birth and schoolPreterm birth8.810.1%12.10.871.19Share of live births (%)
    Birth and schoolLow birthweight7.48.3%9.70.891.16Share of live births (%)
    Becoming an adultDistance to a four-year college6.19.629.30.643.05Miles to the nearest four-year campus, average resident
    Becoming an adultPredicted teen birth share13.025.0%38.50.521.54Predicted share of women with a teen birth (percent)
    Becoming an adultIncarceration, white children from low-income families1.231.9%2.590.641.33Percent incarcerated on April 1, 2010
    Becoming an adultIncarceration, Black children from low-income families3.85.2%6.40.731.23Percent incarcerated on April 1, 2010
    Home, work and moneyMortgage denial rate7.89.0%13.80.871.54Denied share of decided applications (%)
    Home, work and moneyRenter households over the cost-burden line44.545.5%47.60.981.04Share paying more than 30% of income (%)
    Home, work and moneyOwner households over the cost-burden line25.620.8%19.81.230.95Share paying more than 30% of income (%)
    Home, work and moneyLow-income renters over the cost-burden line75.369.0%62.51.090.91Low-income households paying more than 30% of income (%)
    Environment and connectionVoter turnout, 202072.167.8%56.41.060.83Turnout or self-response (%)
    Environment and connectionCensus self-response, 202068.666.0%47.61.040.72Turnout or self-response (%)
    Health and careChronic conditions that are high0.52.05.70.232.90Mean number of high conditions (of nine)
    Health and careResidents per primary care physician1,1591,3342,7300.872.05Residents per provider
    Health and careCurrent smoking9.114.5%22.80.631.57Percent of adults
    Health and careAdult disability23.330.9%42.90.751.39Percent of adults
    Health and careEmergency visits per Medicare beneficiary5715926770.961.14Visits per thousand beneficiaries per year
    Health and careAnnual checkup74.275.6%77.80.981.03Percent of adults
    Early deathHomicide death rate, tracts1.85.414.80.322.72Homicide deaths per 100,000 residents a year
    Early deathHomicide death rate, counties4.87.113.60.681.93Deaths per 100,000 residents
    Early deathPremature death rate3073927010.781.79Premature deaths per 100,000 residents, age-adjusted
    Early deathSuicide death rate12.214.317.40.851.21Deaths per 100,000 residents
    Early deathOverdose death rate23.827.731.10.861.12Deaths per 100,000 residents
    Early deathLife expectancy at birth82.378.874.01.040.94Life expectancy at birth (years)

    Note: The national value pools all the places of each comparison into one bin, with the estimator and weights of its chapter, and is published there. It covers the places that the chapter ranks, so places without a rank or an estimate are left out.

    Note: Rows with no natural zero are left out: the gender gaps in scores, the traffic and fine particulate percentiles and the ladder score. They are in the pattern table.

    Note: The ratios have no intervals; the intervals of each bin and of each national value are in its chapter.

    Source: Figures of the chapters named in each row, data years 1978 to 2024 as each chapter states; estimates as published there: full counts, crude rates, population-weighted means, unweighted survey means or modeled estimates.

    Data: vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/how-far-one-ranking-goes/figures/ends_vs_us.json

    Table 4. Under the standardized index the main gradient changes class in 1 of 16 counted chapters, below the threshold of 4 that would replace the deprivation index

    One row per chapter: the class of its main gradient under the ADI over the places with all four rankings, and whether each alternative ranking changes it, with the rank correlation of bin order and bin mean

    ChapterMain gradientUnder the ADIStandardized indexMedian household incomeBachelor's degree shareCounted
    Birthweight and preterm birthLow birthweightSteady, worse at the deprived end (+0.99)Unchanged (+0.99)Unchanged (+0.96)Ends differ under one ranking only (+0.68)Yes
    Infant mortalityInfant mortalitySteady, worse at the deprived end (+0.95)Unchanged (+0.92)Unchanged (+1.00)Unchanged (+0.99)Yes
    College access, price and earningsDistance to a four-year collegeSteady, worse at the deprived end (+0.99)Unchanged (+0.93)Unchanged (+0.99)Unchanged (+0.99)Yes
    Teen birthsPredicted teen birth shareSteady (+1.00)Unchanged (+1.00)Unchanged (+1.00)Unchanged (+1.00)Yes
    School discipline and incarcerationIncarceration, Black children from low-income familiesSteady, worse at the deprived end (+1.00)Unchanged (+0.98)Unchanged (+1.00)Unchanged (+1.00)Yes
    Mortgage denialsMortgage denial rateSteady, worse at the deprived end (+0.95)Unchanged (+1.00)Unchanged (+1.00)Unchanged (+1.00)Yes
    Renting, affordability and evictionRenter households over the cost-burden lineUneven, worse at the deprived end (−0.30)Shape changed (+0.99)Shape changed (+1.00)Unchanged (+0.79)No, shares inputs with the rankings
    Air pollutionTraffic proximitySteady, better at the deprived end (−0.96)Ends differ under one ranking only (−0.31)Shape changed (−0.70)Unchanged (−0.87)Yes
    Civic life, loneliness and partnershipVoter turnout, 2020Steady, worse at the deprived end (−1.00)Unchanged (−0.98)Unchanged (−0.99)Unchanged (−0.98)Yes
    Life evaluation and daily feelingsLife evaluation (ladder score)Steady, worse at the deprived end (−0.98)Unchanged (−1.00)Unchanged (−1.00)Unchanged (−0.96)Yes
    Place and the length of a lifeLife expectancy at birthSteady, worse at the deprived end (−1.00)Unchanged (−1.00)Unchanged (−1.00)Unchanged (−1.00)Yes
    Multiple chronic conditionsChronic conditions that are highSteady, worse at the deprived end (+1.00)Unchanged (+1.00)Unchanged (+1.00)Unchanged (+1.00)Yes
    Disability, retirement and MedicareAdult disabilitySteady, worse at the deprived end (+1.00)Unchanged (+1.00)Unchanged (+1.00)Unchanged (+1.00)Yes
    Health behaviors and the supply of careResidents per primary care physicianSteady, worse at the deprived end (+1.00)Unchanged (+0.99)Unchanged (+0.96)Unchanged (+1.00)Yes
    Gun homicide and the causes of early deathPremature death rateSteady, worse at the deprived end (+1.00)Unchanged (+1.00)Unchanged (+1.00)Unchanged (+1.00)Yes
    Overdose, alcohol and suicideOverdose death rateNo detectable difference between the ends (+0.14)Unchanged (+0.28)Ends differ under one ranking only (+0.43)Unchanged (+0.14)Yes
    Violence and the life-expectancy gapHomicide death rate, tractsSteady, worse at the deprived end (+1.00)Unchanged (+1.00)Unchanged (+1.00)Unchanged (+1.00)Yes

    Note: Each chapter recomputes its own gradient with its outcome, period, weights, bins and intervals; this table only classifies the published rows.

    Note: Renting is reported and left out of the count, because rent and income are inputs to the ADI and to the standardized index.

    Source: Figures named "alt_rankings" in the chapters listed, data years 1978 to 2024 as each chapter states; ADI 2023 and ACS 2019-2023 tract tables; estimates weighted as in each chapter (population-weighted, births-weighted or unweighted means, crude rates or modeled estimates)

    Data: vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/how-far-one-ranking-goes/figures/ranking_check.json

    Table 5. Under either ranking and in each set of places, the least deprived tenth of tracts lives longer and smokes less than all places together, and the most deprived tenth lives shorter and smokes more

    Mean at each end of the ranking, among the selected places, divided by the value for all tracts of the comparison, on a log scale; the tick marks the selected places pooled

    RankingPlacesOutcomeLeast deprived endSelected places pooledAll places pooledMost deprived endLeast deprived end divided by all placesMost deprived end divided by all placesSelected places divided by all placesTracts at the least deprived endTracts at the most deprived endUnit
    Area Deprivation IndexAll placesLife expectancy at birth82.378.878.874.01.040.94n/a7,1797,206Life expectancy at birth (years)
    Area Deprivation IndexSouthLife expectancy at birth82.377.778.874.01.040.940.999283,810Life expectancy at birth (years)
    Area Deprivation IndexCounties at least 25% BlackLife expectancy at birth81.077.078.873.01.030.930.986902,040Life expectancy at birth (years)
    Median household incomeAll placesLife expectancy at birth82.278.878.874.21.040.94n/a7,1777,178Life expectancy at birth (years)
    Median household incomeSouthLife expectancy at birth81.577.778.874.01.030.940.991,8893,939Life expectancy at birth (years)
    Median household incomeCounties at least 25% BlackLife expectancy at birth81.477.078.873.31.030.930.986552,146Life expectancy at birth (years)
    Area Deprivation IndexAll placesCurrent smoking9.014.514.522.70.621.56n/a7,5517,543Percent of adults
    Area Deprivation IndexSouthCurrent smoking8.015.514.522.40.551.541.071,0124,001Percent of adults
    Area Deprivation IndexCounties at least 25% BlackCurrent smoking10.616.014.523.40.731.611.107152,180Percent of adults
    Median household incomeAll placesCurrent smoking8.714.514.521.80.601.50n/a7,5607,559Percent of adults
    Median household incomeSouthCurrent smoking9.015.514.521.80.621.501.072,0394,155Percent of adults
    Median household incomeCounties at least 25% BlackCurrent smoking8.616.014.522.80.601.571.106872,288Percent of adults
    Area Deprivation IndexAll placesAnnual checkup74.075.675.677.80.981.03n/a7,5517,543Percent of adults
    Area Deprivation IndexSouthAnnual checkup76.576.875.678.11.011.031.021,0124,001Percent of adults
    Area Deprivation IndexCounties at least 25% BlackAnnual checkup75.278.175.680.61.001.071.037152,180Percent of adults
    Median household incomeAll placesAnnual checkup75.475.675.676.91.001.02n/a7,5607,559Percent of adults
    Median household incomeSouthAnnual checkup76.476.875.677.81.011.031.022,0394,155Percent of adults
    Median household incomeCounties at least 25% BlackAnnual checkup76.478.175.680.21.011.061.036872,288Percent of adults

    Views: ADI, All places (rk = adi, sub = all); ADI, South (rk = adi, sub = south); ADI, Counties at least a quarter Black (rk = adi, sub = black25); Household income, All places (rk = income, sub = all); Household income, South (rk = income, sub = south); Household income, Counties at least a quarter Black (rk = income, sub = black25).

    Note: A prototype on the three outcomes of one chapter, Place and the length of a life, before the other rows of the chapter get the same treatment.

    Note: Each tract keeps the tenth it holds among all tracts under the chosen ranking, so the ends mean the same level of deprivation or income in every set of places. Household income ranks tracts by ACS median household income, lowest income at the most deprived end.

    Note: The places are the Census South region and counties where at least 25% of residents are Black alone (ACS county estimates). A tract takes the class of its county.

    Note: All tracts with every ranking enter, so the values for all places can differ slightly from the chapter's figures, which use every tract with an ADI rank. Weights and intervals are the chapter's: adults for smoking and the checkup, residents for life expectancy, a bootstrap over counties.

    Source: USALEEP life expectancy at birth, 2010-2015, and CDC PLACES 2024 (BRFSS 2022) via the chapter Place and the length of a life; ADI 2023 and ACS 2019-2023 tract and county tables; population- and adult-weighted means of modeled estimates

    Data: vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/how-far-one-ranking-goes/figures/ends_splits.json

    Table 6. 17 of the 30 gradients are steadily worse toward the more deprived end of the ranking each chapter uses

    Each outcome by bin of its chapter's ranking of places, least to most deprived, in its own units, with 95% intervals

    binconf_highconf_lowdigitsdomainestimateleastmostoutcomepatternrhounit
    17.687.181Birth and school7.437.49.7Low birthweightSteady, worse at the deprived end1Share of live births (%)
    28.007.321Birth and school7.637.49.7Low birthweightSteady, worse at the deprived end1Share of live births (%)
    38.367.551Birth and school7.967.49.7Low birthweightSteady, worse at the deprived end1Share of live births (%)
    48.677.841Birth and school8.297.49.7Low birthweightSteady, worse at the deprived end1Share of live births (%)
    58.657.971Birth and school8.377.49.7Low birthweightSteady, worse at the deprived end1Share of live births (%)
    68.988.291Birth and school8.697.49.7Low birthweightSteady, worse at the deprived end1Share of live births (%)
    79.508.571Birth and school9.057.49.7Low birthweightSteady, worse at the deprived end1Share of live births (%)
    89.858.891Birth and school9.407.49.7Low birthweightSteady, worse at the deprived end1Share of live births (%)
    910.189.001Birth and school9.637.49.7Low birthweightSteady, worse at the deprived end1Share of live births (%)
    1010.269.201Birth and school9.687.49.7Low birthweightSteady, worse at the deprived end1Share of live births (%)
    19.018.591Birth and school8.828.812.1Preterm birthSteady, worse at the deprived end1Share of live births (%)
    29.489.081Birth and school9.288.812.1Preterm birthSteady, worse at the deprived end1Share of live births (%)
    310.129.471Birth and school9.828.812.1Preterm birthSteady, worse at the deprived end1Share of live births (%)
    410.299.801Birth and school10.058.812.1Preterm birthSteady, worse at the deprived end1Share of live births (%)
    510.539.981Birth and school10.278.812.1Preterm birthSteady, worse at the deprived end1Share of live births (%)
    611.2810.261Birth and school10.808.812.1Preterm birthSteady, worse at the deprived end1Share of live births (%)
    711.2210.561Birth and school10.928.812.1Preterm birthSteady, worse at the deprived end1Share of live births (%)
    811.5910.921Birth and school11.278.812.1Preterm birthSteady, worse at the deprived end1Share of live births (%)
    911.8211.011Birth and school11.428.812.1Preterm birthSteady, worse at the deprived end1Share of live births (%)
    1012.6611.321Birth and school12.058.812.1Preterm birthSteady, worse at the deprived end1Share of live births (%)
    14.193.831Birth and school4.004.08.8Infant mortalitySteady, worse at the deprived end0.950Infant deaths per 1,000 live births
    25.324.881Birth and school5.114.08.8Infant mortalitySteady, worse at the deprived end0.950Infant deaths per 1,000 live births
    35.975.511Birth and school5.784.08.8Infant mortalitySteady, worse at the deprived end0.950Infant deaths per 1,000 live births
    46.345.861Birth and school6.094.08.8Infant mortalitySteady, worse at the deprived end0.950Infant deaths per 1,000 live births
    57.066.371Birth and school6.724.08.8Infant mortalitySteady, worse at the deprived end0.950Infant deaths per 1,000 live births
    67.346.701Birth and school7.054.08.8Infant mortalitySteady, worse at the deprived end0.950Infant deaths per 1,000 live births
    78.127.121Birth and school7.654.08.8Infant mortalitySteady, worse at the deprived end0.950Infant deaths per 1,000 live births
    87.966.731Birth and school7.384.08.8Infant mortalitySteady, worse at the deprived end0.950Infant deaths per 1,000 live births
    97.926.491Birth and school7.244.08.8Infant mortalitySteady, worse at the deprived end0.950Infant deaths per 1,000 live births
    109.468.051Birth and school8.774.08.8Infant mortalitySteady, worse at the deprived end0.950Infant deaths per 1,000 live births
    1−0.781−0.9712Birth and school−0.867−0.87−0.79Reading gap, boys minus girlsNo detectable difference between the ends0.390Mean male minus female gap (grade levels)
    2−0.735−0.8812Birth and school−0.806−0.87−0.79Reading gap, boys minus girlsNo detectable difference between the ends0.390Mean male minus female gap (grade levels)
    3−0.725−0.8542Birth and school−0.799−0.87−0.79Reading gap, boys minus girlsNo detectable difference between the ends0.390Mean male minus female gap (grade levels)
    4−0.687−0.8582Birth and school−0.767−0.87−0.79Reading gap, boys minus girlsNo detectable difference between the ends0.390Mean male minus female gap (grade levels)
    5−0.692−0.8412Birth and school−0.760−0.87−0.79Reading gap, boys minus girlsNo detectable difference between the ends0.390Mean male minus female gap (grade levels)
    6−0.678−0.8052Birth and school−0.737−0.87−0.79Reading gap, boys minus girlsNo detectable difference between the ends0.390Mean male minus female gap (grade levels)
    7−0.701−0.8552Birth and school−0.782−0.87−0.79Reading gap, boys minus girlsNo detectable difference between the ends0.390Mean male minus female gap (grade levels)
    8−0.704−0.8612Birth and school−0.780−0.87−0.79Reading gap, boys minus girlsNo detectable difference between the ends0.390Mean male minus female gap (grade levels)
    9−0.718−0.8802Birth and school−0.795−0.87−0.79Reading gap, boys minus girlsNo detectable difference between the ends0.390Mean male minus female gap (grade levels)
    10−0.714−0.8852Birth and school−0.791−0.87−0.79Reading gap, boys minus girlsNo detectable difference between the ends0.390Mean male minus female gap (grade levels)
    10.1190.0382Birth and school0.0800.08−0.20Math gap, boys minus girlsSteady−0.930Mean male minus female gap (grade levels)
    20.063−0.0322Birth and school0.0080.08−0.20Math gap, boys minus girlsSteady−0.930Mean male minus female gap (grade levels)
    30.001−0.1012Birth and school−0.0610.08−0.20Math gap, boys minus girlsSteady−0.930Mean male minus female gap (grade levels)
    4−0.017−0.1142Birth and school−0.0630.08−0.20Math gap, boys minus girlsSteady−0.930Mean male minus female gap (grade levels)
    5−0.032−0.1112Birth and school−0.0710.08−0.20Math gap, boys minus girlsSteady−0.930Mean male minus female gap (grade levels)
    6−0.013−0.0862Birth and school−0.0510.08−0.20Math gap, boys minus girlsSteady−0.930Mean male minus female gap (grade levels)
    7−0.049−0.1542Birth and school−0.1020.08−0.20Math gap, boys minus girlsSteady−0.930Mean male minus female gap (grade levels)
    8−0.093−0.1962Birth and school−0.1430.08−0.20Math gap, boys minus girlsSteady−0.930Mean male minus female gap (grade levels)
    9−0.102−0.1902Birth and school−0.1450.08−0.20Math gap, boys minus girlsSteady−0.930Mean male minus female gap (grade levels)
    10−0.153−0.2592Birth and school−0.2030.08−0.20Math gap, boys minus girlsSteady−0.930Mean male minus female gap (grade levels)
    16.915.271Becoming an adult6.106.129.3Distance to a four-year collegeSteady, worse at the deprived end1Miles to the nearest four-year campus, average resident
    210.377.331Becoming an adult8.536.129.3Distance to a four-year collegeSteady, worse at the deprived end1Miles to the nearest four-year campus, average resident
    312.347.701Becoming an adult9.366.129.3Distance to a four-year collegeSteady, worse at the deprived end1Miles to the nearest four-year campus, average resident
    411.677.941Becoming an adult9.546.129.3Distance to a four-year collegeSteady, worse at the deprived end1Miles to the nearest four-year campus, average resident
    520.6810.771Becoming an adult14.496.129.3Distance to a four-year collegeSteady, worse at the deprived end1Miles to the nearest four-year campus, average resident
    618.9412.671Becoming an adult15.256.129.3Distance to a four-year collegeSteady, worse at the deprived end1Miles to the nearest four-year campus, average resident
    721.9614.731Becoming an adult17.976.129.3Distance to a four-year collegeSteady, worse at the deprived end1Miles to the nearest four-year campus, average resident
    824.3018.351Becoming an adult21.286.129.3Distance to a four-year collegeSteady, worse at the deprived end1Miles to the nearest four-year campus, average resident
    929.5022.451Becoming an adult25.606.129.3Distance to a four-year collegeSteady, worse at the deprived end1Miles to the nearest four-year campus, average resident
    1035.0224.641Becoming an adult29.346.129.3Distance to a four-year collegeSteady, worse at the deprived end1Miles to the nearest four-year campus, average resident
    114.0111.851Becoming an adult12.9513.038.5Predicted teen birth shareSteady1Predicted share of women with a teen birth (percent)
    219.3416.061Becoming an adult17.7313.038.5Predicted teen birth shareSteady1Predicted share of women with a teen birth (percent)
    321.1418.971Becoming an adult20.0313.038.5Predicted teen birth shareSteady1Predicted share of women with a teen birth (percent)
    423.0121.621Becoming an adult22.3113.038.5Predicted teen birth shareSteady1Predicted share of women with a teen birth (percent)
    525.1723.941Becoming an adult24.5513.038.5Predicted teen birth shareSteady1Predicted share of women with a teen birth (percent)
    627.1525.901Becoming an adult26.5413.038.5Predicted teen birth shareSteady1Predicted share of women with a teen birth (percent)
    729.2528.031Becoming an adult28.6513.038.5Predicted teen birth shareSteady1Predicted share of women with a teen birth (percent)
    831.2629.921Becoming an adult30.5713.038.5Predicted teen birth shareSteady1Predicted share of women with a teen birth (percent)
    933.3732.121Becoming an adult32.7513.038.5Predicted teen birth shareSteady1Predicted share of women with a teen birth (percent)
    1039.2737.791Becoming an adult38.5413.038.5Predicted teen birth shareSteady1Predicted share of women with a teen birth (percent)
    14.173.401Becoming an adult3.803.86.4Incarceration, Black children from low-income familiesSteady, worse at the deprived end0.990Percent incarcerated on April 1, 2010
    24.804.131Becoming an adult4.463.86.4Incarceration, Black children from low-income familiesSteady, worse at the deprived end0.990Percent incarcerated on April 1, 2010
    35.084.511Becoming an adult4.793.86.4Incarceration, Black children from low-income familiesSteady, worse at the deprived end0.990Percent incarcerated on April 1, 2010
    45.304.751Becoming an adult5.023.86.4Incarceration, Black children from low-income familiesSteady, worse at the deprived end0.990Percent incarcerated on April 1, 2010
    55.615.081Becoming an adult5.333.86.4Incarceration, Black children from low-income familiesSteady, worse at the deprived end0.990Percent incarcerated on April 1, 2010
    65.765.311Becoming an adult5.523.86.4Incarceration, Black children from low-income familiesSteady, worse at the deprived end0.990Percent incarcerated on April 1, 2010
    75.745.321Becoming an adult5.523.86.4Incarceration, Black children from low-income familiesSteady, worse at the deprived end0.990Percent incarcerated on April 1, 2010
    86.035.551Becoming an adult5.793.86.4Incarceration, Black children from low-income familiesSteady, worse at the deprived end0.990Percent incarcerated on April 1, 2010
    96.105.591Becoming an adult5.843.86.4Incarceration, Black children from low-income familiesSteady, worse at the deprived end0.990Percent incarcerated on April 1, 2010
    106.686.061Becoming an adult6.373.86.4Incarceration, Black children from low-income familiesSteady, worse at the deprived end0.990Percent incarcerated on April 1, 2010
    11.411.092Becoming an adult1.231.232.59Incarceration, white children from low-income familiesSteady, worse at the deprived end1Percent incarcerated on April 1, 2010
    21.611.332Becoming an adult1.471.232.59Incarceration, white children from low-income familiesSteady, worse at the deprived end1Percent incarcerated on April 1, 2010
    31.751.522Becoming an adult1.641.232.59Incarceration, white children from low-income familiesSteady, worse at the deprived end1Percent incarcerated on April 1, 2010
    42.031.802Becoming an adult1.921.232.59Incarceration, white children from low-income familiesSteady, worse at the deprived end1Percent incarcerated on April 1, 2010
    52.231.872Becoming an adult2.051.232.59Incarceration, white children from low-income familiesSteady, worse at the deprived end1Percent incarcerated on April 1, 2010
    62.291.972Becoming an adult2.131.232.59Incarceration, white children from low-income familiesSteady, worse at the deprived end1Percent incarcerated on April 1, 2010
    72.392.072Becoming an adult2.231.232.59Incarceration, white children from low-income familiesSteady, worse at the deprived end1Percent incarcerated on April 1, 2010
    82.422.102Becoming an adult2.251.232.59Incarceration, white children from low-income familiesSteady, worse at the deprived end1Percent incarcerated on April 1, 2010
    92.452.172Becoming an adult2.321.232.59Incarceration, white children from low-income familiesSteady, worse at the deprived end1Percent incarcerated on April 1, 2010
    102.812.402Becoming an adult2.591.232.59Incarceration, white children from low-income familiesSteady, worse at the deprived end1Percent incarcerated on April 1, 2010
    18.447.171Home, work and money7.817.813.8Mortgage denial rateSteady, worse at the deprived end0.950Denied share of decided applications (%)
    28.237.201Home, work and money7.697.813.8Mortgage denial rateSteady, worse at the deprived end0.950Denied share of decided applications (%)
    38.027.251Home, work and money7.637.813.8Mortgage denial rateSteady, worse at the deprived end0.950Denied share of decided applications (%)
    48.627.791Home, work and money8.197.813.8Mortgage denial rateSteady, worse at the deprived end0.950Denied share of decided applications (%)
    59.048.141Home, work and money8.597.813.8Mortgage denial rateSteady, worse at the deprived end0.950Denied share of decided applications (%)
    69.638.681Home, work and money9.187.813.8Mortgage denial rateSteady, worse at the deprived end0.950Denied share of decided applications (%)
    79.999.101Home, work and money9.557.813.8Mortgage denial rateSteady, worse at the deprived end0.950Denied share of decided applications (%)
    810.519.591Home, work and money10.047.813.8Mortgage denial rateSteady, worse at the deprived end0.950Denied share of decided applications (%)
    911.3510.541Home, work and money10.917.813.8Mortgage denial rateSteady, worse at the deprived end0.950Denied share of decided applications (%)
    1014.3313.331Home, work and money13.817.813.8Mortgage denial rateSteady, worse at the deprived end0.950Denied share of decided applications (%)
    146.6841.911Home, work and money44.4544.547.6Renter households over the cost-burden lineNo detectable difference between the ends−0.300Share paying more than 30% of income (%)
    250.08451Home, work and money47.6844.547.6Renter households over the cost-burden lineNo detectable difference between the ends−0.300Share paying more than 30% of income (%)
    348.5044.761Home, work and money46.6544.547.6Renter households over the cost-burden lineNo detectable difference between the ends−0.300Share paying more than 30% of income (%)
    446.7144.481Home, work and money45.6144.547.6Renter households over the cost-burden lineNo detectable difference between the ends−0.300Share paying more than 30% of income (%)
    546.1644.141Home, work and money45.1744.547.6Renter households over the cost-burden lineNo detectable difference between the ends−0.300Share paying more than 30% of income (%)
    646.0244.161Home, work and money45.1244.547.6Renter households over the cost-burden lineNo detectable difference between the ends−0.300Share paying more than 30% of income (%)
    745.5743.591Home, work and money44.6444.547.6Renter households over the cost-burden lineNo detectable difference between the ends−0.300Share paying more than 30% of income (%)
    845.2743.511Home, work and money44.4244.547.6Renter households over the cost-burden lineNo detectable difference between the ends−0.300Share paying more than 30% of income (%)
    944.9543.261Home, work and money44.1344.547.6Renter households over the cost-burden lineNo detectable difference between the ends−0.300Share paying more than 30% of income (%)
    1048.4246.631Home, work and money47.5844.547.6Renter households over the cost-burden lineNo detectable difference between the ends−0.300Share paying more than 30% of income (%)
    127.2223.741Home, work and money25.5525.619.8Owner households over the cost-burden lineUneven, better at the deprived end−0.880Share paying more than 30% of income (%)
    225.4222.311Home, work and money23.8725.619.8Owner households over the cost-burden lineUneven, better at the deprived end−0.880Share paying more than 30% of income (%)
    322.6420.981Home, work and money21.7925.619.8Owner households over the cost-burden lineUneven, better at the deprived end−0.880Share paying more than 30% of income (%)
    421.7020.361Home, work and money21.0325.619.8Owner households over the cost-burden lineUneven, better at the deprived end−0.880Share paying more than 30% of income (%)
    520.8519.591Home, work and money20.2025.619.8Owner households over the cost-burden lineUneven, better at the deprived end−0.880Share paying more than 30% of income (%)
    62018.901Home, work and money19.4525.619.8Owner households over the cost-burden lineUneven, better at the deprived end−0.880Share paying more than 30% of income (%)
    719.5618.451Home, work and money18.9725.619.8Owner households over the cost-burden lineUneven, better at the deprived end−0.880Share paying more than 30% of income (%)
    818.8917.951Home, work and money18.4225.619.8Owner households over the cost-burden lineUneven, better at the deprived end−0.880Share paying more than 30% of income (%)
    918.7417.901Home, work and money18.3125.619.8Owner households over the cost-burden lineUneven, better at the deprived end−0.880Share paying more than 30% of income (%)
    1020.2819.251Home, work and money19.7825.619.8Owner households over the cost-burden lineUneven, better at the deprived end−0.880Share paying more than 30% of income (%)
    178.0672.601Home, work and money75.3375.362.5Low-income renters over the cost-burden lineSteady, better at the deprived end−1Low-income households paying more than 30% of income (%)
    276.2274.151Home, work and money75.0575.362.5Low-income renters over the cost-burden lineSteady, better at the deprived end−1Low-income households paying more than 30% of income (%)
    375.2772.861Home, work and money74.0175.362.5Low-income renters over the cost-burden lineSteady, better at the deprived end−1Low-income households paying more than 30% of income (%)
    474.2372.101Home, work and money73.2075.362.5Low-income renters over the cost-burden lineSteady, better at the deprived end−1Low-income households paying more than 30% of income (%)
    572.1969.901Home, work and money71.1175.362.5Low-income renters over the cost-burden lineSteady, better at the deprived end−1Low-income households paying more than 30% of income (%)
    670.0667.891Home, work and money68.9975.362.5Low-income renters over the cost-burden lineSteady, better at the deprived end−1Low-income households paying more than 30% of income (%)
    767.6665.521Home, work and money66.6275.362.5Low-income renters over the cost-burden lineSteady, better at the deprived end−1Low-income households paying more than 30% of income (%)
    865.4463.631Home, work and money64.5675.362.5Low-income renters over the cost-burden lineSteady, better at the deprived end−1Low-income households paying more than 30% of income (%)
    963.2761.661Home, work and money62.5175.362.5Low-income renters over the cost-burden lineSteady, better at the deprived end−1Low-income households paying more than 30% of income (%)
    1063.2761.581Home, work and money62.4675.362.5Low-income renters over the cost-burden lineSteady, better at the deprived end−1Low-income households paying more than 30% of income (%)
    179.1868.051Environment and connection74.7074.739.0Traffic proximitySteady, better at the deprived end−0.960Mean national percentile of the tract (0 to 100)
    271.2958.961Environment and connection65.2374.739.0Traffic proximitySteady, better at the deprived end−0.960Mean national percentile of the tract (0 to 100)
    360.2353.491Environment and connection56.9274.739.0Traffic proximitySteady, better at the deprived end−0.960Mean national percentile of the tract (0 to 100)
    453.7748.871Environment and connection51.4574.739.0Traffic proximitySteady, better at the deprived end−0.960Mean national percentile of the tract (0 to 100)
    550.3444.931Environment and connection47.7274.739.0Traffic proximitySteady, better at the deprived end−0.960Mean national percentile of the tract (0 to 100)
    647.1341.661Environment and connection44.4374.739.0Traffic proximitySteady, better at the deprived end−0.960Mean national percentile of the tract (0 to 100)
    744.3238.171Environment and connection41.1974.739.0Traffic proximitySteady, better at the deprived end−0.960Mean national percentile of the tract (0 to 100)
    840.5535.391Environment and connection38.0174.739.0Traffic proximitySteady, better at the deprived end−0.960Mean national percentile of the tract (0 to 100)
    937.5332.201Environment and connection34.9274.739.0Traffic proximitySteady, better at the deprived end−0.960Mean national percentile of the tract (0 to 100)
    1042.1335.421Environment and connection38.9974.739.0Traffic proximitySteady, better at the deprived end−0.960Mean national percentile of the tract (0 to 100)
    173.2452.341Environment and connection64.2764.347.8Fine particulate matterSteady, better at the deprived end−0.930Mean national percentile of the tract (0 to 100)
    265.8447.611Environment and connection56.8264.347.8Fine particulate matterSteady, better at the deprived end−0.930Mean national percentile of the tract (0 to 100)
    356.9947.691Environment and connection52.2964.347.8Fine particulate matterSteady, better at the deprived end−0.930Mean national percentile of the tract (0 to 100)
    454.1147.201Environment and connection50.7564.347.8Fine particulate matterSteady, better at the deprived end−0.930Mean national percentile of the tract (0 to 100)
    551.9946.091Environment and connection49.2164.347.8Fine particulate matterSteady, better at the deprived end−0.930Mean national percentile of the tract (0 to 100)
    651.2844.871Environment and connection48.1664.347.8Fine particulate matterSteady, better at the deprived end−0.930Mean national percentile of the tract (0 to 100)
    750.7044.201Environment and connection47.4064.347.8Fine particulate matterSteady, better at the deprived end−0.930Mean national percentile of the tract (0 to 100)
    847.3841.641Environment and connection44.4764.347.8Fine particulate matterSteady, better at the deprived end−0.930Mean national percentile of the tract (0 to 100)
    946.6241.501Environment and connection44.0664.347.8Fine particulate matterSteady, better at the deprived end−0.930Mean national percentile of the tract (0 to 100)
    1050.9744.291Environment and connection47.7664.347.8Fine particulate matterSteady, better at the deprived end−0.930Mean national percentile of the tract (0 to 100)
    173.8070.581Environment and connection72.0672.156.4Voter turnout, 2020Steady, worse at the deprived end−1Turnout or self-response (%)
    27167.931Environment and connection69.3372.156.4Voter turnout, 2020Steady, worse at the deprived end−1Turnout or self-response (%)
    368.5864.621Environment and connection66.5972.156.4Voter turnout, 2020Steady, worse at the deprived end−1Turnout or self-response (%)
    465.5762.071Environment and connection63.9572.156.4Voter turnout, 2020Steady, worse at the deprived end−1Turnout or self-response (%)
    564.1561.431Environment and connection62.8472.156.4Voter turnout, 2020Steady, worse at the deprived end−1Turnout or self-response (%)
    662.0859.101Environment and connection60.6372.156.4Voter turnout, 2020Steady, worse at the deprived end−1Turnout or self-response (%)
    760.9458.841Environment and connection59.8572.156.4Voter turnout, 2020Steady, worse at the deprived end−1Turnout or self-response (%)
    860.5256.901Environment and connection58.6672.156.4Voter turnout, 2020Steady, worse at the deprived end−1Turnout or self-response (%)
    959.0157.181Environment and connection58.0672.156.4Voter turnout, 2020Steady, worse at the deprived end−1Turnout or self-response (%)
    1057.5955.371Environment and connection56.4372.156.4Voter turnout, 2020Steady, worse at the deprived end−1Turnout or self-response (%)
    169.9467.391Environment and connection68.6068.647.6Census self-response, 2020Steady, worse at the deprived end−1Turnout or self-response (%)
    268.1565.911Environment and connection66.9768.647.6Census self-response, 2020Steady, worse at the deprived end−1Turnout or self-response (%)
    368.04651Environment and connection66.4568.647.6Census self-response, 2020Steady, worse at the deprived end−1Turnout or self-response (%)
    466.2563.611Environment and connection64.9468.647.6Census self-response, 2020Steady, worse at the deprived end−1Turnout or self-response (%)
    564.8062.561Environment and connection63.8068.647.6Census self-response, 2020Steady, worse at the deprived end−1Turnout or self-response (%)
    662.8860.241Environment and connection61.6368.647.6Census self-response, 2020Steady, worse at the deprived end−1Turnout or self-response (%)
    761.8559.721Environment and connection60.7668.647.6Census self-response, 2020Steady, worse at the deprived end−1Turnout or self-response (%)
    858.7655.751Environment and connection57.1568.647.6Census self-response, 2020Steady, worse at the deprived end−1Turnout or self-response (%)
    955.2153.181Environment and connection54.2068.647.6Census self-response, 2020Steady, worse at the deprived end−1Turnout or self-response (%)
    1049.1246.111Environment and connection47.6368.647.6Census self-response, 2020Steady, worse at the deprived end−1Turnout or self-response (%)
    17.237.112Environment and connection7.177.176.93Life evaluation (ladder score)Steady, worse at the deprived end−1Mean ladder score (0 to 10)
    27.177.092Environment and connection7.137.176.93Life evaluation (ladder score)Steady, worse at the deprived end−1Mean ladder score (0 to 10)
    37.157.082Environment and connection7.117.176.93Life evaluation (ladder score)Steady, worse at the deprived end−1Mean ladder score (0 to 10)
    47.147.072Environment and connection7.107.176.93Life evaluation (ladder score)Steady, worse at the deprived end−1Mean ladder score (0 to 10)
    57.127.072Environment and connection7.107.176.93Life evaluation (ladder score)Steady, worse at the deprived end−1Mean ladder score (0 to 10)
    67.127.062Environment and connection7.097.176.93Life evaluation (ladder score)Steady, worse at the deprived end−1Mean ladder score (0 to 10)
    77.087.032Environment and connection7.067.176.93Life evaluation (ladder score)Steady, worse at the deprived end−1Mean ladder score (0 to 10)
    87.067.022Environment and connection7.047.176.93Life evaluation (ladder score)Steady, worse at the deprived end−1Mean ladder score (0 to 10)
    97.006.962Environment and connection6.987.176.93Life evaluation (ladder score)Steady, worse at the deprived end−1Mean ladder score (0 to 10)
    106.946.912Environment and connection6.937.176.93Life evaluation (ladder score)Steady, worse at the deprived end−1Mean ladder score (0 to 10)
    19.598.531Health and care9.069.122.8Current smokingSteady, worse at the deprived end1Percent of adults
    211.2510.201Health and care10.749.122.8Current smokingSteady, worse at the deprived end1Percent of adults
    311.9911.281Health and care11.629.122.8Current smokingSteady, worse at the deprived end1Percent of adults
    412.8812.451Health and care12.679.122.8Current smokingSteady, worse at the deprived end1Percent of adults
    514.0913.701Health and care13.899.122.8Current smokingSteady, worse at the deprived end1Percent of adults
    615.2814.931Health and care15.109.122.8Current smokingSteady, worse at the deprived end1Percent of adults
    716.5416.251Health and care16.399.122.8Current smokingSteady, worse at the deprived end1Percent of adults
    817.9417.611Health and care17.789.122.8Current smokingSteady, worse at the deprived end1Percent of adults
    919.6219.271Health and care19.459.122.8Current smokingSteady, worse at the deprived end1Percent of adults
    1023.1422.461Health and care22.819.122.8Current smokingSteady, worse at the deprived end1Percent of adults
    175.2973.231Health and care74.1674.277.8Annual checkupSteady, better at the deprived end1Percent of adults
    275.4073.251Health and care74.2774.277.8Annual checkupSteady, better at the deprived end1Percent of adults
    375.35741Health and care74.6774.277.8Annual checkupSteady, better at the deprived end1Percent of adults
    475.4174.401Health and care74.9074.277.8Annual checkupSteady, better at the deprived end1Percent of adults
    575.8975.061Health and care75.4674.277.8Annual checkupSteady, better at the deprived end1Percent of adults
    676.2675.451Health and care75.8574.277.8Annual checkupSteady, better at the deprived end1Percent of adults
    776.5975.811Health and care76.2174.277.8Annual checkupSteady, better at the deprived end1Percent of adults
    876.9676.261Health and care76.6274.277.8Annual checkupSteady, better at the deprived end1Percent of adults
    977.4476.831Health and care77.1474.277.8Annual checkupSteady, better at the deprived end1Percent of adults
    1078.1877.341Health and care77.7674.277.8Annual checkupSteady, better at the deprived end1Percent of adults
    10.5500.3801Health and care0.4500.55.7Chronic conditions that are highSteady, worse at the deprived end1Mean number of high conditions (of nine)
    20.7000.5501Health and care0.6200.55.7Chronic conditions that are highSteady, worse at the deprived end1Mean number of high conditions (of nine)
    310.7801Health and care0.8800.55.7Chronic conditions that are highSteady, worse at the deprived end1Mean number of high conditions (of nine)
    41.100.9201Health and care1.010.55.7Chronic conditions that are highSteady, worse at the deprived end1Mean number of high conditions (of nine)
    51.391.191Health and care1.290.55.7Chronic conditions that are highSteady, worse at the deprived end1Mean number of high conditions (of nine)
    61.831.601Health and care1.710.55.7Chronic conditions that are highSteady, worse at the deprived end1Mean number of high conditions (of nine)
    72.462.221Health and care2.340.55.7Chronic conditions that are highSteady, worse at the deprived end1Mean number of high conditions (of nine)
    83.343.071Health and care3.210.55.7Chronic conditions that are highSteady, worse at the deprived end1Mean number of high conditions (of nine)
    94.494.211Health and care4.350.55.7Chronic conditions that are highSteady, worse at the deprived end1Mean number of high conditions (of nine)
    105.815.521Health and care5.660.55.7Chronic conditions that are highSteady, worse at the deprived end1Mean number of high conditions (of nine)
    124.0722.301Health and care23.2823.342.9Adult disabilitySteady, worse at the deprived end1Percent of adults
    227.4524.501Health and care25.9723.342.9Adult disabilitySteady, worse at the deprived end1Percent of adults
    327.9926.081Health and care2723.342.9Adult disabilitySteady, worse at the deprived end1Percent of adults
    428.7327.601Health and care28.1723.342.9Adult disabilitySteady, worse at the deprived end1Percent of adults
    530.3229.391Health and care29.8423.342.9Adult disabilitySteady, worse at the deprived end1Percent of adults
    632.0631.211Health and care31.6223.342.9Adult disabilitySteady, worse at the deprived end1Percent of adults
    733.8833.161Health and care33.5323.342.9Adult disabilitySteady, worse at the deprived end1Percent of adults
    835.8135.151Health and care35.4823.342.9Adult disabilitySteady, worse at the deprived end1Percent of adults
    938.3937.741Health and care38.0623.342.9Adult disabilitySteady, worse at the deprived end1Percent of adults
    1043.2142.501Health and care42.8623.342.9Adult disabilitySteady, worse at the deprived end1Percent of adults
    1120510930Health and care11591,1592,730Residents per primary care physicianSteady, worse at the deprived end1Residents per provider
    2144912210Health and care13351,1592,730Residents per primary care physicianSteady, worse at the deprived end1Residents per provider
    3151112860Health and care13891,1592,730Residents per primary care physicianSteady, worse at the deprived end1Residents per provider
    4151213090Health and care14111,1592,730Residents per primary care physicianSteady, worse at the deprived end1Residents per provider
    5173713650Health and care15291,1592,730Residents per primary care physicianSteady, worse at the deprived end1Residents per provider
    6187714580Health and care16561,1592,730Residents per primary care physicianSteady, worse at the deprived end1Residents per provider
    7214816600Health and care18941,1592,730Residents per primary care physicianSteady, worse at the deprived end1Residents per provider
    8224919050Health and care20831,1592,730Residents per primary care physicianSteady, worse at the deprived end1Residents per provider
    9282823940Health and care25931,1592,730Residents per primary care physicianSteady, worse at the deprived end1Residents per provider
    10301824520Health and care27301,1592,730Residents per primary care physicianSteady, worse at the deprived end1Residents per provider
    1584555.50Health and care570.5571677Emergency visits per Medicare beneficiarySteady1Visits per thousand beneficiaries per year
    2617.4582.10Health and care598.9571677Emergency visits per Medicare beneficiarySteady1Visits per thousand beneficiaries per year
    3635.56030Health and care620.1571677Emergency visits per Medicare beneficiarySteady1Visits per thousand beneficiaries per year
    4655.4627.30Health and care642.1571677Emergency visits per Medicare beneficiarySteady1Visits per thousand beneficiaries per year
    5693.6656.40Health and care676.7571677Emergency visits per Medicare beneficiarySteady1Visits per thousand beneficiaries per year
    1317.6296.10Early death306.9307701Premature death rateSteady, worse at the deprived end1Premature deaths per 100,000 residents, age-adjusted
    2387.5356.60Early death372.7307701Premature death rateSteady, worse at the deprived end1Premature deaths per 100,000 residents, age-adjusted
    3438.9399.70Early death417.1307701Premature death rateSteady, worse at the deprived end1Premature deaths per 100,000 residents, age-adjusted
    4493.3439.20Early death465.4307701Premature death rateSteady, worse at the deprived end1Premature deaths per 100,000 residents, age-adjusted
    5510.6465.70Early death490.1307701Premature death rateSteady, worse at the deprived end1Premature deaths per 100,000 residents, age-adjusted
    6536.2483.20Early death505.8307701Premature death rateSteady, worse at the deprived end1Premature deaths per 100,000 residents, age-adjusted
    7563.45020Early death531.3307701Premature death rateSteady, worse at the deprived end1Premature deaths per 100,000 residents, age-adjusted
    8588.4508.80Early death543.4307701Premature death rateSteady, worse at the deprived end1Premature deaths per 100,000 residents, age-adjusted
    9631.6568.90Early death604307701Premature death rateSteady, worse at the deprived end1Premature deaths per 100,000 residents, age-adjusted
    10739.9659.70Early death701.1307701Premature death rateSteady, worse at the deprived end1Premature deaths per 100,000 residents, age-adjusted
    125.5822.171Early death23.8423.831.1Overdose death rateUneven, worse at the deprived end0.090Deaths per 100,000 residents
    229.9324.571Early death27.2823.831.1Overdose death rateUneven, worse at the deprived end0.090Deaths per 100,000 residents
    334.9626.901Early death30.7423.831.1Overdose death rateUneven, worse at the deprived end0.090Deaths per 100,000 residents
    442.0130.601Early death36.1323.831.1Overdose death rateUneven, worse at the deprived end0.090Deaths per 100,000 residents
    535.4927.611Early death31.8623.831.1Overdose death rateUneven, worse at the deprived end0.090Deaths per 100,000 residents
    631.2524.581Early death27.9023.831.1Overdose death rateUneven, worse at the deprived end0.090Deaths per 100,000 residents
    735.1327.891Early death31.3923.831.1Overdose death rateUneven, worse at the deprived end0.090Deaths per 100,000 residents
    833.1321.711Early death27.1723.831.1Overdose death rateUneven, worse at the deprived end0.090Deaths per 100,000 residents
    930.1223.861Early death26.8323.831.1Overdose death rateUneven, worse at the deprived end0.090Deaths per 100,000 residents
    1036.4925.661Early death31.0923.831.1Overdose death rateUneven, worse at the deprived end0.090Deaths per 100,000 residents
    113.1611.311Early death12.1812.217.4Suicide death rateUneven, worse at the deprived end0.810Deaths per 100,000 residents
    215.2013.231Early death14.1512.217.4Suicide death rateUneven, worse at the deprived end0.810Deaths per 100,000 residents
    317.1114.831Early death15.8312.217.4Suicide death rateUneven, worse at the deprived end0.810Deaths per 100,000 residents
    417.0415.091Early death16.0312.217.4Suicide death rateUneven, worse at the deprived end0.810Deaths per 100,000 residents
    517.9416.041Early death16.9112.217.4Suicide death rateUneven, worse at the deprived end0.810Deaths per 100,000 residents
    618.7616.571Early death17.6312.217.4Suicide death rateUneven, worse at the deprived end0.810Deaths per 100,000 residents
    719.0917.601Early death18.3212.217.4Suicide death rateUneven, worse at the deprived end0.810Deaths per 100,000 residents
    818.9414.201Early death16.6212.217.4Suicide death rateUneven, worse at the deprived end0.810Deaths per 100,000 residents
    918.8317.331Early death18.1012.217.4Suicide death rateUneven, worse at the deprived end0.810Deaths per 100,000 residents
    1019.4115.711Early death17.3712.217.4Suicide death rateUneven, worse at the deprived end0.810Deaths per 100,000 residents
    15.444.191Early death4.824.813.6Homicide death rate, countiesUneven, worse at the deprived end0.470Deaths per 100,000 residents
    29.175.651Early death7.314.813.6Homicide death rate, countiesUneven, worse at the deprived end0.470Deaths per 100,000 residents
    39.026.401Early death7.864.813.6Homicide death rate, countiesUneven, worse at the deprived end0.470Deaths per 100,000 residents
    414.248.531Early death11.444.813.6Homicide death rate, countiesUneven, worse at the deprived end0.470Deaths per 100,000 residents
    512.337.481Early death9.894.813.6Homicide death rate, countiesUneven, worse at the deprived end0.470Deaths per 100,000 residents
    69.996.871Early death8.454.813.6Homicide death rate, countiesUneven, worse at the deprived end0.470Deaths per 100,000 residents
    710.006.191Early death7.864.813.6Homicide death rate, countiesUneven, worse at the deprived end0.470Deaths per 100,000 residents
    87.735.661Early death6.634.813.6Homicide death rate, countiesUneven, worse at the deprived end0.470Deaths per 100,000 residents
    910.317.401Early death8.794.813.6Homicide death rate, countiesUneven, worse at the deprived end0.470Deaths per 100,000 residents
    1016.1711.141Early death13.634.813.6Homicide death rate, countiesUneven, worse at the deprived end0.470Deaths per 100,000 residents
    12.161.351Early death1.761.814.8Homicide death rate, tractsSteady, worse at the deprived end1Homicide deaths per 100,000 residents a year
    23.182.071Early death2.621.814.8Homicide death rate, tractsSteady, worse at the deprived end1Homicide deaths per 100,000 residents a year
    33.482.631Early death3.031.814.8Homicide death rate, tractsSteady, worse at the deprived end1Homicide deaths per 100,000 residents a year
    44.183.291Early death3.701.814.8Homicide death rate, tractsSteady, worse at the deprived end1Homicide deaths per 100,000 residents a year
    54.693.971Early death4.331.814.8Homicide death rate, tractsSteady, worse at the deprived end1Homicide deaths per 100,000 residents a year
    65.634.681Early death5.161.814.8Homicide death rate, tractsSteady, worse at the deprived end1Homicide deaths per 100,000 residents a year
    77.095.551Early death6.271.814.8Homicide death rate, tractsSteady, worse at the deprived end1Homicide deaths per 100,000 residents a year
    88.326.481Early death7.341.814.8Homicide death rate, tractsSteady, worse at the deprived end1Homicide deaths per 100,000 residents a year
    99.597.411Early death8.431.814.8Homicide death rate, tractsSteady, worse at the deprived end1Homicide deaths per 100,000 residents a year
    1016.8512.761Early death14.811.814.8Homicide death rate, tractsSteady, worse at the deprived end1Homicide deaths per 100,000 residents a year
    182.5581.991Early death82.2982.374.0Life expectancy at birthSteady, worse at the deprived end−1Life expectancy at birth (years)
    281.2180.731Early death80.9582.374.0Life expectancy at birthSteady, worse at the deprived end−1Life expectancy at birth (years)
    380.5280.071Early death80.3082.374.0Life expectancy at birthSteady, worse at the deprived end−1Life expectancy at birth (years)
    479.9179.581Early death79.7482.374.0Life expectancy at birthSteady, worse at the deprived end−1Life expectancy at birth (years)
    579.2778.971Early death79.1282.374.0Life expectancy at birthSteady, worse at the deprived end−1Life expectancy at birth (years)
    678.5478.251Early death78.3982.374.0Life expectancy at birthSteady, worse at the deprived end−1Life expectancy at birth (years)
    777.8277.561Early death77.6982.374.0Life expectancy at birthSteady, worse at the deprived end−1Life expectancy at birth (years)
    877.0376.751Early death76.8882.374.0Life expectancy at birthSteady, worse at the deprived end−1Life expectancy at birth (years)
    976.0375.721Early death75.8782.374.0Life expectancy at birthSteady, worse at the deprived end−1Life expectancy at birth (years)
    1074.3273.721Early death74.0182.374.0Life expectancy at birthSteady, worse at the deprived end−1Life expectancy at birth (years)

    Source: Figures of the chapters named in each row, data years 1978 to 2024 as each chapter states; estimates as published there: full counts, crude rates, population-weighted means, unweighted survey means or modeled estimates.

    Data: vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/how-far-one-ranking-goes/figures/gradient_sparklines.json

    All estimates

    Every fact in facts.json (30), sorted by id. The same values as JSON: facts.json.

    Fact idValueUnitEstimandPopulationPeriodIntervalnWeightsSourceNote
    alt_changed_degree1chapterscounted main gradients that change under the bachelor's degree sharethe main gradients of the chapters counted by the ranking switch ruleas in each chapternone (count of chapters)Area Deprivation Index
    alt_changed_income2chapterscounted main gradients that change under the median household incomethe main gradients of the chapters counted by the ranking switch ruleas in each chapternone (count of chapters)Area Deprivation Index
    alt_changed_std1chapterscounted main gradients that change under the standardized indexthe main gradients of the chapters counted by the ranking switch ruleas in each chapternone (count of chapters)Area Deprivation Index
    alt_n_counted16chapterschapters whose main gradient enters the count of the rulethe main gradients of the chapters counted by the ranking switch ruleas in each chapternone (count of chapters)Area Deprivation Index
    alt_n_recomputed17chapterschapters whose main gradient was recomputed under four rankingsthe main gradients of the chapters counted by the ranking switch ruleas in each chapternone (count of chapters)Area Deprivation Index
    alt_switch_changes4chaptersrule: changed main gradients under the standardized index that switch the rankingthe main gradients of the chapters counted by the ranking switch ruleas in each chapternone (count of chapters)Area Deprivation Index
    alt_switch_reversals2chaptersrule: reversed main gradients under the standardized index that switch the rankingthe main gradients of the chapters counted by the ranking switch ruleas in each chapternone (count of chapters)Area Deprivation Index
    checkup_least74.2percent of adults with a routine checkup in the past yearbin mean as published in Place and the length of a lifeleast deprived bin of tenth of tracts by Area Deprivation Index (1 = least deprived, 10 = most deprived)as in Place and the length of a life95% CI 73.2 to 75.3as in Place and the length of a lifeCDC PLACESCopied from the figure rows of Place and the length of a life.
    checkup_most77.8percent of adults with a routine checkup in the past yearbin mean as published in Place and the length of a lifemost deprived bin of tenth of tracts by Area Deprivation Index (1 = least deprived, 10 = most deprived)as in Place and the length of a life95% CI 77.3 to 78.2as in Place and the length of a lifeCDC PLACESCopied from the figure rows of Place and the length of a life.
    hom_cty_rho+0.47rank correlation between bin order and bin meanSpearman correlation over the published binshomicide death rate, counties, bins of tenth of counties by Area Deprivation Index (1 = least deprived, 10 = most deprived)as in Overdose, alcohol and suicidenone (bins counted once)CDC injury and violence mapping
    hom_tract_rho+1.00rank correlation between bin order and bin meanSpearman correlation over the published binshomicide death rate, tracts, bins of tenth of tracts by Area Deprivation Index (1 = least deprived, 10 = most deprived)as in Violence and the life-expectancy gapnone (bins counted once)CDC injury and violence mapping
    n_better5outcome gradientscount of rows of the pattern table that meet the stated ruleoutcome gradients that the chapters of this book publish by bins of a ranking of placesas in each chapternone (count of rows)Area Deprivation Index
    n_chapters18chapterscount of rows of the pattern table that meet the stated ruleoutcome gradients that the chapters of this book publish by bins of a ranking of placesas in each chapternone (count of rows)Area Deprivation Index
    n_far_least8outcome gradientscount of ratio-scale rows of the pattern table meeting the stated rule (log distance of each end from the middle of the ranking)outcome gradients that the chapters of this book publish by bins of a ranking of placesas in each chapternone (count of rows)Area Deprivation Index
    n_far_most17outcome gradientscount of ratio-scale rows of the pattern table meeting the stated rule (log distance of each end from the middle of the ranking)outcome gradients that the chapters of this book publish by bins of a ranking of placesas in each chapternone (count of rows)Area Deprivation Index
    n_flat2outcome gradientscount of rows of the pattern table that meet the stated ruleoutcome gradients that the chapters of this book publish by bins of a ranking of placesas in each chapternone (count of rows)Area Deprivation Index
    n_no_reading4outcome gradientscount of rows of the pattern table that meet the stated ruleoutcome gradients that the chapters of this book publish by bins of a ranking of placesas in each chapternone (count of rows)Area Deprivation Index
    n_ratio_rows25outcome gradientscount of ratio-scale rows of the pattern table meeting the stated rule (log distance of each end from the middle of the ranking)outcome gradients that the chapters of this book publish by bins of a ranking of placesas in each chapternone (count of rows)Area Deprivation Index
    n_rows30outcome gradientscount of rows of the pattern table that meet the stated ruleoutcome gradients that the chapters of this book publish by bins of a ranking of placesas in each chapternone (count of rows)Area Deprivation Index
    n_steady_worse17outcome gradientscount of rows of the pattern table that meet the stated ruleoutcome gradients that the chapters of this book publish by bins of a ranking of placesas in each chapternone (count of rows)Area Deprivation Index
    n_uneven4outcome gradientscount of rows of the pattern table that meet the stated ruleoutcome gradients that the chapters of this book publish by bins of a ranking of placesas in each chapternone (count of rows)Area Deprivation Index
    n_uneven_worse3outcome gradientscount of rows of the pattern table that meet the stated ruleoutcome gradients that the chapters of this book publish by bins of a ranking of placesas in each chapternone (count of rows)Area Deprivation Index
    n_worse20outcome gradientscount of rows of the pattern table that meet the stated ruleoutcome gradients that the chapters of this book publish by bins of a ranking of placesas in each chapternone (count of rows)Area Deprivation Index
    od_least23.8overdose deaths per 100,000 residentsbin mean as published in Overdose, alcohol and suicideleast deprived bin of tenth of counties by Area Deprivation Index (1 = least deprived, 10 = most deprived)as in Overdose, alcohol and suicide95% CI 22.2 to 25.6as in Overdose, alcohol and suicideCDC injury and violence mappingCopied from the figure rows of Overdose, alcohol and suicide.
    od_most31.1overdose deaths per 100,000 residentsbin mean as published in Overdose, alcohol and suicidemost deprived bin of tenth of counties by Area Deprivation Index (1 = least deprived, 10 = most deprived)as in Overdose, alcohol and suicide95% CI 25.7 to 36.5as in Overdose, alcohol and suicideCDC injury and violence mappingCopied from the figure rows of Overdose, alcohol and suicide.
    od_rho+0.09rank correlation between bin order and bin meanSpearman correlation over the published binsoverdose death rate, bins of tenth of counties by Area Deprivation Index (1 = least deprived, 10 = most deprived)as in Overdose, alcohol and suicidenone (bins counted once)CDC injury and violence mapping
    rho_cut0.9absolute rank correlation between bin order and bin meandefinition: threshold for a steady gradientthe rule of this chapternot applicable (definition)none (definition)Area Deprivation Index
    split_black_cut25%percent of county residents who are Black alonedefinition: the share of residents at or above which a county counts as having a large Black population (docs/RANKINGS_AND_SPLITS_DESIGN.md)counties of the 50 states and DCACS 2019-2023none (definition)American Community Survey
    traffic_least74.7mean national percentile of tract traffic proximitybin mean as published in Air pollutionleast deprived bin of decile of the Area Deprivation Index national rank (1 = least deprived, 10 = most deprived)as in Air pollution95% CI 68.0 to 79.2as in Air pollutionEPA EJScreenCopied from the figure rows of Air pollution.
    traffic_most39.0mean national percentile of tract traffic proximitybin mean as published in Air pollutionmost deprived bin of decile of the Area Deprivation Index national rank (1 = least deprived, 10 = most deprived)as in Air pollution95% CI 35.4 to 42.1as in Air pollutionEPA EJScreenCopied from the figure rows of Air pollution.

    Definitions

    Area Deprivation Index (ADI)
    A score that ranks neighborhoods by income, education, employment and housing conditions drawn from the American Community Survey. In this book a higher national percentile means a more deprived neighborhood.

    Methods

    This chapter reads the binned gradients that other chapters publish and computes no new estimate from data. The rows come from different sources, places, periods and units, so the chapter counts patterns under a stated rule and does not compare their sizes.

    Which gradients are included

    One row per outcome whose chapter publishes a mean and a 95% interval for each tenth, fifth or quarter of places ranked by the Area Deprivation Index, or, for the gender gaps in test scores, by district median household income. Outcomes that a chapter reports only as two ends, as a scatter without binned means or against another ranking were left out, among them upward mobility, test score levels and the jobs held by residents.

    Each row keeps the bins, weights and interval method of its chapter. The table names the ranking and the unit of every row.

    Figure explained here: Figure 1

    The classification rule

    The ends differ when the 95% intervals of the least and the most deprived bins do not overlap. This is conservative: two estimates whose intervals touch can still differ.

    A row whose ends differ is steady when the rank correlation between the order of the bins and the bin means is at least 0.9 in absolute value, and uneven otherwise. A row is worse or better at the deprived end when its chapter's outcome has a direction that is worse for residents (a higher death rate, a lower turnout); gender gaps in scores, the predicted teen birth share and emergency visits per Medicare beneficiary carry no such reading.

    Figures explained here: Figure 1 and Figure 2

    The two ends against the national value

    For each row whose values have a natural zero, the chapter divides the mean of the least and of the most deprived bin by the national value that the row's own chapter publishes: the same estimator, weights, outcome and years applied to all the places of the comparison as one bin, a population-weighted mean, a pooled rate or a pooled ratio as the bins are. The places are those the chapter ranks, so a place without a rank or an estimate is in neither the bins nor the national value.

    The end that lies farther from the national value is the one whose ratio is farther from one on a log scale, so that twice and half the national value count as the same distance. Because the national value weights places by their population, births or households, it sits nearer the larger, less deprived places when they hold more of the weight. The ratios carry no intervals. The gender gaps in scores, the two pollution percentiles and the ladder score have no natural zero and are left out.

    Figure explained here: Figure 3

    The ranking switch rule

    The rule was fixed on October 28, 2026, before any alternative gradient was computed. Each chapter that ranks places by the deprivation index recomputes its main gradient under the published index, a standardized index, median household income and the bachelor's degree share, over the places that have all four, with its own outcome, weights, bins and intervals. This chapter classifies those rows with the rule above.

    An alternative changes a gradient when the worse end switches sides, when the ends differ under one ranking and not the other, or when the rank correlation crosses 0.9 and moves by a stated margin. The standardized index would replace the deprivation index as the book's primary ranking if it changed at least 4 of the 16 counted gradients or reversed at least 2. Income and degree share are checks and cannot switch the ranking. Renting is recomputed and left out of the count, because rent and income are inputs to both indices.

    Figure explained here: Figure 4

    Shared inputs and comparability

    Several rows are modeled estimates built partly from census measures that the deprivation index also uses (the PLACES health measures, the CDC injury panel), and the housing-cost rows divide rent or owner costs by income, two ingredients of the index. Agreement between such a row and the ranking is partly built in.

    The rows describe tracts, counties, districts or interviews in different years, so no row is a sample from the same places as another, and a count of steady rows is a count of chapters' findings, not an estimate for one population.

    What these data cannot show

    The rows come from different sources, places, periods and units. Births are ranked by county, life expectancy by tract, and the gender gaps by district, and the outcome periods differ from one row to the next and from the period of the index, 2019 to 2023. The count is not an estimate for one population and does not measure how strongly places shape any outcome. A steady row describes an ordering of places and not the experience of every resident, and the classification says nothing about why an outcome follows the ranking or departs from it.

    References

    The chapter cites no reference.

    Provenance

    Pipeline version
    0.1.0
    Build script
    book2/chapters/how-far-one-ranking-goes/build.py (sha256 fe832d8cc9cd0650417e733e53391cd8081f26368ea3152b4962a900f3511719)
    Built on
    2026-10-28
    Site commit
    c2b1ff3309cb4a10833f884da91ac0057a66ad0a

    Inputs

    FileSize (bytes)SHA-256, first 1 MBSHA-256, last 1 MB
    C:/github/zipcode-book/content/chapters/air-pollution/data/figures/air_vs_deprivation.json9,202f39920e02e942de8030bc8e4d33c42062e9a7775403ac2ca2f7adc7647c2dcb9f39920e02e942de8030bc8e4d33c42062e9a7775403ac2ca2f7adc7647c2dcb9
    C:/github/zipcode-book/content/chapters/air-pollution/data/figures/alt_rankings.json9,867fb9b7c1a5a852c52c286a80d9fd5a275f943fc01e710b5e3f23814aacf966268fb9b7c1a5a852c52c286a80d9fd5a275f943fc01e710b5e3f23814aacf966268
    C:/github/zipcode-book/content/chapters/birthweight-and-preterm-birth/data/facts.json39,6219332a0015b74d0cb3babb0d72c1b75129ee521b3719bb6e2d1abf87321e9308a9332a0015b74d0cb3babb0d72c1b75129ee521b3719bb6e2d1abf87321e9308a
    C:/github/zipcode-book/content/chapters/birthweight-and-preterm-birth/data/figures/alt_rankings.json9,6232b4facd8450b8f46d33c77517e55ab89b6e87e3383c8cbbc365b108150ce12062b4facd8450b8f46d33c77517e55ab89b6e87e3383c8cbbc365b108150ce1206
    C:/github/zipcode-book/content/chapters/birthweight-and-preterm-birth/data/figures/lbw_by_deprivation.json109,035d98d50597d29c7dc3a12ce69ff8d5abf68a205051a62824ffb30791b0c827796d98d50597d29c7dc3a12ce69ff8d5abf68a205051a62824ffb30791b0c827796
    C:/github/zipcode-book/content/chapters/civic-life-loneliness-and-partnership/data/facts.json72,807885b22dae15bf5507523280f10d2ec8ad50a4009d4607d9ea4e70c0c6fa8d1c6885b22dae15bf5507523280f10d2ec8ad50a4009d4607d9ea4e70c0c6fa8d1c6
    C:/github/zipcode-book/content/chapters/civic-life-loneliness-and-partnership/data/figures/alt_rankings.json9,589ee02e7e5c4deefeb5d2b37f55efc742af66468028d2cd7818d70a22f684b901bee02e7e5c4deefeb5d2b37f55efc742af66468028d2cd7818d70a22f684b901b
    C:/github/zipcode-book/content/chapters/civic-life-loneliness-and-partnership/data/figures/civic_gradient.json14,82216152938d8fc8a1900bb13ce35aeea159621130649fbd0567a20ee5cb1ee179516152938d8fc8a1900bb13ce35aeea159621130649fbd0567a20ee5cb1ee1795
    C:/github/zipcode-book/content/chapters/college-access-price-and-earnings/data/facts.json78,352a880df2b6f42b0dd852789f716c41a3f6a0d06c99f5404b1c9ff66f4f10896c8a880df2b6f42b0dd852789f716c41a3f6a0d06c99f5404b1c9ff66f4f10896c8
    C:/github/zipcode-book/content/chapters/college-access-price-and-earnings/data/figures/alt_rankings.json9,595565c3e97445628662450b630a7df8f411aca8527313130186ce0589f5066fbc7565c3e97445628662450b630a7df8f411aca8527313130186ce0589f5066fbc7
    C:/github/zipcode-book/content/chapters/college-access-price-and-earnings/data/figures/college_desert_gradient.json12,004836f2c34fa05985f2ddb99b36c36eae630814edf58392f81ec21fafc12ac0327836f2c34fa05985f2ddb99b36c36eae630814edf58392f81ec21fafc12ac0327
    C:/github/zipcode-book/content/chapters/disability-retirement-and-medicare/data/facts.json104,8789ff34bbcae9bdf00191de17cf396fec86f8485d0c6e8ca7921d5ae0c4b04fbf69ff34bbcae9bdf00191de17cf396fec86f8485d0c6e8ca7921d5ae0c4b04fbf6
    C:/github/zipcode-book/content/chapters/disability-retirement-and-medicare/data/figures/alt_rankings.json9,6032f174623d60889d3db6dc07afecd828379c703363700dd058f5e9f54c08520122f174623d60889d3db6dc07afecd828379c703363700dd058f5e9f54c0852012
    C:/github/zipcode-book/content/chapters/disability-retirement-and-medicare/data/figures/disability_gradient.json13,7753275b35c2b470ec413dc94c8610de3a0433d0c045c74557c1d39e7cfbc8204063275b35c2b470ec413dc94c8610de3a0433d0c045c74557c1d39e7cfbc820406
    C:/github/zipcode-book/content/chapters/disability-retirement-and-medicare/data/figures/medicare_spending.json25,4052b213e89a79fdd6668c7cd45010381cad8f5536df3e7a1175ffbff6437cf95972b213e89a79fdd6668c7cd45010381cad8f5536df3e7a1175ffbff6437cf9597
    C:/github/zipcode-book/content/chapters/gender-gaps-in-reading-and-math/data/figures/gap_by_income_decile.json7,769a03a2c5902a4a1d61ad9cede1dec83114f09eeed7325a98fa43fdd93d3af6087a03a2c5902a4a1d61ad9cede1dec83114f09eeed7325a98fa43fdd93d3af6087
    C:/github/zipcode-book/content/chapters/gun-homicide-and-causes-of-early-death/data/facts.json70,2053e69869e30dd34d1912643bf04bf67c57c394e53032fca8b0d878efe9f9a22423e69869e30dd34d1912643bf04bf67c57c394e53032fca8b0d878efe9f9a2242
    C:/github/zipcode-book/content/chapters/gun-homicide-and-causes-of-early-death/data/figures/alt_rankings.json9,622caae3d0ba756606aa3c3be21d3cb4a42d1b4f1c5a131b8213e6ceb0d65616748caae3d0ba756606aa3c3be21d3cb4a42d1b4f1c5a131b8213e6ceb0d65616748
    C:/github/zipcode-book/content/chapters/gun-homicide-and-causes-of-early-death/data/figures/premature_death_gradient.json4,0939f6caebfdf9bf42e3502ddab55fa820d9a160aa265130d037db8ac7f0cdd33f39f6caebfdf9bf42e3502ddab55fa820d9a160aa265130d037db8ac7f0cdd33f3
    C:/github/zipcode-book/content/chapters/health-behaviors-and-the-supply-of-care/data/facts.json74,804cb3c3e891db62b647d899ac6fb4e094e6cfb9eba07c7713713a4648aa23d0e0fcb3c3e891db62b647d899ac6fb4e094e6cfb9eba07c7713713a4648aa23d0e0f
    C:/github/zipcode-book/content/chapters/health-behaviors-and-the-supply-of-care/data/figures/alt_rankings.json9,6670e6a524e2d02f3d85fc9200381f43c0c1d9992221f13382a6b8759f7451f7cba0e6a524e2d02f3d85fc9200381f43c0c1d9992221f13382a6b8759f7451f7cba
    C:/github/zipcode-book/content/chapters/health-behaviors-and-the-supply-of-care/data/figures/people_per_provider.json11,766afc13ef7ae3be5189fe198b6a6f18723b761935c3e00a6a816c76d7fbc30dbb5afc13ef7ae3be5189fe198b6a6f18723b761935c3e00a6a816c76d7fbc30dbb5
    C:/github/zipcode-book/content/chapters/infant-mortality/data/facts.json53,465692b8c0a99be5f6003eee48dd12459e7f65edc244298bf9b5c1f6044d810cfc6692b8c0a99be5f6003eee48dd12459e7f65edc244298bf9b5c1f6044d810cfc6
    C:/github/zipcode-book/content/chapters/infant-mortality/data/figures/alt_rankings.json9,554f65e1e27fd5688264db1374dadbdc45f9ec310c1c979dcb715318361b537b178f65e1e27fd5688264db1374dadbdc45f9ec310c1c979dcb715318361b537b178
    C:/github/zipcode-book/content/chapters/infant-mortality/data/figures/imr_by_deprivation.json63,114ebe5d39824c8881f3b66cf5662e8da7229643c1894815e73029362570c2ff062ebe5d39824c8881f3b66cf5662e8da7229643c1894815e73029362570c2ff062
    C:/github/zipcode-book/content/chapters/life-evaluation-and-daily-feelings/data/figures/alt_rankings.json9,6683eac056a094f131714b25d7ccf86a56f742087fb29f3672721187b0e41f7d2a03eac056a094f131714b25d7ccf86a56f742087fb29f3672721187b0e41f7d2a0
    C:/github/zipcode-book/content/chapters/life-evaluation-and-daily-feelings/data/figures/ladder_by_deprivation.json22,947b563618cd2af45b968f7d7d33c2b7b1c36d5f02d2f51832cd765483997aff533b563618cd2af45b968f7d7d33c2b7b1c36d5f02d2f51832cd765483997aff533
    C:/github/zipcode-book/content/chapters/mortgage-denials/data/facts.json83,097753a34074702cd60ad13949eee9ff31cd4f2a6b4b4433b30561ff0352bff0f01753a34074702cd60ad13949eee9ff31cd4f2a6b4b4433b30561ff0352bff0f01
    C:/github/zipcode-book/content/chapters/mortgage-denials/data/figures/alt_rankings.json9,641773da62209fd79716ba73b2fab4d60c0e69d89cc89b3e144c91194c4f7af73ec773da62209fd79716ba73b2fab4d60c0e69d89cc89b3e144c91194c4f7af73ec
    C:/github/zipcode-book/content/chapters/mortgage-denials/data/figures/denial_vs_deprivation.json4,2031bea4e523acf3849a3eb019195ce80b6b66a41af203a003863112da81f25fec01bea4e523acf3849a3eb019195ce80b6b66a41af203a003863112da81f25fec0
    C:/github/zipcode-book/content/chapters/multiple-chronic-conditions/data/facts.json81,3544e51b97b62ba016b5bafc582e374b83382ed094ee0257de05d7d6736e14c222f4e51b97b62ba016b5bafc582e374b83382ed094ee0257de05d7d6736e14c222f
    C:/github/zipcode-book/content/chapters/multiple-chronic-conditions/data/figures/alt_rankings.json9,6505c95d266eb3e2f097c8cf6025e189e39af38e1c1609ca88792c64fe2e055896f5c95d266eb3e2f097c8cf6025e189e39af38e1c1609ca88792c64fe2e055896f
    C:/github/zipcode-book/content/chapters/multiple-chronic-conditions/data/figures/high_count_by_adi.json6,432fa06d9dd565c8bd59515de2b4ecca0fdc50503679b1b5e1f6f7fc8aeb2686ac8fa06d9dd565c8bd59515de2b4ecca0fdc50503679b1b5e1f6f7fc8aeb2686ac8
    C:/github/zipcode-book/content/chapters/overdose-alcohol-and-suicide/data/facts.json81,97963d63863e78931b4e81f3b1a9139d7c8f996c5de86982d97219967944bc2f0e463d63863e78931b4e81f3b1a9139d7c8f996c5de86982d97219967944bc2f0e4
    C:/github/zipcode-book/content/chapters/overdose-alcohol-and-suicide/data/figures/alt_rankings.json9,707d65045934802ba7de6c7fac3a6b91557460db6f900774a99b519294cb9fe8c5fd65045934802ba7de6c7fac3a6b91557460db6f900774a99b519294cb9fe8c5f
    C:/github/zipcode-book/content/chapters/overdose-alcohol-and-suicide/data/figures/three_causes_by_decile.json17,22492ef9f8f26ff64531896da0f23322aae3d67e8acc808bdc546fa5587efa9bbd992ef9f8f26ff64531896da0f23322aae3d67e8acc808bdc546fa5587efa9bbd9
    C:/github/zipcode-book/content/chapters/place-and-the-length-of-a-life/data/facts.json71,1409eed1ad6694ae817ab5800fd787f79ec8a01a706b2d211bccb978f17d11e6e6d9eed1ad6694ae817ab5800fd787f79ec8a01a706b2d211bccb978f17d11e6e6d
    C:/github/zipcode-book/content/chapters/place-and-the-length-of-a-life/data/figures/alt_rankings.json9,59609e34b229fe46e41cd294da684e89b20b3cfa35d04a5f3688c6995e96678516e09e34b229fe46e41cd294da684e89b20b3cfa35d04a5f3688c6995e96678516e
    C:/github/zipcode-book/content/chapters/place-and-the-length-of-a-life/data/figures/le_gradient.json32,837fec8e001d57c3dc7cdce2699846d13a9b38ae12d162c014ea0adf565f67f48eefec8e001d57c3dc7cdce2699846d13a9b38ae12d162c014ea0adf565f67f48ee
    C:/github/zipcode-book/content/chapters/renting-affordability-and-eviction/data/facts.json101,510e406f8a10f637011935e5a498813d757cff8c7fa2eb2a6eec5f4d034d769f947e406f8a10f637011935e5a498813d757cff8c7fa2eb2a6eec5f4d034d769f947
    C:/github/zipcode-book/content/chapters/renting-affordability-and-eviction/data/figures/alt_rankings.json10,143ad5422a3e2801029f9a69d147554ac6c36d9a6fa9064f8ac23a0418bf8a2dcd4ad5422a3e2801029f9a69d147554ac6c36d9a6fa9064f8ac23a0418bf8a2dcd4
    C:/github/zipcode-book/content/chapters/renting-affordability-and-eviction/data/figures/burden_by_deprivation.json22,558a0f766e578479473605b0a240a240514814de8fe7aab2168bc7207dd044e2eeea0f766e578479473605b0a240a240514814de8fe7aab2168bc7207dd044e2eee
    C:/github/zipcode-book/content/chapters/school-discipline-and-incarceration/data/facts.json60,95688a92432b6bedeb487d217f56ccb7d2d909106e9fd65f23139263eec30bcf08988a92432b6bedeb487d217f56ccb7d2d909106e9fd65f23139263eec30bcf089
    C:/github/zipcode-book/content/chapters/school-discipline-and-incarceration/data/figures/alt_rankings.json9,779aadc8b9fe818480dbeadcf72b8d936746dcbf813936dd21af727ebb3dde2fb1faadc8b9fe818480dbeadcf72b8d936746dcbf813936dd21af727ebb3dde2fb1f
    C:/github/zipcode-book/content/chapters/school-discipline-and-incarceration/data/figures/incarceration_gradient.json29,1000d8a4e6e4eb5ac7f097793036c26d3d7c89093f9a6905319b871d1af4212228d0d8a4e6e4eb5ac7f097793036c26d3d7c89093f9a6905319b871d1af4212228d
    C:/github/zipcode-book/content/chapters/teen-births/data/facts.json92,19258432d8c5da5f66f3d277a165542e5ff751f6f1d34af62ba767f6d81a2d88c1258432d8c5da5f66f3d277a165542e5ff751f6f1d34af62ba767f6d81a2d88c12
    C:/github/zipcode-book/content/chapters/teen-births/data/figures/alt_rankings.json9,7370a0cf476dc955f9ffece13e9d3fd238082a9c44fd2ec2d441ba0800c394cd6510a0cf476dc955f9ffece13e9d3fd238082a9c44fd2ec2d441ba0800c394cd651
    C:/github/zipcode-book/content/chapters/teen-births/data/figures/teen_birth_by_deprivation_tracts.json4,830bc9c3f68f15ce4f0a78770d0e8cf7d9f94ca648adbe42d20fe9bb7fbae6cdd78bc9c3f68f15ce4f0a78770d0e8cf7d9f94ca648adbe42d20fe9bb7fbae6cdd78
    C:/github/zipcode-book/content/chapters/violence-and-the-life-expectancy-gap/data/facts.json79,4854e4801a65b00f2df89da49274a1b39684d11d8a0ddd7a43db764c7e090b9ebde4e4801a65b00f2df89da49274a1b39684d11d8a0ddd7a43db764c7e090b9ebde
    C:/github/zipcode-book/content/chapters/violence-and-the-life-expectancy-gap/data/figures/alt_rankings.json9,6306bd94f9150a3728846137c9bfb01005366e66051f66f74f12d70780c2b6e19866bd94f9150a3728846137c9bfb01005366e66051f66f74f12d70780c2b6e1986
    C:/github/zipcode-book/content/chapters/violence-and-the-life-expectancy-gap/data/figures/homicide_by_tenth.json4,14170f57e2d7ce7c5f1c7ec3c733a50b8e094d8a482f41e5bd3958c36d192f3ca4770f57e2d7ce7c5f1c7ec3c733a50b8e094d8a482f41e5bd3958c36d192f3ca47
    C:/github/zipcode-book/public/data/place-and-the-length-of-a-life/splits.json274,39263e1adbb1d7ae3354bb1e224c982a8c535e1e1137340d5ae18d3d5e613b3c35363e1adbb1d7ae3354bb1e224c982a8c535e1e1137340d5ae18d3d5e613b3c353

    Outputs

    FileSHA-256
    facts.jsond9eee2e8e34b82b69d1588ea09d316fcfd6359a427dca3c2b8d6df2536c0a23f
    figures/ends_splits.jsonb8233611105529501f84abdf718d5e533b8b5e75b2c6d09bc334d4be65b740db
    figures/ends_vs_us.jsonbd0996f5b4db2ac8bf6454f650dda1df440fe65dc2455d87a8d83dca8b71ff7b
    figures/gradient_sparklines.jsona6696520b765c3d6660e804121f80b8b61f89b8705aef819a18bad14985af308
    figures/gradients_by_domain.jsonca072bde78f63590464ff557f947ed7dc500899c5064249764dd1672f82a4e9e
    figures/pattern_table.jsone46e415e8cf8aee1a8f11726c708aa4982b3ca52a737c556610c644c8d27f788
    figures/ranking_check.jsonc8b77eeb16009d8a6dee80ee5df52ea301124c46b1652b500032cc618e402ac6
    meta.jsonbf04cdaaccb5b3d7a557d12e9bbcf782e17b9b13699423e3533f839b18243c88
    refs.jsonca3d163bab055381827226140568f3bef7eaac187cebd76878e0b63e9e442356

    Machine formats