# What the deprivation index measures: report

Chapter 1.1 of ZIP Code Destiny, by Vishal Singh (NYU Stern). Generated from the chapter's data files; the reading version is at https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/anatomy-of-deprivation. Table n of this report is figure n of the chapter.

## Identification

- Title: What the deprivation index measures
- Label: Weighing the ingredients
- Chapter: 1.1 (Part I, Rankings and scale; Measuring rich and poor)
- Question: What goes into the Area Deprivation Index, and which components weigh most in a neighborhood's score?
- Dek: The Area Deprivation Index orders 75,717 census tracts almost in reverse order of median home value, with a rank correlation of −0.988, and the home value term alone accounts for 74.3% of the variance of the score its formula produces.
- Grain: neighborhoods
- Status: published
- Published: 2026-10-09
- Updated: not revised
- Data sources:
  - Area Deprivation Index. Neighborhood Atlas ADI, 2023 release (version 4.0.1), national percentile ranks of block groups averaged to 2020 tracts; years: 2023 release (version 4.0.1; built on ACS 2019-2023); weights: none (index); tract values are unweighted means of block-group ranks
  - American Community Survey. ACS 2019-2023 five-year tract estimates: the staged tract file and a Census API pull of housing, occupation, income-distribution and schooling tables; years: 2019-2023 (5-year); weights: ACS 2019-2023 tract population
  - CDC/ATSDR Social Vulnerability Index. CDC/ATSDR Social Vulnerability Index 2022, tracts: the socioeconomic theme percentile and, for a sensitivity check, the shares of adults without a high school diploma and of households without internet (ACS 2018 to 2022); years: 2022 release (ACS 2018-2022); weights: none (index); percentile ranks of tracts
  - USALEEP life expectancy. NCHS small-area life expectancy at birth, deaths 2010 to 2015, 2020 tracts (interpolated), institutional tracts dropped; years: 2010-2015; weights: ACS 2019-2023 tract population
  - Opportunity Atlas. Mean adult household income rank of children from low-income families, 1978 to 1983 birth cohorts, 2020 tracts (interpolated); years: 1978-1983 birth cohorts (2018 release); weights: ACS 2019-2023 tract population
- Canonical URL: https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/anatomy-of-deprivation
- Report: https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/anatomy-of-deprivation/report
- Markdown: https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/anatomy-of-deprivation/report.md
- BibTeX key: singh2026anatomyofdeprivation

```bibtex
@misc{singh2026anatomyofdeprivation,
  author = {Singh, Vishal},
  title = {What the deprivation index measures},
  year = {2026},
  url = {https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/anatomy-of-deprivation},
  note = {In ZIP Code Destiny. Published 9 October 2026.}
}
```

## Principal estimates

The facts the dek and the opening prose cite, in order of appearance.

| Estimand | Population | Period | Value | Interval | n | Weights | Source | Fact id |
| --- | --- | --- | ---: | --- | ---: | --- | --- | --- |
| count of tracts in the frame | 2020 census tracts with a published ADI rank, a population and all 15 rebuilt measures | ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release | 75,717 |   |   | none (full count) | American Community Survey | n_tracts |
| population-weighted correlation of the percentile ranks of the published tract ADI and of median home value, interval from a bootstrap over counties (Connecticut planning regions stand in for counties) | residents of the tracts in the frame (50 states and DC; a published ADI rank, a population and all rebuilt measures) | ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release | −0.988 | 95% CI −0.989 to −0.986 | 75,717 tracts | ACS 2019-2023 tract population | Area Deprivation Index | rho_adi_homevalue |
| variance of the home value term alone (Singh's coefficients times the measures in their own units) as a share of the variance of the score, with no covariance with the other terms allocated to it; interval from a bootstrap over counties (Connecticut planning regions stand in for counties) | residents of the tracts in the frame (50 states and DC; a published ADI rank, a population and all rebuilt measures) | ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release | 74.3% | 95% CI 70.5% to 77.0% | 75,717 tracts | ACS 2019-2023 tract population | Area Deprivation Index | hv_own_share |
| population-weighted correlation of the percentile ranks of the published tract ADI and of the replica score in raw units, interval from a bootstrap over counties (Connecticut planning regions stand in for counties) | residents of the tracts in the frame (50 states and DC; a published ADI rank, a population and all rebuilt measures) | ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release | +0.991 | 95% CI 0.990 to 0.992 | 75,717 tracts | ACS 2019-2023 tract population | Area Deprivation Index | rho_unstd_adi |
| count of measures in the index; a definition | measures in Singh's deprivation index as the Neighborhood Atlas applies it (since the 2020 release it counts households without internet where Singh counted households without a telephone) | 2023 release of the ADI (ACS 2019 to 2023) | 17 |   |   | none (definition) | Area Deprivation Index | n_measures |
| count of dollar-denominated measures; a definition | measures of the index that are dollar amounts (median family income, home value, gross rent and monthly mortgage cost) | 2023 release of the ADI (ACS 2019 to 2023) | 4 |   |   | none (definition) | Area Deprivation Index | n_dollar |
| count of tracts | tracts of the frame with a poverty rate at or above the high-poverty threshold | ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release | 5,100 |   |   | none (full count) | American Community Survey | n_hp |
| count of states; a definition | states of the frame, besides the District of Columbia | ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release | 50 |   |   | none (definition) | American Community Survey | n_states |
| sum of ACS tract population | residents of the high-poverty tracts of the frame | ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release | 17.2 million |   |   | none (full count) | American Community Survey | pop_hp |
| poverty rate at or above which a tract is called high-poverty; a definition | tracts called high-poverty in this chapter | ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release | 30% |   |   | none (definition) | American Community Survey | hp_threshold |
| share of residents of high-poverty tracts who live in tracts at or below the 50th percentile on the published ADI (percentile among the tracts of the frame for the replica), interval from a bootstrap over counties (Connecticut planning regions stand in for counties) | residents of high-poverty tracts of the frame | ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release | 16.1% | 95% CI 11.3% to 21.4% | 5,100 tracts | ACS 2019-2023 tract population | Area Deprivation Index | sh_hp_lowadi |
| percentile cutoff; a definition | rank at or below which a tract counts as among the less deprived | ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release | 50th |   |   | none (definition) | Area Deprivation Index | rank_cut |
| share of residents of high-poverty tracts who live in tracts at or below the 50th percentile on the replica score in standard deviation units (percentile among the tracts of the frame for the replica), interval from a bootstrap over counties (Connecticut planning regions stand in for counties) | residents of high-poverty tracts of the frame | ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release | 0.34% | 95% CI 0.15% to 0.55% | 5,100 tracts | ACS 2019-2023 tract population | Area Deprivation Index | sh_hp_lowstd |

## Findings

Across 75,717 census tracts, the Area Deprivation Index (ADI) of the Neighborhood Atlas has a population-weighted rank correlation of −0.988 (95% CI −0.989 to −0.986) with median home value. A rank correlation compares the positions of tracts in two rankings. The sign is negative because the index rises as home values fall, and the size means that the index orders tracts almost as home prices do.[1][2] A replica built from the index's published formula and American Community Survey (ACS) estimates for 2019 to 2023 reproduces the published tract rank with a rank correlation of +0.991 (95% CI 0.990 to 0.992). In the replica's score, the home value term alone accounts for 74.3% (95% CI 70.5% to 77.0%) of the variance.

The formula multiplies each of 17 census measures by a fixed coefficient and adds the products. 4 of the measures are dollar amounts and the rest are proportions or a log ratio, so the dollar amounts dominate the sum.

The same arithmetic shapes who the index counts as less deprived. In 5,100 tracts of the 50 states and DC, with 17.2 million residents, 30% or more of people are below the poverty line. The published ADI places 16.1% (95% CI 11.3% to 21.4%) of those residents in tracts ranked at or below the 50th national percentile, the less deprived end of its ranking. Standardizing the same measures before applying the same coefficients places 0.34% (95% CI 0.15% to 0.55%) of them there.

This chapter rebuilds the index, shows where its weight goes, compares it with other rankings of the same tracts and tests how closely each ranking tracks life expectancy and upward mobility. Chapter 10.1, Gradients, slopes and variance (https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/gradients-slopes-and-variance) covers the variance of outcomes across states, counties and tracts and the slopes of outcomes on the index. Chapter 1.2, What a county average leaves out (https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/deprivation-at-two-zooms) repeats the index for counties, and Chapter 10.2, Families of places (https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/families-of-places) sorts tracts into groups instead of ranking them.

### How the Neighborhood Atlas builds the index

Gopal Singh chose the census measures and estimated their coefficients as factor scores from 1990 census tracts, for a study of mortality in the United States.[3] The Neighborhood Atlas at the University of Wisconsin applies his recipe to American Community Survey data and publishes national percentile ranks of census block groups, with the lowest ranks for the least deprived and the highest for the most deprived.[4] A block group's score is the sum of the 17 measures in Table 1, each multiplied by Singh's coefficient, and the Atlas publishes the ranks of the scores and not the scores.[2][5] The ADI used here is the 2023 release, version 4.0.1, rolled up from block groups to 2020 tracts. The dataset registry records it as built on ACS five-year estimates for 2019 to 2023, the period of the ACS measures used here. Since the 2020 release the Atlas has counted households without internet where Singh counted households without a telephone.[5]

Table 1. The Atlas score sums 17 measures with fixed coefficients, and 4 of them are dollar amounts

The measures cover education, work, income and housing. 4 are dollar amounts (median family income, home value, gross rent and the monthly mortgage cost), one is a log ratio of low-income to high-income households, and the rest are proportions of people, households or homes. The Atlas sums them in these units, with proportions entered as fractions of one and not as percentages.[2] The coefficients are close in size, so the unit of a measure, more than its coefficient, sets how much the measure moves the sum. A dollar amount in the hundreds of thousands varies over a wider range than a proportion.

### Most of the measures can be rebuilt from ACS data for 2020 tracts

The staged ACS tract file and a Census API pull of housing, occupation, income and schooling tables supply 15 of the 17 measures for 2020 census tracts. The 2 missing are the share of adults with at least a high school diploma and the share of households without internet. Some rebuilt measures are substitutes. The poverty rate counts persons where Singh counted families, white-collar work is the share of workers in management, business, science and arts occupations, and the mortgage cost is the median monthly owner cost of homes with a mortgage. Income disparity is Singh's ratio of low-income to high-income households, defined in the table, logged, with a continuity constant added to each count so that a tract with no low-income household keeps a value.

The replica works with tracts, and the Atlas ranks block groups. The staged ADI is the Atlas's block-group ranks averaged over each tract's block groups, without population weights. The frame covers the 50 states and DC. Puerto Rico's tracts are left out because the SVI and USALEEP have none, although the Atlas ranks them with the states.

Of the 84,415 tracts, 82,784 have a published rank and residents, and 75,717 of those have all 15 measures. The frame holds 93.0% of the residents of tracts with a rank. Of the tracts lost, 90.0% lack a median rent, home value or mortgage cost, which the ACS leaves out for tracts with almost no renters or almost no owners. The Atlas imputes missing values from the surrounding geography, and the replica does not.[5]

Table 2 shows how the rebuilt measures move together, from the measures of advantage (income, home value, rent, mortgage cost, white-collar work and homeownership) to the measures of hardship. The dollar measures move together, with home value correlating +0.86 (95% CI 0.85 to 0.87) with the mortgage cost and +0.71 (95% CI 0.68 to 0.74) with rent. They are a loose guide to hardship. Home value correlates −0.31 (95% CI −0.36 to −0.27) with the poverty rate across tracts, a weaker link than the −0.61 (95% CI −0.62 to −0.59) of family income. A score dominated by home value therefore follows the housing market more closely than it follows poverty.

Table 2. Home value correlates −0.31 with the poverty rate across tracts, a weaker link than family income has at −0.61

### In raw units, home value and family income set the score

Write the score of tract $$i$$ as a sum over the measures $$k$$ of a coefficient $$c_k$$ times the measure $$x_{ik}$$. The Atlas uses the measures as they come. A standardized version subtracts each measure's mean $$\bar x_k$$ and divides by its standard deviation $$s_k$$:

$$
S_i=\sum_{k} c_k\,x_{ik}
\qquad\text{and}\qquad
S_i^{z}=\sum_{k} c_k\,\frac{x_{ik}-\bar x_k}{s_k}.
$$

The first is the replica of the published score. The second applies the same coefficients, with the population-weighted mean and standard deviation of each measure across tracts. A sum is dominated by the terms that vary most, and variance is measured in squared units, so a measure with values in the hundreds of thousands contributes more variance than a proportion does. Table 3 splits the variance of each score among its measures. A measure's allocated share is the covariance of its term with the score divided by the variance of the score, and each covariance between two terms is shared equally between them, so the shares add to the whole of the variance.

In the raw-units score, median home value is allocated 85.4% (95% CI 83.1% to 87.0%) and median family income 14.2% (95% CI 12.6% to 16.5%). The two terms are correlated, so the allocation matters. The home value term alone has 74.3% (95% CI 70.5% to 77.0%) of the variance, and the home value and family income terms together have 99.2% (95% CI 99.2% to 99.3%).

Rent and the mortgage cost are allocated a further 0.38% (95% CI 0.36% to 0.41%), and the measures that are not dollar amounts 0.0003% (95% CI 0.0002% to 0.0003%) together. After standardization, no measure is allocated more than 12.4% (95% CI 12.2% to 12.6%), which is the near-poverty share, and home value is allocated 5.3% (95% CI 5.0% to 5.7%).

Table 3. In raw units home value accounts for 74.3% of the variance of the score on its own and 85.4% with its covariance with income shared out, against 5.3% after standardization

The same coefficients therefore give weights that depend on the scale of the measures. Petterson showed the pattern across the block groups of the Atlas, and Hannan and colleagues found that in New York State the Atlas ADI mainly reflects home value.[1][2] The shares here describe a population-weighted frame of tracts, a different population from either study.

### The replica reproduces the published rank

Ranking the replica's score among the frame's tracts gives a population-weighted rank correlation of +0.991 (95% CI 0.990 to 0.992) with the published tract rank. The match is close and not exact, because the replica uses tract estimates where the Atlas uses block groups, omits two measures and does not impute missing values. Standardizing the measures before applying the same coefficients lowers the correlation with the published rank to +0.72 (95% CI 0.66 to 0.77). The published ADI correlates −0.988 (95% CI −0.989 to −0.986) with the rank of median home value. The raw-units replica correlates −0.987 (95% CI −0.989 to −0.986) with it and the standardized replica −0.66 (95% CI −0.71 to −0.60).

The scale of the measures moves the ranking, and the choice of coefficients barely does. The first principal component of the standardized measures lets the data choose the weights, and it ranks the tracts almost as Singh's coefficients applied to the standardized measures do, with a rank correlation of +0.997 (95% CI 0.996 to 0.998).

The staged SVI file carries the two missing measures for ACS 2018 to 2022. Adding them to the replica, with the telephone measure's coefficient on households without internet because the Atlas does not publish one, moves the rank correlation of the standardized replica with the published rank to +0.71 (95% CI 0.65 to 0.77). The share of residents of high-poverty tracts that the standardized replica places at or below the 50th percentile moves to 0.61% (95% CI 0.32% to 0.93%). The raw-units replica stays at +0.991 (95% CI 0.990 to 0.992).

### The published ADI sits apart from rankings that standardize

Table 4 compares six rankings of the same tracts: the published ADI, its raw-units replica, the standardized replica, the first principal component of the standardized measures, the socioeconomic theme of the Social Vulnerability Index (SVI) of the CDC and ATSDR, and the poverty rate.[6][7] The SVI converts each measure to a percentile among tracts before summing within a theme, so it is standardized by construction. The published ADI and its replica form one pair, and the standardized replica and the principal component form another. The principal component, the SVI theme and the poverty rate each correlate more strongly with the standardized replica than with the published ADI.

Table 4. The published ADI correlates +0.991 with its raw-units replica and +0.72 with the standardized version of the same measures

### The ADI reads expensive places as less deprived

The disagreement between the published and the standardized ranking follows the cost of housing. Table 5 groups tracts by the median home value of their county, in quartiles with equal numbers of residents. County median home values are above $450,562 in the highest-cost quartile and below $216,301 in the lowest-cost quartile. The published percentile minus the standardized percentile averages +11.1 (95% CI 10.5 to 11.6) points in the lowest-cost counties and −16.5 (95% CI −21.3 to −11.5) points in the highest-cost counties. At the same standardized percentile, tracts in the highest-cost counties have a lower published ADI than tracts in the lowest-cost counties in every tenth of the standardized ranking. The gap widens toward the most deprived tenth.

The gap matters most where people are poor. 5,100 tracts in the frame, with 17.2 million residents, have poverty rates of 30% or more. The published ADI places 16.1% (95% CI 11.3% to 21.4%) of those residents in tracts ranked at or below the 50th national percentile.

The raw-units replica places 15.8% (95% CI 11.0% to 20.7%) of them there, and the standardized replica 0.34% (95% CI 0.15% to 0.55%). Across all 6,718 tracts of the 50 states and DC that have a published rank and a poverty rate, including tracts that lack some rebuilt measures, the published share is 20.6% (95% CI 14.1% to 27.9%).

The second tab of the figure lists the 15 tracts with the largest gaps among the 5,049 tracts that have a poverty rate of 30% or more and at least 1,000 residents. 12 are in New York City.

In the first row, a tract in San Francisco where 35.9% of residents are below the poverty line, the published ADI is 1, among the least deprived in the nation, and the standardized percentile is 99.7. The median home value of that tract is at the ACS top code, which applies to 495 tracts in the frame and caps a dollar value that would otherwise be higher.

Table 5. The published ADI percentile minus the standardized percentile averages −16.5 in the highest-cost counties and +11.1 in the lowest-cost counties

One Medicare payment model, ACO REACH, uses the ADI. The model adjusts payments for each beneficiary by the decile of a score that combines the ADI with the beneficiary's status as dually eligible for Medicare and Medicaid or as receiving the low-income subsidy. For performance year 2024 the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services added the state ADI to the score and weighted the national ADI, the state ADI and that status equally. It said the change would better identify underserved beneficiaries in areas with a high cost of living.[8] The state ADI compares tracts within a state, and this chapter does not test how much of the dominance of home value it removes.

### The measures describe more than one kind of deprivation

The correlation matrix behind Table 2 has 3 eigenvalues above the average, the usual criterion for the number of factors worth keeping, and the first 3 principal components carry 66.0% (95% CI 65.3% to 66.9%) of the variance of the measures, the first alone 39.6% (95% CI 38.4% to 41.1%).

A factor model describes the correlations among many measures with a few unobserved factors, and a measure's loading is its correlation with a factor. A maximum-likelihood factor model of the same population-weighted correlation matrix, with 3 factors and a varimax rotation that turns the factors so that each measure loads mainly on one, sorts the measures into 3 groups (Table 6).

The first, housing money, gathers home value, mortgage cost, rent, family income and white-collar work, and holds 24.7% of the variance of the measures. The second, economic hardship, gathers the poverty rate, the near-poverty share, income disparity, unemployment and single parenthood, with homeownership on the other side, and holds 21.5%. The third gathers crowding and the share of adults who left school before ninth grade, which correlate +0.64 (95% CI 0.57 to 0.70) with each other, and holds 11.9%.

Table 6. The measures sort into housing money, economic hardship, and crowding with little schooling, which together hold 58.1% of their variance

Kolak and colleagues, using a different set of tract measures, also needed several principal components and named the first socioeconomic advantage.[9] A single ranking folds these factors into one number. In raw units the number follows the housing-money factor, as the correlation with home value shows.

### Standardized rankings track mobility more closely and life expectancy about as closely

Two outcomes that no ranking used as an input test the recipes. One is life expectancy at birth from USALEEP, for deaths in 2010 to 2015 in 71,874 tracts. The other is the mean adult household income rank of children raised in the tract by parents at the 25th income percentile, from the Opportunity Atlas, for children born in 1978 to 1983 in 75,667 tracts. Table 7 shows the rank correlation of eight rankings with each outcome. Every ranking runs from least to most deprived, so every correlation is negative, and the figure plots absolute values. Comparisons below that rest on point estimates say so, and the others use intervals from paired draws of the same counties.

For life expectancy the published ADI correlates 0.615 (95% CI 0.594 to 0.633) and the standardized replica 0.619 (95% CI 0.596 to 0.642). The difference, 0.005 (95% CI −0.015 to 0.027), has an interval that includes zero, and so does the difference between family income alone, at 0.609 (95% CI 0.587 to 0.630), and the ADI, −0.006 (95% CI −0.022 to 0.012).

The standardized replica exceeds family income alone by 0.010 (95% CI 0.002 to 0.020). The first principal component, which has the highest point estimate at 0.633 (95% CI 0.613 to 0.653), exceeds family income alone by 0.025 (95% CI 0.019 to 0.031). Both intervals exclude zero, by small margins. The raw-units replica is at 0.620 (95% CI 0.601 to 0.638), and the poverty rate alone has the lowest point estimate, 0.508 (95% CI 0.484 to 0.529).

For upward mobility the order changes. The standardized replica correlates 0.582 (95% CI 0.560 to 0.603) and the published ADI 0.483 (95% CI 0.455 to 0.511), a difference of 0.100 (95% CI 0.076 to 0.123). The raw-units replica correlates 0.492 (95% CI 0.466 to 0.520) and home value alone 0.443 (95% CI 0.415 to 0.473).

Family income alone, at 0.564 (95% CI 0.543 to 0.586), correlates more strongly than the published ADI does, by 0.082 (95% CI 0.063 to 0.101). It correlates less strongly than the standardized replica, which exceeds it by 0.018 (95% CI 0.010 to 0.026), and than the first principal component, which exceeds it by 0.023 (95% CI 0.017 to 0.029).

For mobility, the poverty rate alone, at 0.504 (95% CI 0.486 to 0.522), does not differ detectably from the ADI, by 0.021 (95% CI −0.002 to 0.044). The rankings that standardize therefore edge out family income alone for both outcomes, and the published ADI does not for either.

Table 7. The published ADI tracks life expectancy about as closely as the standardized score does but upward mobility less closely, by 0.100 in correlation

### The book keeps the published index as its main ranking

Before comparing rankings across the book, the book fixed a rule: the standardized replica would replace the published ADI as the main ranking if it changed the main gradient of at least 4 of the 16 chapters that use the index. Each of those chapters recomputed its main gradient under the published ADI, the standardized replica, median household income and the share of adults with a bachelor's degree. The standardized replica changed 1, the national traffic gradient, so the published index stays (Chapter 9.1, How far one ranking goes (https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/how-far-one-ranking-goes)). The difference between the two recipes shown in this chapter moves the rank of many tracts and leaves most of the book's gradients in the same class.

### What these data cannot show

Every result describes tracts and rankings of tracts. A tract's rank says little about how deprived any one resident is, because the data are averages for places (ecological inference), and a poor household in a tract with high home values takes the tract's rank.

The replica is a tract-level rebuild of a block-group index. It omits two measures, substitutes for some and does not impute missing values. Its ACS tract estimates carry sampling error that the staged file does not report, largest in small tracts and for medians that rest on few homes. A tract with many students living off campus can show a high poverty rate that reflects student households. The close match to the published rank, +0.991 (95% CI 0.990 to 0.992), shows that this formula reproduces the Atlas's ranks, and it does not show that the Atlas's code is the same. The frame leaves out tracts that lack a median, and the ADI ranks some of them. It also leaves out Puerto Rico, which the Atlas ranks with the states.

The data cannot say which recipe is right. A ranking dominated by home value measures the cost of housing, a property of a market, and some uses of a deprivation index may want that. The correlations with life expectancy and mobility are one test, and the two outcomes disagree about the recipes. Both outcomes are older than the ACS measures, deaths in 2010 to 2015 and children born in 1978 to 1983, and both are modeled estimates placed on 2020 tracts by interpolation from 2010 tracts. The SVI theme and the poverty rate are not Atlas products.

A factor model describes the measures it is given. Other measures, such as violence, isolation or air quality, would give other factors, and the count of factors rests on a common cutoff. The chapter does not test the state ADI that Medicare now uses, and it says nothing about how payments change under any formula.

## Tables

### Table 1. The Atlas score sums 17 measures with fixed coefficients, and 4 of them are dollar amounts

The measures in Singh's deprivation index, the unit each enters the sum in, Singh's factor score coefficient, and whether this chapter rebuilds it

| No. | Measure | Unit in the sum | Coefficient | Rebuilt here |
| ---: | --- | --- | ---: | --- |
| 1 | Adults 25 and older with less than 9 years of education | Proportion | +0.0849 | Yes, as adults who stopped at 8th grade |
| 2 | Adults 25 and older with at least a high school diploma | Proportion | −0.0970 | No: not in the staged ACS files; the SVI 2022 file has it for ACS 2018 to 2022 (sensitivity check) |
| 3 | Employed people 16 and older in white-collar occupations | Proportion | −0.0874 | Yes, as management, business, science and arts occupations |
| 4 | Median family income | Dollars | −0.0977 | Yes |
| 5 | Income disparity: log of 100 times households under $10,000 over households of $50,000 or more | Log ratio | +0.0936 | Yes, with a continuity constant |
| 6 | Median home value | Dollars | −0.0688 | Yes |
| 7 | Median gross rent | Dollars | −0.0781 | Yes |
| 8 | Median monthly mortgage | Dollars | −0.0770 | Yes, as monthly owner costs of homes with a mortgage |
| 9 | Owner-occupied housing units | Proportion | −0.0615 | Yes |
| 10 | Civilian labor force 16 and older that is unemployed | Proportion | +0.0806 | Yes |
| 11 | Families below the poverty level | Proportion | +0.0977 | Yes, as persons below the poverty line |
| 12 | Persons below 150 percent of the poverty threshold | Proportion | +0.1037 | Yes |
| 13 | Single-parent households with children under 18 | Proportion | +0.0719 | Yes, as single-parent households |
| 14 | Households without a motor vehicle | Proportion | +0.0694 | Yes |
| 15 | Households without a telephone (the Atlas now counts households without internet) | Proportion | +0.0877 | No: not in the staged ACS files; the SVI 2022 file has households without internet for ACS 2018 to 2022 (sensitivity check) |
| 16 | Occupied housing units without complete plumbing | Proportion | +0.0510 | Yes |
| 17 | Households with more than one person per room | Proportion | +0.0556 | Yes |

Note: The Atlas applies Singh's coefficients to proportions between zero and one, to dollars, and to the log ratio, and ranks the sums; it does not publish the sums. Since the 2020 release it counts households without internet where Singh counted households without a telephone.

Note: Singh estimated the coefficients as factor scores in 1990 census tract data; they are not re-estimated here.

Source: Singh (2003) factor score coefficients for 1990 census tracts, as printed in Petterson (2023); Neighborhood Atlas change log, 2022; published coefficients, not weighted

Data: https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/anatomy-of-deprivation/figures/adi_measures.json

### Table 2. Home value correlates −0.31 with the poverty rate across tracts, a weaker link than family income has at −0.61

Population-weighted Pearson correlations among the 15 rebuilt measures in their own units, 75,717 tracts, ACS 2019 to 2023

| conf_high | conf_low | measure | n | other | r |
| ---: | ---: | --- | ---: | --- | ---: |
| n/a | n/a | Family income | n/a | Family income | 1 |
| 0.729 | 0.637 | Family income | 75,717 | Home value | 0.682 |
| 0.666 | 0.609 | Family income | 75,717 | Gross rent | 0.638 |
| 0.781 | 0.696 | Family income | 75,717 | Mortgage cost | 0.739 |
| 0.796 | 0.774 | Family income | 75,717 | White-collar jobs | 0.786 |
| 0.369 | 0.284 | Family income | 75,717 | Homeownership | 0.326 |
| −0.595 | −0.618 | Family income | 75,717 | Poverty | −0.606 |
| −0.696 | −0.715 | Family income | 75,717 | Below 150% of poverty | −0.705 |
| −0.425 | −0.460 | Family income | 75,717 | Income disparity | −0.442 |
| −0.268 | −0.304 | Family income | 75,717 | Unemployment | −0.286 |
| −0.477 | −0.504 | Family income | 75,717 | Single parents | −0.491 |
| −0.034 | −0.262 | Family income | 75,717 | No vehicle | −0.145 |
| −0.217 | −0.283 | Family income | 75,717 | Crowding | −0.252 |
| −0.269 | −0.297 | Family income | 75,717 | No plumbing | −0.282 |
| −0.345 | −0.384 | Family income | 75,717 | Under 9 years of school | −0.365 |
| 0.729 | 0.637 | Home value | 75,717 | Family income | 0.682 |
| n/a | n/a | Home value | n/a | Home value | 1 |
| 0.740 | 0.684 | Home value | 75,717 | Gross rent | 0.713 |
| 0.870 | 0.847 | Home value | 75,717 | Mortgage cost | 0.858 |
| 0.593 | 0.518 | Home value | 75,717 | White-collar jobs | 0.553 |
| 0.036 | −0.120 | Home value | 75,717 | Homeownership | −0.050 |
| −0.271 | −0.358 | Home value | 75,717 | Poverty | −0.313 |
| −0.339 | −0.429 | Home value | 75,717 | Below 150% of poverty | −0.381 |
| −0.217 | −0.295 | Home value | 75,717 | Income disparity | −0.252 |
| −0.036 | −0.134 | Home value | 75,717 | Unemployment | −0.084 |
| −0.254 | −0.297 | Home value | 75,717 | Single parents | −0.274 |
| 0.262 | −0.075 | Home value | 75,717 | No vehicle | 0.110 |
| 0.153 | 0.018 | Home value | 75,717 | Crowding | 0.100 |
| −0.247 | −0.281 | Home value | 75,717 | No plumbing | −0.262 |
| −0.011 | −0.145 | Home value | 75,717 | Under 9 years of school | −0.071 |
| 0.666 | 0.609 | Gross rent | 75,717 | Family income | 0.638 |
| 0.740 | 0.684 | Gross rent | 75,717 | Home value | 0.713 |
| n/a | n/a | Gross rent | n/a | Gross rent | 1 |
| 0.758 | 0.706 | Gross rent | 75,717 | Mortgage cost | 0.734 |
| 0.551 | 0.490 | Gross rent | 75,717 | White-collar jobs | 0.522 |
| 0.113 | 0.022 | Gross rent | 75,717 | Homeownership | 0.064 |
| −0.373 | −0.408 | Gross rent | 75,717 | Poverty | −0.391 |
| −0.434 | −0.472 | Gross rent | 75,717 | Below 150% of poverty | −0.453 |
| −0.341 | −0.383 | Gross rent | 75,717 | Income disparity | −0.361 |
| −0.061 | −0.117 | Gross rent | 75,717 | Unemployment | −0.089 |
| −0.196 | −0.236 | Gross rent | 75,717 | Single parents | −0.217 |
| 0.056 | −0.165 | Gross rent | 75,717 | No vehicle | −0.040 |
| 0.090 | 0.012 | Gross rent | 75,717 | Crowding | 0.057 |
| −0.317 | −0.341 | Gross rent | 75,717 | No plumbing | −0.328 |
| −0.059 | −0.131 | Gross rent | 75,717 | Under 9 years of school | −0.092 |
| 0.781 | 0.696 | Mortgage cost | 75,717 | Family income | 0.739 |
| 0.870 | 0.847 | Mortgage cost | 75,717 | Home value | 0.858 |
| 0.758 | 0.706 | Mortgage cost | 75,717 | Gross rent | 0.734 |
| n/a | n/a | Mortgage cost | n/a | Mortgage cost | 1 |
| 0.648 | 0.571 | Mortgage cost | 75,717 | White-collar jobs | 0.609 |
| 0.052 | −0.091 | Mortgage cost | 75,717 | Homeownership | −0.024 |
| −0.337 | −0.415 | Mortgage cost | 75,717 | Poverty | −0.376 |
| −0.413 | −0.496 | Mortgage cost | 75,717 | Below 150% of poverty | −0.455 |
| −0.274 | −0.341 | Mortgage cost | 75,717 | Income disparity | −0.307 |
| −0.056 | −0.143 | Mortgage cost | 75,717 | Unemployment | −0.100 |
| −0.270 | −0.317 | Mortgage cost | 75,717 | Single parents | −0.294 |
| 0.215 | −0.054 | Mortgage cost | 75,717 | No vehicle | 0.099 |
| 0.143 | 0.009 | Mortgage cost | 75,717 | Crowding | 0.087 |
| −0.292 | −0.320 | Mortgage cost | 75,717 | No plumbing | −0.305 |
| −0.023 | −0.149 | Mortgage cost | 75,717 | Under 9 years of school | −0.082 |
| 0.796 | 0.774 | White-collar jobs | 75,717 | Family income | 0.786 |
| 0.593 | 0.518 | White-collar jobs | 75,717 | Home value | 0.553 |
| 0.551 | 0.490 | White-collar jobs | 75,717 | Gross rent | 0.522 |
| 0.648 | 0.571 | White-collar jobs | 75,717 | Mortgage cost | 0.609 |
| n/a | n/a | White-collar jobs | n/a | White-collar jobs | 1 |
| 0.224 | 0.143 | White-collar jobs | 75,717 | Homeownership | 0.184 |
| −0.485 | −0.517 | White-collar jobs | 75,717 | Poverty | −0.501 |
| −0.590 | −0.618 | White-collar jobs | 75,717 | Below 150% of poverty | −0.605 |
| −0.317 | −0.357 | White-collar jobs | 75,717 | Income disparity | −0.337 |
| −0.250 | −0.286 | White-collar jobs | 75,717 | Unemployment | −0.268 |
| −0.440 | −0.481 | White-collar jobs | 75,717 | Single parents | −0.461 |
| 0.033 | −0.184 | White-collar jobs | 75,717 | No vehicle | −0.069 |
| −0.304 | −0.384 | White-collar jobs | 75,717 | Crowding | −0.346 |
| −0.249 | −0.282 | White-collar jobs | 75,717 | No plumbing | −0.265 |
| −0.463 | −0.516 | White-collar jobs | 75,717 | Under 9 years of school | −0.490 |
| 0.369 | 0.284 | Homeownership | 75,717 | Family income | 0.326 |
| 0.036 | −0.120 | Homeownership | 75,717 | Home value | −0.050 |
| 0.113 | 0.022 | Homeownership | 75,717 | Gross rent | 0.064 |
| 0.052 | −0.091 | Homeownership | 75,717 | Mortgage cost | −0.024 |
| 0.224 | 0.143 | Homeownership | 75,717 | White-collar jobs | 0.184 |
| n/a | n/a | Homeownership | n/a | Homeownership | 1 |
| −0.488 | −0.523 | Homeownership | 75,717 | Poverty | −0.505 |
| −0.496 | −0.537 | Homeownership | 75,717 | Below 150% of poverty | −0.516 |
| −0.345 | −0.375 | Homeownership | 75,717 | Income disparity | −0.359 |
| −0.243 | −0.285 | Homeownership | 75,717 | Unemployment | −0.264 |
| −0.323 | −0.376 | Homeownership | 75,717 | Single parents | −0.349 |
| −0.516 | −0.575 | Homeownership | 75,717 | No vehicle | −0.542 |
| −0.349 | −0.433 | Homeownership | 75,717 | Crowding | −0.394 |
| 0.037 | −0.005 | Homeownership | 75,717 | No plumbing | 0.017 |
| −0.265 | −0.349 | Homeownership | 75,717 | Under 9 years of school | −0.306 |
| −0.595 | −0.618 | Poverty | 75,717 | Family income | −0.606 |
| −0.271 | −0.358 | Poverty | 75,717 | Home value | −0.313 |
| −0.373 | −0.408 | Poverty | 75,717 | Gross rent | −0.391 |
| −0.337 | −0.415 | Poverty | 75,717 | Mortgage cost | −0.376 |
| −0.485 | −0.517 | Poverty | 75,717 | White-collar jobs | −0.501 |
| −0.488 | −0.523 | Poverty | 75,717 | Homeownership | −0.505 |
| n/a | n/a | Poverty | n/a | Poverty | 1 |
| 0.914 | 0.907 | Poverty | 75,717 | Below 150% of poverty | 0.911 |
| 0.593 | 0.571 | Poverty | 75,717 | Income disparity | 0.582 |
| 0.431 | 0.392 | Poverty | 75,717 | Unemployment | 0.412 |
| 0.500 | 0.469 | Poverty | 75,717 | Single parents | 0.486 |
| 0.472 | 0.322 | Poverty | 75,717 | No vehicle | 0.381 |
| 0.331 | 0.266 | Poverty | 75,717 | Crowding | 0.297 |
| 0.323 | 0.279 | Poverty | 75,717 | No plumbing | 0.301 |
| 0.397 | 0.345 | Poverty | 75,717 | Under 9 years of school | 0.371 |
| −0.696 | −0.715 | Below 150% of poverty | 75,717 | Family income | −0.705 |
| −0.339 | −0.429 | Below 150% of poverty | 75,717 | Home value | −0.381 |
| −0.434 | −0.472 | Below 150% of poverty | 75,717 | Gross rent | −0.453 |
| −0.413 | −0.496 | Below 150% of poverty | 75,717 | Mortgage cost | −0.455 |
| −0.590 | −0.618 | Below 150% of poverty | 75,717 | White-collar jobs | −0.605 |
| −0.496 | −0.537 | Below 150% of poverty | 75,717 | Homeownership | −0.516 |
| 0.914 | 0.907 | Below 150% of poverty | 75,717 | Poverty | 0.911 |
| n/a | n/a | Below 150% of poverty | n/a | Below 150% of poverty | 1 |
| 0.583 | 0.557 | Below 150% of poverty | 75,717 | Income disparity | 0.570 |
| 0.434 | 0.396 | Below 150% of poverty | 75,717 | Unemployment | 0.415 |
| 0.541 | 0.511 | Below 150% of poverty | 75,717 | Single parents | 0.527 |
| 0.461 | 0.295 | Below 150% of poverty | 75,717 | No vehicle | 0.363 |
| 0.381 | 0.315 | Below 150% of poverty | 75,717 | Crowding | 0.348 |
| 0.343 | 0.301 | Below 150% of poverty | 75,717 | No plumbing | 0.322 |
| 0.467 | 0.417 | Below 150% of poverty | 75,717 | Under 9 years of school | 0.443 |
| −0.425 | −0.460 | Income disparity | 75,717 | Family income | −0.442 |
| −0.217 | −0.295 | Income disparity | 75,717 | Home value | −0.252 |
| −0.341 | −0.383 | Income disparity | 75,717 | Gross rent | −0.361 |
| −0.274 | −0.341 | Income disparity | 75,717 | Mortgage cost | −0.307 |
| −0.317 | −0.357 | Income disparity | 75,717 | White-collar jobs | −0.337 |
| −0.345 | −0.375 | Income disparity | 75,717 | Homeownership | −0.359 |
| 0.593 | 0.571 | Income disparity | 75,717 | Poverty | 0.582 |
| 0.583 | 0.557 | Income disparity | 75,717 | Below 150% of poverty | 0.570 |
| n/a | n/a | Income disparity | n/a | Income disparity | 1 |
| 0.280 | 0.245 | Income disparity | 75,717 | Unemployment | 0.263 |
| 0.270 | 0.238 | Income disparity | 75,717 | Single parents | 0.254 |
| 0.361 | 0.259 | Income disparity | 75,717 | No vehicle | 0.295 |
| 0.127 | 0.087 | Income disparity | 75,717 | Crowding | 0.107 |
| 0.246 | 0.216 | Income disparity | 75,717 | No plumbing | 0.231 |
| 0.194 | 0.157 | Income disparity | 75,717 | Under 9 years of school | 0.175 |
| −0.268 | −0.304 | Unemployment | 75,717 | Family income | −0.286 |
| −0.036 | −0.134 | Unemployment | 75,717 | Home value | −0.084 |
| −0.061 | −0.117 | Unemployment | 75,717 | Gross rent | −0.089 |
| −0.056 | −0.143 | Unemployment | 75,717 | Mortgage cost | −0.100 |
| −0.250 | −0.286 | Unemployment | 75,717 | White-collar jobs | −0.268 |
| −0.243 | −0.285 | Unemployment | 75,717 | Homeownership | −0.264 |
| 0.431 | 0.392 | Unemployment | 75,717 | Poverty | 0.412 |
| 0.434 | 0.396 | Unemployment | 75,717 | Below 150% of poverty | 0.415 |
| 0.280 | 0.245 | Unemployment | 75,717 | Income disparity | 0.263 |
| n/a | n/a | Unemployment | n/a | Unemployment | 1 |
| 0.308 | 0.271 | Unemployment | 75,717 | Single parents | 0.290 |
| 0.296 | 0.219 | Unemployment | 75,717 | No vehicle | 0.251 |
| 0.234 | 0.181 | Unemployment | 75,717 | Crowding | 0.209 |
| 0.185 | 0.122 | Unemployment | 75,717 | No plumbing | 0.152 |
| 0.246 | 0.197 | Unemployment | 75,717 | Under 9 years of school | 0.222 |
| −0.477 | −0.504 | Single parents | 75,717 | Family income | −0.491 |
| −0.254 | −0.297 | Single parents | 75,717 | Home value | −0.274 |
| −0.196 | −0.236 | Single parents | 75,717 | Gross rent | −0.217 |
| −0.270 | −0.317 | Single parents | 75,717 | Mortgage cost | −0.294 |
| −0.440 | −0.481 | Single parents | 75,717 | White-collar jobs | −0.461 |
| −0.323 | −0.376 | Single parents | 75,717 | Homeownership | −0.349 |
| 0.500 | 0.469 | Single parents | 75,717 | Poverty | 0.486 |
| 0.541 | 0.511 | Single parents | 75,717 | Below 150% of poverty | 0.527 |
| 0.270 | 0.238 | Single parents | 75,717 | Income disparity | 0.254 |
| 0.308 | 0.271 | Single parents | 75,717 | Unemployment | 0.290 |
| n/a | n/a | Single parents | n/a | Single parents | 1 |
| 0.242 | 0.094 | Single parents | 75,717 | No vehicle | 0.157 |
| 0.330 | 0.260 | Single parents | 75,717 | Crowding | 0.296 |
| 0.128 | 0.087 | Single parents | 75,717 | No plumbing | 0.108 |
| 0.366 | 0.315 | Single parents | 75,717 | Under 9 years of school | 0.341 |
| −0.034 | −0.262 | No vehicle | 75,717 | Family income | −0.145 |
| 0.262 | −0.075 | No vehicle | 75,717 | Home value | 0.110 |
| 0.056 | −0.165 | No vehicle | 75,717 | Gross rent | −0.040 |
| 0.215 | −0.054 | No vehicle | 75,717 | Mortgage cost | 0.099 |
| 0.033 | −0.184 | No vehicle | 75,717 | White-collar jobs | −0.069 |
| −0.516 | −0.575 | No vehicle | 75,717 | Homeownership | −0.542 |
| 0.472 | 0.322 | No vehicle | 75,717 | Poverty | 0.381 |
| 0.461 | 0.295 | No vehicle | 75,717 | Below 150% of poverty | 0.363 |
| 0.361 | 0.259 | No vehicle | 75,717 | Income disparity | 0.295 |
| 0.296 | 0.219 | No vehicle | 75,717 | Unemployment | 0.251 |
| 0.242 | 0.094 | No vehicle | 75,717 | Single parents | 0.157 |
| n/a | n/a | No vehicle | n/a | No vehicle | 1 |
| 0.311 | 0.154 | No vehicle | 75,717 | Crowding | 0.227 |
| 0.164 | 0.057 | No vehicle | 75,717 | No plumbing | 0.101 |
| 0.266 | 0.161 | No vehicle | 75,717 | Under 9 years of school | 0.211 |
| −0.217 | −0.283 | Crowding | 75,717 | Family income | −0.252 |
| 0.153 | 0.018 | Crowding | 75,717 | Home value | 0.100 |
| 0.090 | 0.012 | Crowding | 75,717 | Gross rent | 0.057 |
| 0.143 | 0.009 | Crowding | 75,717 | Mortgage cost | 0.087 |
| −0.304 | −0.384 | Crowding | 75,717 | White-collar jobs | −0.346 |
| −0.349 | −0.433 | Crowding | 75,717 | Homeownership | −0.394 |
| 0.331 | 0.266 | Crowding | 75,717 | Poverty | 0.297 |
| 0.381 | 0.315 | Crowding | 75,717 | Below 150% of poverty | 0.348 |
| 0.127 | 0.087 | Crowding | 75,717 | Income disparity | 0.107 |
| 0.234 | 0.181 | Crowding | 75,717 | Unemployment | 0.209 |
| 0.330 | 0.260 | Crowding | 75,717 | Single parents | 0.296 |
| 0.311 | 0.154 | Crowding | 75,717 | No vehicle | 0.227 |
| n/a | n/a | Crowding | n/a | Crowding | 1 |
| 0.041 | −0.021 | Crowding | 75,717 | No plumbing | 0.007 |
| 0.698 | 0.571 | Crowding | 75,717 | Under 9 years of school | 0.636 |
| −0.269 | −0.297 | No plumbing | 75,717 | Family income | −0.282 |
| −0.247 | −0.281 | No plumbing | 75,717 | Home value | −0.262 |
| −0.317 | −0.341 | No plumbing | 75,717 | Gross rent | −0.328 |
| −0.292 | −0.320 | No plumbing | 75,717 | Mortgage cost | −0.305 |
| −0.249 | −0.282 | No plumbing | 75,717 | White-collar jobs | −0.265 |
| 0.037 | −0.005 | No plumbing | 75,717 | Homeownership | 0.017 |
| 0.323 | 0.279 | No plumbing | 75,717 | Poverty | 0.301 |
| 0.343 | 0.301 | No plumbing | 75,717 | Below 150% of poverty | 0.322 |
| 0.246 | 0.216 | No plumbing | 75,717 | Income disparity | 0.231 |
| 0.185 | 0.122 | No plumbing | 75,717 | Unemployment | 0.152 |
| 0.128 | 0.087 | No plumbing | 75,717 | Single parents | 0.108 |
| 0.164 | 0.057 | No plumbing | 75,717 | No vehicle | 0.101 |
| 0.041 | −0.021 | No plumbing | 75,717 | Crowding | 0.007 |
| n/a | n/a | No plumbing | n/a | No plumbing | 1 |
| 0.100 | 0.046 | No plumbing | 75,717 | Under 9 years of school | 0.071 |
| −0.345 | −0.384 | Under 9 years of school | 75,717 | Family income | −0.365 |
| −0.011 | −0.145 | Under 9 years of school | 75,717 | Home value | −0.071 |
| −0.059 | −0.131 | Under 9 years of school | 75,717 | Gross rent | −0.092 |
| −0.023 | −0.149 | Under 9 years of school | 75,717 | Mortgage cost | −0.082 |
| −0.463 | −0.516 | Under 9 years of school | 75,717 | White-collar jobs | −0.490 |
| −0.265 | −0.349 | Under 9 years of school | 75,717 | Homeownership | −0.306 |
| 0.397 | 0.345 | Under 9 years of school | 75,717 | Poverty | 0.371 |
| 0.467 | 0.417 | Under 9 years of school | 75,717 | Below 150% of poverty | 0.443 |
| 0.194 | 0.157 | Under 9 years of school | 75,717 | Income disparity | 0.175 |
| 0.246 | 0.197 | Under 9 years of school | 75,717 | Unemployment | 0.222 |
| 0.366 | 0.315 | Under 9 years of school | 75,717 | Single parents | 0.341 |
| 0.266 | 0.161 | Under 9 years of school | 75,717 | No vehicle | 0.211 |
| 0.698 | 0.571 | Under 9 years of school | 75,717 | Crowding | 0.636 |
| 0.100 | 0.046 | Under 9 years of school | 75,717 | No plumbing | 0.071 |
| n/a | n/a | Under 9 years of school | n/a | Under 9 years of school | 1 |

Note: Cells toward the teal end of the key are positive correlations and cells toward the brown end negative ones. The diagonal is one by construction and has no interval.

Note: The correlations use the measures as the ACS reports them: dollars for the four dollar measures, proportions for the rest and the log ratio for income disparity. The staged ACS file has no margins of error.

Source: ACS 2019-2023 five-year tract estimates (staged ACS file and Census API pull of housing measures); population-weighted (ACS tract population)

Data: https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/anatomy-of-deprivation/figures/input_correlations.json

### Table 3. In raw units home value accounts for 74.3% of the variance of the score on its own and 85.4% with its covariance with income shared out, against 5.3% after standardization

Share of the population-weighted variance of the replica score allocated to each measure, same coefficients, measures in raw units and in standard deviation units, 75,717 tracts

#### Table 3.1. Raw units

In raw units home value and family income carry 99.2% of the variance of the score between them

Share of the variance of the score in raw units allocated to each measure, percent

| conf_high | conf_low | measure | n | share |
| ---: | ---: | --- | ---: | ---: |
| 86.99 | 83.08 | Home value | 75,717 | 85.40 |
| 16.52 | 12.64 | Family income | 75,717 | 14.23 |
| 0.245 | 0.213 | Mortgage cost | 75,717 | 0.226 |
| 0.164 | 0.143 | Gross rent | 75,717 | 0.152 |
| 0.000 | 0.000 | Income disparity | 75,717 | 0.000 |
| 0.000 | 0.000 | White-collar jobs | 75,717 | 0.000 |
| 0.000 | 0.000 | Below 150% of poverty | 75,717 | 0.000 |
| 0.000 | 0.000 | Poverty | 75,717 | 0.000 |
| 0.000 | 0.000 | Single parents | 75,717 | 0.000 |
| 0.000 | 0.000 | Under 9 years of school | 75,717 | 0.000 |
| 0.000 | 0.000 | No plumbing | 75,717 | 0.000 |
| 0.000 | 0.000 | Unemployment | 75,717 | 0.000 |
| 0.000 | 0.000 | Homeownership | 75,717 | 0.000 |
| 0.000 | 0.000 | Crowding | 75,717 | 0.000 |
| 0.000 | 0.000 | No vehicle | 75,717 | 0.000 |

#### Table 3.2. Standardized

After standardization no measure carries more than 12.4% of the variance of the score

Share of the variance of the score in standard deviation units allocated to each measure, percent

| conf_high | conf_low | measure | n | share |
| ---: | ---: | --- | ---: | ---: |
| 5.68 | 4.96 | Home value | 75,717 | 5.30 |
| 11.43 | 11.06 | Family income | 75,717 | 11.26 |
| 6.86 | 6.14 | Mortgage cost | 75,717 | 6.50 |
| 6.64 | 6.31 | Gross rent | 75,717 | 6.47 |
| 8.02 | 7.65 | Income disparity | 75,717 | 7.84 |
| 9.23 | 8.89 | White-collar jobs | 75,717 | 9.08 |
| 12.62 | 12.17 | Below 150% of poverty | 75,717 | 12.41 |
| 11.05 | 10.67 | Poverty | 75,717 | 10.88 |
| 5.98 | 5.66 | Single parents | 75,717 | 5.83 |
| 6.26 | 5.79 | Under 9 years of school | 75,717 | 6.03 |
| 2.73 | 2.50 | No plumbing | 75,717 | 2.62 |
| 5.30 | 4.91 | Unemployment | 75,717 | 5.11 |
| 4.34 | 3.97 | Homeownership | 75,717 | 4.16 |
| 3.22 | 2.76 | Crowding | 75,717 | 3.00 |
| 4.47 | 2.71 | No vehicle | 75,717 | 3.50 |

Note: Raw units: dollars for the four dollar measures, proportions between zero and one for the rest, and the log ratio for income disparity, as the Atlas applies Singh's coefficients. Standardized: each measure minus its population-weighted mean over its population-weighted standard deviation.

Note: The two measures that are not rebuilt (high school diploma and internet access) are proportions, so in raw units they would add little to the variance of the score.

Source: ACS 2019-2023 five-year tract estimates (staged ACS file and Census API pull of housing measures); Singh (2003) coefficients; population-weighted (ACS tract population)

Data: https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/anatomy-of-deprivation/figures/variance_by_measure.json

### Table 4. The published ADI correlates +0.991 with its raw-units replica and +0.72 with the standardized version of the same measures

Population-weighted rank correlations among six rankings of 2020 tracts, measures from ACS 2019 to 2023

| conf_high | conf_low | n | other | r | ranking |
| ---: | ---: | ---: | --- | ---: | --- |
| n/a | n/a | n/a | Published ADI | 1 | Published ADI |
| 0.992 | 0.990 | 75,717 | Replica, raw units | 0.991 | Published ADI |
| 0.773 | 0.659 | 75,717 | Replica, standardized | 0.720 | Published ADI |
| 0.800 | 0.703 | 75,717 | First principal component | 0.755 | Published ADI |
| 0.556 | 0.406 | 75,717 | SVI socioeconomic theme | 0.485 | Published ADI |
| 0.587 | 0.486 | 75,717 | Poverty rate | 0.539 | Published ADI |
| 0.992 | 0.990 | 75,717 | Published ADI | 0.991 | Replica, raw units |
| n/a | n/a | n/a | Replica, raw units | 1 | Replica, raw units |
| 0.789 | 0.680 | 75,717 | Replica, standardized | 0.738 | Replica, raw units |
| 0.817 | 0.723 | 75,717 | First principal component | 0.773 | Replica, raw units |
| 0.575 | 0.429 | 75,717 | SVI socioeconomic theme | 0.506 | Replica, raw units |
| 0.595 | 0.496 | 75,717 | Poverty rate | 0.548 | Replica, raw units |
| 0.773 | 0.659 | 75,717 | Published ADI | 0.720 | Replica, standardized |
| 0.789 | 0.680 | 75,717 | Replica, raw units | 0.738 | Replica, standardized |
| n/a | n/a | n/a | Replica, standardized | 1 | Replica, standardized |
| 0.998 | 0.996 | 75,717 | First principal component | 0.997 | Replica, standardized |
| 0.866 | 0.852 | 75,717 | SVI socioeconomic theme | 0.859 | Replica, standardized |
| 0.859 | 0.843 | 75,717 | Poverty rate | 0.851 | Replica, standardized |
| 0.800 | 0.703 | 75,717 | Published ADI | 0.755 | First principal component |
| 0.817 | 0.723 | 75,717 | Replica, raw units | 0.773 | First principal component |
| 0.998 | 0.996 | 75,717 | Replica, standardized | 0.997 | First principal component |
| n/a | n/a | n/a | First principal component | 1 | First principal component |
| 0.850 | 0.832 | 75,717 | SVI socioeconomic theme | 0.841 | First principal component |
| 0.853 | 0.836 | 75,717 | Poverty rate | 0.844 | First principal component |
| 0.556 | 0.406 | 75,717 | Published ADI | 0.485 | SVI socioeconomic theme |
| 0.575 | 0.429 | 75,717 | Replica, raw units | 0.506 | SVI socioeconomic theme |
| 0.866 | 0.852 | 75,717 | Replica, standardized | 0.859 | SVI socioeconomic theme |
| 0.850 | 0.832 | 75,717 | First principal component | 0.841 | SVI socioeconomic theme |
| n/a | n/a | n/a | SVI socioeconomic theme | 1 | SVI socioeconomic theme |
| 0.769 | 0.753 | 75,717 | Poverty rate | 0.761 | SVI socioeconomic theme |
| 0.587 | 0.486 | 75,717 | Published ADI | 0.539 | Poverty rate |
| 0.595 | 0.496 | 75,717 | Replica, raw units | 0.548 | Poverty rate |
| 0.859 | 0.843 | 75,717 | Replica, standardized | 0.851 | Poverty rate |
| 0.853 | 0.836 | 75,717 | First principal component | 0.844 | Poverty rate |
| 0.769 | 0.753 | 75,717 | SVI socioeconomic theme | 0.761 | Poverty rate |
| n/a | n/a | n/a | Poverty rate | 1 | Poverty rate |

Note: Each cell uses the tracts that have both rankings; pairs with the SVI socioeconomic theme use the tracts that also have an SVI value, and each cell's tooltip gives its tract count.

Note: The ranks are percentiles among those tracts, and each cell is the population-weighted Pearson correlation of the two percentile ranks (Spearman's rank correlation would count each tract once); the published ADI is the Atlas's block-group ranks averaged over each tract.

Source: Neighborhood Atlas ADI 2023; ACS 2019-2023; CDC/ATSDR Social Vulnerability Index 2022; population-weighted (ACS tract population) rank correlations

Data: https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/anatomy-of-deprivation/figures/index_family.json

### Table 5. The published ADI percentile minus the standardized percentile averages −16.5 in the highest-cost counties and +11.1 in the lowest-cost counties

Tract percentile on the published ADI against the percentile of the standardized replica score, by the cost of the tract's county, and the tracts with the largest gaps

#### Table 5.1. Tracts

At the same standardized percentile, tracts in the highest-cost counties have a lower published ADI than tracts in the lowest-cost counties

Published ADI against the standardized percentile, one dot per sampled tract, colored by the median home value of the tract's county

No inline rows: the values of Table 5.1 are in https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/data/anatomy-of-deprivation/adi_vs_standardized.json.

#### Table 5.2. Largest gaps

12 of the 15 tracts with the largest gaps are in New York City

Tracts with a high poverty rate where the published ADI percentile is furthest below the standardized percentile

| County | Residents | Poverty rate (%) | Median home value ($) | Published ADI (percentile) | Standardized score (percentile) |
| --- | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: |
| San Francisco, CA | 1,814 | 35.9 | 2,000,001 | 1 | 99.7 |
| Kings, NY | 5,261 | 41.2 | 1,767,400 | 2 | 98.1 |
| Kings, NY | 10,085 | 43.6 | 1,316,700 | 3 | 98.7 |
| Kings, NY | 1,861 | 48.4 | 1,010,000 | 6 | 99.8 |
| Los Angeles, CA | 2,168 | 35.9 | 1,137,500 | 6 | 99.7 |
| New York, NY | 4,755 | 32.0 | 2,000,001 | 1 | 94.3 |
| Bronx, NY | 5,460 | 46.4 | 1,044,300 | 7 | 98.7 |
| Queens, NY | 3,004 | 35.5 | 1,032,300 | 6 | 97.6 |
| Kings, NY | 4,887 | 45.1 | 1,138,600 | 5 | 96.6 |
| Kings, NY | 3,344 | 33.0 | 1,133,500 | 5 | 96.3 |
| Kings, NY | 2,902 | 31.8 | 1,179,700 | 5 | 95.9 |
| Kings, NY | 4,270 | 49.3 | 1,350,500 | 3 | 93.8 |
| Madison, ID | 12,195 | 63.3 | 2,000,001 | 1 | 91.6 |
| Kings, NY | 4,085 | 30.9 | 1,308,300 | 3 | 93.6 |
| New York, NY | 10,179 | 36.7 | 1,311,400 | 4 | 94.5 |

Note: Counties are grouped by their median home value into quartiles with equal numbers of residents; the middle two quartiles are drawn together in gray. Markers are population-weighted means of the published ADI within tenths of the standardized percentile for the lowest-cost and highest-cost groups, with 95% intervals from a bootstrap over counties; cells with few tracts are left out.

Note: The dots are a random sample of the frame's tracts drawn with a fixed seed (seed and share in the methods note); the means, intervals and the table use every tract.

Note: A tract's ACS medians rest on the homes and renters in the tract, which are few in some tracts, and the staged file has no margins of error; a college-town tract can show a high poverty rate because of student households. Each row illustrates what the formula does and is not an estimate of its tract's deprivation.

Source: Neighborhood Atlas ADI 2023; ACS 2019-2023; population-weighted (ACS tract population) binned means, modeled estimates

Data: https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/anatomy-of-deprivation/figures/adi_vs_standardized.json

### Table 6. The measures sort into housing money, economic hardship, and crowding with little schooling, which together hold 58.1% of their variance

Varimax-rotated loadings of the 15 standardized measures on 3 maximum-likelihood factors, 75,717 tracts, ACS 2019 to 2023

#### Table 6.1. Housing money

Home value, mortgage cost, family income, rent and white-collar work load on the housing money factor

Loadings on the housing money factor, which holds 24.7% of the variance of the measures

| loading | measure |
| ---: | --- |
| 0.930 | Mortgage cost |
| 0.900 | Home value |
| 0.750 | Gross rent |
| 0.750 | Family income |
| 0.640 | White-collar jobs |
| −0.370 | Below 150% of poverty |
| −0.290 | No plumbing |
| −0.270 | Single parents |
| −0.270 | Poverty |
| −0.250 | Income disparity |
| 0.160 | No vehicle |
| 0.100 | Crowding |
| −0.090 | Homeownership |
| −0.080 | Under 9 years of school |
| −0.060 | Unemployment |

#### Table 6.2. Economic hardship

The poverty rate, near-poverty share and income disparity load on the economic hardship factor

Loadings on the economic hardship factor, which holds 21.5% of the variance of the measures

| loading | measure |
| ---: | --- |
| 0.900 | Poverty |
| 0.860 | Below 150% of poverty |
| 0.570 | Income disparity |
| −0.560 | Homeownership |
| 0.470 | No vehicle |
| 0.410 | Unemployment |
| −0.410 | Family income |
| 0.400 | Single parents |
| −0.280 | White-collar jobs |
| 0.260 | Under 9 years of school |
| 0.260 | No plumbing |
| 0.230 | Crowding |
| −0.220 | Gross rent |
| −0.140 | Mortgage cost |
| −0.080 | Home value |

#### Table 6.3. Crowding and schooling

Crowding and the share of adults with little schooling load on the third factor

Loadings on the crowding and schooling factor, which holds 11.9% of the variance of the measures

| loading | measure |
| ---: | --- |
| 0.750 | Crowding |
| 0.720 | Under 9 years of school |
| −0.490 | White-collar jobs |
| 0.330 | Single parents |
| −0.320 | Family income |
| −0.300 | Homeownership |
| 0.260 | Below 150% of poverty |
| 0.190 | Unemployment |
| 0.150 | Poverty |
| 0.150 | No vehicle |
| 0.060 | Gross rent |
| 0.050 | Home value |
| 0.050 | Mortgage cost |
| −0.040 | No plumbing |
| 0.020 | Income disparity |

Note: Maximum-likelihood factor analysis of the population-weighted correlation matrix of the measures (the matrix in the first correlation figure), 3 factors chosen by the Kaiser criterion, varimax rotation. The fit starts from seeded random loadings and the solution does not depend on the seed. Each factor is signed so its largest loading is positive.

Note: The factors describe these measures, not deprivation in general: other measures would give other factors.

Source: ACS 2019-2023 five-year tract estimates (staged ACS file and Census API pull of housing measures); population-weighted (ACS tract population) correlation matrix

Data: https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/anatomy-of-deprivation/figures/three_factors.json

### Table 7. The published ADI tracks life expectancy about as closely as the standardized score does but upward mobility less closely, by 0.100 in correlation

Absolute population-weighted rank correlation of eight rankings with tract life expectancy at birth and with the adult income rank of children from low-income families, 71,874 and 75,667 tracts

| conf_high | conf_low | estimate | n | outcome | ranking |
| ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | --- | --- |
| 0.653 | 0.613 | 0.633 | 71,874 | Life expectancy at birth | First principal component |
| 0.607 | 0.566 | 0.587 | 75,667 | Upward mobility | First principal component |
| 0.638 | 0.601 | 0.620 | 71,874 | Life expectancy at birth | Replica, raw units |
| 0.520 | 0.466 | 0.492 | 75,667 | Upward mobility | Replica, raw units |
| 0.642 | 0.596 | 0.619 | 71,874 | Life expectancy at birth | Replica, standardized |
| 0.603 | 0.560 | 0.582 | 75,667 | Upward mobility | Replica, standardized |
| 0.633 | 0.594 | 0.615 | 71,874 | Life expectancy at birth | Published ADI |
| 0.511 | 0.455 | 0.483 | 75,667 | Upward mobility | Published ADI |
| 0.630 | 0.587 | 0.609 | 71,874 | Life expectancy at birth | Family income |
| 0.586 | 0.543 | 0.564 | 75,667 | Upward mobility | Family income |
| 0.605 | 0.563 | 0.584 | 71,874 | Life expectancy at birth | Home value |
| 0.473 | 0.415 | 0.443 | 75,667 | Upward mobility | Home value |
| 0.553 | 0.485 | 0.518 | 71,874 | Life expectancy at birth | SVI socioeconomic theme |
| 0.571 | 0.519 | 0.545 | 75,667 | Upward mobility | SVI socioeconomic theme |
| 0.529 | 0.484 | 0.508 | 71,874 | Life expectancy at birth | Poverty rate |
| 0.522 | 0.486 | 0.504 | 75,667 | Upward mobility | Poverty rate |

Note: Both outcomes were modeled and neither was an input to any ranking. Each outcome uses the tracts that have it and every ranking, and institutional tracts are dropped from the life expectancy comparison. USALEEP covers deaths in 2010 to 2015 and its 2020-tract file is interpolated from 2010 tracts; the Opportunity Atlas covers children born in 1978 to 1983 and its 2020-tract file is interpolated from 2010 tracts.

Note: Family income and home value enter as negative values so that a higher rank means more deprived. The SVI theme and the poverty rate are not Atlas products.

Source: Neighborhood Atlas ADI 2023; ACS 2019-2023; CDC/ATSDR Social Vulnerability Index 2022; NCHS USALEEP 2010-2015; Opportunity Atlas 1978-1983 birth cohorts; population-weighted (ACS tract population) rank correlations, modeled estimates

Data: https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/anatomy-of-deprivation/figures/index_vs_outcomes.json

### Table 8. 27% of residents live in a tract that holds the same tenth under the ADI and under median household income, and 63% are within one tenth

Residents by the tenth of their tract under the ADI (left) and under a second ranking (right), 1 = least deprived, tracts with every ranking, ACS 2019-2023

| Second ranking | Tenth by ADI | Tenth by the second ranking | Residents | Tracts |
| --- | --- | --- | ---: | ---: |
| income | 1 | 1 | 18,315,446 | 4186 |
| income | 1 | 2 | 5,637,323 | 1393 |
| income | 1 | 3 | 2,898,232 | 767 |
| income | 1 | 4 | 1,565,006 | 426 |
| income | 1 | 5 | 900,113 | 249 |
| income | 1 | 6 | 628,942 | 183 |
| income | 1 | 7 | 467,331 | 127 |
| income | 1 | 8 | 346,310 | 103 |
| income | 1 | 9 | 266,651 | 69 |
| income | 1 | 10 | 207,164 | 48 |
| income | 2 | 1 | 10,497,183 | 2141 |
| income | 2 | 2 | 8,183,210 | 1821 |
| income | 2 | 3 | 5,392,947 | 1255 |
| income | 2 | 4 | 3,261,379 | 788 |
| income | 2 | 5 | 2,209,812 | 557 |
| income | 2 | 6 | 1,351,790 | 346 |
| income | 2 | 7 | 923,588 | 248 |
| income | 2 | 8 | 756,431 | 188 |
| income | 2 | 9 | 578,848 | 147 |
| income | 2 | 10 | 281,047 | 72 |
| income | 3 | 1 | 5,060,411 | 997 |
| income | 3 | 2 | 10,515,141 | 2138 |
| income | 3 | 3 | 6,661,254 | 1467 |
| income | 3 | 4 | 4,544,760 | 1023 |
| income | 3 | 5 | 2,787,027 | 674 |
| income | 3 | 6 | 1,669,128 | 402 |
| income | 3 | 7 | 1,240,182 | 308 |
| income | 3 | 8 | 905,287 | 221 |
| income | 3 | 9 | 515,254 | 139 |
| income | 3 | 10 | 482,219 | 120 |
| income | 4 | 1 | 1,070,919 | 213 |
| income | 4 | 2 | 7,657,129 | 1564 |
| income | 4 | 3 | 8,386,020 | 1764 |
| income | 4 | 4 | 6,156,594 | 1359 |
| income | 4 | 5 | 4,459,269 | 1013 |
| income | 4 | 6 | 2,999,465 | 726 |
| income | 4 | 7 | 1,956,070 | 496 |
| income | 4 | 8 | 1,313,808 | 333 |
| income | 4 | 9 | 611,188 | 170 |
| income | 4 | 10 | 433,965 | 119 |
| income | 5 | 1 | 114,139 | 23 |
| income | 5 | 2 | 2,642,428 | 551 |
| income | 5 | 3 | 6,878,341 | 1473 |
| income | 5 | 4 | 7,293,341 | 1599 |
| income | 5 | 5 | 5,533,208 | 1265 |
| income | 5 | 6 | 3,855,944 | 905 |
| income | 5 | 7 | 2,942,717 | 705 |
| income | 5 | 8 | 2,002,193 | 491 |
| income | 5 | 9 | 1,202,613 | 311 |
| income | 5 | 10 | 603,800 | 162 |
| income | 6 | 2 | 340,298 | 84 |
| income | 6 | 3 | 2,996,424 | 683 |
| income | 6 | 4 | 6,569,679 | 1475 |
| income | 6 | 5 | 6,558,041 | 1527 |
| income | 6 | 6 | 5,668,073 | 1331 |
| income | 6 | 7 | 4,011,481 | 974 |
| income | 6 | 8 | 3,053,568 | 749 |
| income | 6 | 9 | 1,742,416 | 451 |
| income | 6 | 10 | 841,615 | 239 |
| income | 7 | 2 | 19,011 | 7 |
| income | 7 | 3 | 486,848 | 136 |
| income | 7 | 4 | 2,816,012 | 715 |
| income | 7 | 5 | 5,999,873 | 1462 |
| income | 7 | 6 | 6,735,729 | 1629 |
| income | 7 | 7 | 5,642,336 | 1386 |
| income | 7 | 8 | 4,435,676 | 1121 |
| income | 7 | 9 | 3,154,759 | 796 |
| income | 7 | 10 | 1,418,252 | 406 |
| income | 8 | 3 | 38,964 | 13 |
| income | 8 | 4 | 530,147 | 153 |
| income | 8 | 5 | 2,410,821 | 680 |
| income | 8 | 6 | 5,313,965 | 1406 |
| income | 8 | 7 | 6,505,213 | 1678 |
| income | 8 | 8 | 5,946,938 | 1565 |
| income | 8 | 9 | 4,752,221 | 1252 |
| income | 8 | 10 | 2,383,481 | 672 |
| income | 9 | 3 | 3,424 | 2 |
| income | 9 | 4 | 58,612 | 20 |
| income | 9 | 5 | 377,726 | 122 |
| income | 9 | 6 | 1,923,162 | 586 |
| income | 9 | 7 | 4,763,259 | 1382 |
| income | 9 | 8 | 6,991,709 | 2003 |
| income | 9 | 9 | 7,650,266 | 2130 |
| income | 9 | 10 | 4,742,772 | 1373 |
| income | 10 | 4 | 7,770 | 2 |
| income | 10 | 5 | 37,866 | 11 |
| income | 10 | 6 | 127,290 | 46 |
| income | 10 | 7 | 711,444 | 251 |
| income | 10 | 8 | 2,425,047 | 790 |
| income | 10 | 9 | 6,588,751 | 2095 |
| income | 10 | 10 | 12,809,305 | 4348 |
| home | 1 | 1 | 28,324,025 | 6924 |
| home | 1 | 2 | 2,899,010 | 625 |
| home | 1 | 3 | 9,483 | 2 |
| home | 2 | 1 | 2,389,563 | 589 |
| home | 2 | 2 | 26,303,664 | 5991 |
| home | 2 | 3 | 4,706,372 | 974 |
| home | 2 | 4 | 36,636 | 9 |
| home | 3 | 1 | 184,500 | 44 |
| home | 3 | 2 | 3,798,457 | 884 |
| home | 3 | 3 | 24,304,246 | 5323 |
| home | 3 | 4 | 6,013,780 | 1220 |
| home | 3 | 5 | 79,680 | 18 |
| home | 4 | 1 | 10,082 | 2 |
| home | 4 | 2 | 233,416 | 51 |
| home | 4 | 3 | 5,014,632 | 1188 |
| home | 4 | 4 | 22,522,022 | 5000 |
| home | 4 | 5 | 7,077,374 | 1472 |
| home | 4 | 6 | 186,901 | 44 |
| home | 5 | 1 | 4,438 | 2 |
| home | 5 | 2 | 18,536 | 6 |
| home | 5 | 3 | 269,665 | 59 |
| home | 5 | 4 | 5,325,964 | 1242 |
| home | 5 | 5 | 20,157,998 | 4547 |
| home | 5 | 6 | 7,034,217 | 1562 |
| home | 5 | 7 | 243,487 | 62 |
| home | 5 | 8 | 11,966 | 4 |
| home | 5 | 9 | 2,453 | 1 |
| home | 6 | 2 | 2,520 | 1 |
| home | 6 | 3 | 44,354 | 11 |
| home | 6 | 4 | 362,898 | 85 |
| home | 6 | 5 | 5,789,457 | 1408 |
| home | 6 | 6 | 18,759,565 | 4382 |
| home | 6 | 7 | 6,572,706 | 1560 |
| home | 6 | 8 | 237,089 | 63 |
| home | 6 | 9 | 4,329 | 1 |
| home | 6 | 10 | 8,677 | 2 |
| home | 7 | 3 | 2,205 | 1 |
| home | 7 | 4 | 32,975 | 10 |
| home | 7 | 5 | 449,675 | 113 |
| home | 7 | 6 | 5,882,774 | 1475 |
| home | 7 | 7 | 18,223,536 | 4480 |
| home | 7 | 8 | 5,916,739 | 1520 |
| home | 7 | 9 | 178,859 | 52 |
| home | 7 | 10 | 21,733 | 7 |
| home | 8 | 5 | 19,231 | 5 |
| home | 8 | 6 | 272,833 | 82 |
| home | 8 | 7 | 5,411,074 | 1415 |
| home | 8 | 8 | 17,868,157 | 4688 |
| home | 8 | 9 | 4,207,057 | 1199 |
| home | 8 | 10 | 103,398 | 30 |
| home | 9 | 5 | 7,597 | 1 |
| home | 9 | 6 | 6,229 | 2 |
| home | 9 | 7 | 130,452 | 41 |
| home | 9 | 8 | 4,616,359 | 1282 |
| home | 9 | 9 | 18,741,594 | 5328 |
| home | 9 | 10 | 3,008,699 | 964 |
| home | 10 | 8 | 26,522 | 10 |
| home | 10 | 9 | 3,221,803 | 978 |
| home | 10 | 10 | 19,459,148 | 6555 |

Views: Household income (to_ranking = income); Home value (to_ranking = home).

Note: Tenths are cut among the tracts with every ranking, each tract counted once, and the bands count the residents of those tracts. Median household income and median home value rank the lowest value as most deprived.

Source: Area Deprivation Index 2023 and ACS 2019-2023 tract tables (B19013, B25077); residents from ACS 2019-2023; full counts of residents

Data: https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/anatomy-of-deprivation/figures/rank_flows.json

## All estimates

Every fact in facts.json (91), sorted by id.

| Fact id | Value | Unit | Estimand | Population | Period | Interval | n | Weights | Source | Note |
| --- | ---: | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---: | --- | --- | --- |
| alt_changed_std | 1 | chapters | counted main gradients that change under the standardized index | the main gradients of the chapters counted by the ranking switch rule | as in each chapter |   |   | none (count of chapters) | Area Deprivation Index |   |
| alt_n_counted | 16 | chapters | chapters whose main gradient enters the count of the rule | the main gradients of the chapters counted by the ranking switch rule | as in each chapter |   |   | none (count of chapters) | Area Deprivation Index |   |
| alt_switch_changes | 4 | chapters | rule: changed main gradients under the standardized index that switch the ranking | the main gradients of the chapters counted by the ranking switch rule | as in each chapter |   |   | none (count of chapters) | Area Deprivation Index |   |
| cty_hv_cut_high | $450,562 | dollars | 75th percentile of county median home value, counties weighted by population in the frame | counties, weighted by the population of their tracts in the frame | ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release |   |   | ACS 2019-2023 tract population | American Community Survey |   |
| cty_hv_cut_low | $216,301 | dollars | 25th percentile of county median home value, counties weighted by population in the frame | counties, weighted by the population of their tracts in the frame | ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release |   |   | ACS 2019-2023 tract population | American Community Survey |   |
| cum3 | 66.0% | percent of the variance of the measures | share of the variance of the 15 standardized measures carried by the first principal components with an eigenvalue above 1, interval from a bootstrap over counties (Connecticut planning regions stand in for counties) | residents of the tracts in the frame (50 states and DC; a published ADI rank, a population and all rebuilt measures) | ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release | 95% CI 65.3% to 66.9% | 75,717 tracts | ACS 2019-2023 tract population | American Community Survey |   |
| diff_kfr_income_adi | 0.082 | difference in absolute rank correlation | absolute correlation of negative median family income with the mean adult household income rank of children raised by parents at the 25th income percentile minus that of the published ADI, on the same tracts, interval from paired draws of a bootstrap over counties (Connecticut planning regions stand in for counties) | tracts with an Opportunity Atlas rank for children from low-income families, in the frame | children born 1978 to 1983, household income measured in 2014 to 2015; rankings from ACS 2019 to 2023 | 95% CI 0.063 to 0.101 | 75,667 tracts | ACS 2019-2023 tract population | Opportunity Atlas |   |
| diff_kfr_pc1_inc | 0.023 | difference in absolute rank correlation | absolute correlation of the first principal component of the standardized measures with mean adult household income rank of children raised by parents at the 25th income percentile minus that of negative median family income, on the same tracts, interval from paired draws of a bootstrap over counties (Connecticut planning regions stand in for counties) | tracts with an Opportunity Atlas rank for children from low-income families, in the frame | children born 1978 to 1983, household income measured in 2014 to 2015; rankings from ACS 2019 to 2023 | 95% CI 0.017 to 0.029 | 75,667 tracts | ACS 2019-2023 tract population | Opportunity Atlas |   |
| diff_kfr_pov_adi | 0.021 | difference in absolute rank correlation | absolute correlation of the poverty rate with the mean adult household income rank of children raised by parents at the 25th income percentile minus that of the published ADI, on the same tracts, interval from paired draws of a bootstrap over counties (Connecticut planning regions stand in for counties) | tracts with an Opportunity Atlas rank for children from low-income families, in the frame | children born 1978 to 1983, household income measured in 2014 to 2015; rankings from ACS 2019 to 2023 | 95% CI −0.002 to 0.044 | 75,667 tracts | ACS 2019-2023 tract population | Opportunity Atlas |   |
| diff_kfr_std_adi | 0.100 | difference in absolute rank correlation | absolute correlation of the standardized replica with mean adult household income rank of children raised by parents at the 25th income percentile minus that of the published ADI, on the same tracts, interval from paired draws of a bootstrap over counties (Connecticut planning regions stand in for counties) | tracts with an Opportunity Atlas rank for children from low-income families, in the frame | children born 1978 to 1983, household income measured in 2014 to 2015; rankings from ACS 2019 to 2023 | 95% CI 0.076 to 0.123 | 75,667 tracts | ACS 2019-2023 tract population | Opportunity Atlas |   |
| diff_kfr_std_inc | 0.018 | difference in absolute rank correlation | absolute correlation of the standardized replica score with mean adult household income rank of children raised by parents at the 25th income percentile minus that of negative median family income, on the same tracts, interval from paired draws of a bootstrap over counties (Connecticut planning regions stand in for counties) | tracts with an Opportunity Atlas rank for children from low-income families, in the frame | children born 1978 to 1983, household income measured in 2014 to 2015; rankings from ACS 2019 to 2023 | 95% CI 0.010 to 0.026 | 75,667 tracts | ACS 2019-2023 tract population | Opportunity Atlas |   |
| diff_le_inc_adi | −0.006 | difference in absolute rank correlation | absolute correlation of negative median family income with life expectancy at birth minus that of the published ADI, on the same tracts, interval from paired draws of a bootstrap over counties (Connecticut planning regions stand in for counties) | tracts with a life expectancy estimate that are not institutional tracts, in the frame | life expectancy for deaths in 2010 to 2015; rankings from ACS 2019 to 2023 | 95% CI −0.022 to 0.012 | 71,874 tracts | ACS 2019-2023 tract population | USALEEP life expectancy |   |
| diff_le_pc1_inc | 0.025 | difference in absolute rank correlation | absolute correlation of the first principal component of the standardized measures with life expectancy at birth minus that of negative median family income, on the same tracts, interval from paired draws of a bootstrap over counties (Connecticut planning regions stand in for counties) | tracts with a life expectancy estimate that are not institutional tracts, in the frame | life expectancy for deaths in 2010 to 2015; rankings from ACS 2019 to 2023 | 95% CI 0.019 to 0.031 | 71,874 tracts | ACS 2019-2023 tract population | USALEEP life expectancy |   |
| diff_le_std_adi | 0.005 | difference in absolute rank correlation | absolute correlation of the standardized replica with life expectancy at birth minus that of the published ADI, on the same tracts, interval from paired draws of a bootstrap over counties (Connecticut planning regions stand in for counties) | tracts with a life expectancy estimate that are not institutional tracts, in the frame | life expectancy for deaths in 2010 to 2015; rankings from ACS 2019 to 2023 | 95% CI −0.015 to 0.027 | 71,874 tracts | ACS 2019-2023 tract population | USALEEP life expectancy |   |
| diff_le_std_inc | 0.010 | difference in absolute rank correlation | absolute correlation of the standardized replica score with life expectancy at birth minus that of negative median family income, on the same tracts, interval from paired draws of a bootstrap over counties (Connecticut planning regions stand in for counties) | tracts with a life expectancy estimate that are not institutional tracts, in the frame | life expectancy for deaths in 2010 to 2015; rankings from ACS 2019 to 2023 | 95% CI 0.002 to 0.020 | 71,874 tracts | ACS 2019-2023 tract population | USALEEP life expectancy |   |
| disp_q1 | +11.1 | percentile points, published ADI minus standardized replica | population-weighted mean of the published tract ADI minus the percentile of the standardized replica score among the tracts of the frame, interval from a bootstrap over counties (Connecticut planning regions stand in for counties) | residents of tracts in the lowest-cost quartile of residents' counties, by county median home value | ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release | 95% CI 10.5 to 11.6 | 22,023 tracts | ACS 2019-2023 tract population | Area Deprivation Index |   |
| disp_q4 | −16.5 | percentile points, published ADI minus standardized replica | population-weighted mean of the published tract ADI minus the percentile of the standardized replica score among the tracts of the frame, interval from a bootstrap over counties (Connecticut planning regions stand in for counties) | residents of tracts in the highest-cost quartile of residents' counties, by county median home value | ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release | 95% CI −21.3 to −11.5 | 17,638 tracts | ACS 2019-2023 tract population | Area Deprivation Index |   |
| evr1_std | 39.6% | percent of the variance of the measures | share of the variance of the standardized measures carried by the first principal component, interval from a bootstrap over counties (Connecticut planning regions stand in for counties) | residents of the tracts in the frame (50 states and DC; a published ADI rank, a population and all rebuilt measures) | ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release | 95% CI 38.4% to 41.1% | 75,717 tracts | ACS 2019-2023 tract population | American Community Survey |   |
| fa_share_crowd | 11.9% | percent of the variance of the measures | sum of squared varimax loadings of factor 3 divided by the number of measures, from a maximum-likelihood factor model of the population-weighted correlation matrix; a description of the whole frame, so no sampling interval | residents of the tracts in the frame (50 states and DC; a published ADI rank, a population and all rebuilt measures) | ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release |   | 75,717 tracts | ACS 2019-2023 tract population | American Community Survey |   |
| fa_share_hardship | 21.5% | percent of the variance of the measures | sum of squared varimax loadings of factor 2 divided by the number of measures, from a maximum-likelihood factor model of the population-weighted correlation matrix; a description of the whole frame, so no sampling interval | residents of the tracts in the frame (50 states and DC; a published ADI rank, a population and all rebuilt measures) | ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release |   | 75,717 tracts | ACS 2019-2023 tract population | American Community Survey |   |
| fa_share_money | 24.7% | percent of the variance of the measures | sum of squared varimax loadings of factor 1 divided by the number of measures, from a maximum-likelihood factor model of the population-weighted correlation matrix; a description of the whole frame, so no sampling interval | residents of the tracts in the frame (50 states and DC; a published ADI rank, a population and all rebuilt measures) | ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release |   | 75,717 tracts | ACS 2019-2023 tract population | American Community Survey |   |
| fa_total | 58.1% | percent of the variance of the measures | sum of the squared loadings of the three factors divided by the number of measures; a description of the whole frame, so no sampling interval | residents of the tracts in the frame (50 states and DC; a published ADI rank, a population and all rebuilt measures) | ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release |   | 75,717 tracts | ACS 2019-2023 tract population | American Community Survey |   |
| flow_near_home | 99% | percent of residents | share of residents whose tract holds the same or an adjacent tenth under the ADI and under median home value (tenths of tracts) | residents of the tracts with all rankings of b2.rankings | ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release |   |   | ACS 2019-2023 tract population | American Community Survey |   |
| flow_near_income | 63% | percent of residents | share of residents whose tract holds the same or an adjacent tenth under the ADI and under median household income (tenths of tracts) | residents of the tracts with all rankings of b2.rankings | ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release |   |   | ACS 2019-2023 tract population | American Community Survey |   |
| flow_same_home | 70% | percent of residents | share of residents whose tract holds the same tenth under the ADI and under median home value (tenths of tracts) | residents of the tracts with all rankings of b2.rankings | ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release |   |   | ACS 2019-2023 tract population | American Community Survey |   |
| flow_same_income | 27% | percent of residents | share of residents whose tract holds the same tenth under the ADI and under median household income (tenths of tracts) | residents of the tracts with all rankings of b2.rankings | ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release |   |   | ACS 2019-2023 tract population | American Community Survey |   |
| hp_threshold | 30% | percent of persons below the poverty line | poverty rate at or above which a tract is called high-poverty; a definition | tracts called high-poverty in this chapter | ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release |   |   | none (definition) | American Community Survey |   |
| hv_inc_var_share | 99.2% | percent of the variance of the score | variance of the sum of the home value and family income terms (Singh's coefficients times the measures in their own units) as a share of the variance of the score, with no covariance with the other terms allocated to it; interval from a bootstrap over counties (Connecticut planning regions stand in for counties) | residents of the tracts in the frame (50 states and DC; a published ADI rank, a population and all rebuilt measures) | ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release | 95% CI 99.2% to 99.3% | 75,717 tracts | ACS 2019-2023 tract population | Area Deprivation Index |   |
| hv_own_share | 74.3% | percent of the variance of the score | variance of the home value term alone (Singh's coefficients times the measures in their own units) as a share of the variance of the score, with no covariance with the other terms allocated to it; interval from a bootstrap over counties (Connecticut planning regions stand in for counties) | residents of the tracts in the frame (50 states and DC; a published ADI rank, a population and all rebuilt measures) | ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release | 95% CI 70.5% to 77.0% | 75,717 tracts | ACS 2019-2023 tract population | Area Deprivation Index |   |
| hv_share | 85.4% | percent of the variance of the score | share of the population-weighted variance of the score (Singh's coefficients times the measures in their own units) allocated to median home value: the covariance of that measure's term with the score divided by the score's variance, so each covariance between two terms is shared equally between them and the shares add to the whole; interval from a bootstrap over counties (Connecticut planning regions stand in for counties) | residents of the tracts in the frame (50 states and DC; a published ADI rank, a population and all rebuilt measures) | ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release | 95% CI 83.1% to 87.0% | 75,717 tracts | ACS 2019-2023 tract population | Area Deprivation Index | An allocated share: the covariance of the home value and family income terms is shared between them. The first edition's fact of this id was home value's share of the variance of the raw inputs, a different quantity; hv_own_share gives the variance of the home value term alone. |
| hv_share_std | 5.3% | percent of the variance of the score | share of the population-weighted variance of the score (Singh's coefficients times the measures in standard deviation units) allocated to median home value: the covariance of that measure's term with the score divided by the score's variance, so each covariance between two terms is shared equally between them and the shares add to the whole; interval from a bootstrap over counties (Connecticut planning regions stand in for counties) | residents of the tracts in the frame (50 states and DC; a published ADI rank, a population and all rebuilt measures) | ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release | 95% CI 5.0% to 5.7% | 75,717 tracts | ACS 2019-2023 tract population | Area Deprivation Index |   |
| inc_share_raw | 14.2% | percent of the variance of the score | share of the population-weighted variance of the score (Singh's coefficients times the measures in their own units) allocated to median family income: the covariance of that measure's term with the score divided by the score's variance, so each covariance between two terms is shared equally between them and the shares add to the whole; interval from a bootstrap over counties (Connecticut planning regions stand in for counties) | residents of the tracts in the frame (50 states and DC; a published ADI rank, a population and all rebuilt measures) | ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release | 95% CI 12.6% to 16.5% | 75,717 tracts | ACS 2019-2023 tract population | Area Deprivation Index |   |
| lost_tenure_share | 90.0% | percent of tracts | share of those tracts that lack a median gross rent, median home value or median mortgage cost, which the ACS leaves out where a tract has almost no renters or almost no owners | tracts with a published ADI rank and a population above zero that lack at least one of the 15 measures | ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release |   | 7,067 tracts | none (full count) | American Community Survey |   |
| max_share_std | 12.4% | percent of the variance of the score | share of the population-weighted variance of the score (Singh's coefficients times the measures in standard deviation units) allocated to the measure with the largest share, share below 150 percent of the poverty line: the covariance of that measure's term with the score divided by the score's variance, so each covariance between two terms is shared equally between them and the shares add to the whole; interval from a bootstrap over counties (Connecticut planning regions stand in for counties) | residents of the tracts in the frame (50 states and DC; a published ADI rank, a population and all rebuilt measures) | ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release | 95% CI 12.2% to 12.6% | 75,717 tracts | ACS 2019-2023 tract population | Area Deprivation Index |   |
| min_stark_pop | 1,000 | residents | smallest tract population listed; a definition | tracts eligible for the table of the largest gaps | ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release |   |   | none (definition) | American Community Survey |   |
| n_big | 5,049 | tracts | count of eligible tracts | high-poverty tracts of the frame with at least the minimum population | ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release |   |   | none (full count) | American Community Survey |   |
| n_dollar | 4 | census measures | count of dollar-denominated measures; a definition | measures of the index that are dollar amounts (median family income, home value, gross rent and monthly mortgage cost) | 2023 release of the ADI (ACS 2019 to 2023) |   |   | none (definition) | Area Deprivation Index |   |
| n_hp | 5,100 | tracts | count of tracts | tracts of the frame with a poverty rate at or above the high-poverty threshold | ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release |   |   | none (full count) | American Community Survey |   |
| n_hp_all | 6,718 | tracts | count of tracts | tracts with a published ADI rank, a population and a poverty rate at or above the high-poverty threshold, whether or not they have all rebuilt measures | ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release |   |   | none (full count) | Area Deprivation Index |   |
| n_kaiser | 3 | factors | number of eigenvalues above 1 of the population-weighted correlation matrix of the 15 measures (the Kaiser criterion); the count is the same in every bootstrap replicate | residents of the tracts in the frame (50 states and DC; a published ADI rank, a population and all rebuilt measures) | ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release |   | 75,717 tracts | ACS 2019-2023 tract population | American Community Survey |   |
| n_kfr | 75,667 | tracts | count of tracts in the comparison, the same for every ranking in it | tracts with an Opportunity Atlas rank for children from low-income families, in the frame | children born 1978 to 1983, household income measured in 2014 to 2015; rankings from ACS 2019 to 2023 |   |   | none (full count) | Opportunity Atlas |   |
| n_le | 71,874 | tracts | count of tracts in the comparison, the same for every ranking in it | tracts with a life expectancy estimate that are not institutional tracts, in the frame | life expectancy for deaths in 2010 to 2015; rankings from ACS 2019 to 2023 |   |   | none (full count) | USALEEP life expectancy |   |
| n_measures | 17 | census measures | count of measures in the index; a definition | measures in Singh's deprivation index as the Neighborhood Atlas applies it (since the 2020 release it counts households without internet where Singh counted households without a telephone) | 2023 release of the ADI (ACS 2019 to 2023) |   |   | none (definition) | Area Deprivation Index |   |
| n_not_rebuilt | 2 | census measures | count of measures not rebuilt; a definition | measures of the index not rebuilt here (adults with at least a high school diploma and households without internet or, in Singh's list, a telephone) | ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release |   |   | none (definition) | Area Deprivation Index |   |
| n_rebuilt | 15 | census measures | count of measures rebuilt from the staged ACS tract file and the Census API pull of housing measures; a definition | measures of the index rebuilt here for 2020 census tracts | ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release |   |   | none (definition) | American Community Survey |   |
| n_sample | 3,000 | tracts | size of a random sample of the frame's tracts drawn with a fixed seed; the statistics use every tract | tracts in the scatter plot | ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release |   | 75,717 tracts | none (sample size) | Area Deprivation Index |   |
| n_stark | 15 | tracts | number of rows in the table; a definition | tracts in the table of the largest gaps | ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release |   |   | none (definition) | Area Deprivation Index |   |
| n_stark_nyc | 12 | tracts | count of the listed tracts in the five boroughs of New York City (Kings, New York, Bronx, Queens and Richmond counties) | tracts in the table of the largest gaps | ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release |   |   | none (full count) | Area Deprivation Index |   |
| n_states | 50 | states | count of states; a definition | states of the frame, besides the District of Columbia | ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release |   |   | none (definition) | American Community Survey |   |
| n_topcoded_hv | 495 | tracts | count of tracts at the top code | tracts of the frame whose median home value is the ACS top code (2,000,001 dollars) | ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release |   |   | none (full count) | American Community Survey |   |
| n_tracts | 75,717 | tracts | count of tracts in the frame | 2020 census tracts with a published ADI rank, a population and all 15 rebuilt measures | ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release |   |   | none (full count) | American Community Survey |   |
| n_tracts_rank | 82,784 | tracts | count of tracts | 2020 census tracts with a published ADI rank and an ACS population above zero | ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release |   |   | none (full count) | Area Deprivation Index |   |
| other_share_raw | 0.0003% | percent of the variance of the score | share of the population-weighted variance of the score (Singh's coefficients times the measures in their own units) allocated to the measures that are not dollar amounts, together: the covariance of that measure's term with the score divided by the score's variance, so each covariance between two terms is shared equally between them and the shares add to the whole; interval from a bootstrap over counties (Connecticut planning regions stand in for counties) | residents of the tracts in the frame (50 states and DC; a published ADI rank, a population and all rebuilt measures) | ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release | 95% CI 0.0002% to 0.0003% | 75,717 tracts | ACS 2019-2023 tract population | Area Deprivation Index |   |
| pop_frame_share | 93.0% | percent of residents | share of those residents who live in tracts of the frame | residents of tracts with a published ADI rank and a population above zero | ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release |   |   | ACS 2019-2023 tract population (full count of tract populations) | American Community Survey |   |
| pop_hp | 17.2 million | residents | sum of ACS tract population | residents of the high-poverty tracts of the frame | ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release |   |   | none (full count) | American Community Survey |   |
| r_crowd_edu | +0.64 | correlation coefficient | population-weighted Pearson correlation between tract crowding and tract share of adults with under 9 years of schooling in their own units, interval from a bootstrap over counties (Connecticut planning regions stand in for counties) | residents of the tracts in the frame (50 states and DC; a published ADI rank, a population and all rebuilt measures) | ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release | 95% CI 0.57 to 0.70 | 75,717 tracts | ACS 2019-2023 tract population | American Community Survey |   |
| r_hv_mortgage | +0.86 | correlation coefficient | population-weighted Pearson correlation between tract median home value and tract median monthly mortgage cost in their own units, interval from a bootstrap over counties (Connecticut planning regions stand in for counties) | residents of the tracts in the frame (50 states and DC; a published ADI rank, a population and all rebuilt measures) | ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release | 95% CI 0.85 to 0.87 | 75,717 tracts | ACS 2019-2023 tract population | American Community Survey |   |
| r_hv_pov | −0.31 | correlation coefficient | population-weighted Pearson correlation between tract median home value and tract poverty rate in their own units, interval from a bootstrap over counties (Connecticut planning regions stand in for counties) | residents of the tracts in the frame (50 states and DC; a published ADI rank, a population and all rebuilt measures) | ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release | 95% CI −0.36 to −0.27 | 75,717 tracts | ACS 2019-2023 tract population | American Community Survey |   |
| r_hv_rent | +0.71 | correlation coefficient | population-weighted Pearson correlation between tract median home value and tract median gross rent in their own units, interval from a bootstrap over counties (Connecticut planning regions stand in for counties) | residents of the tracts in the frame (50 states and DC; a published ADI rank, a population and all rebuilt measures) | ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release | 95% CI 0.68 to 0.74 | 75,717 tracts | ACS 2019-2023 tract population | American Community Survey |   |
| r_inc_pov | −0.61 | correlation coefficient | population-weighted Pearson correlation between tract median family income and tract poverty rate in their own units, interval from a bootstrap over counties (Connecticut planning regions stand in for counties) | residents of the tracts in the frame (50 states and DC; a published ADI rank, a population and all rebuilt measures) | ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release | 95% CI −0.62 to −0.59 | 75,717 tracts | ACS 2019-2023 tract population | American Community Survey |   |
| r_unstd_homevalue | −0.987 | rank correlation coefficient | population-weighted correlation of the percentile ranks of the raw-units replica score and of median home value, interval from a bootstrap over counties (Connecticut planning regions stand in for counties) | residents of the tracts in the frame (50 states and DC; a published ADI rank, a population and all rebuilt measures) | ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release | 95% CI −0.989 to −0.986 | 75,717 tracts | ACS 2019-2023 tract population | Area Deprivation Index |   |
| rank_cut | 50th | national percentile | percentile cutoff; a definition | rank at or below which a tract counts as among the less deprived | ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release |   |   | none (definition) | Area Deprivation Index |   |
| rho_adi_homevalue | −0.988 | rank correlation coefficient | population-weighted correlation of the percentile ranks of the published tract ADI and of median home value, interval from a bootstrap over counties (Connecticut planning regions stand in for counties) | residents of the tracts in the frame (50 states and DC; a published ADI rank, a population and all rebuilt measures) | ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release | 95% CI −0.989 to −0.986 | 75,717 tracts | ACS 2019-2023 tract population | Area Deprivation Index |   |
| rho_std_adi | +0.72 | rank correlation coefficient | population-weighted correlation of the percentile ranks of the published tract ADI and of the replica score in standard deviation units, interval from a bootstrap over counties (Connecticut planning regions stand in for counties) | residents of the tracts in the frame (50 states and DC; a published ADI rank, a population and all rebuilt measures) | ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release | 95% CI 0.66 to 0.77 | 75,717 tracts | ACS 2019-2023 tract population | Area Deprivation Index | Counting each tract once gives +0.73. |
| rho_std_adi_17 | +0.71 | rank correlation coefficient | population-weighted correlation of the percentile ranks of the published tract ADI and of the standardized replica score of all 17 measures, with adults with at least a high school diploma (coefficient -0.0970, from the SVI share without a diploma) and households without internet (the telephone measure's coefficient, 0.0877, an assumption because the Atlas does not publish one for internet) added; interval from a bootstrap over counties (Connecticut planning regions stand in for counties) | residents of the tracts in the frame, which all have the two SVI measures | SVI 2022 measures (ACS 2018 to 2022) added to the ACS 2019 to 2023 measures; ADI 2023 release | 95% CI 0.65 to 0.77 | 75,717 tracts | ACS 2019-2023 tract population | CDC/ATSDR Social Vulnerability Index |   |
| rho_std_homevalue | −0.66 | rank correlation coefficient | population-weighted correlation of the percentile ranks of the standardized replica score and of median home value, interval from a bootstrap over counties (Connecticut planning regions stand in for counties) | residents of the tracts in the frame (50 states and DC; a published ADI rank, a population and all rebuilt measures) | ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release | 95% CI −0.71 to −0.60 | 75,717 tracts | ACS 2019-2023 tract population | Area Deprivation Index |   |
| rho_unstd_adi | +0.991 | rank correlation coefficient | population-weighted correlation of the percentile ranks of the published tract ADI and of the replica score in raw units, interval from a bootstrap over counties (Connecticut planning regions stand in for counties) | residents of the tracts in the frame (50 states and DC; a published ADI rank, a population and all rebuilt measures) | ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release | 95% CI 0.990 to 0.992 | 75,717 tracts | ACS 2019-2023 tract population | Area Deprivation Index | Counting each tract once gives +0.992. |
| rho_unstd_adi_17 | +0.991 | rank correlation coefficient | population-weighted correlation of the percentile ranks of the published tract ADI and of the raw-units replica score of all 17 measures, with adults with at least a high school diploma (coefficient -0.0970, from the SVI share without a diploma) and households without internet (the telephone measure's coefficient, 0.0877, an assumption because the Atlas does not publish one for internet) added; interval from a bootstrap over counties (Connecticut planning regions stand in for counties) | residents of the tracts in the frame, which all have the two SVI measures | SVI 2022 measures (ACS 2018 to 2022) added to the ACS 2019 to 2023 measures; ADI 2023 release | 95% CI 0.990 to 0.992 | 75,717 tracts | ACS 2019-2023 tract population | CDC/ATSDR Social Vulnerability Index |   |
| rho_weights | +0.997 | rank correlation coefficient | population-weighted correlation of the percentile ranks of Singh's coefficients applied to standardized measures and of the first principal component of the same measures, interval from a bootstrap over counties (Connecticut planning regions stand in for counties) | residents of the tracts in the frame (50 states and DC; a published ADI rank, a population and all rebuilt measures) | ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release | 95% CI 0.996 to 0.998 | 75,717 tracts | ACS 2019-2023 tract population | Area Deprivation Index |   |
| rm_share_raw | 0.38% | percent of the variance of the score | share of the population-weighted variance of the score (Singh's coefficients times the measures in their own units) allocated to median gross rent and the monthly mortgage cost, together: the covariance of that measure's term with the score divided by the score's variance, so each covariance between two terms is shared equally between them and the shares add to the whole; interval from a bootstrap over counties (Connecticut planning regions stand in for counties) | residents of the tracts in the frame (50 states and DC; a published ADI rank, a population and all rebuilt measures) | ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release | 95% CI 0.36% to 0.41% | 75,717 tracts | ACS 2019-2023 tract population | Area Deprivation Index |   |
| sh_hp_lowadi | 16.1% | percent of residents | share of residents of high-poverty tracts who live in tracts at or below the 50th percentile on the published ADI (percentile among the tracts of the frame for the replica), interval from a bootstrap over counties (Connecticut planning regions stand in for counties) | residents of high-poverty tracts of the frame | ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release | 95% CI 11.3% to 21.4% | 5,100 tracts | ACS 2019-2023 tract population | Area Deprivation Index |   |
| sh_hp_lowadi_all | 20.6% | percent of residents | share of residents of high-poverty tracts who live in tracts at or below the 50th percentile on the published ADI, interval from a bootstrap over counties (Connecticut planning regions stand in for counties) | residents of high-poverty tracts with a published ADI rank, whether or not they have all rebuilt measures | ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release | 95% CI 14.1% to 27.9% | 6,718 tracts | ACS 2019-2023 tract population | Area Deprivation Index |   |
| sh_hp_lowrep | 15.8% | percent of residents | share of residents of high-poverty tracts who live in tracts at or below the 50th percentile on the replica score in raw units (percentile among the tracts of the frame for the replica), interval from a bootstrap over counties (Connecticut planning regions stand in for counties) | residents of high-poverty tracts of the frame | ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release | 95% CI 11.0% to 20.7% | 5,100 tracts | ACS 2019-2023 tract population | Area Deprivation Index |   |
| sh_hp_lowstd | 0.34% | percent of residents | share of residents of high-poverty tracts who live in tracts at or below the 50th percentile on the replica score in standard deviation units (percentile among the tracts of the frame for the replica), interval from a bootstrap over counties (Connecticut planning regions stand in for counties) | residents of high-poverty tracts of the frame | ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release | 95% CI 0.15% to 0.55% | 5,100 tracts | ACS 2019-2023 tract population | Area Deprivation Index |   |
| sh_hp_lowstd_17 | 0.61% | percent of residents | share of residents of high-poverty tracts who live in tracts at or below the 50th percentile of the standardized replica score of all 17 measures (percentile among the tracts of the frame), interval from a bootstrap over counties (Connecticut planning regions stand in for counties) | residents of high-poverty tracts of the frame | SVI 2022 measures (ACS 2018 to 2022) added to the ACS 2019 to 2023 measures; ADI 2023 release | 95% CI 0.32% to 0.93% | 5,100 tracts | ACS 2019-2023 tract population | CDC/ATSDR Social Vulnerability Index |   |
| tracts_all | 84,415 | tracts | count of tracts | 2020 census tracts of the 50 states and DC in the staged ADI file (Puerto Rico left out) | ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release |   |   | none (full count) | Area Deprivation Index |   |
| val_kfr_adi | 0.483 | absolute rank correlation coefficient | absolute value of the population-weighted correlation between the percentile rank of the published ADI (higher means more deprived) and the percentile rank of mean adult household income rank of children raised by parents at the 25th income percentile, interval from a bootstrap over counties (Connecticut planning regions stand in for counties) | tracts with an Opportunity Atlas rank for children from low-income families, in the frame | children born 1978 to 1983, household income measured in 2014 to 2015; rankings from ACS 2019 to 2023 | 95% CI 0.455 to 0.511 | 75,667 tracts | ACS 2019-2023 tract population | Opportunity Atlas |   |
| val_kfr_home_value | 0.443 | absolute rank correlation coefficient | absolute value of the population-weighted correlation between the percentile rank of negative median home value (higher means more deprived) and the percentile rank of mean adult household income rank of children raised by parents at the 25th income percentile, interval from a bootstrap over counties (Connecticut planning regions stand in for counties) | tracts with an Opportunity Atlas rank for children from low-income families, in the frame | children born 1978 to 1983, household income measured in 2014 to 2015; rankings from ACS 2019 to 2023 | 95% CI 0.415 to 0.473 | 75,667 tracts | ACS 2019-2023 tract population | Opportunity Atlas |   |
| val_kfr_idx_std | 0.582 | absolute rank correlation coefficient | absolute value of the population-weighted correlation between the percentile rank of the replica score in standard deviation units (higher means more deprived) and the percentile rank of mean adult household income rank of children raised by parents at the 25th income percentile, interval from a bootstrap over counties (Connecticut planning regions stand in for counties) | tracts with an Opportunity Atlas rank for children from low-income families, in the frame | children born 1978 to 1983, household income measured in 2014 to 2015; rankings from ACS 2019 to 2023 | 95% CI 0.560 to 0.603 | 75,667 tracts | ACS 2019-2023 tract population | Opportunity Atlas |   |
| val_kfr_idx_unstd | 0.492 | absolute rank correlation coefficient | absolute value of the population-weighted correlation between the percentile rank of the replica score in raw units (higher means more deprived) and the percentile rank of mean adult household income rank of children raised by parents at the 25th income percentile, interval from a bootstrap over counties (Connecticut planning regions stand in for counties) | tracts with an Opportunity Atlas rank for children from low-income families, in the frame | children born 1978 to 1983, household income measured in 2014 to 2015; rankings from ACS 2019 to 2023 | 95% CI 0.466 to 0.520 | 75,667 tracts | ACS 2019-2023 tract population | Opportunity Atlas |   |
| val_kfr_income | 0.564 | absolute rank correlation coefficient | absolute value of the population-weighted correlation between the percentile rank of negative median family income (higher means more deprived) and the percentile rank of mean adult household income rank of children raised by parents at the 25th income percentile, interval from a bootstrap over counties (Connecticut planning regions stand in for counties) | tracts with an Opportunity Atlas rank for children from low-income families, in the frame | children born 1978 to 1983, household income measured in 2014 to 2015; rankings from ACS 2019 to 2023 | 95% CI 0.543 to 0.586 | 75,667 tracts | ACS 2019-2023 tract population | Opportunity Atlas |   |
| val_kfr_poverty | 0.504 | absolute rank correlation coefficient | absolute value of the population-weighted correlation between the percentile rank of the poverty rate (higher means more deprived) and the percentile rank of mean adult household income rank of children raised by parents at the 25th income percentile, interval from a bootstrap over counties (Connecticut planning regions stand in for counties) | tracts with an Opportunity Atlas rank for children from low-income families, in the frame | children born 1978 to 1983, household income measured in 2014 to 2015; rankings from ACS 2019 to 2023 | 95% CI 0.486 to 0.522 | 75,667 tracts | ACS 2019-2023 tract population | Opportunity Atlas |   |
| val_le_adi | 0.615 | absolute rank correlation coefficient | absolute value of the population-weighted correlation between the percentile rank of the published ADI (higher means more deprived) and the percentile rank of life expectancy at birth, interval from a bootstrap over counties (Connecticut planning regions stand in for counties) | tracts with a life expectancy estimate that are not institutional tracts, in the frame | life expectancy for deaths in 2010 to 2015; rankings from ACS 2019 to 2023 | 95% CI 0.594 to 0.633 | 71,874 tracts | ACS 2019-2023 tract population | USALEEP life expectancy |   |
| val_le_idx_pc1 | 0.633 | absolute rank correlation coefficient | absolute value of the population-weighted correlation between the percentile rank of the first principal component of the standardized measures (higher means more deprived) and the percentile rank of life expectancy at birth, interval from a bootstrap over counties (Connecticut planning regions stand in for counties) | tracts with a life expectancy estimate that are not institutional tracts, in the frame | life expectancy for deaths in 2010 to 2015; rankings from ACS 2019 to 2023 | 95% CI 0.613 to 0.653 | 71,874 tracts | ACS 2019-2023 tract population | USALEEP life expectancy |   |
| val_le_idx_std | 0.619 | absolute rank correlation coefficient | absolute value of the population-weighted correlation between the percentile rank of the replica score in standard deviation units (higher means more deprived) and the percentile rank of life expectancy at birth, interval from a bootstrap over counties (Connecticut planning regions stand in for counties) | tracts with a life expectancy estimate that are not institutional tracts, in the frame | life expectancy for deaths in 2010 to 2015; rankings from ACS 2019 to 2023 | 95% CI 0.596 to 0.642 | 71,874 tracts | ACS 2019-2023 tract population | USALEEP life expectancy |   |
| val_le_idx_unstd | 0.620 | absolute rank correlation coefficient | absolute value of the population-weighted correlation between the percentile rank of the replica score in raw units (higher means more deprived) and the percentile rank of life expectancy at birth, interval from a bootstrap over counties (Connecticut planning regions stand in for counties) | tracts with a life expectancy estimate that are not institutional tracts, in the frame | life expectancy for deaths in 2010 to 2015; rankings from ACS 2019 to 2023 | 95% CI 0.601 to 0.638 | 71,874 tracts | ACS 2019-2023 tract population | USALEEP life expectancy |   |
| val_le_income | 0.609 | absolute rank correlation coefficient | absolute value of the population-weighted correlation between the percentile rank of negative median family income (higher means more deprived) and the percentile rank of life expectancy at birth, interval from a bootstrap over counties (Connecticut planning regions stand in for counties) | tracts with a life expectancy estimate that are not institutional tracts, in the frame | life expectancy for deaths in 2010 to 2015; rankings from ACS 2019 to 2023 | 95% CI 0.587 to 0.630 | 71,874 tracts | ACS 2019-2023 tract population | USALEEP life expectancy |   |
| val_le_poverty | 0.508 | absolute rank correlation coefficient | absolute value of the population-weighted correlation between the percentile rank of the poverty rate (higher means more deprived) and the percentile rank of life expectancy at birth, interval from a bootstrap over counties (Connecticut planning regions stand in for counties) | tracts with a life expectancy estimate that are not institutional tracts, in the frame | life expectancy for deaths in 2010 to 2015; rankings from ACS 2019 to 2023 | 95% CI 0.484 to 0.529 | 71,874 tracts | ACS 2019-2023 tract population | USALEEP life expectancy |   |
| worst_adi | 1 | national percentile | published ADI of one tract (mean of its block groups' ranks) | the tract in the first row of the table | ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release |   |   | none (single tract) | Area Deprivation Index |   |
| worst_poverty | 35.9% | percent of persons below the poverty line | poverty rate of one tract (ACS tract estimate, margin of error not in the staged file) | residents of the tract in the first row of the table | ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release |   |   | none (single tract) | American Community Survey |   |
| worst_std | 99.7 | percentile among the tracts of the frame | percentile of the standardized replica score of one tract | the tract in the first row of the table | ACS 2019 to 2023 five-year estimates, ADI 2023 release |   |   | none (single tract) | American Community Survey |   |

## Definitions

- Area Deprivation Index (ADI): A score that ranks neighborhoods by income, education, employment and housing conditions drawn from the American Community Survey. In this book a higher national percentile means a more deprived neighborhood.
- National percentile: A neighborhood's position in the national ordering, given as the share of all neighborhoods that fall below it. A higher percentile means a higher value than more of the rest of the country.
- Principal components: A method that combines many correlated measures into a few summary scores, ordered by how much of the variation among places each captures. The first component is the single weighted combination that captures the most.
- Life expectancy at birth: The average number of years a newborn would live if death rates at every age stayed as they were in the period measured. It summarizes the death rates of a period and is not a forecast for any child.
- USALEEP: The U.S. Small-area Life Expectancy Estimates Project, a National Center for Health Statistics release of life expectancy at birth for most census tracts. It covers deaths from 2010 to 2015 only and has not been updated.
- Ecological inference: Drawing conclusions about individuals from data about places or groups. A pattern across counties need not hold for the people inside them.
- Modeled estimate: A figure produced by a statistical model instead of a direct count or measurement, usually for small areas where direct data are thin, borrowing strength from surveys, neighboring areas or other data. Neighboring areas can share errors, so single extremes call for caution.

## Methods

This chapter rebuilds the Neighborhood Atlas Area Deprivation Index from ACS 2019-2023 tract estimates and compares the replica with the published rank, with standardized rankings and with a principal component, across 75,717 census tracts of the 50 states and DC. Fifteen of the Atlas's 17 measures are rebuilt, with substitutions for some, so the replica approximates the Atlas and is not its own file; the Puerto Rico tracts are left out. Life expectancy (deaths in 2010 to 2015) and upward mobility (children born 1978 to 1983) describe earlier periods than the ACS measures, and the ACS file carries no margins of error, so the only intervals come from resampling whole counties.

### Which tracts are in the frame

The frame is every 2020 census tract of the 50 states and DC with a published ADI rank (the Atlas's block-group ranks averaged over the tract's block groups without population weights), a population above zero in the ACS 2019-2023 tract file and all 15 rebuilt measures: 75,717 of the 84,415 tracts of the 50 states and DC in the staged ADI file (adi_atlas_tract2020_2023, the Atlas's 2023 release, version 4.0.1, whose staged documentation records ACS 2019 to 2023 as its source data).

The 981 Puerto Rico tracts are left out: the SVI and USALEEP have none, and the Atlas ranks them together with the states, so percentiles of the replicas are among the tracts of the 50 states and DC.

### How the measures are rebuilt

Fifteen of the Atlas's 17 measures are rebuilt from the staged ACS tract file (poverty, homeownership, unemployment and single-parent shares) and from a Census API pull of ACS tables (B25077, B25064, B25088, B19113, B19001, C17002, C24010, B25044, B25047, B25014 and B15003) archived under data/raw/acs/deprivation_components_2019_2023 with a manifest; b2.load has no loader for that pull, so the chapter registers the files with b2.load and reads them through load_staged.

Substitutions: persons below the poverty line for families, management, business, science and arts occupations for white-collar work, owner costs of homes with a mortgage for the monthly mortgage, adults who stopped at 8th grade for adults with under 9 years of education, and an income disparity of ln(100 x (households under $10,000 + 0.5) / (households of $50,000 or more + 0.5)), with the 0.5 added so that tracts with no household under $10,000 keep a value.

The two measures not rebuilt are adults with at least a high school diploma and households without internet. Both are proportions, and a sensitivity check adds them from the SVI 2022 file (ACS 2018 to 2022; the share without a diploma enters as one minus the share, with coefficient -0.0970, and the share without internet takes the telephone measure's coefficient, 0.0877, because the Atlas does not publish one for internet).

Proportions enter as numbers between zero and one, the convention of Petterson's Table 1 (0.41 for a block group with 41 percent below 150 percent of the poverty line); entered as percentages, home value would carry 85.4 percent and family income 14.2 percent of the variance of the raw-units score.

Explains Table 1 and Table 2.

### Outcomes and comparison indexes

Life expectancy is USALEEP for deaths in 2010 to 2015 on 2020 tracts (interpolated from 2010 tracts), institutional tracts dropped; mobility is the Opportunity Atlas rank of children of parents at the 25th income percentile (1978 to 1983 birth cohorts), interpolated to 2020 tracts.

The SVI socioeconomic theme is the 2022 CDC/ATSDR percentile rank (theme 1).

Explains Table 7.

### How scores, rankings and groups are formed

Recipes: the replica score is the sum of Singh's factor score coefficients (Singh 2003, as printed in Petterson 2023, Table 1) times the measures in their own units; the standardized score uses the same coefficients on measures minus their population-weighted means over their population-weighted standard deviations; the principal component is the first eigenvector of the population-weighted correlation matrix.

Rankings are percentiles among the tracts compared, and correlations of rankings are population-weighted Pearson correlations of those percentiles.

Shares of the score's variance are cov(c_k x_k, S) / var(S) for the measures' terms c_k x_k and the score S, computed from the weighted covariance matrix, so each covariance between two terms is shared equally between them; the own-variance shares are var(sum of terms) / var(S) with no covariance with other terms allocated.

Counties are grouped by the ACS 2019-2023 median home value of the county (the Census API county pull) into quartiles with equal numbers of residents of the frame. High-poverty tracts have a poverty rate of at least 30 percent, and the table of the largest gaps lists the 15 tracts with the lowest published-minus-standardized percentile among those with at least 1,000 residents.

Explains Table 3, Table 4 and Table 5.

### Weights and uncertainty

Weights are ACS 2019-2023 tract population.

Intervals are 95% percentile intervals from 2,000 draws of whole counties with replacement (seed 12345; Connecticut's planning regions stand in for counties, 3,126 clusters in the frame), one set of draws for all statistics; differences of two correlations on the same tracts use paired draws.

The ACS file carries no margins of error.

### Factor model and plotted sample

The factor model is a maximum-likelihood fit to the population-weighted correlation matrix (statsmodels Factor; its EM start draws random loadings, seeded with 12345, and a second seed gives the same loadings to four decimals) with a varimax rotation; it and the eigenvalue shares describe the whole frame, and the eigenvalue shares also have bootstrap intervals.

The scatter plot shows a random sample of 3,000 tracts drawn with the same seed; every statistic uses all tracts.

Explains Table 6.

## What these data cannot show

Every result describes tracts and rankings of tracts. A tract's rank says little about how deprived any one resident is, because the data are averages for places (ecological inference), and a poor household in a tract with high home values takes the tract's rank.

The replica is a tract-level rebuild of a block-group index. It omits two measures, substitutes for some and does not impute missing values. Its ACS tract estimates carry sampling error that the staged file does not report, largest in small tracts and for medians that rest on few homes. A tract with many students living off campus can show a high poverty rate that reflects student households. The close match to the published rank, +0.991 (95% CI 0.990 to 0.992), shows that this formula reproduces the Atlas's ranks, and it does not show that the Atlas's code is the same. The frame leaves out tracts that lack a median, and the ADI ranks some of them. It also leaves out Puerto Rico, which the Atlas ranks with the states.

The data cannot say which recipe is right. A ranking dominated by home value measures the cost of housing, a property of a market, and some uses of a deprivation index may want that. The correlations with life expectancy and mobility are one test, and the two outcomes disagree about the recipes. Both outcomes are older than the ACS measures, deaths in 2010 to 2015 and children born in 1978 to 1983, and both are modeled estimates placed on 2020 tracts by interpolation from 2010 tracts. The SVI theme and the poverty rate are not Atlas products.

A factor model describes the measures it is given. Other measures, such as violence, isolation or air quality, would give other factors, and the count of factors rests on a common cutoff. The chapter does not test the state ADI that Medicare now uses, and it says nothing about how payments change under any formula.

## References

1. Hannan, Edward L.; Wu, Yifeng; Cozzens, Kimberly; Anderson, Brett (2023). The Neighborhood Atlas Area Deprivation Index For Measuring Socioeconomic Status: An Overemphasis On Home Value. Health Affairs 42(5): 702-709. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2022.01406
2. Petterson, Stephen (2023). Deciphering the Neighborhood Atlas Area Deprivation Index: the consequences of not standardizing. Health Affairs Scholar 1(5): qxad063. https://doi.org/10.1093/haschl/qxad063
3. Singh, Gopal K. (2003). Area Deprivation and Widening Inequalities in US Mortality, 1969-1998. American Journal of Public Health 93(7): 1137-1143. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.93.7.1137
4. Kind, Amy J. H.; Buckingham, William R. (2018). Making Neighborhood-Disadvantage Metrics Accessible: The Neighborhood Atlas. New England Journal of Medicine 378(26): 2456-2458. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp1802313
5. University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health (2026). Neighborhood Atlas: Changes between versions of the ADI. Neighborhood Atlas web site, change log with entries dated 2019 to 2026. https://www.neighborhoodatlas.medicine.wisc.edu/changelog
6. Flanagan, Barry E.; Gregory, Edward W.; Hallisey, Elaine J.; Heitgerd, Janet L.; Lewis, Brian (2011). A Social Vulnerability Index for Disaster Management. Journal of Homeland Security and Emergency Management 8(1): Article 3. https://doi.org/10.2202/1547-7355.1792
7. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2024). CDC/ATSDR Social Vulnerability Index 2022 Documentation. CDC/ATSDR web document, October 2024. https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/place-health/media/pdfs/2024/10/SVI2022Documentation.pdf
8. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (2024). ACO REACH Model Performance Year 2024 Model Update: Health Equity Benchmark Adjustment. CMS Innovation Center web page. https://www.cms.gov/priorities/innovation/innovation-models/reach-py24-model-perf
9. Kolak, Marynia; Bhatt, Jay; Park, Yoon Hong; Padrón, Norma A.; Molefe, Ayrin (2020). Quantification of Neighborhood-Level Social Determinants of Health in the Continental United States. JAMA Network Open 3(1): e1919928. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.19928

## Provenance

- Pipeline version: 0.1.0
- Build script: book2/chapters/anatomy-of-deprivation/build.py (sha256 e56e63188a4234ee2595d353350743fd6698ed5af7cf5614639f56eae21977af)
- Built on: 2026-10-07
- Site commit: c2b1ff3309cb4a10833f884da91ac0057a66ad0a

Inputs:

| File | Size (bytes) | SHA-256, first 1 MB | SHA-256, last 1 MB |
| --- | ---: | --- | --- |
| book2/chapters/anatomy-of-deprivation/analysis.py | 10,402 | ba7b9a4c847f6154baa0042aca27e876f4041ba13b46ab96a32f6205c5d88f9e | ba7b9a4c847f6154baa0042aca27e876f4041ba13b46ab96a32f6205c5d88f9e |
| book2/chapters/anatomy-of-deprivation/deprivation.py | 18,028 | 092694cfd30446c54292ca7182d4d784e95f28766c0db63fedf53f84c7bb1b7d | 092694cfd30446c54292ca7182d4d784e95f28766c0db63fedf53f84c7bb1b7d |
| data/analytic/tract_atlas.parquet | 39,659,925 | 29d5e4d943552d54aeb6ba92aadc939d9bd15bdea553c78357dbd516757be627 | 1e10d1ecf722340f23ee2212d4999a90250f85b65fa89b39e32db06d9472e22e |
| data/raw/acs/deprivation_components_2019_2023/county.parquet | 1,004,968 | c894ba6cf96378244f47cc4271a24bff087d15ba27f09e49a4ebc0a4786c6f9d | c894ba6cf96378244f47cc4271a24bff087d15ba27f09e49a4ebc0a4786c6f9d |
| data/raw/acs/deprivation_components_2019_2023/tract.parquet | 13,197,793 | 5545cde2cbe96a8b56e468d65388248a241aa6bd300d3c9e325d08d3f86b11da | 5c8ec454d066988b0f1a01aaa6ed34ebfc05d162e01cf9c6bb01f9198cbaff12 |
| data/staged/adi/adi_atlas_tract2020_2023.parquet | 798,078 | 5e409bc212ff871def780fa27b4cf8b616d9da420b2b9f6455517eddcd8c1a95 | 5e409bc212ff871def780fa27b4cf8b616d9da420b2b9f6455517eddcd8c1a95 |
| data/staged/life_expectancy/usaleep_tract2020.parquet | 1,316,169 | 9c9c7f103791b75eddba74e68a89804efdf2486b6b66bb4bc02a46ba5bf8bc23 | 27317107be2465d9fd5e83271dea0cd6e915ee419e2802bedc28747d0a41d38f |
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| data/staged/ses/acs5_tract2020_2019_2023.parquet | 7,232,424 | 5fe6f730a35225f14d5d8abfc6b9bce58b52e545f309a7eac74f1dae74d7a31c | 7b4a2475b3852d3f91804716a04566ef8ceadacec2be9fb85f5eb642078efac6 |
| data/staged/svi/svi_tract2020_2022.parquet | 17,740,415 | cb3860d8edc2aaf1f2a02211a58f7a0b80457eb6ad9a37b5ec8abb2d5da9da10 | e371a4a696d5bed05d54ad7c5b6ca2504508805b847ec415c2322be7f66ec2b2 |
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Outputs:

| File | SHA-256 |
| --- | --- |
| facts.json | b2114a13c1680aece0c1276ca8e9fd2cf217c20eee5e77af8facd95a362b80d1 |
| figures/adi_measures.json | ab6f18838d1c8dd8cd1e48ce73639126d777fda7756c6fd51f83bbbd18074b3b |
| figures/adi_vs_standardized.json | 161ffe9b9069fec243b84c72f947054491a5c8661e2407645084e027f559da70 |
| figures/index_family.json | ee2d68c3f78b7bff042ed2e6d465782fa1a945a6cf902cecb07f73f57d1de1a3 |
| figures/index_vs_outcomes.json | 52d7b57ab96a78b161e43e263e286984fe10322859745796823c82e7cfb2c535 |
| figures/input_correlations.json | a4afe85136a2cfa078d349f8cce7db5f2daef7b91e7c3df9f23ba880028aefbc |
| figures/rank_flows.json | 9ca27dc04158e18ce684d8bc77f056f16ddd6898e50ff964bc92fb9daf67cacc |
| figures/three_factors.json | dcd42d8fe5c5399674821754638a9d50d69e004001fa22473687e609547821d8 |
| figures/variance_by_measure.json | fde464d3c3b4ab444de6364a1ad79df3bc6cb519904e1c23a996f9d49fabd43b |
| meta.json | 3201ca5d32429f34d990bee47644e0ace6bda27c58af0a46c472d148d7a12217 |
| public/data/anatomy-of-deprivation/adi_vs_standardized.json | 8b18d89ffc6a5974c86000a69aa13583c31ef71965af2bbd030bc5b0b9d17707 |
| refs.json | 9971c7f179dccbee8d4de6491191e71ea45422bd12a21f1a7a3a83f1251943ed |

## Machine formats

- Report (HTML): https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/anatomy-of-deprivation/report
- Report (Markdown): https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/anatomy-of-deprivation/report.md
- Every estimate (JSON): https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/anatomy-of-deprivation/facts.json
- Table 1, figure "adi_measures" (JSON): https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/anatomy-of-deprivation/figures/adi_measures.json
- Table 2, figure "input_correlations" (JSON): https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/anatomy-of-deprivation/figures/input_correlations.json
- Table 3, figure "variance_by_measure" (JSON): https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/anatomy-of-deprivation/figures/variance_by_measure.json
- Table 4, figure "index_family" (JSON): https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/anatomy-of-deprivation/figures/index_family.json
- Table 5, figure "adi_vs_standardized" (JSON): https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/anatomy-of-deprivation/figures/adi_vs_standardized.json
- Table 6, figure "three_factors" (JSON): https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/anatomy-of-deprivation/figures/three_factors.json
- Table 7, figure "index_vs_outcomes" (JSON): https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/anatomy-of-deprivation/figures/index_vs_outcomes.json
- Table 8, figure "rank_flows" (JSON): https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/anatomy-of-deprivation/figures/rank_flows.json
- Payload of "adi_vs_standardized" (JSON): https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/data/anatomy-of-deprivation/adi_vs_standardized.json
- Index of every report: https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/llms.txt; all reports in one file: https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/llms-full.txt