Chapter 1.1 · Weighing the ingredients · Report

What the deprivation index measures

The Area Deprivation Index orders 75,717 census tracts almost in reverse order of median home value, with a rank correlation of −0.988, and the home value term alone accounts for 74.3% of the variance of the score its formula produces.

Author: Vishal Singh
Affiliation: NYU Stern
Published: 9 October 2026

Every estimate of the chapter with its interval and every figure as a table, generated from the chapter's data files. Table n of this report is figure n of the chapter. The same report as Markdown: report.md.

Identification

Title

What the deprivation index measures

Label

Weighing the ingredients

Chapter

1.1 (Part I, Rankings and scale; Measuring rich and poor)

Question

What goes into the Area Deprivation Index, and which components weigh most in a neighborhood's score?

Dek

Grain

neighborhoods

Status

published

Published

9 October 2026

Updated

not revised

Data sources

Area Deprivation Index. Neighborhood Atlas ADI, 2023 release (version 4.0.1), national percentile ranks of block groups averaged to 2020 tracts; years: 2023 release (version 4.0.1; built on ACS 2019-2023); weights: none (index); tract values are unweighted means of block-group ranks
American Community Survey. ACS 2019-2023 five-year tract estimates: the staged tract file and a Census API pull of housing, occupation, income-distribution and schooling tables; years: 2019-2023 (5-year); weights: ACS 2019-2023 tract population
CDC/ATSDR Social Vulnerability Index. CDC/ATSDR Social Vulnerability Index 2022, tracts: the socioeconomic theme percentile and, for a sensitivity check, the shares of adults without a high school diploma and of households without internet (ACS 2018 to 2022); years: 2022 release (ACS 2018-2022); weights: none (index); percentile ranks of tracts
USALEEP life expectancy. NCHS small-area life expectancy at birth, deaths 2010 to 2015, 2020 tracts (interpolated), institutional tracts dropped; years: 2010-2015; weights: ACS 2019-2023 tract population
Opportunity Atlas. Mean adult household income rank of children from low-income families, 1978 to 1983 birth cohorts, 2020 tracts (interpolated); years: 1978-1983 birth cohorts (2018 release); weights: ACS 2019-2023 tract population

Canonical URL

https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/anatomy-of-deprivation

Markdown

https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/anatomy-of-deprivation/report.md

BibTeX

@misc{singh2026anatomyofdeprivation,
  author = {Singh, Vishal},
  title = {What the deprivation index measures},
  year = {2026},
  url = {https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/anatomy-of-deprivation},
  note = {In ZIP Code Destiny. Published 9 October 2026.}
}

Principal estimates

The facts the dek and the opening prose cite, in order of appearance. Every fact is in the table of all estimates below.

Estimand	Population	Period	Value	Interval	n	Weights	Source	Fact id
count of tracts in the frame	2020 census tracts with a published ADI rank, a population and all 15 rebuilt measures	ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release	75,717			none (full count)	American Community Survey	n_tracts
population-weighted correlation of the percentile ranks of the published tract ADI and of median home value, interval from a bootstrap over counties (Connecticut planning regions stand in for counties)	residents of the tracts in the frame (50 states and DC; a published ADI rank, a population and all rebuilt measures)	ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release	−0.988	95% CI −0.989 to −0.986	75,717 tracts	ACS 2019-2023 tract population	Area Deprivation Index	rho_adi_homevalue
variance of the home value term alone (Singh's coefficients times the measures in their own units) as a share of the variance of the score, with no covariance with the other terms allocated to it; interval from a bootstrap over counties (Connecticut planning regions stand in for counties)	residents of the tracts in the frame (50 states and DC; a published ADI rank, a population and all rebuilt measures)	ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release	74.3%	95% CI 70.5% to 77.0%	75,717 tracts	ACS 2019-2023 tract population	Area Deprivation Index	hv_own_share
population-weighted correlation of the percentile ranks of the published tract ADI and of the replica score in raw units, interval from a bootstrap over counties (Connecticut planning regions stand in for counties)	residents of the tracts in the frame (50 states and DC; a published ADI rank, a population and all rebuilt measures)	ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release	+0.991	95% CI 0.990 to 0.992	75,717 tracts	ACS 2019-2023 tract population	Area Deprivation Index	rho_unstd_adi
count of measures in the index; a definition	measures in Singh's deprivation index as the Neighborhood Atlas applies it (since the 2020 release it counts households without internet where Singh counted households without a telephone)	2023 release of the ADI (ACS 2019 to 2023)	17			none (definition)	Area Deprivation Index	n_measures
count of dollar-denominated measures; a definition	measures of the index that are dollar amounts (median family income, home value, gross rent and monthly mortgage cost)	2023 release of the ADI (ACS 2019 to 2023)	4			none (definition)	Area Deprivation Index	n_dollar
count of tracts	tracts of the frame with a poverty rate at or above the high-poverty threshold	ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release	5,100			none (full count)	American Community Survey	n_hp
count of states; a definition	states of the frame, besides the District of Columbia	ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release	50			none (definition)	American Community Survey	n_states
sum of ACS tract population	residents of the high-poverty tracts of the frame	ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release	17.2 million			none (full count)	American Community Survey	pop_hp
poverty rate at or above which a tract is called high-poverty; a definition	tracts called high-poverty in this chapter	ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release	30%			none (definition)	American Community Survey	hp_threshold
share of residents of high-poverty tracts who live in tracts at or below the 50th percentile on the published ADI (percentile among the tracts of the frame for the replica), interval from a bootstrap over counties (Connecticut planning regions stand in for counties)	residents of high-poverty tracts of the frame	ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release	16.1%	95% CI 11.3% to 21.4%	5,100 tracts	ACS 2019-2023 tract population	Area Deprivation Index	sh_hp_lowadi
percentile cutoff; a definition	rank at or below which a tract counts as among the less deprived	ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release	50th			none (definition)	Area Deprivation Index	rank_cut
share of residents of high-poverty tracts who live in tracts at or below the 50th percentile on the replica score in standard deviation units (percentile among the tracts of the frame for the replica), interval from a bootstrap over counties (Connecticut planning regions stand in for counties)	residents of high-poverty tracts of the frame	ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release	0.34%	95% CI 0.15% to 0.55%	5,100 tracts	ACS 2019-2023 tract population	Area Deprivation Index	sh_hp_lowstd

Findings

Across 75,717 census tracts, the Area Deprivation Index (ADI) of the Neighborhood Atlas has a population-weighted rank correlation of −0.988 (95% CI −0.989 to −0.986) with median home value. A rank correlation compares the positions of tracts in two rankings. The sign is negative because the index rises as home values fall, and the size means that the index orders tracts almost as home prices do.[1, 2] A replica built from the index's published formula and American Community Survey (ACS) estimates for 2019 to 2023 reproduces the published tract rank with a rank correlation of +0.991 (95% CI 0.990 to 0.992). In the replica's score, the home value term alone accounts for 74.3% (95% CI 70.5% to 77.0%) of the variance.

The formula multiplies each of 17 census measures by a fixed coefficient and adds the products. 4 of the measures are dollar amounts and the rest are proportions or a log ratio, so the dollar amounts dominate the sum.

The same arithmetic shapes who the index counts as less deprived. In 5,100 tracts of the 50 states and DC, with 17.2 million residents, 30% or more of people are below the poverty line. The published ADI places 16.1% (95% CI 11.3% to 21.4%) of those residents in tracts ranked at or below the 50th national percentile, the less deprived end of its ranking. Standardizing the same measures before applying the same coefficients places 0.34% (95% CI 0.15% to 0.55%) of them there.

This chapter rebuilds the index, shows where its weight goes, compares it with other rankings of the same tracts and tests how closely each ranking tracks life expectancy and upward mobility. Chapter 10.1, Gradients, slopes and variance covers the variance of outcomes across states, counties and tracts and the slopes of outcomes on the index. Chapter 1.2, What a county average leaves out repeats the index for counties, and Chapter 10.2, Families of places sorts tracts into groups instead of ranking them.

How the Neighborhood Atlas builds the index

Gopal Singh chose the census measures and estimated their coefficients as factor scores from 1990 census tracts, for a study of mortality in the United States.[3] The Neighborhood Atlas at the University of Wisconsin applies his recipe to American Community Survey data and publishes national percentile ranks of census block groups, with the lowest ranks for the least deprived and the highest for the most deprived.[4] A block group's score is the sum of the 17 measures in Table 1, each multiplied by Singh's coefficient, and the Atlas publishes the ranks of the scores and not the scores.[2, 5] The ADI used here is the 2023 release, version 4.0.1, rolled up from block groups to 2020 tracts. The dataset registry records it as built on ACS five-year estimates for 2019 to 2023, the period of the ACS measures used here. Since the 2020 release the Atlas has counted households without internet where Singh counted households without a telephone.[5]

Table 1. The Atlas score sums 17 measures with fixed coefficients, and 4 of them are dollar amounts

The measures cover education, work, income and housing. 4 are dollar amounts (median family income, home value, gross rent and the monthly mortgage cost), one is a log ratio of low-income to high-income households, and the rest are proportions of people, households or homes. The Atlas sums them in these units, with proportions entered as fractions of one and not as percentages.[2] The coefficients are close in size, so the unit of a measure, more than its coefficient, sets how much the measure moves the sum. A dollar amount in the hundreds of thousands varies over a wider range than a proportion.

Most of the measures can be rebuilt from ACS data for 2020 tracts

The staged ACS tract file and a Census API pull of housing, occupation, income and schooling tables supply 15 of the 17 measures for 2020 census tracts. The 2 missing are the share of adults with at least a high school diploma and the share of households without internet. Some rebuilt measures are substitutes. The poverty rate counts persons where Singh counted families, white-collar work is the share of workers in management, business, science and arts occupations, and the mortgage cost is the median monthly owner cost of homes with a mortgage. Income disparity is Singh's ratio of low-income to high-income households, defined in the table, logged, with a continuity constant added to each count so that a tract with no low-income household keeps a value.

The replica works with tracts, and the Atlas ranks block groups. The staged ADI is the Atlas's block-group ranks averaged over each tract's block groups, without population weights. The frame covers the 50 states and DC. Puerto Rico's tracts are left out because the SVI and USALEEP have none, although the Atlas ranks them with the states.

Of the 84,415 tracts, 82,784 have a published rank and residents, and 75,717 of those have all 15 measures. The frame holds 93.0% of the residents of tracts with a rank. Of the tracts lost, 90.0% lack a median rent, home value or mortgage cost, which the ACS leaves out for tracts with almost no renters or almost no owners. The Atlas imputes missing values from the surrounding geography, and the replica does not.[5]

Table 2 shows how the rebuilt measures move together, from the measures of advantage (income, home value, rent, mortgage cost, white-collar work and homeownership) to the measures of hardship. The dollar measures move together, with home value correlating +0.86 (95% CI 0.85 to 0.87) with the mortgage cost and +0.71 (95% CI 0.68 to 0.74) with rent. They are a loose guide to hardship. Home value correlates −0.31 (95% CI −0.36 to −0.27) with the poverty rate across tracts, a weaker link than the −0.61 (95% CI −0.62 to −0.59) of family income. A score dominated by home value therefore follows the housing market more closely than it follows poverty.

Table 2. Home value correlates −0.31 with the poverty rate across tracts, a weaker link than family income has at −0.61

In raw units, home value and family income set the score

Write the score of tract $i$ as a sum over the measures $k$ of a coefficient $c_k$ times the measure $x_{ik}$ . The Atlas uses the measures as they come. A standardized version subtracts each measure's mean $\bar x_k$ and divides by its standard deviation $s_k$ :

S_i=\sum_{k} c_k\,x_{ik} \qquad\text{and}\qquad S_i^{z}=\sum_{k} c_k\,\frac{x_{ik}-\bar x_k}{s_k}.

The first is the replica of the published score. The second applies the same coefficients, with the population-weighted mean and standard deviation of each measure across tracts. A sum is dominated by the terms that vary most, and variance is measured in squared units, so a measure with values in the hundreds of thousands contributes more variance than a proportion does. Table 3 splits the variance of each score among its measures. A measure's allocated share is the covariance of its term with the score divided by the variance of the score, and each covariance between two terms is shared equally between them, so the shares add to the whole of the variance.

In the raw-units score, median home value is allocated 85.4% (95% CI 83.1% to 87.0%) and median family income 14.2% (95% CI 12.6% to 16.5%). The two terms are correlated, so the allocation matters. The home value term alone has 74.3% (95% CI 70.5% to 77.0%) of the variance, and the home value and family income terms together have 99.2% (95% CI 99.2% to 99.3%).

Rent and the mortgage cost are allocated a further 0.38% (95% CI 0.36% to 0.41%), and the measures that are not dollar amounts 0.0003% (95% CI 0.0002% to 0.0003%) together. After standardization, no measure is allocated more than 12.4% (95% CI 12.2% to 12.6%), which is the near-poverty share, and home value is allocated 5.3% (95% CI 5.0% to 5.7%).

Table 3. In raw units home value accounts for 74.3% of the variance of the score on its own and 85.4% with its covariance with income shared out, against 5.3% after standardization

The same coefficients therefore give weights that depend on the scale of the measures. Petterson showed the pattern across the block groups of the Atlas, and Hannan and colleagues found that in New York State the Atlas ADI mainly reflects home value.[1, 2] The shares here describe a population-weighted frame of tracts, a different population from either study.

The replica reproduces the published rank

Ranking the replica's score among the frame's tracts gives a population-weighted rank correlation of +0.991 (95% CI 0.990 to 0.992) with the published tract rank. The match is close and not exact, because the replica uses tract estimates where the Atlas uses block groups, omits two measures and does not impute missing values. Standardizing the measures before applying the same coefficients lowers the correlation with the published rank to +0.72 (95% CI 0.66 to 0.77). The published ADI correlates −0.988 (95% CI −0.989 to −0.986) with the rank of median home value. The raw-units replica correlates −0.987 (95% CI −0.989 to −0.986) with it and the standardized replica −0.66 (95% CI −0.71 to −0.60).

The scale of the measures moves the ranking, and the choice of coefficients barely does. The first principal component of the standardized measures lets the data choose the weights, and it ranks the tracts almost as Singh's coefficients applied to the standardized measures do, with a rank correlation of +0.997 (95% CI 0.996 to 0.998).

The staged SVI file carries the two missing measures for ACS 2018 to 2022. Adding them to the replica, with the telephone measure's coefficient on households without internet because the Atlas does not publish one, moves the rank correlation of the standardized replica with the published rank to +0.71 (95% CI 0.65 to 0.77). The share of residents of high-poverty tracts that the standardized replica places at or below the 50th percentile moves to 0.61% (95% CI 0.32% to 0.93%). The raw-units replica stays at +0.991 (95% CI 0.990 to 0.992).

The published ADI sits apart from rankings that standardize

Table 4 compares six rankings of the same tracts: the published ADI, its raw-units replica, the standardized replica, the first principal component of the standardized measures, the socioeconomic theme of the Social Vulnerability Index (SVI) of the CDC and ATSDR, and the poverty rate.[6, 7] The SVI converts each measure to a percentile among tracts before summing within a theme, so it is standardized by construction. The published ADI and its replica form one pair, and the standardized replica and the principal component form another. The principal component, the SVI theme and the poverty rate each correlate more strongly with the standardized replica than with the published ADI.

Table 4. The published ADI correlates +0.991 with its raw-units replica and +0.72 with the standardized version of the same measures

The ADI reads expensive places as less deprived

The disagreement between the published and the standardized ranking follows the cost of housing. Table 5 groups tracts by the median home value of their county, in quartiles with equal numbers of residents. County median home values are above $450,562 in the highest-cost quartile and below $216,301 in the lowest-cost quartile. The published percentile minus the standardized percentile averages +11.1 (95% CI 10.5 to 11.6) points in the lowest-cost counties and −16.5 (95% CI −21.3 to −11.5) points in the highest-cost counties. At the same standardized percentile, tracts in the highest-cost counties have a lower published ADI than tracts in the lowest-cost counties in every tenth of the standardized ranking. The gap widens toward the most deprived tenth.

The gap matters most where people are poor. 5,100 tracts in the frame, with 17.2 million residents, have poverty rates of 30% or more. The published ADI places 16.1% (95% CI 11.3% to 21.4%) of those residents in tracts ranked at or below the 50th national percentile.

The raw-units replica places 15.8% (95% CI 11.0% to 20.7%) of them there, and the standardized replica 0.34% (95% CI 0.15% to 0.55%). Across all 6,718 tracts of the 50 states and DC that have a published rank and a poverty rate, including tracts that lack some rebuilt measures, the published share is 20.6% (95% CI 14.1% to 27.9%).

The second tab of the figure lists the 15 tracts with the largest gaps among the 5,049 tracts that have a poverty rate of 30% or more and at least 1,000 residents. 12 are in New York City.

In the first row, a tract in San Francisco where 35.9% of residents are below the poverty line, the published ADI is 1, among the least deprived in the nation, and the standardized percentile is 99.7. The median home value of that tract is at the ACS top code, which applies to 495 tracts in the frame and caps a dollar value that would otherwise be higher.

Table 5. The published ADI percentile minus the standardized percentile averages −16.5 in the highest-cost counties and +11.1 in the lowest-cost counties

One Medicare payment model, ACO REACH, uses the ADI. The model adjusts payments for each beneficiary by the decile of a score that combines the ADI with the beneficiary's status as dually eligible for Medicare and Medicaid or as receiving the low-income subsidy. For performance year 2024 the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services added the state ADI to the score and weighted the national ADI, the state ADI and that status equally. It said the change would better identify underserved beneficiaries in areas with a high cost of living.[8] The state ADI compares tracts within a state, and this chapter does not test how much of the dominance of home value it removes.

The measures describe more than one kind of deprivation

The correlation matrix behind Table 2 has 3 eigenvalues above the average, the usual criterion for the number of factors worth keeping, and the first 3 principal components carry 66.0% (95% CI 65.3% to 66.9%) of the variance of the measures, the first alone 39.6% (95% CI 38.4% to 41.1%).

A factor model describes the correlations among many measures with a few unobserved factors, and a measure's loading is its correlation with a factor. A maximum-likelihood factor model of the same population-weighted correlation matrix, with 3 factors and a varimax rotation that turns the factors so that each measure loads mainly on one, sorts the measures into 3 groups (Table 6).

The first, housing money, gathers home value, mortgage cost, rent, family income and white-collar work, and holds 24.7% of the variance of the measures. The second, economic hardship, gathers the poverty rate, the near-poverty share, income disparity, unemployment and single parenthood, with homeownership on the other side, and holds 21.5%. The third gathers crowding and the share of adults who left school before ninth grade, which correlate +0.64 (95% CI 0.57 to 0.70) with each other, and holds 11.9%.

Table 6. The measures sort into housing money, economic hardship, and crowding with little schooling, which together hold 58.1% of their variance

Kolak and colleagues, using a different set of tract measures, also needed several principal components and named the first socioeconomic advantage.[9] A single ranking folds these factors into one number. In raw units the number follows the housing-money factor, as the correlation with home value shows.

Standardized rankings track mobility more closely and life expectancy about as closely

Two outcomes that no ranking used as an input test the recipes. One is life expectancy at birth from USALEEP, for deaths in 2010 to 2015 in 71,874 tracts. The other is the mean adult household income rank of children raised in the tract by parents at the 25th income percentile, from the Opportunity Atlas, for children born in 1978 to 1983 in 75,667 tracts. Table 7 shows the rank correlation of eight rankings with each outcome. Every ranking runs from least to most deprived, so every correlation is negative, and the figure plots absolute values. Comparisons below that rest on point estimates say so, and the others use intervals from paired draws of the same counties.

For life expectancy the published ADI correlates 0.615 (95% CI 0.594 to 0.633) and the standardized replica 0.619 (95% CI 0.596 to 0.642). The difference, 0.005 (95% CI −0.015 to 0.027), has an interval that includes zero, and so does the difference between family income alone, at 0.609 (95% CI 0.587 to 0.630), and the ADI, −0.006 (95% CI −0.022 to 0.012).

The standardized replica exceeds family income alone by 0.010 (95% CI 0.002 to 0.020). The first principal component, which has the highest point estimate at 0.633 (95% CI 0.613 to 0.653), exceeds family income alone by 0.025 (95% CI 0.019 to 0.031). Both intervals exclude zero, by small margins. The raw-units replica is at 0.620 (95% CI 0.601 to 0.638), and the poverty rate alone has the lowest point estimate, 0.508 (95% CI 0.484 to 0.529).

For upward mobility the order changes. The standardized replica correlates 0.582 (95% CI 0.560 to 0.603) and the published ADI 0.483 (95% CI 0.455 to 0.511), a difference of 0.100 (95% CI 0.076 to 0.123). The raw-units replica correlates 0.492 (95% CI 0.466 to 0.520) and home value alone 0.443 (95% CI 0.415 to 0.473).

Family income alone, at 0.564 (95% CI 0.543 to 0.586), correlates more strongly than the published ADI does, by 0.082 (95% CI 0.063 to 0.101). It correlates less strongly than the standardized replica, which exceeds it by 0.018 (95% CI 0.010 to 0.026), and than the first principal component, which exceeds it by 0.023 (95% CI 0.017 to 0.029).

For mobility, the poverty rate alone, at 0.504 (95% CI 0.486 to 0.522), does not differ detectably from the ADI, by 0.021 (95% CI −0.002 to 0.044). The rankings that standardize therefore edge out family income alone for both outcomes, and the published ADI does not for either.

Table 7. The published ADI tracks life expectancy about as closely as the standardized score does but upward mobility less closely, by 0.100 in correlation

The book keeps the published index as its main ranking

Before comparing rankings across the book, the book fixed a rule: the standardized replica would replace the published ADI as the main ranking if it changed the main gradient of at least 4 of the 16 chapters that use the index. Each of those chapters recomputed its main gradient under the published ADI, the standardized replica, median household income and the share of adults with a bachelor's degree. The standardized replica changed 1, the national traffic gradient, so the published index stays (Chapter 9.1, How far one ranking goes). The difference between the two recipes shown in this chapter moves the rank of many tracts and leaves most of the book's gradients in the same class.

What these data cannot show

Every result describes tracts and rankings of tracts. A tract's rank says little about how deprived any one resident is, because the data are averages for places (ecological inference), and a poor household in a tract with high home values takes the tract's rank.

The replica is a tract-level rebuild of a block-group index. It omits two measures, substitutes for some and does not impute missing values. Its ACS tract estimates carry sampling error that the staged file does not report, largest in small tracts and for medians that rest on few homes. A tract with many students living off campus can show a high poverty rate that reflects student households. The close match to the published rank, +0.991 (95% CI 0.990 to 0.992), shows that this formula reproduces the Atlas's ranks, and it does not show that the Atlas's code is the same. The frame leaves out tracts that lack a median, and the ADI ranks some of them. It also leaves out Puerto Rico, which the Atlas ranks with the states.

The data cannot say which recipe is right. A ranking dominated by home value measures the cost of housing, a property of a market, and some uses of a deprivation index may want that. The correlations with life expectancy and mobility are one test, and the two outcomes disagree about the recipes. Both outcomes are older than the ACS measures, deaths in 2010 to 2015 and children born in 1978 to 1983, and both are modeled estimates placed on 2020 tracts by interpolation from 2010 tracts. The SVI theme and the poverty rate are not Atlas products.

A factor model describes the measures it is given. Other measures, such as violence, isolation or air quality, would give other factors, and the count of factors rests on a common cutoff. The chapter does not test the state ADI that Medicare now uses, and it says nothing about how payments change under any formula.

Tables

Table 1. The Atlas score sums 17 measures with fixed coefficients, and 4 of them are dollar amounts

The measures in Singh's deprivation index, the unit each enters the sum in, Singh's factor score coefficient, and whether this chapter rebuilds it

No.	Measure	Unit in the sum	Coefficient	Rebuilt here
1	Adults 25 and older with less than 9 years of education	Proportion	+0.0849	Yes, as adults who stopped at 8th grade
2	Adults 25 and older with at least a high school diploma	Proportion	−0.0970	No: not in the staged ACS files; the SVI 2022 file has it for ACS 2018 to 2022 (sensitivity check)
3	Employed people 16 and older in white-collar occupations	Proportion	−0.0874	Yes, as management, business, science and arts occupations
4	Median family income	Dollars	−0.0977	Yes
5	Income disparity: log of 100 times households under $10,000 over households of $50,000 or more	Log ratio	+0.0936	Yes, with a continuity constant
6	Median home value	Dollars	−0.0688	Yes
7	Median gross rent	Dollars	−0.0781	Yes
8	Median monthly mortgage	Dollars	−0.0770	Yes, as monthly owner costs of homes with a mortgage
9	Owner-occupied housing units	Proportion	−0.0615	Yes
10	Civilian labor force 16 and older that is unemployed	Proportion	+0.0806	Yes
11	Families below the poverty level	Proportion	+0.0977	Yes, as persons below the poverty line
12	Persons below 150 percent of the poverty threshold	Proportion	+0.1037	Yes
13	Single-parent households with children under 18	Proportion	+0.0719	Yes, as single-parent households
14	Households without a motor vehicle	Proportion	+0.0694	Yes
15	Households without a telephone (the Atlas now counts households without internet)	Proportion	+0.0877	No: not in the staged ACS files; the SVI 2022 file has households without internet for ACS 2018 to 2022 (sensitivity check)
16	Occupied housing units without complete plumbing	Proportion	+0.0510	Yes
17	Households with more than one person per room	Proportion	+0.0556	Yes

Note: The Atlas applies Singh's coefficients to proportions between zero and one, to dollars, and to the log ratio, and ranks the sums; it does not publish the sums. Since the 2020 release it counts households without internet where Singh counted households without a telephone.

Note: Singh estimated the coefficients as factor scores in 1990 census tract data; they are not re-estimated here.

Source: Singh (2003) factor score coefficients for 1990 census tracts, as printed in Petterson (2023); Neighborhood Atlas change log, 2022; published coefficients, not weighted

Data: vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/anatomy-of-deprivation/figures/adi_measures.json

Table 2. Home value correlates −0.31 with the poverty rate across tracts, a weaker link than family income has at −0.61

Population-weighted Pearson correlations among the 15 rebuilt measures in their own units, 75,717 tracts, ACS 2019 to 2023

conf_high	conf_low	measure	n	other	r
n/a	n/a	Family income	n/a	Family income	1
0.729	0.637	Family income	75,717	Home value	0.682
0.666	0.609	Family income	75,717	Gross rent	0.638
0.781	0.696	Family income	75,717	Mortgage cost	0.739
0.796	0.774	Family income	75,717	White-collar jobs	0.786
0.369	0.284	Family income	75,717	Homeownership	0.326
−0.595	−0.618	Family income	75,717	Poverty	−0.606
−0.696	−0.715	Family income	75,717	Below 150% of poverty	−0.705
−0.425	−0.460	Family income	75,717	Income disparity	−0.442
−0.268	−0.304	Family income	75,717	Unemployment	−0.286
−0.477	−0.504	Family income	75,717	Single parents	−0.491
−0.034	−0.262	Family income	75,717	No vehicle	−0.145
−0.217	−0.283	Family income	75,717	Crowding	−0.252
−0.269	−0.297	Family income	75,717	No plumbing	−0.282
−0.345	−0.384	Family income	75,717	Under 9 years of school	−0.365
0.729	0.637	Home value	75,717	Family income	0.682
n/a	n/a	Home value	n/a	Home value	1
0.740	0.684	Home value	75,717	Gross rent	0.713
0.870	0.847	Home value	75,717	Mortgage cost	0.858
0.593	0.518	Home value	75,717	White-collar jobs	0.553
0.036	−0.120	Home value	75,717	Homeownership	−0.050
−0.271	−0.358	Home value	75,717	Poverty	−0.313
−0.339	−0.429	Home value	75,717	Below 150% of poverty	−0.381
−0.217	−0.295	Home value	75,717	Income disparity	−0.252
−0.036	−0.134	Home value	75,717	Unemployment	−0.084
−0.254	−0.297	Home value	75,717	Single parents	−0.274
0.262	−0.075	Home value	75,717	No vehicle	0.110
0.153	0.018	Home value	75,717	Crowding	0.100
−0.247	−0.281	Home value	75,717	No plumbing	−0.262
−0.011	−0.145	Home value	75,717	Under 9 years of school	−0.071
0.666	0.609	Gross rent	75,717	Family income	0.638
0.740	0.684	Gross rent	75,717	Home value	0.713
n/a	n/a	Gross rent	n/a	Gross rent	1
0.758	0.706	Gross rent	75,717	Mortgage cost	0.734
0.551	0.490	Gross rent	75,717	White-collar jobs	0.522
0.113	0.022	Gross rent	75,717	Homeownership	0.064
−0.373	−0.408	Gross rent	75,717	Poverty	−0.391
−0.434	−0.472	Gross rent	75,717	Below 150% of poverty	−0.453
−0.341	−0.383	Gross rent	75,717	Income disparity	−0.361
−0.061	−0.117	Gross rent	75,717	Unemployment	−0.089
−0.196	−0.236	Gross rent	75,717	Single parents	−0.217
0.056	−0.165	Gross rent	75,717	No vehicle	−0.040
0.090	0.012	Gross rent	75,717	Crowding	0.057
−0.317	−0.341	Gross rent	75,717	No plumbing	−0.328
−0.059	−0.131	Gross rent	75,717	Under 9 years of school	−0.092
0.781	0.696	Mortgage cost	75,717	Family income	0.739
0.870	0.847	Mortgage cost	75,717	Home value	0.858
0.758	0.706	Mortgage cost	75,717	Gross rent	0.734
n/a	n/a	Mortgage cost	n/a	Mortgage cost	1
0.648	0.571	Mortgage cost	75,717	White-collar jobs	0.609
0.052	−0.091	Mortgage cost	75,717	Homeownership	−0.024
−0.337	−0.415	Mortgage cost	75,717	Poverty	−0.376
−0.413	−0.496	Mortgage cost	75,717	Below 150% of poverty	−0.455
−0.274	−0.341	Mortgage cost	75,717	Income disparity	−0.307
−0.056	−0.143	Mortgage cost	75,717	Unemployment	−0.100
−0.270	−0.317	Mortgage cost	75,717	Single parents	−0.294
0.215	−0.054	Mortgage cost	75,717	No vehicle	0.099
0.143	0.009	Mortgage cost	75,717	Crowding	0.087
−0.292	−0.320	Mortgage cost	75,717	No plumbing	−0.305
−0.023	−0.149	Mortgage cost	75,717	Under 9 years of school	−0.082
0.796	0.774	White-collar jobs	75,717	Family income	0.786
0.593	0.518	White-collar jobs	75,717	Home value	0.553
0.551	0.490	White-collar jobs	75,717	Gross rent	0.522
0.648	0.571	White-collar jobs	75,717	Mortgage cost	0.609
n/a	n/a	White-collar jobs	n/a	White-collar jobs	1
0.224	0.143	White-collar jobs	75,717	Homeownership	0.184
−0.485	−0.517	White-collar jobs	75,717	Poverty	−0.501
−0.590	−0.618	White-collar jobs	75,717	Below 150% of poverty	−0.605
−0.317	−0.357	White-collar jobs	75,717	Income disparity	−0.337
−0.250	−0.286	White-collar jobs	75,717	Unemployment	−0.268
−0.440	−0.481	White-collar jobs	75,717	Single parents	−0.461
0.033	−0.184	White-collar jobs	75,717	No vehicle	−0.069
−0.304	−0.384	White-collar jobs	75,717	Crowding	−0.346
−0.249	−0.282	White-collar jobs	75,717	No plumbing	−0.265
−0.463	−0.516	White-collar jobs	75,717	Under 9 years of school	−0.490
0.369	0.284	Homeownership	75,717	Family income	0.326
0.036	−0.120	Homeownership	75,717	Home value	−0.050
0.113	0.022	Homeownership	75,717	Gross rent	0.064
0.052	−0.091	Homeownership	75,717	Mortgage cost	−0.024
0.224	0.143	Homeownership	75,717	White-collar jobs	0.184
n/a	n/a	Homeownership	n/a	Homeownership	1
−0.488	−0.523	Homeownership	75,717	Poverty	−0.505
−0.496	−0.537	Homeownership	75,717	Below 150% of poverty	−0.516
−0.345	−0.375	Homeownership	75,717	Income disparity	−0.359
−0.243	−0.285	Homeownership	75,717	Unemployment	−0.264
−0.323	−0.376	Homeownership	75,717	Single parents	−0.349
−0.516	−0.575	Homeownership	75,717	No vehicle	−0.542
−0.349	−0.433	Homeownership	75,717	Crowding	−0.394
0.037	−0.005	Homeownership	75,717	No plumbing	0.017
−0.265	−0.349	Homeownership	75,717	Under 9 years of school	−0.306
−0.595	−0.618	Poverty	75,717	Family income	−0.606
−0.271	−0.358	Poverty	75,717	Home value	−0.313
−0.373	−0.408	Poverty	75,717	Gross rent	−0.391
−0.337	−0.415	Poverty	75,717	Mortgage cost	−0.376
−0.485	−0.517	Poverty	75,717	White-collar jobs	−0.501
−0.488	−0.523	Poverty	75,717	Homeownership	−0.505
n/a	n/a	Poverty	n/a	Poverty	1
0.914	0.907	Poverty	75,717	Below 150% of poverty	0.911
0.593	0.571	Poverty	75,717	Income disparity	0.582
0.431	0.392	Poverty	75,717	Unemployment	0.412
0.500	0.469	Poverty	75,717	Single parents	0.486
0.472	0.322	Poverty	75,717	No vehicle	0.381
0.331	0.266	Poverty	75,717	Crowding	0.297
0.323	0.279	Poverty	75,717	No plumbing	0.301
0.397	0.345	Poverty	75,717	Under 9 years of school	0.371
−0.696	−0.715	Below 150% of poverty	75,717	Family income	−0.705
−0.339	−0.429	Below 150% of poverty	75,717	Home value	−0.381
−0.434	−0.472	Below 150% of poverty	75,717	Gross rent	−0.453
−0.413	−0.496	Below 150% of poverty	75,717	Mortgage cost	−0.455
−0.590	−0.618	Below 150% of poverty	75,717	White-collar jobs	−0.605
−0.496	−0.537	Below 150% of poverty	75,717	Homeownership	−0.516
0.914	0.907	Below 150% of poverty	75,717	Poverty	0.911
n/a	n/a	Below 150% of poverty	n/a	Below 150% of poverty	1
0.583	0.557	Below 150% of poverty	75,717	Income disparity	0.570
0.434	0.396	Below 150% of poverty	75,717	Unemployment	0.415
0.541	0.511	Below 150% of poverty	75,717	Single parents	0.527
0.461	0.295	Below 150% of poverty	75,717	No vehicle	0.363
0.381	0.315	Below 150% of poverty	75,717	Crowding	0.348
0.343	0.301	Below 150% of poverty	75,717	No plumbing	0.322
0.467	0.417	Below 150% of poverty	75,717	Under 9 years of school	0.443
−0.425	−0.460	Income disparity	75,717	Family income	−0.442
−0.217	−0.295	Income disparity	75,717	Home value	−0.252
−0.341	−0.383	Income disparity	75,717	Gross rent	−0.361
−0.274	−0.341	Income disparity	75,717	Mortgage cost	−0.307
−0.317	−0.357	Income disparity	75,717	White-collar jobs	−0.337
−0.345	−0.375	Income disparity	75,717	Homeownership	−0.359
0.593	0.571	Income disparity	75,717	Poverty	0.582
0.583	0.557	Income disparity	75,717	Below 150% of poverty	0.570
n/a	n/a	Income disparity	n/a	Income disparity	1
0.280	0.245	Income disparity	75,717	Unemployment	0.263
0.270	0.238	Income disparity	75,717	Single parents	0.254
0.361	0.259	Income disparity	75,717	No vehicle	0.295
0.127	0.087	Income disparity	75,717	Crowding	0.107
0.246	0.216	Income disparity	75,717	No plumbing	0.231
0.194	0.157	Income disparity	75,717	Under 9 years of school	0.175
−0.268	−0.304	Unemployment	75,717	Family income	−0.286
−0.036	−0.134	Unemployment	75,717	Home value	−0.084
−0.061	−0.117	Unemployment	75,717	Gross rent	−0.089
−0.056	−0.143	Unemployment	75,717	Mortgage cost	−0.100
−0.250	−0.286	Unemployment	75,717	White-collar jobs	−0.268
−0.243	−0.285	Unemployment	75,717	Homeownership	−0.264
0.431	0.392	Unemployment	75,717	Poverty	0.412
0.434	0.396	Unemployment	75,717	Below 150% of poverty	0.415
0.280	0.245	Unemployment	75,717	Income disparity	0.263
n/a	n/a	Unemployment	n/a	Unemployment	1
0.308	0.271	Unemployment	75,717	Single parents	0.290
0.296	0.219	Unemployment	75,717	No vehicle	0.251
0.234	0.181	Unemployment	75,717	Crowding	0.209
0.185	0.122	Unemployment	75,717	No plumbing	0.152
0.246	0.197	Unemployment	75,717	Under 9 years of school	0.222
−0.477	−0.504	Single parents	75,717	Family income	−0.491
−0.254	−0.297	Single parents	75,717	Home value	−0.274
−0.196	−0.236	Single parents	75,717	Gross rent	−0.217
−0.270	−0.317	Single parents	75,717	Mortgage cost	−0.294
−0.440	−0.481	Single parents	75,717	White-collar jobs	−0.461
−0.323	−0.376	Single parents	75,717	Homeownership	−0.349
0.500	0.469	Single parents	75,717	Poverty	0.486
0.541	0.511	Single parents	75,717	Below 150% of poverty	0.527
0.270	0.238	Single parents	75,717	Income disparity	0.254
0.308	0.271	Single parents	75,717	Unemployment	0.290
n/a	n/a	Single parents	n/a	Single parents	1
0.242	0.094	Single parents	75,717	No vehicle	0.157
0.330	0.260	Single parents	75,717	Crowding	0.296
0.128	0.087	Single parents	75,717	No plumbing	0.108
0.366	0.315	Single parents	75,717	Under 9 years of school	0.341
−0.034	−0.262	No vehicle	75,717	Family income	−0.145
0.262	−0.075	No vehicle	75,717	Home value	0.110
0.056	−0.165	No vehicle	75,717	Gross rent	−0.040
0.215	−0.054	No vehicle	75,717	Mortgage cost	0.099
0.033	−0.184	No vehicle	75,717	White-collar jobs	−0.069
−0.516	−0.575	No vehicle	75,717	Homeownership	−0.542
0.472	0.322	No vehicle	75,717	Poverty	0.381
0.461	0.295	No vehicle	75,717	Below 150% of poverty	0.363
0.361	0.259	No vehicle	75,717	Income disparity	0.295
0.296	0.219	No vehicle	75,717	Unemployment	0.251
0.242	0.094	No vehicle	75,717	Single parents	0.157
n/a	n/a	No vehicle	n/a	No vehicle	1
0.311	0.154	No vehicle	75,717	Crowding	0.227
0.164	0.057	No vehicle	75,717	No plumbing	0.101
0.266	0.161	No vehicle	75,717	Under 9 years of school	0.211
−0.217	−0.283	Crowding	75,717	Family income	−0.252
0.153	0.018	Crowding	75,717	Home value	0.100
0.090	0.012	Crowding	75,717	Gross rent	0.057
0.143	0.009	Crowding	75,717	Mortgage cost	0.087
−0.304	−0.384	Crowding	75,717	White-collar jobs	−0.346
−0.349	−0.433	Crowding	75,717	Homeownership	−0.394
0.331	0.266	Crowding	75,717	Poverty	0.297
0.381	0.315	Crowding	75,717	Below 150% of poverty	0.348
0.127	0.087	Crowding	75,717	Income disparity	0.107
0.234	0.181	Crowding	75,717	Unemployment	0.209
0.330	0.260	Crowding	75,717	Single parents	0.296
0.311	0.154	Crowding	75,717	No vehicle	0.227
n/a	n/a	Crowding	n/a	Crowding	1
0.041	−0.021	Crowding	75,717	No plumbing	0.007
0.698	0.571	Crowding	75,717	Under 9 years of school	0.636
−0.269	−0.297	No plumbing	75,717	Family income	−0.282
−0.247	−0.281	No plumbing	75,717	Home value	−0.262
−0.317	−0.341	No plumbing	75,717	Gross rent	−0.328
−0.292	−0.320	No plumbing	75,717	Mortgage cost	−0.305
−0.249	−0.282	No plumbing	75,717	White-collar jobs	−0.265
0.037	−0.005	No plumbing	75,717	Homeownership	0.017
0.323	0.279	No plumbing	75,717	Poverty	0.301
0.343	0.301	No plumbing	75,717	Below 150% of poverty	0.322
0.246	0.216	No plumbing	75,717	Income disparity	0.231
0.185	0.122	No plumbing	75,717	Unemployment	0.152
0.128	0.087	No plumbing	75,717	Single parents	0.108
0.164	0.057	No plumbing	75,717	No vehicle	0.101
0.041	−0.021	No plumbing	75,717	Crowding	0.007
n/a	n/a	No plumbing	n/a	No plumbing	1
0.100	0.046	No plumbing	75,717	Under 9 years of school	0.071
−0.345	−0.384	Under 9 years of school	75,717	Family income	−0.365
−0.011	−0.145	Under 9 years of school	75,717	Home value	−0.071
−0.059	−0.131	Under 9 years of school	75,717	Gross rent	−0.092
−0.023	−0.149	Under 9 years of school	75,717	Mortgage cost	−0.082
−0.463	−0.516	Under 9 years of school	75,717	White-collar jobs	−0.490
−0.265	−0.349	Under 9 years of school	75,717	Homeownership	−0.306
0.397	0.345	Under 9 years of school	75,717	Poverty	0.371
0.467	0.417	Under 9 years of school	75,717	Below 150% of poverty	0.443
0.194	0.157	Under 9 years of school	75,717	Income disparity	0.175
0.246	0.197	Under 9 years of school	75,717	Unemployment	0.222
0.366	0.315	Under 9 years of school	75,717	Single parents	0.341
0.266	0.161	Under 9 years of school	75,717	No vehicle	0.211
0.698	0.571	Under 9 years of school	75,717	Crowding	0.636
0.100	0.046	Under 9 years of school	75,717	No plumbing	0.071
n/a	n/a	Under 9 years of school	n/a	Under 9 years of school	1

Note: Cells toward the teal end of the key are positive correlations and cells toward the brown end negative ones. The diagonal is one by construction and has no interval.

Note: The correlations use the measures as the ACS reports them: dollars for the four dollar measures, proportions for the rest and the log ratio for income disparity. The staged ACS file has no margins of error.

Source: ACS 2019-2023 five-year tract estimates (staged ACS file and Census API pull of housing measures); population-weighted (ACS tract population)

Data: vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/anatomy-of-deprivation/figures/input_correlations.json

Table 3. In raw units home value accounts for 74.3% of the variance of the score on its own and 85.4% with its covariance with income shared out, against 5.3% after standardization

Share of the population-weighted variance of the replica score allocated to each measure, same coefficients, measures in raw units and in standard deviation units, 75,717 tracts

Table 3.1. Raw units

In raw units home value and family income carry 99.2% of the variance of the score between them

Share of the variance of the score in raw units allocated to each measure, percent

conf_high	conf_low	measure	n	share
86.99	83.08	Home value	75,717	85.40
16.52	12.64	Family income	75,717	14.23
0.245	0.213	Mortgage cost	75,717	0.226
0.164	0.143	Gross rent	75,717	0.152
0.000	0.000	Income disparity	75,717	0.000
0.000	0.000	White-collar jobs	75,717	0.000
0.000	0.000	Below 150% of poverty	75,717	0.000
0.000	0.000	Poverty	75,717	0.000
0.000	0.000	Single parents	75,717	0.000
0.000	0.000	Under 9 years of school	75,717	0.000
0.000	0.000	No plumbing	75,717	0.000
0.000	0.000	Unemployment	75,717	0.000
0.000	0.000	Homeownership	75,717	0.000
0.000	0.000	Crowding	75,717	0.000
0.000	0.000	No vehicle	75,717	0.000

Table 3.2. Standardized

After standardization no measure carries more than 12.4% of the variance of the score

Share of the variance of the score in standard deviation units allocated to each measure, percent

conf_high	conf_low	measure	n	share
5.68	4.96	Home value	75,717	5.30
11.43	11.06	Family income	75,717	11.26
6.86	6.14	Mortgage cost	75,717	6.50
6.64	6.31	Gross rent	75,717	6.47
8.02	7.65	Income disparity	75,717	7.84
9.23	8.89	White-collar jobs	75,717	9.08
12.62	12.17	Below 150% of poverty	75,717	12.41
11.05	10.67	Poverty	75,717	10.88
5.98	5.66	Single parents	75,717	5.83
6.26	5.79	Under 9 years of school	75,717	6.03
2.73	2.50	No plumbing	75,717	2.62
5.30	4.91	Unemployment	75,717	5.11
4.34	3.97	Homeownership	75,717	4.16
3.22	2.76	Crowding	75,717	3.00
4.47	2.71	No vehicle	75,717	3.50

Note: Raw units: dollars for the four dollar measures, proportions between zero and one for the rest, and the log ratio for income disparity, as the Atlas applies Singh's coefficients. Standardized: each measure minus its population-weighted mean over its population-weighted standard deviation.

Note: The two measures that are not rebuilt (high school diploma and internet access) are proportions, so in raw units they would add little to the variance of the score.

Source: ACS 2019-2023 five-year tract estimates (staged ACS file and Census API pull of housing measures); Singh (2003) coefficients; population-weighted (ACS tract population)

Data: vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/anatomy-of-deprivation/figures/variance_by_measure.json

Table 4. The published ADI correlates +0.991 with its raw-units replica and +0.72 with the standardized version of the same measures

Population-weighted rank correlations among six rankings of 2020 tracts, measures from ACS 2019 to 2023

conf_high	conf_low	n	other	r	ranking
n/a	n/a	n/a	Published ADI	1	Published ADI
0.992	0.990	75,717	Replica, raw units	0.991	Published ADI
0.773	0.659	75,717	Replica, standardized	0.720	Published ADI
0.800	0.703	75,717	First principal component	0.755	Published ADI
0.556	0.406	75,717	SVI socioeconomic theme	0.485	Published ADI
0.587	0.486	75,717	Poverty rate	0.539	Published ADI
0.992	0.990	75,717	Published ADI	0.991	Replica, raw units
n/a	n/a	n/a	Replica, raw units	1	Replica, raw units
0.789	0.680	75,717	Replica, standardized	0.738	Replica, raw units
0.817	0.723	75,717	First principal component	0.773	Replica, raw units
0.575	0.429	75,717	SVI socioeconomic theme	0.506	Replica, raw units
0.595	0.496	75,717	Poverty rate	0.548	Replica, raw units
0.773	0.659	75,717	Published ADI	0.720	Replica, standardized
0.789	0.680	75,717	Replica, raw units	0.738	Replica, standardized
n/a	n/a	n/a	Replica, standardized	1	Replica, standardized
0.998	0.996	75,717	First principal component	0.997	Replica, standardized
0.866	0.852	75,717	SVI socioeconomic theme	0.859	Replica, standardized
0.859	0.843	75,717	Poverty rate	0.851	Replica, standardized
0.800	0.703	75,717	Published ADI	0.755	First principal component
0.817	0.723	75,717	Replica, raw units	0.773	First principal component
0.998	0.996	75,717	Replica, standardized	0.997	First principal component
n/a	n/a	n/a	First principal component	1	First principal component
0.850	0.832	75,717	SVI socioeconomic theme	0.841	First principal component
0.853	0.836	75,717	Poverty rate	0.844	First principal component
0.556	0.406	75,717	Published ADI	0.485	SVI socioeconomic theme
0.575	0.429	75,717	Replica, raw units	0.506	SVI socioeconomic theme
0.866	0.852	75,717	Replica, standardized	0.859	SVI socioeconomic theme
0.850	0.832	75,717	First principal component	0.841	SVI socioeconomic theme
n/a	n/a	n/a	SVI socioeconomic theme	1	SVI socioeconomic theme
0.769	0.753	75,717	Poverty rate	0.761	SVI socioeconomic theme
0.587	0.486	75,717	Published ADI	0.539	Poverty rate
0.595	0.496	75,717	Replica, raw units	0.548	Poverty rate
0.859	0.843	75,717	Replica, standardized	0.851	Poverty rate
0.853	0.836	75,717	First principal component	0.844	Poverty rate
0.769	0.753	75,717	SVI socioeconomic theme	0.761	Poverty rate
n/a	n/a	n/a	Poverty rate	1	Poverty rate

Note: Each cell uses the tracts that have both rankings; pairs with the SVI socioeconomic theme use the tracts that also have an SVI value, and each cell's tooltip gives its tract count.

Note: The ranks are percentiles among those tracts, and each cell is the population-weighted Pearson correlation of the two percentile ranks (Spearman's rank correlation would count each tract once); the published ADI is the Atlas's block-group ranks averaged over each tract.

Source: Neighborhood Atlas ADI 2023; ACS 2019-2023; CDC/ATSDR Social Vulnerability Index 2022; population-weighted (ACS tract population) rank correlations

Data: vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/anatomy-of-deprivation/figures/index_family.json

Table 5. The published ADI percentile minus the standardized percentile averages −16.5 in the highest-cost counties and +11.1 in the lowest-cost counties

Tract percentile on the published ADI against the percentile of the standardized replica score, by the cost of the tract's county, and the tracts with the largest gaps

Table 5.1. Tracts

At the same standardized percentile, tracts in the highest-cost counties have a lower published ADI than tracts in the lowest-cost counties

Published ADI against the standardized percentile, one dot per sampled tract, colored by the median home value of the tract's county

No inline rows: the values of Table 5.1 are in /data/anatomy-of-deprivation/adi_vs_standardized.json.

Table 5.2. Largest gaps

12 of the 15 tracts with the largest gaps are in New York City

Tracts with a high poverty rate where the published ADI percentile is furthest below the standardized percentile

County	Residents	Poverty rate (%)	Median home value ($)	Published ADI (percentile)	Standardized score (percentile)
San Francisco, CA	1,814	35.9	2,000,001	1	99.7
Kings, NY	5,261	41.2	1,767,400	2	98.1
Kings, NY	10,085	43.6	1,316,700	3	98.7
Kings, NY	1,861	48.4	1,010,000	6	99.8
Los Angeles, CA	2,168	35.9	1,137,500	6	99.7
New York, NY	4,755	32.0	2,000,001	1	94.3
Bronx, NY	5,460	46.4	1,044,300	7	98.7
Queens, NY	3,004	35.5	1,032,300	6	97.6
Kings, NY	4,887	45.1	1,138,600	5	96.6
Kings, NY	3,344	33.0	1,133,500	5	96.3
Kings, NY	2,902	31.8	1,179,700	5	95.9
Kings, NY	4,270	49.3	1,350,500	3	93.8
Madison, ID	12,195	63.3	2,000,001	1	91.6
Kings, NY	4,085	30.9	1,308,300	3	93.6
New York, NY	10,179	36.7	1,311,400	4	94.5

Note: Counties are grouped by their median home value into quartiles with equal numbers of residents; the middle two quartiles are drawn together in gray. Markers are population-weighted means of the published ADI within tenths of the standardized percentile for the lowest-cost and highest-cost groups, with 95% intervals from a bootstrap over counties; cells with few tracts are left out.

Note: The dots are a random sample of the frame's tracts drawn with a fixed seed (seed and share in the methods note); the means, intervals and the table use every tract.

Note: A tract's ACS medians rest on the homes and renters in the tract, which are few in some tracts, and the staged file has no margins of error; a college-town tract can show a high poverty rate because of student households. Each row illustrates what the formula does and is not an estimate of its tract's deprivation.

Source: Neighborhood Atlas ADI 2023; ACS 2019-2023; population-weighted (ACS tract population) binned means, modeled estimates

Data: vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/anatomy-of-deprivation/figures/adi_vs_standardized.json

Table 6. The measures sort into housing money, economic hardship, and crowding with little schooling, which together hold 58.1% of their variance

Varimax-rotated loadings of the 15 standardized measures on 3 maximum-likelihood factors, 75,717 tracts, ACS 2019 to 2023

Table 6.1. Housing money

Home value, mortgage cost, family income, rent and white-collar work load on the housing money factor

Loadings on the housing money factor, which holds 24.7% of the variance of the measures

loading	measure
0.930	Mortgage cost
0.900	Home value
0.750	Gross rent
0.750	Family income
0.640	White-collar jobs
−0.370	Below 150% of poverty
−0.290	No plumbing
−0.270	Single parents
−0.270	Poverty
−0.250	Income disparity
0.160	No vehicle
0.100	Crowding
−0.090	Homeownership
−0.080	Under 9 years of school
−0.060	Unemployment

Table 6.2. Economic hardship

The poverty rate, near-poverty share and income disparity load on the economic hardship factor

Loadings on the economic hardship factor, which holds 21.5% of the variance of the measures

loading	measure
0.900	Poverty
0.860	Below 150% of poverty
0.570	Income disparity
−0.560	Homeownership
0.470	No vehicle
0.410	Unemployment
−0.410	Family income
0.400	Single parents
−0.280	White-collar jobs
0.260	Under 9 years of school
0.260	No plumbing
0.230	Crowding
−0.220	Gross rent
−0.140	Mortgage cost
−0.080	Home value

Table 6.3. Crowding and schooling

Crowding and the share of adults with little schooling load on the third factor

Loadings on the crowding and schooling factor, which holds 11.9% of the variance of the measures

loading	measure
0.750	Crowding
0.720	Under 9 years of school
−0.490	White-collar jobs
0.330	Single parents
−0.320	Family income
−0.300	Homeownership
0.260	Below 150% of poverty
0.190	Unemployment
0.150	Poverty
0.150	No vehicle
0.060	Gross rent
0.050	Home value
0.050	Mortgage cost
−0.040	No plumbing
0.020	Income disparity

Note: Maximum-likelihood factor analysis of the population-weighted correlation matrix of the measures (the matrix in the first correlation figure), 3 factors chosen by the Kaiser criterion, varimax rotation. The fit starts from seeded random loadings and the solution does not depend on the seed. Each factor is signed so its largest loading is positive.

Note: The factors describe these measures, not deprivation in general: other measures would give other factors.

Source: ACS 2019-2023 five-year tract estimates (staged ACS file and Census API pull of housing measures); population-weighted (ACS tract population) correlation matrix

Data: vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/anatomy-of-deprivation/figures/three_factors.json

Table 7. The published ADI tracks life expectancy about as closely as the standardized score does but upward mobility less closely, by 0.100 in correlation

Absolute population-weighted rank correlation of eight rankings with tract life expectancy at birth and with the adult income rank of children from low-income families, 71,874 and 75,667 tracts

conf_high	conf_low	estimate	n	outcome	ranking
0.653	0.613	0.633	71,874	Life expectancy at birth	First principal component
0.607	0.566	0.587	75,667	Upward mobility	First principal component
0.638	0.601	0.620	71,874	Life expectancy at birth	Replica, raw units
0.520	0.466	0.492	75,667	Upward mobility	Replica, raw units
0.642	0.596	0.619	71,874	Life expectancy at birth	Replica, standardized
0.603	0.560	0.582	75,667	Upward mobility	Replica, standardized
0.633	0.594	0.615	71,874	Life expectancy at birth	Published ADI
0.511	0.455	0.483	75,667	Upward mobility	Published ADI
0.630	0.587	0.609	71,874	Life expectancy at birth	Family income
0.586	0.543	0.564	75,667	Upward mobility	Family income
0.605	0.563	0.584	71,874	Life expectancy at birth	Home value
0.473	0.415	0.443	75,667	Upward mobility	Home value
0.553	0.485	0.518	71,874	Life expectancy at birth	SVI socioeconomic theme
0.571	0.519	0.545	75,667	Upward mobility	SVI socioeconomic theme
0.529	0.484	0.508	71,874	Life expectancy at birth	Poverty rate
0.522	0.486	0.504	75,667	Upward mobility	Poverty rate

Note: Both outcomes were modeled and neither was an input to any ranking. Each outcome uses the tracts that have it and every ranking, and institutional tracts are dropped from the life expectancy comparison. USALEEP covers deaths in 2010 to 2015 and its 2020-tract file is interpolated from 2010 tracts; the Opportunity Atlas covers children born in 1978 to 1983 and its 2020-tract file is interpolated from 2010 tracts.

Note: Family income and home value enter as negative values so that a higher rank means more deprived. The SVI theme and the poverty rate are not Atlas products.

Source: Neighborhood Atlas ADI 2023; ACS 2019-2023; CDC/ATSDR Social Vulnerability Index 2022; NCHS USALEEP 2010-2015; Opportunity Atlas 1978-1983 birth cohorts; population-weighted (ACS tract population) rank correlations, modeled estimates

Data: vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/anatomy-of-deprivation/figures/index_vs_outcomes.json

Table 8. 27% of residents live in a tract that holds the same tenth under the ADI and under median household income, and 63% are within one tenth

Residents by the tenth of their tract under the ADI (left) and under a second ranking (right), 1 = least deprived, tracts with every ranking, ACS 2019-2023

Second ranking	Tenth by ADI	Tenth by the second ranking	Residents	Tracts
income	1	1	18,315,446	4186
income	1	2	5,637,323	1393
income	1	3	2,898,232	767
income	1	4	1,565,006	426
income	1	5	900,113	249
income	1	6	628,942	183
income	1	7	467,331	127
income	1	8	346,310	103
income	1	9	266,651	69
income	1	10	207,164	48
income	2	1	10,497,183	2141
income	2	2	8,183,210	1821
income	2	3	5,392,947	1255
income	2	4	3,261,379	788
income	2	5	2,209,812	557
income	2	6	1,351,790	346
income	2	7	923,588	248
income	2	8	756,431	188
income	2	9	578,848	147
income	2	10	281,047	72
income	3	1	5,060,411	997
income	3	2	10,515,141	2138
income	3	3	6,661,254	1467
income	3	4	4,544,760	1023
income	3	5	2,787,027	674
income	3	6	1,669,128	402
income	3	7	1,240,182	308
income	3	8	905,287	221
income	3	9	515,254	139
income	3	10	482,219	120
income	4	1	1,070,919	213
income	4	2	7,657,129	1564
income	4	3	8,386,020	1764
income	4	4	6,156,594	1359
income	4	5	4,459,269	1013
income	4	6	2,999,465	726
income	4	7	1,956,070	496
income	4	8	1,313,808	333
income	4	9	611,188	170
income	4	10	433,965	119
income	5	1	114,139	23
income	5	2	2,642,428	551
income	5	3	6,878,341	1473
income	5	4	7,293,341	1599
income	5	5	5,533,208	1265
income	5	6	3,855,944	905
income	5	7	2,942,717	705
income	5	8	2,002,193	491
income	5	9	1,202,613	311
income	5	10	603,800	162
income	6	2	340,298	84
income	6	3	2,996,424	683
income	6	4	6,569,679	1475
income	6	5	6,558,041	1527
income	6	6	5,668,073	1331
income	6	7	4,011,481	974
income	6	8	3,053,568	749
income	6	9	1,742,416	451
income	6	10	841,615	239
income	7	2	19,011	7
income	7	3	486,848	136
income	7	4	2,816,012	715
income	7	5	5,999,873	1462
income	7	6	6,735,729	1629
income	7	7	5,642,336	1386
income	7	8	4,435,676	1121
income	7	9	3,154,759	796
income	7	10	1,418,252	406
income	8	3	38,964	13
income	8	4	530,147	153
income	8	5	2,410,821	680
income	8	6	5,313,965	1406
income	8	7	6,505,213	1678
income	8	8	5,946,938	1565
income	8	9	4,752,221	1252
income	8	10	2,383,481	672
income	9	3	3,424	2
income	9	4	58,612	20
income	9	5	377,726	122
income	9	6	1,923,162	586
income	9	7	4,763,259	1382
income	9	8	6,991,709	2003
income	9	9	7,650,266	2130
income	9	10	4,742,772	1373
income	10	4	7,770	2
income	10	5	37,866	11
income	10	6	127,290	46
income	10	7	711,444	251
income	10	8	2,425,047	790
income	10	9	6,588,751	2095
income	10	10	12,809,305	4348
home	1	1	28,324,025	6924
home	1	2	2,899,010	625
home	1	3	9,483	2
home	2	1	2,389,563	589
home	2	2	26,303,664	5991
home	2	3	4,706,372	974
home	2	4	36,636	9
home	3	1	184,500	44
home	3	2	3,798,457	884
home	3	3	24,304,246	5323
home	3	4	6,013,780	1220
home	3	5	79,680	18
home	4	1	10,082	2
home	4	2	233,416	51
home	4	3	5,014,632	1188
home	4	4	22,522,022	5000
home	4	5	7,077,374	1472
home	4	6	186,901	44
home	5	1	4,438	2
home	5	2	18,536	6
home	5	3	269,665	59
home	5	4	5,325,964	1242
home	5	5	20,157,998	4547
home	5	6	7,034,217	1562
home	5	7	243,487	62
home	5	8	11,966	4
home	5	9	2,453	1
home	6	2	2,520	1
home	6	3	44,354	11
home	6	4	362,898	85
home	6	5	5,789,457	1408
home	6	6	18,759,565	4382
home	6	7	6,572,706	1560
home	6	8	237,089	63
home	6	9	4,329	1
home	6	10	8,677	2
home	7	3	2,205	1
home	7	4	32,975	10
home	7	5	449,675	113
home	7	6	5,882,774	1475
home	7	7	18,223,536	4480
home	7	8	5,916,739	1520
home	7	9	178,859	52
home	7	10	21,733	7
home	8	5	19,231	5
home	8	6	272,833	82
home	8	7	5,411,074	1415
home	8	8	17,868,157	4688
home	8	9	4,207,057	1199
home	8	10	103,398	30
home	9	5	7,597	1
home	9	6	6,229	2
home	9	7	130,452	41
home	9	8	4,616,359	1282
home	9	9	18,741,594	5328
home	9	10	3,008,699	964
home	10	8	26,522	10
home	10	9	3,221,803	978
home	10	10	19,459,148	6555

Views: Household income (to_ranking = income); Home value (to_ranking = home).

Note: Tenths are cut among the tracts with every ranking, each tract counted once, and the bands count the residents of those tracts. Median household income and median home value rank the lowest value as most deprived.

Source: Area Deprivation Index 2023 and ACS 2019-2023 tract tables (B19013, B25077); residents from ACS 2019-2023; full counts of residents

Data: vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/anatomy-of-deprivation/figures/rank_flows.json

All estimates

Every fact in facts.json (91), sorted by id. The same values as JSON: facts.json.

Fact id	Value	Unit	Estimand	Population	Period	Interval	n	Weights	Source	Note
alt_changed_std	1	chapters	counted main gradients that change under the standardized index	the main gradients of the chapters counted by the ranking switch rule	as in each chapter			none (count of chapters)	Area Deprivation Index
alt_n_counted	16	chapters	chapters whose main gradient enters the count of the rule	the main gradients of the chapters counted by the ranking switch rule	as in each chapter			none (count of chapters)	Area Deprivation Index
alt_switch_changes	4	chapters	rule: changed main gradients under the standardized index that switch the ranking	the main gradients of the chapters counted by the ranking switch rule	as in each chapter			none (count of chapters)	Area Deprivation Index
cty_hv_cut_high	$450,562	dollars	75th percentile of county median home value, counties weighted by population in the frame	counties, weighted by the population of their tracts in the frame	ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release			ACS 2019-2023 tract population	American Community Survey
cty_hv_cut_low	$216,301	dollars	25th percentile of county median home value, counties weighted by population in the frame	counties, weighted by the population of their tracts in the frame	ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release			ACS 2019-2023 tract population	American Community Survey
cum3	66.0%	percent of the variance of the measures	share of the variance of the 15 standardized measures carried by the first principal components with an eigenvalue above 1, interval from a bootstrap over counties (Connecticut planning regions stand in for counties)	residents of the tracts in the frame (50 states and DC; a published ADI rank, a population and all rebuilt measures)	ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release	95% CI 65.3% to 66.9%	75,717 tracts	ACS 2019-2023 tract population	American Community Survey
diff_kfr_income_adi	0.082	difference in absolute rank correlation	absolute correlation of negative median family income with the mean adult household income rank of children raised by parents at the 25th income percentile minus that of the published ADI, on the same tracts, interval from paired draws of a bootstrap over counties (Connecticut planning regions stand in for counties)	tracts with an Opportunity Atlas rank for children from low-income families, in the frame	children born 1978 to 1983, household income measured in 2014 to 2015; rankings from ACS 2019 to 2023	95% CI 0.063 to 0.101	75,667 tracts	ACS 2019-2023 tract population	Opportunity Atlas
diff_kfr_pc1_inc	0.023	difference in absolute rank correlation	absolute correlation of the first principal component of the standardized measures with mean adult household income rank of children raised by parents at the 25th income percentile minus that of negative median family income, on the same tracts, interval from paired draws of a bootstrap over counties (Connecticut planning regions stand in for counties)	tracts with an Opportunity Atlas rank for children from low-income families, in the frame	children born 1978 to 1983, household income measured in 2014 to 2015; rankings from ACS 2019 to 2023	95% CI 0.017 to 0.029	75,667 tracts	ACS 2019-2023 tract population	Opportunity Atlas
diff_kfr_pov_adi	0.021	difference in absolute rank correlation	absolute correlation of the poverty rate with the mean adult household income rank of children raised by parents at the 25th income percentile minus that of the published ADI, on the same tracts, interval from paired draws of a bootstrap over counties (Connecticut planning regions stand in for counties)	tracts with an Opportunity Atlas rank for children from low-income families, in the frame	children born 1978 to 1983, household income measured in 2014 to 2015; rankings from ACS 2019 to 2023	95% CI −0.002 to 0.044	75,667 tracts	ACS 2019-2023 tract population	Opportunity Atlas
diff_kfr_std_adi	0.100	difference in absolute rank correlation	absolute correlation of the standardized replica with mean adult household income rank of children raised by parents at the 25th income percentile minus that of the published ADI, on the same tracts, interval from paired draws of a bootstrap over counties (Connecticut planning regions stand in for counties)	tracts with an Opportunity Atlas rank for children from low-income families, in the frame	children born 1978 to 1983, household income measured in 2014 to 2015; rankings from ACS 2019 to 2023	95% CI 0.076 to 0.123	75,667 tracts	ACS 2019-2023 tract population	Opportunity Atlas
diff_kfr_std_inc	0.018	difference in absolute rank correlation	absolute correlation of the standardized replica score with mean adult household income rank of children raised by parents at the 25th income percentile minus that of negative median family income, on the same tracts, interval from paired draws of a bootstrap over counties (Connecticut planning regions stand in for counties)	tracts with an Opportunity Atlas rank for children from low-income families, in the frame	children born 1978 to 1983, household income measured in 2014 to 2015; rankings from ACS 2019 to 2023	95% CI 0.010 to 0.026	75,667 tracts	ACS 2019-2023 tract population	Opportunity Atlas
diff_le_inc_adi	−0.006	difference in absolute rank correlation	absolute correlation of negative median family income with life expectancy at birth minus that of the published ADI, on the same tracts, interval from paired draws of a bootstrap over counties (Connecticut planning regions stand in for counties)	tracts with a life expectancy estimate that are not institutional tracts, in the frame	life expectancy for deaths in 2010 to 2015; rankings from ACS 2019 to 2023	95% CI −0.022 to 0.012	71,874 tracts	ACS 2019-2023 tract population	USALEEP life expectancy
diff_le_pc1_inc	0.025	difference in absolute rank correlation	absolute correlation of the first principal component of the standardized measures with life expectancy at birth minus that of negative median family income, on the same tracts, interval from paired draws of a bootstrap over counties (Connecticut planning regions stand in for counties)	tracts with a life expectancy estimate that are not institutional tracts, in the frame	life expectancy for deaths in 2010 to 2015; rankings from ACS 2019 to 2023	95% CI 0.019 to 0.031	71,874 tracts	ACS 2019-2023 tract population	USALEEP life expectancy
diff_le_std_adi	0.005	difference in absolute rank correlation	absolute correlation of the standardized replica with life expectancy at birth minus that of the published ADI, on the same tracts, interval from paired draws of a bootstrap over counties (Connecticut planning regions stand in for counties)	tracts with a life expectancy estimate that are not institutional tracts, in the frame	life expectancy for deaths in 2010 to 2015; rankings from ACS 2019 to 2023	95% CI −0.015 to 0.027	71,874 tracts	ACS 2019-2023 tract population	USALEEP life expectancy
diff_le_std_inc	0.010	difference in absolute rank correlation	absolute correlation of the standardized replica score with life expectancy at birth minus that of negative median family income, on the same tracts, interval from paired draws of a bootstrap over counties (Connecticut planning regions stand in for counties)	tracts with a life expectancy estimate that are not institutional tracts, in the frame	life expectancy for deaths in 2010 to 2015; rankings from ACS 2019 to 2023	95% CI 0.002 to 0.020	71,874 tracts	ACS 2019-2023 tract population	USALEEP life expectancy
disp_q1	+11.1	percentile points, published ADI minus standardized replica	population-weighted mean of the published tract ADI minus the percentile of the standardized replica score among the tracts of the frame, interval from a bootstrap over counties (Connecticut planning regions stand in for counties)	residents of tracts in the lowest-cost quartile of residents' counties, by county median home value	ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release	95% CI 10.5 to 11.6	22,023 tracts	ACS 2019-2023 tract population	Area Deprivation Index
disp_q4	−16.5	percentile points, published ADI minus standardized replica	population-weighted mean of the published tract ADI minus the percentile of the standardized replica score among the tracts of the frame, interval from a bootstrap over counties (Connecticut planning regions stand in for counties)	residents of tracts in the highest-cost quartile of residents' counties, by county median home value	ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release	95% CI −21.3 to −11.5	17,638 tracts	ACS 2019-2023 tract population	Area Deprivation Index
evr1_std	39.6%	percent of the variance of the measures	share of the variance of the standardized measures carried by the first principal component, interval from a bootstrap over counties (Connecticut planning regions stand in for counties)	residents of the tracts in the frame (50 states and DC; a published ADI rank, a population and all rebuilt measures)	ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release	95% CI 38.4% to 41.1%	75,717 tracts	ACS 2019-2023 tract population	American Community Survey
fa_share_crowd	11.9%	percent of the variance of the measures	sum of squared varimax loadings of factor 3 divided by the number of measures, from a maximum-likelihood factor model of the population-weighted correlation matrix; a description of the whole frame, so no sampling interval	residents of the tracts in the frame (50 states and DC; a published ADI rank, a population and all rebuilt measures)	ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release		75,717 tracts	ACS 2019-2023 tract population	American Community Survey
fa_share_hardship	21.5%	percent of the variance of the measures	sum of squared varimax loadings of factor 2 divided by the number of measures, from a maximum-likelihood factor model of the population-weighted correlation matrix; a description of the whole frame, so no sampling interval	residents of the tracts in the frame (50 states and DC; a published ADI rank, a population and all rebuilt measures)	ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release		75,717 tracts	ACS 2019-2023 tract population	American Community Survey
fa_share_money	24.7%	percent of the variance of the measures	sum of squared varimax loadings of factor 1 divided by the number of measures, from a maximum-likelihood factor model of the population-weighted correlation matrix; a description of the whole frame, so no sampling interval	residents of the tracts in the frame (50 states and DC; a published ADI rank, a population and all rebuilt measures)	ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release		75,717 tracts	ACS 2019-2023 tract population	American Community Survey
fa_total	58.1%	percent of the variance of the measures	sum of the squared loadings of the three factors divided by the number of measures; a description of the whole frame, so no sampling interval	residents of the tracts in the frame (50 states and DC; a published ADI rank, a population and all rebuilt measures)	ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release		75,717 tracts	ACS 2019-2023 tract population	American Community Survey
flow_near_home	99%	percent of residents	share of residents whose tract holds the same or an adjacent tenth under the ADI and under median home value (tenths of tracts)	residents of the tracts with all rankings of b2.rankings	ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release			ACS 2019-2023 tract population	American Community Survey
flow_near_income	63%	percent of residents	share of residents whose tract holds the same or an adjacent tenth under the ADI and under median household income (tenths of tracts)	residents of the tracts with all rankings of b2.rankings	ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release			ACS 2019-2023 tract population	American Community Survey
flow_same_home	70%	percent of residents	share of residents whose tract holds the same tenth under the ADI and under median home value (tenths of tracts)	residents of the tracts with all rankings of b2.rankings	ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release			ACS 2019-2023 tract population	American Community Survey
flow_same_income	27%	percent of residents	share of residents whose tract holds the same tenth under the ADI and under median household income (tenths of tracts)	residents of the tracts with all rankings of b2.rankings	ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release			ACS 2019-2023 tract population	American Community Survey
hp_threshold	30%	percent of persons below the poverty line	poverty rate at or above which a tract is called high-poverty; a definition	tracts called high-poverty in this chapter	ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release			none (definition)	American Community Survey
hv_inc_var_share	99.2%	percent of the variance of the score	variance of the sum of the home value and family income terms (Singh's coefficients times the measures in their own units) as a share of the variance of the score, with no covariance with the other terms allocated to it; interval from a bootstrap over counties (Connecticut planning regions stand in for counties)	residents of the tracts in the frame (50 states and DC; a published ADI rank, a population and all rebuilt measures)	ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release	95% CI 99.2% to 99.3%	75,717 tracts	ACS 2019-2023 tract population	Area Deprivation Index
hv_own_share	74.3%	percent of the variance of the score	variance of the home value term alone (Singh's coefficients times the measures in their own units) as a share of the variance of the score, with no covariance with the other terms allocated to it; interval from a bootstrap over counties (Connecticut planning regions stand in for counties)	residents of the tracts in the frame (50 states and DC; a published ADI rank, a population and all rebuilt measures)	ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release	95% CI 70.5% to 77.0%	75,717 tracts	ACS 2019-2023 tract population	Area Deprivation Index
hv_share	85.4%	percent of the variance of the score	share of the population-weighted variance of the score (Singh's coefficients times the measures in their own units) allocated to median home value: the covariance of that measure's term with the score divided by the score's variance, so each covariance between two terms is shared equally between them and the shares add to the whole; interval from a bootstrap over counties (Connecticut planning regions stand in for counties)	residents of the tracts in the frame (50 states and DC; a published ADI rank, a population and all rebuilt measures)	ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release	95% CI 83.1% to 87.0%	75,717 tracts	ACS 2019-2023 tract population	Area Deprivation Index	An allocated share: the covariance of the home value and family income terms is shared between them. The first edition's fact of this id was home value's share of the variance of the raw inputs, a different quantity; hv_own_share gives the variance of the home value term alone.
hv_share_std	5.3%	percent of the variance of the score	share of the population-weighted variance of the score (Singh's coefficients times the measures in standard deviation units) allocated to median home value: the covariance of that measure's term with the score divided by the score's variance, so each covariance between two terms is shared equally between them and the shares add to the whole; interval from a bootstrap over counties (Connecticut planning regions stand in for counties)	residents of the tracts in the frame (50 states and DC; a published ADI rank, a population and all rebuilt measures)	ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release	95% CI 5.0% to 5.7%	75,717 tracts	ACS 2019-2023 tract population	Area Deprivation Index
inc_share_raw	14.2%	percent of the variance of the score	share of the population-weighted variance of the score (Singh's coefficients times the measures in their own units) allocated to median family income: the covariance of that measure's term with the score divided by the score's variance, so each covariance between two terms is shared equally between them and the shares add to the whole; interval from a bootstrap over counties (Connecticut planning regions stand in for counties)	residents of the tracts in the frame (50 states and DC; a published ADI rank, a population and all rebuilt measures)	ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release	95% CI 12.6% to 16.5%	75,717 tracts	ACS 2019-2023 tract population	Area Deprivation Index
lost_tenure_share	90.0%	percent of tracts	share of those tracts that lack a median gross rent, median home value or median mortgage cost, which the ACS leaves out where a tract has almost no renters or almost no owners	tracts with a published ADI rank and a population above zero that lack at least one of the 15 measures	ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release		7,067 tracts	none (full count)	American Community Survey
max_share_std	12.4%	percent of the variance of the score	share of the population-weighted variance of the score (Singh's coefficients times the measures in standard deviation units) allocated to the measure with the largest share, share below 150 percent of the poverty line: the covariance of that measure's term with the score divided by the score's variance, so each covariance between two terms is shared equally between them and the shares add to the whole; interval from a bootstrap over counties (Connecticut planning regions stand in for counties)	residents of the tracts in the frame (50 states and DC; a published ADI rank, a population and all rebuilt measures)	ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release	95% CI 12.2% to 12.6%	75,717 tracts	ACS 2019-2023 tract population	Area Deprivation Index
min_stark_pop	1,000	residents	smallest tract population listed; a definition	tracts eligible for the table of the largest gaps	ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release			none (definition)	American Community Survey
n_big	5,049	tracts	count of eligible tracts	high-poverty tracts of the frame with at least the minimum population	ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release			none (full count)	American Community Survey
n_dollar	4	census measures	count of dollar-denominated measures; a definition	measures of the index that are dollar amounts (median family income, home value, gross rent and monthly mortgage cost)	2023 release of the ADI (ACS 2019 to 2023)			none (definition)	Area Deprivation Index
n_hp	5,100	tracts	count of tracts	tracts of the frame with a poverty rate at or above the high-poverty threshold	ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release			none (full count)	American Community Survey
n_hp_all	6,718	tracts	count of tracts	tracts with a published ADI rank, a population and a poverty rate at or above the high-poverty threshold, whether or not they have all rebuilt measures	ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release			none (full count)	Area Deprivation Index
n_kaiser	3	factors	number of eigenvalues above 1 of the population-weighted correlation matrix of the 15 measures (the Kaiser criterion); the count is the same in every bootstrap replicate	residents of the tracts in the frame (50 states and DC; a published ADI rank, a population and all rebuilt measures)	ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release		75,717 tracts	ACS 2019-2023 tract population	American Community Survey
n_kfr	75,667	tracts	count of tracts in the comparison, the same for every ranking in it	tracts with an Opportunity Atlas rank for children from low-income families, in the frame	children born 1978 to 1983, household income measured in 2014 to 2015; rankings from ACS 2019 to 2023			none (full count)	Opportunity Atlas
n_le	71,874	tracts	count of tracts in the comparison, the same for every ranking in it	tracts with a life expectancy estimate that are not institutional tracts, in the frame	life expectancy for deaths in 2010 to 2015; rankings from ACS 2019 to 2023			none (full count)	USALEEP life expectancy
n_measures	17	census measures	count of measures in the index; a definition	measures in Singh's deprivation index as the Neighborhood Atlas applies it (since the 2020 release it counts households without internet where Singh counted households without a telephone)	2023 release of the ADI (ACS 2019 to 2023)			none (definition)	Area Deprivation Index
n_not_rebuilt	2	census measures	count of measures not rebuilt; a definition	measures of the index not rebuilt here (adults with at least a high school diploma and households without internet or, in Singh's list, a telephone)	ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release			none (definition)	Area Deprivation Index
n_rebuilt	15	census measures	count of measures rebuilt from the staged ACS tract file and the Census API pull of housing measures; a definition	measures of the index rebuilt here for 2020 census tracts	ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release			none (definition)	American Community Survey
n_sample	3,000	tracts	size of a random sample of the frame's tracts drawn with a fixed seed; the statistics use every tract	tracts in the scatter plot	ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release		75,717 tracts	none (sample size)	Area Deprivation Index
n_stark	15	tracts	number of rows in the table; a definition	tracts in the table of the largest gaps	ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release			none (definition)	Area Deprivation Index
n_stark_nyc	12	tracts	count of the listed tracts in the five boroughs of New York City (Kings, New York, Bronx, Queens and Richmond counties)	tracts in the table of the largest gaps	ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release			none (full count)	Area Deprivation Index
n_states	50	states	count of states; a definition	states of the frame, besides the District of Columbia	ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release			none (definition)	American Community Survey
n_topcoded_hv	495	tracts	count of tracts at the top code	tracts of the frame whose median home value is the ACS top code (2,000,001 dollars)	ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release			none (full count)	American Community Survey
n_tracts	75,717	tracts	count of tracts in the frame	2020 census tracts with a published ADI rank, a population and all 15 rebuilt measures	ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release			none (full count)	American Community Survey
n_tracts_rank	82,784	tracts	count of tracts	2020 census tracts with a published ADI rank and an ACS population above zero	ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release			none (full count)	Area Deprivation Index
other_share_raw	0.0003%	percent of the variance of the score	share of the population-weighted variance of the score (Singh's coefficients times the measures in their own units) allocated to the measures that are not dollar amounts, together: the covariance of that measure's term with the score divided by the score's variance, so each covariance between two terms is shared equally between them and the shares add to the whole; interval from a bootstrap over counties (Connecticut planning regions stand in for counties)	residents of the tracts in the frame (50 states and DC; a published ADI rank, a population and all rebuilt measures)	ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release	95% CI 0.0002% to 0.0003%	75,717 tracts	ACS 2019-2023 tract population	Area Deprivation Index
pop_frame_share	93.0%	percent of residents	share of those residents who live in tracts of the frame	residents of tracts with a published ADI rank and a population above zero	ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release			ACS 2019-2023 tract population (full count of tract populations)	American Community Survey
pop_hp	17.2 million	residents	sum of ACS tract population	residents of the high-poverty tracts of the frame	ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release			none (full count)	American Community Survey
r_crowd_edu	+0.64	correlation coefficient	population-weighted Pearson correlation between tract crowding and tract share of adults with under 9 years of schooling in their own units, interval from a bootstrap over counties (Connecticut planning regions stand in for counties)	residents of the tracts in the frame (50 states and DC; a published ADI rank, a population and all rebuilt measures)	ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release	95% CI 0.57 to 0.70	75,717 tracts	ACS 2019-2023 tract population	American Community Survey
r_hv_mortgage	+0.86	correlation coefficient	population-weighted Pearson correlation between tract median home value and tract median monthly mortgage cost in their own units, interval from a bootstrap over counties (Connecticut planning regions stand in for counties)	residents of the tracts in the frame (50 states and DC; a published ADI rank, a population and all rebuilt measures)	ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release	95% CI 0.85 to 0.87	75,717 tracts	ACS 2019-2023 tract population	American Community Survey
r_hv_pov	−0.31	correlation coefficient	population-weighted Pearson correlation between tract median home value and tract poverty rate in their own units, interval from a bootstrap over counties (Connecticut planning regions stand in for counties)	residents of the tracts in the frame (50 states and DC; a published ADI rank, a population and all rebuilt measures)	ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release	95% CI −0.36 to −0.27	75,717 tracts	ACS 2019-2023 tract population	American Community Survey
r_hv_rent	+0.71	correlation coefficient	population-weighted Pearson correlation between tract median home value and tract median gross rent in their own units, interval from a bootstrap over counties (Connecticut planning regions stand in for counties)	residents of the tracts in the frame (50 states and DC; a published ADI rank, a population and all rebuilt measures)	ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release	95% CI 0.68 to 0.74	75,717 tracts	ACS 2019-2023 tract population	American Community Survey
r_inc_pov	−0.61	correlation coefficient	population-weighted Pearson correlation between tract median family income and tract poverty rate in their own units, interval from a bootstrap over counties (Connecticut planning regions stand in for counties)	residents of the tracts in the frame (50 states and DC; a published ADI rank, a population and all rebuilt measures)	ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release	95% CI −0.62 to −0.59	75,717 tracts	ACS 2019-2023 tract population	American Community Survey
r_unstd_homevalue	−0.987	rank correlation coefficient	population-weighted correlation of the percentile ranks of the raw-units replica score and of median home value, interval from a bootstrap over counties (Connecticut planning regions stand in for counties)	residents of the tracts in the frame (50 states and DC; a published ADI rank, a population and all rebuilt measures)	ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release	95% CI −0.989 to −0.986	75,717 tracts	ACS 2019-2023 tract population	Area Deprivation Index
rank_cut	50th	national percentile	percentile cutoff; a definition	rank at or below which a tract counts as among the less deprived	ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release			none (definition)	Area Deprivation Index
rho_adi_homevalue	−0.988	rank correlation coefficient	population-weighted correlation of the percentile ranks of the published tract ADI and of median home value, interval from a bootstrap over counties (Connecticut planning regions stand in for counties)	residents of the tracts in the frame (50 states and DC; a published ADI rank, a population and all rebuilt measures)	ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release	95% CI −0.989 to −0.986	75,717 tracts	ACS 2019-2023 tract population	Area Deprivation Index
rho_std_adi	+0.72	rank correlation coefficient	population-weighted correlation of the percentile ranks of the published tract ADI and of the replica score in standard deviation units, interval from a bootstrap over counties (Connecticut planning regions stand in for counties)	residents of the tracts in the frame (50 states and DC; a published ADI rank, a population and all rebuilt measures)	ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release	95% CI 0.66 to 0.77	75,717 tracts	ACS 2019-2023 tract population	Area Deprivation Index	Counting each tract once gives +0.73.
rho_std_adi_17	+0.71	rank correlation coefficient	population-weighted correlation of the percentile ranks of the published tract ADI and of the standardized replica score of all 17 measures, with adults with at least a high school diploma (coefficient -0.0970, from the SVI share without a diploma) and households without internet (the telephone measure's coefficient, 0.0877, an assumption because the Atlas does not publish one for internet) added; interval from a bootstrap over counties (Connecticut planning regions stand in for counties)	residents of the tracts in the frame, which all have the two SVI measures	SVI 2022 measures (ACS 2018 to 2022) added to the ACS 2019 to 2023 measures; ADI 2023 release	95% CI 0.65 to 0.77	75,717 tracts	ACS 2019-2023 tract population	CDC/ATSDR Social Vulnerability Index
rho_std_homevalue	−0.66	rank correlation coefficient	population-weighted correlation of the percentile ranks of the standardized replica score and of median home value, interval from a bootstrap over counties (Connecticut planning regions stand in for counties)	residents of the tracts in the frame (50 states and DC; a published ADI rank, a population and all rebuilt measures)	ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release	95% CI −0.71 to −0.60	75,717 tracts	ACS 2019-2023 tract population	Area Deprivation Index
rho_unstd_adi	+0.991	rank correlation coefficient	population-weighted correlation of the percentile ranks of the published tract ADI and of the replica score in raw units, interval from a bootstrap over counties (Connecticut planning regions stand in for counties)	residents of the tracts in the frame (50 states and DC; a published ADI rank, a population and all rebuilt measures)	ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release	95% CI 0.990 to 0.992	75,717 tracts	ACS 2019-2023 tract population	Area Deprivation Index	Counting each tract once gives +0.992.
rho_unstd_adi_17	+0.991	rank correlation coefficient	population-weighted correlation of the percentile ranks of the published tract ADI and of the raw-units replica score of all 17 measures, with adults with at least a high school diploma (coefficient -0.0970, from the SVI share without a diploma) and households without internet (the telephone measure's coefficient, 0.0877, an assumption because the Atlas does not publish one for internet) added; interval from a bootstrap over counties (Connecticut planning regions stand in for counties)	residents of the tracts in the frame, which all have the two SVI measures	SVI 2022 measures (ACS 2018 to 2022) added to the ACS 2019 to 2023 measures; ADI 2023 release	95% CI 0.990 to 0.992	75,717 tracts	ACS 2019-2023 tract population	CDC/ATSDR Social Vulnerability Index
rho_weights	+0.997	rank correlation coefficient	population-weighted correlation of the percentile ranks of Singh's coefficients applied to standardized measures and of the first principal component of the same measures, interval from a bootstrap over counties (Connecticut planning regions stand in for counties)	residents of the tracts in the frame (50 states and DC; a published ADI rank, a population and all rebuilt measures)	ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release	95% CI 0.996 to 0.998	75,717 tracts	ACS 2019-2023 tract population	Area Deprivation Index
rm_share_raw	0.38%	percent of the variance of the score	share of the population-weighted variance of the score (Singh's coefficients times the measures in their own units) allocated to median gross rent and the monthly mortgage cost, together: the covariance of that measure's term with the score divided by the score's variance, so each covariance between two terms is shared equally between them and the shares add to the whole; interval from a bootstrap over counties (Connecticut planning regions stand in for counties)	residents of the tracts in the frame (50 states and DC; a published ADI rank, a population and all rebuilt measures)	ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release	95% CI 0.36% to 0.41%	75,717 tracts	ACS 2019-2023 tract population	Area Deprivation Index
sh_hp_lowadi	16.1%	percent of residents	share of residents of high-poverty tracts who live in tracts at or below the 50th percentile on the published ADI (percentile among the tracts of the frame for the replica), interval from a bootstrap over counties (Connecticut planning regions stand in for counties)	residents of high-poverty tracts of the frame	ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release	95% CI 11.3% to 21.4%	5,100 tracts	ACS 2019-2023 tract population	Area Deprivation Index
sh_hp_lowadi_all	20.6%	percent of residents	share of residents of high-poverty tracts who live in tracts at or below the 50th percentile on the published ADI, interval from a bootstrap over counties (Connecticut planning regions stand in for counties)	residents of high-poverty tracts with a published ADI rank, whether or not they have all rebuilt measures	ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release	95% CI 14.1% to 27.9%	6,718 tracts	ACS 2019-2023 tract population	Area Deprivation Index
sh_hp_lowrep	15.8%	percent of residents	share of residents of high-poverty tracts who live in tracts at or below the 50th percentile on the replica score in raw units (percentile among the tracts of the frame for the replica), interval from a bootstrap over counties (Connecticut planning regions stand in for counties)	residents of high-poverty tracts of the frame	ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release	95% CI 11.0% to 20.7%	5,100 tracts	ACS 2019-2023 tract population	Area Deprivation Index
sh_hp_lowstd	0.34%	percent of residents	share of residents of high-poverty tracts who live in tracts at or below the 50th percentile on the replica score in standard deviation units (percentile among the tracts of the frame for the replica), interval from a bootstrap over counties (Connecticut planning regions stand in for counties)	residents of high-poverty tracts of the frame	ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release	95% CI 0.15% to 0.55%	5,100 tracts	ACS 2019-2023 tract population	Area Deprivation Index
sh_hp_lowstd_17	0.61%	percent of residents	share of residents of high-poverty tracts who live in tracts at or below the 50th percentile of the standardized replica score of all 17 measures (percentile among the tracts of the frame), interval from a bootstrap over counties (Connecticut planning regions stand in for counties)	residents of high-poverty tracts of the frame	SVI 2022 measures (ACS 2018 to 2022) added to the ACS 2019 to 2023 measures; ADI 2023 release	95% CI 0.32% to 0.93%	5,100 tracts	ACS 2019-2023 tract population	CDC/ATSDR Social Vulnerability Index
tracts_all	84,415	tracts	count of tracts	2020 census tracts of the 50 states and DC in the staged ADI file (Puerto Rico left out)	ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release			none (full count)	Area Deprivation Index
val_kfr_adi	0.483	absolute rank correlation coefficient	absolute value of the population-weighted correlation between the percentile rank of the published ADI (higher means more deprived) and the percentile rank of mean adult household income rank of children raised by parents at the 25th income percentile, interval from a bootstrap over counties (Connecticut planning regions stand in for counties)	tracts with an Opportunity Atlas rank for children from low-income families, in the frame	children born 1978 to 1983, household income measured in 2014 to 2015; rankings from ACS 2019 to 2023	95% CI 0.455 to 0.511	75,667 tracts	ACS 2019-2023 tract population	Opportunity Atlas
val_kfr_home_value	0.443	absolute rank correlation coefficient	absolute value of the population-weighted correlation between the percentile rank of negative median home value (higher means more deprived) and the percentile rank of mean adult household income rank of children raised by parents at the 25th income percentile, interval from a bootstrap over counties (Connecticut planning regions stand in for counties)	tracts with an Opportunity Atlas rank for children from low-income families, in the frame	children born 1978 to 1983, household income measured in 2014 to 2015; rankings from ACS 2019 to 2023	95% CI 0.415 to 0.473	75,667 tracts	ACS 2019-2023 tract population	Opportunity Atlas
val_kfr_idx_std	0.582	absolute rank correlation coefficient	absolute value of the population-weighted correlation between the percentile rank of the replica score in standard deviation units (higher means more deprived) and the percentile rank of mean adult household income rank of children raised by parents at the 25th income percentile, interval from a bootstrap over counties (Connecticut planning regions stand in for counties)	tracts with an Opportunity Atlas rank for children from low-income families, in the frame	children born 1978 to 1983, household income measured in 2014 to 2015; rankings from ACS 2019 to 2023	95% CI 0.560 to 0.603	75,667 tracts	ACS 2019-2023 tract population	Opportunity Atlas
val_kfr_idx_unstd	0.492	absolute rank correlation coefficient	absolute value of the population-weighted correlation between the percentile rank of the replica score in raw units (higher means more deprived) and the percentile rank of mean adult household income rank of children raised by parents at the 25th income percentile, interval from a bootstrap over counties (Connecticut planning regions stand in for counties)	tracts with an Opportunity Atlas rank for children from low-income families, in the frame	children born 1978 to 1983, household income measured in 2014 to 2015; rankings from ACS 2019 to 2023	95% CI 0.466 to 0.520	75,667 tracts	ACS 2019-2023 tract population	Opportunity Atlas
val_kfr_income	0.564	absolute rank correlation coefficient	absolute value of the population-weighted correlation between the percentile rank of negative median family income (higher means more deprived) and the percentile rank of mean adult household income rank of children raised by parents at the 25th income percentile, interval from a bootstrap over counties (Connecticut planning regions stand in for counties)	tracts with an Opportunity Atlas rank for children from low-income families, in the frame	children born 1978 to 1983, household income measured in 2014 to 2015; rankings from ACS 2019 to 2023	95% CI 0.543 to 0.586	75,667 tracts	ACS 2019-2023 tract population	Opportunity Atlas
val_kfr_poverty	0.504	absolute rank correlation coefficient	absolute value of the population-weighted correlation between the percentile rank of the poverty rate (higher means more deprived) and the percentile rank of mean adult household income rank of children raised by parents at the 25th income percentile, interval from a bootstrap over counties (Connecticut planning regions stand in for counties)	tracts with an Opportunity Atlas rank for children from low-income families, in the frame	children born 1978 to 1983, household income measured in 2014 to 2015; rankings from ACS 2019 to 2023	95% CI 0.486 to 0.522	75,667 tracts	ACS 2019-2023 tract population	Opportunity Atlas
val_le_adi	0.615	absolute rank correlation coefficient	absolute value of the population-weighted correlation between the percentile rank of the published ADI (higher means more deprived) and the percentile rank of life expectancy at birth, interval from a bootstrap over counties (Connecticut planning regions stand in for counties)	tracts with a life expectancy estimate that are not institutional tracts, in the frame	life expectancy for deaths in 2010 to 2015; rankings from ACS 2019 to 2023	95% CI 0.594 to 0.633	71,874 tracts	ACS 2019-2023 tract population	USALEEP life expectancy
val_le_idx_pc1	0.633	absolute rank correlation coefficient	absolute value of the population-weighted correlation between the percentile rank of the first principal component of the standardized measures (higher means more deprived) and the percentile rank of life expectancy at birth, interval from a bootstrap over counties (Connecticut planning regions stand in for counties)	tracts with a life expectancy estimate that are not institutional tracts, in the frame	life expectancy for deaths in 2010 to 2015; rankings from ACS 2019 to 2023	95% CI 0.613 to 0.653	71,874 tracts	ACS 2019-2023 tract population	USALEEP life expectancy
val_le_idx_std	0.619	absolute rank correlation coefficient	absolute value of the population-weighted correlation between the percentile rank of the replica score in standard deviation units (higher means more deprived) and the percentile rank of life expectancy at birth, interval from a bootstrap over counties (Connecticut planning regions stand in for counties)	tracts with a life expectancy estimate that are not institutional tracts, in the frame	life expectancy for deaths in 2010 to 2015; rankings from ACS 2019 to 2023	95% CI 0.596 to 0.642	71,874 tracts	ACS 2019-2023 tract population	USALEEP life expectancy
val_le_idx_unstd	0.620	absolute rank correlation coefficient	absolute value of the population-weighted correlation between the percentile rank of the replica score in raw units (higher means more deprived) and the percentile rank of life expectancy at birth, interval from a bootstrap over counties (Connecticut planning regions stand in for counties)	tracts with a life expectancy estimate that are not institutional tracts, in the frame	life expectancy for deaths in 2010 to 2015; rankings from ACS 2019 to 2023	95% CI 0.601 to 0.638	71,874 tracts	ACS 2019-2023 tract population	USALEEP life expectancy
val_le_income	0.609	absolute rank correlation coefficient	absolute value of the population-weighted correlation between the percentile rank of negative median family income (higher means more deprived) and the percentile rank of life expectancy at birth, interval from a bootstrap over counties (Connecticut planning regions stand in for counties)	tracts with a life expectancy estimate that are not institutional tracts, in the frame	life expectancy for deaths in 2010 to 2015; rankings from ACS 2019 to 2023	95% CI 0.587 to 0.630	71,874 tracts	ACS 2019-2023 tract population	USALEEP life expectancy
val_le_poverty	0.508	absolute rank correlation coefficient	absolute value of the population-weighted correlation between the percentile rank of the poverty rate (higher means more deprived) and the percentile rank of life expectancy at birth, interval from a bootstrap over counties (Connecticut planning regions stand in for counties)	tracts with a life expectancy estimate that are not institutional tracts, in the frame	life expectancy for deaths in 2010 to 2015; rankings from ACS 2019 to 2023	95% CI 0.484 to 0.529	71,874 tracts	ACS 2019-2023 tract population	USALEEP life expectancy
worst_adi	1	national percentile	published ADI of one tract (mean of its block groups' ranks)	the tract in the first row of the table	ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release			none (single tract)	Area Deprivation Index
worst_poverty	35.9%	percent of persons below the poverty line	poverty rate of one tract (ACS tract estimate, margin of error not in the staged file)	residents of the tract in the first row of the table	ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release			none (single tract)	American Community Survey
worst_std	99.7	percentile among the tracts of the frame	percentile of the standardized replica score of one tract	the tract in the first row of the table	ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release			none (single tract)	American Community Survey

Definitions

Area Deprivation Index (ADI): A score that ranks neighborhoods by income, education, employment and housing conditions drawn from the American Community Survey. In this book a higher national percentile means a more deprived neighborhood.
National percentile: A neighborhood's position in the national ordering, given as the share of all neighborhoods that fall below it. A higher percentile means a higher value than more of the rest of the country.
Principal components: A method that combines many correlated measures into a few summary scores, ordered by how much of the variation among places each captures. The first component is the single weighted combination that captures the most.
Life expectancy at birth: The average number of years a newborn would live if death rates at every age stayed as they were in the period measured. It summarizes the death rates of a period and is not a forecast for any child.
USALEEP: The U.S. Small-area Life Expectancy Estimates Project, a National Center for Health Statistics release of life expectancy at birth for most census tracts. It covers deaths from 2010 to 2015 only and has not been updated.
Ecological inference: Drawing conclusions about individuals from data about places or groups. A pattern across counties need not hold for the people inside them.
Modeled estimate: A figure produced by a statistical model instead of a direct count or measurement, usually for small areas where direct data are thin, borrowing strength from surveys, neighboring areas or other data. Neighboring areas can share errors, so single extremes call for caution.

Methods

This chapter rebuilds the Neighborhood Atlas Area Deprivation Index from ACS 2019-2023 tract estimates and compares the replica with the published rank, with standardized rankings and with a principal component, across 75,717 census tracts of the 50 states and DC. Fifteen of the Atlas's 17 measures are rebuilt, with substitutions for some, so the replica approximates the Atlas and is not its own file; the Puerto Rico tracts are left out. Life expectancy (deaths in 2010 to 2015) and upward mobility (children born 1978 to 1983) describe earlier periods than the ACS measures, and the ACS file carries no margins of error, so the only intervals come from resampling whole counties.

Which tracts are in the frame

The frame is every 2020 census tract of the 50 states and DC with a published ADI rank (the Atlas's block-group ranks averaged over the tract's block groups without population weights), a population above zero in the ACS 2019-2023 tract file and all 15 rebuilt measures: 75,717 of the 84,415 tracts of the 50 states and DC in the staged ADI file (adi_atlas_tract2020_2023, the Atlas's 2023 release, version 4.0.1, whose staged documentation records ACS 2019 to 2023 as its source data).

The 981 Puerto Rico tracts are left out: the SVI and USALEEP have none, and the Atlas ranks them together with the states, so percentiles of the replicas are among the tracts of the 50 states and DC.

How the measures are rebuilt

Fifteen of the Atlas's 17 measures are rebuilt from the staged ACS tract file (poverty, homeownership, unemployment and single-parent shares) and from a Census API pull of ACS tables (B25077, B25064, B25088, B19113, B19001, C17002, C24010, B25044, B25047, B25014 and B15003) archived under data/raw/acs/deprivation_components_2019_2023 with a manifest; b2.load has no loader for that pull, so the chapter registers the files with b2.load and reads them through load_staged.

Substitutions: persons below the poverty line for families, management, business, science and arts occupations for white-collar work, owner costs of homes with a mortgage for the monthly mortgage, adults who stopped at 8th grade for adults with under 9 years of education, and an income disparity of ln(100 x (households under $10,000 + 0.5) / (households of $50,000 or more + 0.5)), with the 0.5 added so that tracts with no household under $10,000 keep a value.

The two measures not rebuilt are adults with at least a high school diploma and households without internet. Both are proportions, and a sensitivity check adds them from the SVI 2022 file (ACS 2018 to 2022; the share without a diploma enters as one minus the share, with coefficient -0.0970, and the share without internet takes the telephone measure's coefficient, 0.0877, because the Atlas does not publish one for internet).

Proportions enter as numbers between zero and one, the convention of Petterson's Table 1 (0.41 for a block group with 41 percent below 150 percent of the poverty line); entered as percentages, home value would carry 85.4 percent and family income 14.2 percent of the variance of the raw-units score.

Figures explained here: Figure 1 and Figure 2

Outcomes and comparison indexes

Life expectancy is USALEEP for deaths in 2010 to 2015 on 2020 tracts (interpolated from 2010 tracts), institutional tracts dropped; mobility is the Opportunity Atlas rank of children of parents at the 25th income percentile (1978 to 1983 birth cohorts), interpolated to 2020 tracts.

The SVI socioeconomic theme is the 2022 CDC/ATSDR percentile rank (theme 1).

Figure explained here: Figure 7

How scores, rankings and groups are formed

Recipes: the replica score is the sum of Singh's factor score coefficients (Singh 2003, as printed in Petterson 2023, Table 1) times the measures in their own units; the standardized score uses the same coefficients on measures minus their population-weighted means over their population-weighted standard deviations; the principal component is the first eigenvector of the population-weighted correlation matrix.

Rankings are percentiles among the tracts compared, and correlations of rankings are population-weighted Pearson correlations of those percentiles.

Shares of the score's variance are cov(c_k x_k, S) / var(S) for the measures' terms c_k x_k and the score S, computed from the weighted covariance matrix, so each covariance between two terms is shared equally between them; the own-variance shares are var(sum of terms) / var(S) with no covariance with other terms allocated.

Counties are grouped by the ACS 2019-2023 median home value of the county (the Census API county pull) into quartiles with equal numbers of residents of the frame. High-poverty tracts have a poverty rate of at least 30 percent, and the table of the largest gaps lists the 15 tracts with the lowest published-minus-standardized percentile among those with at least 1,000 residents.

Figures explained here: Figure 3, Figure 4 and Figure 5

Weights and uncertainty

Weights are ACS 2019-2023 tract population.

Intervals are 95% percentile intervals from 2,000 draws of whole counties with replacement (seed 12345; Connecticut's planning regions stand in for counties, 3,126 clusters in the frame), one set of draws for all statistics; differences of two correlations on the same tracts use paired draws.

The ACS file carries no margins of error.

Factor model and plotted sample

The factor model is a maximum-likelihood fit to the population-weighted correlation matrix (statsmodels Factor; its EM start draws random loadings, seeded with 12345, and a second seed gives the same loadings to four decimals) with a varimax rotation; it and the eigenvalue shares describe the whole frame, and the eigenvalue shares also have bootstrap intervals.

The scatter plot shows a random sample of 3,000 tracts drawn with the same seed; every statistic uses all tracts.

Figure explained here: Figure 6

What these data cannot show

References

Hannan, Edward L.; Wu, Yifeng; Cozzens, Kimberly; Anderson, Brett (2023). The Neighborhood Atlas Area Deprivation Index For Measuring Socioeconomic Status: An Overemphasis On Home Value. Health Affairs 42(5): 702-709. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2022.01406
Petterson, Stephen (2023). Deciphering the Neighborhood Atlas Area Deprivation Index: the consequences of not standardizing. Health Affairs Scholar 1(5): qxad063. doi:10.1093/haschl/qxad063
Singh, Gopal K. (2003). Area Deprivation and Widening Inequalities in US Mortality, 1969-1998. American Journal of Public Health 93(7): 1137-1143. doi:10.2105/AJPH.93.7.1137
Kind, Amy J. H.; Buckingham, William R. (2018). Making Neighborhood-Disadvantage Metrics Accessible: The Neighborhood Atlas. New England Journal of Medicine 378(26): 2456-2458. doi:10.1056/NEJMp1802313
University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health (2026). Neighborhood Atlas: Changes between versions of the ADI. Neighborhood Atlas web site, change log with entries dated 2019 to 2026. www.neighborhoodatlas.medicine.wisc.edu/changelog
Flanagan, Barry E.; Gregory, Edward W.; Hallisey, Elaine J.; Heitgerd, Janet L.; Lewis, Brian (2011). A Social Vulnerability Index for Disaster Management. Journal of Homeland Security and Emergency Management 8(1): Article 3. doi:10.2202/1547-7355.1792
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2024). CDC/ATSDR Social Vulnerability Index 2022 Documentation. CDC/ATSDR web document, October 2024. www.atsdr.cdc.gov/place-health/media/pdfs/2024/10/SVI2022Documentation.pdf
Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (2024). ACO REACH Model Performance Year 2024 Model Update: Health Equity Benchmark Adjustment. CMS Innovation Center web page. www.cms.gov/priorities/innovation/innovation-models/reach-py24-model-perf
Kolak, Marynia; Bhatt, Jay; Park, Yoon Hong; Padrón, Norma A.; Molefe, Ayrin (2020). Quantification of Neighborhood-Level Social Determinants of Health in the Continental United States. JAMA Network Open 3(1): e1919928. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.19928

Provenance

Pipeline version: 0.1.0
Build script: book2/chapters/anatomy-of-deprivation/build.py (sha256 e56e63188a4234ee2595d353350743fd6698ed5af7cf5614639f56eae21977af)
Built on: 2026-10-07
Site commit: c2b1ff3309cb4a10833f884da91ac0057a66ad0a

Inputs

File	Size (bytes)	SHA-256, first 1 MB	SHA-256, last 1 MB
book2/chapters/anatomy-of-deprivation/analysis.py	10,402	ba7b9a4c847f6154baa0042aca27e876f4041ba13b46ab96a32f6205c5d88f9e	ba7b9a4c847f6154baa0042aca27e876f4041ba13b46ab96a32f6205c5d88f9e
book2/chapters/anatomy-of-deprivation/deprivation.py	18,028	092694cfd30446c54292ca7182d4d784e95f28766c0db63fedf53f84c7bb1b7d	092694cfd30446c54292ca7182d4d784e95f28766c0db63fedf53f84c7bb1b7d
data/analytic/tract_atlas.parquet	39,659,925	29d5e4d943552d54aeb6ba92aadc939d9bd15bdea553c78357dbd516757be627	1e10d1ecf722340f23ee2212d4999a90250f85b65fa89b39e32db06d9472e22e
data/raw/acs/deprivation_components_2019_2023/county.parquet	1,004,968	c894ba6cf96378244f47cc4271a24bff087d15ba27f09e49a4ebc0a4786c6f9d	c894ba6cf96378244f47cc4271a24bff087d15ba27f09e49a4ebc0a4786c6f9d
data/raw/acs/deprivation_components_2019_2023/tract.parquet	13,197,793	5545cde2cbe96a8b56e468d65388248a241aa6bd300d3c9e325d08d3f86b11da	5c8ec454d066988b0f1a01aaa6ed34ebfc05d162e01cf9c6bb01f9198cbaff12
data/staged/adi/adi_atlas_tract2020_2023.parquet	798,078	5e409bc212ff871def780fa27b4cf8b616d9da420b2b9f6455517eddcd8c1a95	5e409bc212ff871def780fa27b4cf8b616d9da420b2b9f6455517eddcd8c1a95
data/staged/life_expectancy/usaleep_tract2020.parquet	1,316,169	9c9c7f103791b75eddba74e68a89804efdf2486b6b66bb4bc02a46ba5bf8bc23	27317107be2465d9fd5e83271dea0cd6e915ee419e2802bedc28747d0a41d38f
data/staged/mobility/oa_module1_tract2020.parquet	16,362,438	26cb468a319ad2e727c5eac733b4a47b77a83781ae189e1828e8c40bc0e3ace8	5702bad38b81b5ee0b3d01ba9d1ece7d23328985eafba269720a0af5ef6820d4
data/staged/ses/acs5_tract2020_2019_2023.parquet	7,232,424	5fe6f730a35225f14d5d8abfc6b9bce58b52e545f309a7eac74f1dae74d7a31c	7b4a2475b3852d3f91804716a04566ef8ceadacec2be9fb85f5eb642078efac6
data/staged/svi/svi_tract2020_2022.parquet	17,740,415	cb3860d8edc2aaf1f2a02211a58f7a0b80457eb6ad9a37b5ec8abb2d5da9da10	e371a4a696d5bed05d54ad7c5b6ca2504508805b847ec415c2322be7f66ec2b2
C:/github/zipcode-book/content/chapters/how-far-one-ranking-goes/data/facts.json	12,984	d9eee2e8e34b82b69d1588ea09d316fcfd6359a427dca3c2b8d6df2536c0a23f	d9eee2e8e34b82b69d1588ea09d316fcfd6359a427dca3c2b8d6df2536c0a23f

Outputs

File	SHA-256
facts.json	b2114a13c1680aece0c1276ca8e9fd2cf217c20eee5e77af8facd95a362b80d1
figures/adi_measures.json	ab6f18838d1c8dd8cd1e48ce73639126d777fda7756c6fd51f83bbbd18074b3b
figures/adi_vs_standardized.json	161ffe9b9069fec243b84c72f947054491a5c8661e2407645084e027f559da70
figures/index_family.json	ee2d68c3f78b7bff042ed2e6d465782fa1a945a6cf902cecb07f73f57d1de1a3
figures/index_vs_outcomes.json	52d7b57ab96a78b161e43e263e286984fe10322859745796823c82e7cfb2c535
figures/input_correlations.json	a4afe85136a2cfa078d349f8cce7db5f2daef7b91e7c3df9f23ba880028aefbc
figures/rank_flows.json	9ca27dc04158e18ce684d8bc77f056f16ddd6898e50ff964bc92fb9daf67cacc
figures/three_factors.json	dcd42d8fe5c5399674821754638a9d50d69e004001fa22473687e609547821d8
figures/variance_by_measure.json	fde464d3c3b4ab444de6364a1ad79df3bc6cb519904e1c23a996f9d49fabd43b
meta.json	3201ca5d32429f34d990bee47644e0ace6bda27c58af0a46c472d148d7a12217
public/data/anatomy-of-deprivation/adi_vs_standardized.json	8b18d89ffc6a5974c86000a69aa13583c31ef71965af2bbd030bc5b0b9d17707
refs.json	9971c7f179dccbee8d4de6491191e71ea45422bd12a21f1a7a3a83f1251943ed

Machine formats

Report (Markdown): https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/anatomy-of-deprivation/report.md
Every estimate (JSON): https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/anatomy-of-deprivation/facts.json
Table 1, figure "adi_measures" (JSON): https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/anatomy-of-deprivation/figures/adi_measures.json
Table 2, figure "input_correlations" (JSON): https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/anatomy-of-deprivation/figures/input_correlations.json
Table 3, figure "variance_by_measure" (JSON): https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/anatomy-of-deprivation/figures/variance_by_measure.json
Table 4, figure "index_family" (JSON): https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/anatomy-of-deprivation/figures/index_family.json
Table 5, figure "adi_vs_standardized" (JSON): https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/anatomy-of-deprivation/figures/adi_vs_standardized.json
Table 6, figure "three_factors" (JSON): https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/anatomy-of-deprivation/figures/three_factors.json
Table 7, figure "index_vs_outcomes" (JSON): https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/anatomy-of-deprivation/figures/index_vs_outcomes.json
Table 8, figure "rank_flows" (JSON): https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/anatomy-of-deprivation/figures/rank_flows.json
Payload of "adi_vs_standardized" (JSON): https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/data/anatomy-of-deprivation/adi_vs_standardized.json
Index of every report: https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/llms.txt; all reports in one file: https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/llms-full.txt