Chapter 4.1 · The toll booth · Report

College access, price and earnings

A decade after entry, the median former student who received federal aid earned $28,330 at the median for-profit college and $42,014 at the median public college, for students who entered in 2009 to 2011.

Author: Vishal Singh
Affiliation: NYU Stern
Published: 9 October 2026

Every estimate of the chapter with its interval and every figure as a table, generated from the chapter's data files. Table n of this report is figure n of the chapter. The same report as Markdown: report.md.

Identification

Title

College access, price and earnings

Label

The toll booth

Chapter

4.1 (Part IV, Becoming an adult; An American life)

Question

How do college prices, earnings after college and the distance to the nearest college differ by family income and county?

Dek

Grain

institutions

Status

published

Published

9 October 2026

Updated

not revised

Data sources

College Scorecard. Median earnings a decade after entry (entering classes of 2009 to 2010 and 2010 to 2011, 2022 dollars), net price by family-income band, cost of attendance, Pell share (academic year 2021 to 2022), completion and debt; institutions in the 50 states and DC, one row per 6-digit OPE ID; years: May 2025 release (most recent cohorts); weights: none (each institution counts once); enrollment weights as a check
IPEDS. Campus locations (latitude and longitude, county) of four-year institutions, 2023 directory; years: 2023; weights: none (campuses are points)
Census TIGER/Line tracts. 2020 census tract internal points, from which each tract's distance to the nearest campus is measured; years: 2020; weights: none (points)
Area Deprivation Index. Area Deprivation Index 2023 national rank of tracts, averaged to counties; years: 2023 release (version 4.0.1; built on ACS 2019-2023); weights: 2019 to 2023 ACS tract population
Rural-Urban Continuum Codes. Rural-Urban Continuum Codes 2023 (metro 1 to 3, nonmetro 4 to 9); years: 2023; weights: none (classification)
American Community Survey. 2019 to 2023 tract population, used to weight tracts into county values; years: 2019-2023 (5-year); weights: none (population counts)

Canonical URL

https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/college-access-price-and-earnings

Markdown

https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/college-access-price-and-earnings/report.md

BibTeX

@misc{singh2026collegeaccesspriceandearnings,
  author = {Singh, Vishal},
  title = {College access, price and earnings},
  year = {2026},
  url = {https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/college-access-price-and-earnings},
  note = {In ZIP Code Destiny. Published 9 October 2026.}
}

Principal estimates

The facts the dek and the opening prose cite, in order of appearance. Every fact is in the table of all estimates below.

Estimand	Population	Period	Value	Interval	n	Weights	Source	Fact id
median across institutions of each institution's median earnings of former students who received federal aid, working and not enrolled ten years after entry; bootstrap over states	for-profit colleges in the 50 states and DC with a published earnings value	median earnings in calendar years 2020 and 2021 (2022 dollars) of students who entered in 2009 to 2010 and 2010 to 2011	$28,330	95% CI $26,877 to $29,972	1,036 institutions	none (each institution counts once)	College Scorecard	earn_forprofit
median across institutions of each institution's median earnings of former students who received federal aid, working and not enrolled ten years after entry; bootstrap over states	public colleges in the 50 states and DC with a published earnings value	median earnings in calendar years 2020 and 2021 (2022 dollars) of students who entered in 2009 to 2010 and 2010 to 2011	$42,014	95% CI $40,606 to $43,598	1,716 institutions	none (each institution counts once)	College Scorecard	earn_public
median across institutions of each institution's median earnings of former students who received federal aid, working and not enrolled ten years after entry; bootstrap over states	private nonprofit colleges in the 50 states and DC with a published earnings value	median earnings in calendar years 2020 and 2021 (2022 dollars) of students who entered in 2009 to 2010 and 2010 to 2011	$53,848	95% CI $51,671 to $55,838	1,211 institutions	none (each institution counts once)	College Scorecard	earn_nonprofit

Findings

A decade after entering, the median former student who had received federal aid earned $28,330 at the median for-profit college, $42,014 at the median public college and $53,848 at the median private nonprofit college. Each figure is the middle value across the colleges of a sector, where a college's own value is the median earnings of its former students in 2022 dollars. The students entered in 2009 to 2010 and 2010 to 2011 and were observed in 2020 and 2021.

Three features of a college matter to a family, which are what its former students earn, what it bills and whether it is within reach. This chapter takes them in that order, with the institution as the unit for earnings and price and the county as the unit for reach. The data are the College Scorecard for earnings and price and the IPEDS directory for the location of campuses. They describe colleges and counties, and a pattern across colleges is not a statement about what a college does for a student.

For-profit colleges have the lowest median earnings

The median across the 1,036 for-profit colleges with a published value is $28,330 (95% CI $26,877 to $29,972), against $42,014 (95% CI $40,606 to $43,598) across 1,716 public colleges. The for-profit median is $13,685 (95% CI $12,287 to $15,220) below the public median (Table 1).

The private nonprofit median, across 1,211 colleges, is $53,848 (95% CI $51,671 to $55,838), above both. The intervals come from a bootstrap that redraws whole states, because the colleges of a state share appropriations, labor markets and aid rules.

The sectors differ in what they offer. For-profit colleges run more short programs, so a comparison of all colleges could reflect the mix of programs. Among four-year colleges alone the public median is $10,738 (95% CI $8,300 to $13,249) above the for-profit median, and among two-year and shorter programs it is $11,884 (95% CI $10,591 to $13,240) above. Weighting each college by its undergraduates, which counts a large college in proportion to its students, gives a gap of $10,924 (95% CI $7,972 to $12,851). The order of the sectors holds in each of these cuts.

The sectors also differ in who enrolls. The median share of undergraduates who received a Pell Grant in academic year 2021 to 2022, a federal grant for students with financial need, is 52.5% (95% CI 50.4% to 54.6%) at for-profit colleges, 30.4% (95% CI 28.3% to 32.9%) at public colleges and 32.4% (95% CI 30.1% to 34.6%) at private nonprofit colleges. Deming, Goldin and Katz compared beginning students at for-profit colleges with comparable students at other colleges in a national survey, adjusting for observed characteristics. They found lower earnings after entry and higher loan default rates among the for-profit students.[1] The Scorecard figures point the same way a decade after entry, but they do not adjust for who enrolls, so they cannot separate what a college does from whom it enrolls.

The medians describe the colleges that report. The College Scorecard covers institutions that take part in federal student aid programs. It lists 5,000 of them in the states and the District of Columbia once the 1,275 branch records that repeat a parent institution's earnings are set aside, and 3,963 of them have a published earnings value.

Earnings are withheld when the group of aided students is small or the value fails the Scorecard's checks. The share of colleges with no published value is 4.7% of public colleges, 26.5% of private nonprofit colleges and 33.2% of for-profit colleges. A withheld value is missing and not zero, and if the colleges without a value earn systematically more or less than those with one, the sector medians move.

Table 1. At the median for-profit college, former students' median earnings a decade after entry were $28,330, against $42,014 at the median public college and $53,848 at the median private nonprofit college

The Scorecard reports each college's average net price for academic year 2021 to 2022, in nominal dollars, in five bands of family income. The net price is the cost of attendance minus grants and scholarships, for full-time, first-time students who received federal aid. The lowest band ends at $30,000 and the highest begins above $110,000. The medians below cover 694 public and 1,157 private nonprofit four-year colleges with a published price.

At the median public four-year college the net price was $9,347 (95% CI $8,426 to $10,430) a year in the lowest band and $18,780 (95% CI $17,910 to $19,987) in the highest. At the median private nonprofit four-year college it was $17,596 (95% CI $16,937 to $18,307) and $28,710 (95% CI $26,953 to $30,525) (Table 2). The schedule is progressive in dollars, since prices rise with income at both kinds of college.

A price means more against an income. Dividing each median by an assumed family income at the midpoint of its band, $15,000 in the lowest band and $150,000 in the highest, the public net price is 62% (95% CI 56% to 70%) of the assumed income in the lowest band and 13% (95% CI 12% to 13%) in the highest.

The private nonprofit net price is 117% (95% CI 113% to 122%) and 19% (95% CI 18% to 20%). Measured this way the schedule is regressive. The fall is steep at the start. The step from the lowest band to the second band carries 73% (95% CI 71% to 74%) of the whole fall at public colleges and 72% (95% CI 71% to 73%) at private nonprofit colleges, and the share changes slowly after that.

The share is an order of magnitude and not a measured burden. The cost of attendance includes living expenses that a family bears whether or not the student enrolls, the Scorecard does not report the incomes of the families in a band, and the highest band has no upper limit. A private nonprofit net price above the assumed income in the lowest band shows the limits of the assumption as much as it shows a burden. The contrast between the ends does not depend on the highest midpoint. With the income of the highest band set at its lower limit, the smallest a family in it can have, the public share is 17% (95% CI 16% to 18%) and the private nonprofit share 26% (95% CI 25% to 28%), still far below the shares in the lowest band.

Table 2. The median net price rises with family income, but at public four-year colleges it falls from 62% of an assumed income in the lowest band to 13% in the highest

Cost, earnings and completion rise together

Across the 2,663 colleges with a published cost of attendance, median earnings and at least 100 undergraduates, colleges that cost more have former students who earn more, with a correlation of +0.63 (95% CI 0.59 to 0.67).

The completion rate is the share of first-time, full-time students who finish within 150% of the normal time. It moves with earnings among four-year colleges, with a correlation of +0.67 (95% CI 0.62 to 0.71), and weakly among two-year and shorter programs, with a correlation of +0.12 (95% CI 0.02 to 0.21) (Table 3). The Scorecard measures completion for students who started in fall 2016 at four-year colleges and fall 2019 at shorter programs, so the two rates are reported apart and not pooled.

One corner of the plot is different. The plot divides at the median cost of attendance, $24,602 (95% CI $22,758 to $26,688), and the median earnings, $46,092 (95% CI $44,379 to $47,866). A total of 334 colleges, 12.5% (95% CI 11.3% to 13.8%) of those plotted, cost more than the median and have median earnings at or below it.

They are 56% (95% CI 48% to 62%) of the 163 plotted for-profit colleges, 20% (95% CI 18% to 23%) of the plotted private nonprofit colleges and 2% (95% CI 1% to 3%) of the plotted public colleges. The cost of attendance is published for academic-year institutions only, so many short for-profit programs are not plotted and the for-profit share describes the plotted colleges.

The colleges in that corner enroll more students from low-income families and graduate fewer of them. Their median Pell share is 47% (95% CI 42% to 51%), against 30% (95% CI 28% to 31%) in the other three quadrants. Among four-year colleges their median completion rate is 45% (95% CI 43% to 51%), against 64% (95% CI 61% to 67%) at four-year colleges that cost more than the median and earn more. These are comparisons across colleges. They do not show that a student who enrolls in one of these colleges earns less than the student would have earned elsewhere.

Table 3. Former students of costlier colleges tend to earn more, a correlation of +0.63, but 56% of plotted for-profit colleges cost more than the median and have median earnings at or below it

High-Pell colleges differ widely in earnings

Chetty and co-authors, who linked tax records to the colleges students attended, found that parental income is as segregated across colleges as it is across neighborhoods and that elite colleges serve mostly students from high-income families. They also found that earnings differences between students from low-income and high-income families shrink considerably among students who attend the same college.[2] An earlier report from the same project named the City University of New York and the California State campuses among the colleges where students from the bottom fifth of the income distribution most often reached the top fifth.[3]

A narrower comparison here looks only at colleges that enroll many students from low-income families. The pool is the 1,282 public and private nonprofit four-year colleges with at least 1,000 undergraduates and a published Pell share, earnings and net price for the lowest income band. The 428 colleges in the top third of the pool by Pell share, a share of 34.7% or more, are the high-Pell colleges. For-profit colleges are not on the list by rule, since the sector comparison above treats them separately, and 48 for-profit four-year colleges that meet every other rule, including a net price for the lowest income band, are left out.

Median earnings among the high-Pell colleges run from $38,184 at the tenth percentile to $62,278 at the ninetieth. The 15 highest-earning have a median of $72,282 and the 15 lowest-earning a median of $31,902 (Table 4).

The two lists do not have the same Pell share. The median is 39% in the highest-earning list and 60% in the lowest-earning list, so part of the difference in earnings may reflect the starting point of the students.

Baruch College of the City University of New York is in the first list, with a Pell share of 55%, a net price of $745 for students in the lowest income band and median earnings of $75,971. Place matters for the ranking, since 8 of the 10 highest-earning high-Pell colleges are in California or New York and earnings in these data are not adjusted for local wages.

Of the 15 lowest-earning colleges, 5 are tribal colleges or religious seminaries, namely Oglala Lakota College, Navajo Technical University, Dine College, United Talmudical Seminary and Uta Mesivta of Kiryas Joel. Another 6 are historically Black colleges and universities, namely Harris-Stowe State University, Benedict College, Mississippi Valley State University, Miles College, Langston University and Central State University. The students and local labor markets of the first group differ from those of general four-year colleges, so their earnings are not comparable with those of a general four-year degree. The measure adjusts neither for local wages nor for the starting income of the students at any of them. Net price does not separate the lists, since the median net price for the lowest income band is $9,743 at the highest-earning colleges and $10,626 at the lowest-earning ones.

Table 4. Among high-Pell colleges, the 15 highest-earning have a median of $72,282 a decade after entry and the 15 lowest-earning $31,902

Most counties have no four-year college

The IPEDS directory lists 2,508 four-year campuses in the states and the District of Columbia, after leaving out the 273 institutions that grant only graduate degrees.

They sit in 933 of the 3,143 counties. The other 2,210 counties, 70% of all, have no four-year campus inside the county line. Connecticut counts as its eight legacy counties.

A county line is a poor measure of reach, because a county without a campus can border one. The chapter measures instead, for each census tract, the straight-line distance in miles from the tract's central point to the nearest four-year campus, and gives each county the average of its tracts weighted by population. A county's value is the distance of its average resident, so a county with a campus inside it can still have a value above zero. The average resident in the country lives 9.6 miles from a four-year campus. Measured to the nearest public four-year campus instead, the average resident lives 14.0 miles away. Counting each county once, the median value is 21 miles, and the values run from 4.0 miles at the fifth percentile to 74 miles at the ninety-fifth (Table 5).

The longest distances are in Alaska. Each of the 10 counties with the longest distances is in Alaska, and the average Alaskan lives 69 miles from a four-year campus. Among states the averages are next longest in Wyoming (49 miles), Montana (26 miles) and Mississippi (24 miles). Distances in Alaska and Hawaii are straight lines over water and terrain that no road covers.

Reach also shapes who applies. Hoxby and Avery found that most high-achieving students from low-income families do not apply to selective colleges. These students are geographically dispersed, which makes them harder to reach through recruiting concentrated in a few large metropolitan areas.[4] The map measures the supply side of that problem. It says where campuses are, not where students enroll.

Table 5. The average resident in the country lives 9.6 miles from a four-year college, and the state averages are longest in Alaska, Wyoming, Montana and Mississippi

Distance rises with county deprivation and with rurality

Each county has a rank on the Area Deprivation Index, the average of its tracts' national ranks weighted by population, with a higher rank meaning more deprived. The 3,128 counties that have a rank are sorted into tenths of equal numbers, and the 15 counties whose tracts all have a suppressed rank are left out. The distance for the average resident rises across the tenths, from 6.1 (95% CI 5.3 to 6.9) miles in the least deprived tenth to 29.3 (95% CI 24.6 to 35.0) miles in the most deprived, or 2.1 (95% CI 1.7 to 2.5) miles for each step up. The rise is not steady, and the second, third and fourth tenths are not distinguishable from one another.

The share of counties with no campus inside rises across the tenths too, from 42% (95% CI 33% to 51%) to 92% (95% CI 87% to 95%), or 5.3 percentage points (95% CI 4.5 percentage points to 6.2 percentage points) for each step up (Table 6). The intervals describe variation across states, because the tracts and campuses are enumerated and not sampled.

Across counties the correlation of the rank with the distance is +0.31 (95% CI 0.24 to 0.40) when counties count in proportion to their residents and +0.16 (95% CI 0.09 to 0.33) when each counts once. Measured to the nearest public four-year campus, the distance rises from 9.4 (95% CI 8.3 to 10.8) miles in the least deprived tenth to 36.5 (95% CI 32.4 to 41.6) miles in the most deprived.

Rurality accounts for much of the gradient. The Rural-Urban Continuum Code of the US Department of Agriculture sorts counties by the size of their metro area or, outside metro areas, by the size of the county's urban population and its adjacency to a metro area. These comparisons use all counties, including the ones without an ADI rank. The average resident of a metro county lives 7.0 (95% CI 6.3 to 7.8) miles from a four-year campus and the average resident of a nonmetro county 25.7 (95% CI 22.8 to 29.4) miles, which is 3.7 (95% CI 3.2 to 4.2) times as far.

In the group of nonmetro counties with the smallest urban populations the distance is 34.3 (95% CI 29.7 to 40.9) miles. Of these counties, 95% (95% CI 94% to 97%) have no campus inside, against 83% (95% CI 80% to 86%) of nonmetro counties together and 49% (95% CI 42% to 55%) of metro counties.

Deprivation and rurality overlap. Of the counties in the most deprived tenth, 94% (95% CI 92% to 96%) are nonmetro, against 23% (95% CI 14% to 31%) in the least deprived tenth. Within nonmetro counties the distance does not move with the deprivation rank, with a correlation of −0.04 (95% CI −0.12 to 0.05), while within metro counties it rises modestly, with a correlation of +0.24 (95% CI 0.18 to 0.32). The gradient across all counties therefore mostly reflects that deprived counties are more often rural. The ADI is a national rank that understates deprivation in high-cost areas, and a county average hides differences among its tracts.

Table 6. Distance to a four-year college rises with county deprivation, from 6.1 miles in the least deprived tenth of counties to 29.3 in the most deprived, and with rurality

Causal evidenceRegression discontinuity; instrumental variables; randomized resume experiment

What designs that can speak to cause find about admission, aid, funding and credentials

The comparisons above describe differences across colleges and counties. Four studies use designs that can speak to cause at specific points.

Zimmerman compared students just above and just below a grade-point threshold for admission to a large public university in Florida, a regression discontinuity design. Students just above the threshold were more likely to attend a university and earned more in the years that followed, and the effect applies to students near the threshold at one university.[5] Bettinger and co-authors used the grade-point and family-income cutoffs of California's Cal Grant, also a regression discontinuity design, and found that eligibility raised degree completion and, for some groups, later earnings, without raising enrollment.[6]

Chakrabarti, Gorton and Lovenheim used an instrumental variables design in which each public institution's baseline reliance on state appropriations is combined with year-to-year changes in state appropriations. At four-year colleges they found that more state support lowered debt originations and adverse debt events and shortened time to degree, with little effect on other outcomes, and that the support was passed on to students as lower tuition with no change in institutional spending. At two-year colleges the gains were broader, with higher educational attainment and credit scores, more home ownership and less delinquency, and the support went to both lower tuition and educational resources.[7] Deming and co-authors sent fictitious resumes that differed in the sector and selectivity of the college to real job postings, a randomized resume experiment, and found that a business bachelor's degree from a for-profit online institution received fewer callbacks than one from a nonselective public institution.[8] The experiment measures employers' callbacks and not earnings.

Each study speaks to one margin, which is admission at a threshold, eligibility for aid, state funding or a credential on a resume. None tests whether the sector gap in earnings or the schedule of net prices in this chapter would change if a student moved from one college to another.

Distance rises with deprivation under all four rankings

Table 7 ranks the 3,125 counties that have a distance and all four rankings in four ways, with each county taking the population-weighted mean of its tracts' ranks. Ranked by the ADI on this common sample, the distance for the average resident is 6.1 (95% CI 5.3 to 7.0) miles in the least deprived tenth and 29.7 (95% CI 24.8 to 35.5) miles in the most deprived, and the rank correlation between tenth and distance is +0.99. Under the standardized index the two ends are 6.8 (95% CI 6.2 to 7.6) and 28.2 (95% CI 22.4 to 41.4) miles, with a correlation of +0.93. Under median household income they are 6.7 (95% CI 6.0 to 7.3) and 26.6 (95% CI 22.8 to 31.7) miles, and under the bachelor's degree share 5.5 (95% CI 5.0 to 6.2) and 31.0 (95% CI 25.4 to 40.5) miles, with correlations of +0.99 and +0.99, so none of the alternatives counts as a change under the book's rule (Chapter 9.1, How far one ranking goes).

Table 7. Distance to the nearest four-year college is steadily worse toward the more deprived end under the ADI and under each of the three other rankings

What these data cannot show

The geography describes supply. Distance is measured in a straight line from where residents live to where campuses sit, so it ignores roads, ferries, online programs and the colleges students choose when they leave home. The Chetty and co-authors data that link the neighborhood a student grew up in to the college the student attended and the income reached are not part of this project's data, and nothing here reproduces them. A county average also hides the tracts inside it, and the gradients describe counties and not the families who live in them.

The earnings describe aided students who entered in 2009 to 2011, not all students and not those entering now. They are medians of institutions, with noise added by the Scorecard, and a larger share of private colleges than of public colleges have no published value. Branch campuses repeat their parent's earnings and debt, which is why the chapter counts institutions by OPE ID. The Pell share, cost of attendance, net price and completion rate come from the largest campus of each institution. Earnings follow local wages and the field of study as well as the college, and the sector gap mixes what colleges do with who enrolls and what programs they run.

The net price is an average over aided, first-time, full-time students in each band, at public colleges for in-state students only, and the share of income depends on assumed incomes. The lists of high-Pell colleges are rankings of named colleges, with no interval, and they include colleges whose earnings are not comparable with those of a general four-year degree. The designs in the box above identify effects at specific margins and do not show what a college does to a student in general.

Tables

Table 1. At the median for-profit college, former students' median earnings a decade after entry were $28,330, against $42,014 at the median public college and $53,848 at the median private nonprofit college

Distribution across colleges of the median earnings of former students who received federal aid, a decade after entry (thousands of 2022 dollars), by sector; entering classes of 2009 to 2010 and 2010 to 2011

density	earnings	scope	sector	weighting
0	0	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
0	1	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
0	2	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
0	3	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
0	4	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
0	5	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
0	6	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
0	7	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
0	8	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
0	9	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
0	10	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
1	11	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
1	12	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
2	13	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
3	14	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
4	15	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
5	16	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
6	17	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
8	18	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
10	19	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
13	20	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
17	21	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
21	22	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
27	23	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
35	24	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
49	25	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
71	26	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
104	27	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
152	28	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
217	29	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
297	30	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
389	31	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
490	32	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
594	33	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
695	34	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
788	35	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
870	36	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
935	37	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
979	38	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
1000	39	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
996	40	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
970	41	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
925	42	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
868	43	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
805	44	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
741	45	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
681	46	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
625	47	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
573	48	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
524	49	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
477	50	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
433	51	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
393	52	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
360	53	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
333	54	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
310	55	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
289	56	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
266	57	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
242	58	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
218	59	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
196	60	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
178	61	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
162	62	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
148	63	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
132	64	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
117	65	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
102	66	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
90	67	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
80	68	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
73	69	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
68	70	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
64	71	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
60	72	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
57	73	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
53	74	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
48	75	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
44	76	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
40	77	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
36	78	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
33	79	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
31	80	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
30	81	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
28	82	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
25	83	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
22	84	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
19	85	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
17	86	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
17	87	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
17	88	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
19	89	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
20	90	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
20	91	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
20	92	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
18	93	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
16	94	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
13	95	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
11	96	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
8	97	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
7	98	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
5	99	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
5	100	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
5	101	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
4	102	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
4	103	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
3	104	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
2	105	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
2	106	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
2	107	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
2	108	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
2	109	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
2	110	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
2	111	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
2	112	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
2	113	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
2	114	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
2	115	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
2	116	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
2	117	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
1	118	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
1	119	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
0	120	All colleges	Public	Each college counted once
0	0	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
0	1	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
0	2	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
0	3	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
0	4	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
0	5	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
0	6	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
0	7	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
0	8	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
0	9	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
0	10	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
0	11	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
1	12	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
3	13	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
6	14	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
11	15	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
17	16	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
26	17	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
37	18	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
49	19	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
63	20	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
78	21	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
93	22	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
108	23	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
121	24	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
132	25	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
143	26	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
155	27	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
170	28	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
192	29	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
219	30	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
252	31	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
289	32	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
328	33	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
368	34	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
407	35	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
445	36	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
484	37	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
524	38	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
565	39	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
607	40	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
649	41	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
689	42	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
729	43	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
771	44	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
816	45	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
862	46	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
903	47	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
934	48	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
954	49	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
968	50	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
980	51	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
992	52	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
1000	53	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
999	54	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
985	55	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
960	56	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
930	57	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
896	58	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
856	59	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
808	60	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
752	61	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
690	62	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
629	63	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
572	64	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
523	65	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
484	66	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
455	67	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
434	68	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
417	69	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
402	70	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
385	71	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
366	72	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
349	73	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
333	74	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
320	75	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
306	76	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
289	77	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
268	78	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
243	79	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
219	80	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
199	81	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
184	82	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
175	83	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
169	84	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
163	85	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
157	86	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
150	87	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
143	88	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
134	89	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
122	90	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
108	91	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
92	92	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
77	93	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
62	94	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
51	95	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
45	96	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
42	97	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
44	98	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
48	99	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
54	100	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
59	101	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
61	102	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
59	103	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
54	104	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
47	105	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
39	106	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
33	107	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
29	108	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
27	109	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
25	110	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
23	111	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
20	112	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
16	113	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
12	114	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
10	115	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
8	116	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
8	117	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
8	118	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
10	119	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
12	120	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Each college counted once
0	0	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
0	1	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
0	2	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
0	3	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
1	4	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
2	5	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
4	6	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
7	7	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
11	8	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
18	9	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
29	10	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
46	11	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
73	12	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
114	13	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
170	14	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
242	15	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
324	16	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
412	17	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
502	18	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
593	19	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
686	20	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
779	21	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
866	22	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
936	23	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
982	24	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
1000	25	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
992	26	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
963	27	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
921	28	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
872	29	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
816	30	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
756	31	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
691	32	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
626	33	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
566	34	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
516	35	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
476	36	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
443	37	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
414	38	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
388	39	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
360	40	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
331	41	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
299	42	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
265	43	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
232	44	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
202	45	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
177	46	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
156	47	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
141	48	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
130	49	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
122	50	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
114	51	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
105	52	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
95	53	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
83	54	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
72	55	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
63	56	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
59	57	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
58	58	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
58	59	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
60	60	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
60	61	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
59	62	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
56	63	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
52	64	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
48	65	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
45	66	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
43	67	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
40	68	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
37	69	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
32	70	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
27	71	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
23	72	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
20	73	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
18	74	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
18	75	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
18	76	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
19	77	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
20	78	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
22	79	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
21	80	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
20	81	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
17	82	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
14	83	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
12	84	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
11	85	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
11	86	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
10	87	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
10	88	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
9	89	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
8	90	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
7	91	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
8	92	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
8	93	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
7	94	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
7	95	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
6	96	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
5	97	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
5	98	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
5	99	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
5	100	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
6	101	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
7	102	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
9	103	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
10	104	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
11	105	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
10	106	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
9	107	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
7	108	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
5	109	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
4	110	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
3	111	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
3	112	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
3	113	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
3	114	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
3	115	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
3	116	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
2	117	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
1	118	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
1	119	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
0	120	All colleges	For-profit	Each college counted once
0	0	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
0	1	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
0	2	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
0	3	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
0	4	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
0	5	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
0	6	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
0	7	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
0	8	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
0	9	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
0	10	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
0	11	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
0	12	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
0	13	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
0	14	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
0	15	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
0	16	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
0	17	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
1	18	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
1	19	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
1	20	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
2	21	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
2	22	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
3	23	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
5	24	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
9	25	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
15	26	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
26	27	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
43	28	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
69	29	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
104	30	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
152	31	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
213	32	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
289	33	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
380	34	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
483	35	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
594	36	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
703	37	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
806	38	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
893	39	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
960	40	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
998	41	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
1000	42	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
967	43	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
905	44	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
830	45	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
754	46	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
688	47	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
634	48	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
593	49	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
563	50	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
545	51	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
540	52	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
546	53	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
562	54	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
581	55	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
596	56	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
602	57	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
597	58	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
586	59	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
574	60	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
562	61	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
545	62	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
518	63	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
476	64	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
424	65	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
372	66	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
328	67	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
298	68	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
279	69	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
267	70	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
256	71	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
242	72	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
223	73	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
198	74	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
171	75	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
145	76	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
125	77	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
114	78	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
113	79	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
117	80	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
120	81	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
118	82	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
108	83	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
93	84	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
74	85	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
55	86	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
41	87	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
31	88	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
27	89	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
26	90	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
26	91	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
25	92	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
22	93	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
18	94	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
13	95	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
10	96	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
7	97	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
6	98	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
5	99	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
6	100	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
7	101	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
8	102	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
8	103	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
7	104	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
5	105	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
3	106	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
2	107	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
1	108	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
0	109	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
0	110	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
0	111	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
0	112	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
0	113	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
0	114	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
0	115	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
0	116	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
0	117	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
0	118	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
0	119	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
0	120	All colleges	Public	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
0	0	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
0	1	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
0	2	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
0	3	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
0	4	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
0	5	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
0	6	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
0	7	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
0	8	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
0	9	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
0	10	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
0	11	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
0	12	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
0	13	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
1	14	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment
2	15	All colleges	Private nonprofit	Weighted by undergraduate enrollment

The first 500 of 1452 rows; every row is in figures/earnings_by_sector.json.

Views: All colleges, each counted once (scope = All colleges, weighting = Each college counted once); All colleges, weighted by enrollment (scope = All colleges, weighting = Weighted by undergraduate enrollment); Four-year colleges (scope = Four-year colleges, weighting = Each college counted once); Two-year and shorter programs (scope = Two-year and shorter programs, weighting = Each college counted once).

Note: Earnings are the median for students who received federal aid and were working and not enrolled a decade after entry. They are in 2022 dollars, and the Scorecard adds noise to them and withholds them for small groups, so a college with no published value is missing, never zero. Densities use one smoothing bandwidth for every ridge and run from zero to a ceiling; a few colleges above the ceiling are outside the plot.

Note: Colleges are institutions identified by a 6-digit OPE ID. Branch campuses repeat their parent's earnings, so one row per OPE ID is used, and 5,000 institutions are in the file in the 50 states and DC. Earnings are published for 3,963 of them, and the share with no value is 4.7% of public, 26.5% of private nonprofit and 33.2% of for-profit colleges.

Note: The medians describe colleges and the students who received federal aid, and they mix what a college does with who enrolls and where it sits.

Source: College Scorecard, most recent cohorts, May 2025 release (earnings of the 2009-2011 entering classes, 2022 dollars); unweighted unless the view says weighted by undergraduate enrollment

Data: vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/college-access-price-and-earnings/figures/earnings_by_sector.json

Table 2. The median net price rises with family income, but at public four-year colleges it falls from 62% of an assumed income in the lowest band to 13% in the highest

Median across colleges of the average net price after grants for full-time, first-time students who received federal aid, by family-income band, public and private nonprofit four-year colleges, academic year 2021 to 2022

band	hi	lo	measure	n	sector	value
1	10430	8426	Median net price (dollars per year)	693	Public four-year colleges	9347
1	69.50	56.20	Net price as a share of assumed income (percent)	693	Public four-year colleges	62.30
2	11263	9449	Median net price (dollars per year)	685	Public four-year colleges	10114
2	28.90	24.20	Net price as a share of assumed income (percent)	685	Public four-year colleges	25.90
3	14074	12130	Median net price (dollars per year)	687	Public four-year colleges	12857
3	22.90	19.70	Net price as a share of assumed income (percent)	687	Public four-year colleges	20.90
4	18000	16056	Median net price (dollars per year)	670	Public four-year colleges	16974
4	19.50	17.40	Net price as a share of assumed income (percent)	670	Public four-year colleges	18.40
5	19987	17910	Median net price (dollars per year)	647	Public four-year colleges	18780
5	13.30	11.90	Net price as a share of assumed income (percent)	647	Public four-year colleges	12.50
1	18307	16937	Median net price (dollars per year)	1,120	Private nonprofit four-year colleges	17596
1	122	112.9	Net price as a share of assumed income (percent)	1,120	Private nonprofit four-year colleges	117.3
2	18742	17413	Median net price (dollars per year)	1,092	Private nonprofit four-year colleges	18166
2	48.10	44.60	Net price as a share of assumed income (percent)	1,092	Private nonprofit four-year colleges	46.60
3	21427	19926	Median net price (dollars per year)	1,082	Private nonprofit four-year colleges	20684
3	34.80	32.40	Net price as a share of assumed income (percent)	1,082	Private nonprofit four-year colleges	33.60
4	25256	23554	Median net price (dollars per year)	1,044	Private nonprofit four-year colleges	24314
4	27.30	25.50	Net price as a share of assumed income (percent)	1,044	Private nonprofit four-year colleges	26.30
5	30525	26953	Median net price (dollars per year)	976	Private nonprofit four-year colleges	28710
5	20.30	18	Net price as a share of assumed income (percent)	976	Private nonprofit four-year colleges	19.10

Views: Dollars per year (measure = Median net price (dollars per year)); Share of assumed income (measure = Net price as a share of assumed income (percent)).

Note: Net price is the cost of attendance, which includes living expenses, minus grants and scholarships, averaged over a college's full-time, first-time students who received federal aid in the band. At public colleges it covers in-state students only. A family bears the living expenses whether or not the student enrolls, so the share of income is an order of magnitude and not a measured burden on any family.

Note: The five bands are the Scorecard's, up to $30,000 of family income and over $110,000. The Scorecard does not report the income of the families in a band, so the share assumes an income at the midpoint of each band, and the highest band has no upper limit, so its share moves in proportion to the assumed value.

Note: The medians cover 694 public and 1,157 private nonprofit four-year colleges with a published net price in at least one band; a few report a net price below zero, which is kept as reported.

Source: College Scorecard, most recent cohorts, May 2025 release (net price by family income, academic year 2021-2022, nominal dollars); unweighted, each college counted once

Data: vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/college-access-price-and-earnings/figures/net_price_by_income.json

Table 3. Former students of costlier colleges tend to earn more, a correlation of +0.63, but 56% of plotted for-profit colleges cost more than the median and have median earnings at or below it

Median earnings a decade after entry (2022 dollars) against the average annual cost of attendance (academic year 2021 to 2022), one dot per college, dot area is undergraduate enrollment

No inline rows: the values of Table 3 are in /data/college-access-price-and-earnings/earnings_vs_cost.json.

Note: The plot has 2,663 colleges with a published cost of attendance, median earnings and at least 100 undergraduates. The cost of attendance is published for academic-year institutions only, so many short for-profit programs are not in it, and for-profit colleges are a small part of the plot.

Note: The quadrant lines are medians and the intervals for the shares come from a bootstrap over states that redraws the medians in every replicate. Dollar axes mix academic year 2021 to 2022 costs with earnings in 2022 dollars, which are close in time.

Source: College Scorecard, most recent cohorts, May 2025 release (cost of attendance, academic year 2021-2022; earnings of the 2009-2011 entering classes); unweighted, each college counted once

Data: vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/college-access-price-and-earnings/figures/earnings_vs_cost.json

Table 4. Among high-Pell colleges, the 15 highest-earning have a median of $72,282 a decade after entry and the 15 lowest-earning $31,902

Public and private nonprofit four-year colleges in the top third by Pell share, with at least 1,000 undergraduates; median earnings of former students who received federal aid and net price for the lowest income band

Table 4.1. Median earnings

Most of the highest-earning high-Pell colleges are in California, New York and New Jersey

Median earnings of former students who received federal aid a decade after entry (2022 dollars), the 15 highest-earning and the 15 lowest-earning high-Pell colleges

College	List	Median earnings (2022 dollars)	Pell share (%)	Net price, lowest income band (dollars)
New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJ)	Highest-earning	$84,276	39.0	$11,534
University of California-Irvine (CA)	Highest-earning	$80,735	37.3	$6,485
San Jose State University (CA)	Highest-earning	$78,988	35.4	$9,743
CUNY Bernard M Baruch College (NY)	Highest-earning	$75,971	55.3	$745
Stony Brook University (NY)	Highest-earning	$74,502	38.4	$12,744
University of Redlands (CA)	Highest-earning	$72,690	35.1	$21,520
Mount Saint Mary's University (CA)	Highest-earning	$72,379	55.1	$17,327
AdventHealth University (FL)	Highest-earning	$72,282	37.4	$29,906
California State Polytechnic University-Pomona (CA)	Highest-earning	$71,902	46.0	$7,599
California State University-East Bay (CA)	Highest-earning	$71,401	43.6	$8,059
New York Institute of Technology (NY)	Highest-earning	$70,080	43.7	$16,548
Farmingdale State College (NY)	Highest-earning	$69,781	35.8	$3,865
University of Massachusetts-Dartmouth (MA)	Highest-earning	$68,804	35.6	$14,122
University of Illinois Chicago (IL)	Highest-earning	$68,740	49.6	$9,257
San Francisco State University (CA)	Highest-earning	$68,077	41.4	$9,307
Laredo College (TX)	Lowest-earning	$33,934	38.5	$4,877
Central State University (OH)	Lowest-earning	$33,267	42.2	$15,607
Langston University (OK)	Lowest-earning	$33,261	68.4	$10,626
Atlanta Metropolitan State College (GA)	Lowest-earning	$33,252	53.8	$4,415
Miles College (AL)	Lowest-earning	$32,627	75.5	$13,517
Bryant & Stratton College-Online (NY)	Lowest-earning	$32,568	75.2	$14,685
Mississippi Valley State University (MS)	Lowest-earning	$31,919	59.6	$11,034
Benedict College (SC)	Lowest-earning	$31,902	63.5	$16,807
Uta Mesivta of Kiryas Joel (NY)	Lowest-earning	$31,853	86.2	$4,542
Harris-Stowe State University (MO)	Lowest-earning	$31,088	72.9	$12,412
Dine College (AZ)	Lowest-earning	$29,188	39.0	$10,031
American Musical and Dramatic Academy (NY)	Lowest-earning	$26,975	36.0	$25,066
Navajo Technical University (NM)	Lowest-earning	$26,364	49.0	$3,037
United Talmudical Seminary (NY)	Lowest-earning	$25,113	85.6	$6,126
Oglala Lakota College (SD)	Lowest-earning	$22,517	46.9	$2,188

Table 4.2. Net price, lowest income band

The highest-earning and lowest-earning high-Pell colleges charge the lowest income band similar median net prices

Average net price after grants for full-time, first-time students in the lowest family-income band who received federal aid, the same colleges, academic year 2021 to 2022

College	List	Median earnings (2022 dollars)	Pell share (%)	Net price, lowest income band (dollars)
New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJ)	Highest-earning	$84,276	39.0	$11,534
University of California-Irvine (CA)	Highest-earning	$80,735	37.3	$6,485
San Jose State University (CA)	Highest-earning	$78,988	35.4	$9,743
CUNY Bernard M Baruch College (NY)	Highest-earning	$75,971	55.3	$745
Stony Brook University (NY)	Highest-earning	$74,502	38.4	$12,744
University of Redlands (CA)	Highest-earning	$72,690	35.1	$21,520
Mount Saint Mary's University (CA)	Highest-earning	$72,379	55.1	$17,327
AdventHealth University (FL)	Highest-earning	$72,282	37.4	$29,906
California State Polytechnic University-Pomona (CA)	Highest-earning	$71,902	46.0	$7,599
California State University-East Bay (CA)	Highest-earning	$71,401	43.6	$8,059
New York Institute of Technology (NY)	Highest-earning	$70,080	43.7	$16,548
Farmingdale State College (NY)	Highest-earning	$69,781	35.8	$3,865
University of Massachusetts-Dartmouth (MA)	Highest-earning	$68,804	35.6	$14,122
University of Illinois Chicago (IL)	Highest-earning	$68,740	49.6	$9,257
San Francisco State University (CA)	Highest-earning	$68,077	41.4	$9,307
Laredo College (TX)	Lowest-earning	$33,934	38.5	$4,877
Central State University (OH)	Lowest-earning	$33,267	42.2	$15,607
Langston University (OK)	Lowest-earning	$33,261	68.4	$10,626
Atlanta Metropolitan State College (GA)	Lowest-earning	$33,252	53.8	$4,415
Miles College (AL)	Lowest-earning	$32,627	75.5	$13,517
Bryant & Stratton College-Online (NY)	Lowest-earning	$32,568	75.2	$14,685
Mississippi Valley State University (MS)	Lowest-earning	$31,919	59.6	$11,034
Benedict College (SC)	Lowest-earning	$31,902	63.5	$16,807
Uta Mesivta of Kiryas Joel (NY)	Lowest-earning	$31,853	86.2	$4,542
Harris-Stowe State University (MO)	Lowest-earning	$31,088	72.9	$12,412
Dine College (AZ)	Lowest-earning	$29,188	39.0	$10,031
American Musical and Dramatic Academy (NY)	Lowest-earning	$26,975	36.0	$25,066
Navajo Technical University (NM)	Lowest-earning	$26,364	49.0	$3,037
United Talmudical Seminary (NY)	Lowest-earning	$25,113	85.6	$6,126
Oglala Lakota College (SD)	Lowest-earning	$22,517	46.9	$2,188

Note: For-profit colleges are not on the list. Only public and private nonprofit colleges enter the pool, so no for-profit college can appear in either list, and 48 for-profit four-year colleges that otherwise met the rules were left out. A college is high-Pell when its Pell share reaches 34.7%, the cutoff for the top third of the pool of 1,282 colleges.

Note: The lists are rankings of named colleges and not samples, so their medians carry no interval, and the Scorecard adds noise to each college's earnings. Branch campuses share their parent's earnings, so each college appears once.

Note: Some of the lowest-earning colleges are tribal colleges or religious seminaries whose graduates' earnings are not comparable with those of a general four-year degree, and several are historically Black colleges and universities; earnings also follow local wages, which are high in the New York, New Jersey and California areas, and the measure does not adjust for the students' starting income.

Source: College Scorecard, most recent cohorts, May 2025 release (Pell share and net price, academic year 2021-2022; earnings of the 2009-2011 entering classes, 2022 dollars); unweighted, each college counted once

Data: vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/college-access-price-and-earnings/figures/high_pell_colleges.json

Table 5. The average resident in the country lives 9.6 miles from a four-year college, and the state averages are longest in Alaska, Wyoming, Montana and Mississippi

Distance in miles from the average resident of each county to the nearest four-year campus (great-circle, from each census tract's internal point, weighted by tract population), campuses of 2023, residents of 2019 to 2023

No inline rows: the values of Table 5 are in /data/college-access-price-and-earnings/college_distance_map.json.

Views: Any four-year campus (every row); Public four-year campus (every row).

Note: Every county on the map has a value: each has residents, and the distance is measured to a campus in any of the 50 states or DC. Puerto Rico is not drawn and its campuses and residents are not in the data. Alaska and Hawaii distances cross water, so a county on an island or in the bush has a distance that no road or ferry covers.

Note: Four-year means a campus the IPEDS directory lists at the four-year level, leaving out the 273 institutions the Scorecard classes as entirely graduate-degree granting; 2,508 campuses remain, with branch campuses counted at their own addresses. Connecticut is drawn as its eight legacy counties, with each tract and campus assigned to its legacy county.

Note: The second view measures the distance to the nearest public four-year campus. County values are full counts of tracts and campuses and carry no sampling interval; the intervals in the gradient figure treat counties as draws. Distance is a measure of supply, not of where residents enroll.

Source: IPEDS 2023 directory (campus locations), 2020 Census tract internal points, American Community Survey 2019-2023 (tract population); population-weighted, full counts

Data: vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/college-access-price-and-earnings/figures/college_distance_map.json

Table 6. Distance to a four-year college rises with county deprivation, from 6.1 miles in the least deprived tenth of counties to 29.3 in the most deprived, and with rurality

Miles from the average resident to the nearest four-year campus, and the share of counties with no four-year campus, by tenth of county Area Deprivation Index rank and by Rural-Urban Continuum Code, residents of 2019 to 2023

Table 6.1. Distance by deprivation

Distance to the nearest four-year campus rises across the tenths of county deprivation, from 6.1 miles to 29.3

Miles from the average resident to the nearest four-year campus, by tenth of county ADI national rank, with 95% intervals from a bootstrap over states

conf_high	conf_low	miles	n	tenth
6.91	5.27	6.10	312	1
10.37	7.33	8.53	313	2
12.34	7.70	9.36	313	3
11.67	7.94	9.54	312	4
20.68	10.77	14.49	314	5
18.94	12.67	15.25	312	6
21.96	14.73	17.97	313	7
24.30	18.35	21.28	315	8
29.50	22.45	25.60	312	9
35.02	24.64	29.34	312	10

Table 6.2. Counties with no campus

The share of counties with no four-year campus rises across the tenths of county deprivation, from 42% to 92%

Percent of counties with no four-year campus inside the county, by tenth of county ADI national rank, each county counted once, with 95% intervals from a bootstrap over states

conf_high	conf_low	n	share	tenth
50.90	33	312	42.30	1
58.90	46.80	313	53.40	2
65.50	49.40	313	57.50	3
67.30	56	312	61.50	4
78.80	65.30	314	72.30	5
79.80	66.70	312	73.40	6
81.40	69.10	313	75.70	7
88.90	79	315	84.40	8
91.90	86.50	312	89.40	9
94.90	87.20	312	91.70	10

Table 6.3. Distance by rurality

The average resident of a nonmetro county lives 3.7 times as far from a four-year campus as the average resident of a metro county

Miles from the average resident to the nearest four-year campus, by group of USDA Rural-Urban Continuum Codes (2023), with 95% intervals from a bootstrap over states

conf_high	conf_low	group	miles	n
7.82	6.33	Metro	7.03	1,185
22.92	16.90	Nonmetro, urban population 20,000 or more	19.56	277
30.75	23.43	Nonmetro, urban population 5,000 to 20,000	26.63	626
40.93	29.66	Nonmetro, urban population under 5,000	34.28	1,055

Note: Tracts and campuses are enumerated, not sampled, so the intervals describe how much an estimate varies from state to state and not sampling error. The rural-urban groups use all counties; the tenths use the counties that have an ADI rank.

Note: 3,128 counties have an ADI rank; 15 counties whose tracts all have a suppressed rank are not in the tenths. The ADI is a national percentile with 1 least deprived, and it understates deprivation in high-cost areas.

Note: The correlation across counties between the ADI rank and the distance is +0.31 when counties count in proportion to their residents and +0.16 when each counts once, with intervals from a bootstrap over states. Connecticut counties take the Rural-Urban Continuum Code held by most of their residents, because the code is published for the planning regions that replaced the counties.

Note: Across all the counties in the tenths the average resident lives 9.6 miles from the nearest four-year campus.

Source: IPEDS 2023 directory, American Community Survey 2019-2023 (residents), Area Deprivation Index 2023, USDA Rural-Urban Continuum Codes 2023; population-weighted unless the tab gives a share of counties

Data: vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/college-access-price-and-earnings/figures/college_desert_gradient.json

Table 7. Distance to the nearest four-year college is steadily worse toward the more deprived end under the ADI and under each of the three other rankings

Miles to the nearest four-year campus, average resident by tenth of counties ranked four ways, over the 3,125 counties that have all four rankings

bin	conf_high	conf_low	estimate	n_units	ranking
1	6.97	5.25	6.10	312	Area Deprivation Index
2	10.07	7.38	8.50	313	Area Deprivation Index
3	12.04	7.35	9.01	312	Area Deprivation Index
4	12.02	8.69	10.11	313	Area Deprivation Index
5	21.70	11.02	15.14	312	Area Deprivation Index
6	17.00	11.49	13.61	313	Area Deprivation Index
7	22.71	15.46	18.69	312	Area Deprivation Index
8	23.71	17.75	20.68	313	Area Deprivation Index
9	27.26	21.99	24.61	312	Area Deprivation Index
10	35.54	24.84	29.72	313	Area Deprivation Index
1	7.59	6.21	6.78	312	Standardized index
2	10.42	6.99	8.55	313	Standardized index
3	9.54	5.16	6.72	312	Standardized index
4	9.99	6.95	8.12	313	Standardized index
5	12.86	7.47	9.53	312	Standardized index
6	20.40	12.29	15.35	313	Standardized index
7	17.79	11.09	14.07	312	Standardized index
8	28.67	16.75	21.02	313	Standardized index
9	29.84	15.89	22.81	312	Standardized index
10	41.37	22.40	28.24	313	Standardized index
1	7.28	6.02	6.66	312	Median household income
2	8.20	5.48	6.56	313	Median household income
3	11.33	7.59	8.83	312	Median household income
4	12.80	8.18	9.87	313	Median household income
5	14.15	9.97	11.66	312	Median household income
6	19.99	10.28	13.95	313	Median household income
7	25.29	14.41	18.71	312	Median household income
8	25.05	18.32	21.51	313	Median household income
9	28.15	22.70	25.10	312	Median household income
10	31.68	22.83	26.64	313	Median household income
1	6.17	5.02	5.54	312	Bachelor's degree share
2	7.46	5.73	6.42	313	Bachelor's degree share
3	10.01	5.74	7.32	312	Bachelor's degree share
4	13.83	9.22	11.21	313	Bachelor's degree share
5	17.07	11.58	13.90	312	Bachelor's degree share
6	20.99	14.48	17.20	313	Bachelor's degree share
7	25.63	17.09	20.62	312	Bachelor's degree share
8	33.93	21.70	26.86	313	Bachelor's degree share
9	33.53	21.92	26.83	312	Bachelor's degree share
10	40.50	25.44	31.03	313	Bachelor's degree share

Note: Least and most deprived tenth: ADI 6.1 and 29.7, rank correlation +0.99; standardized index 6.8 and 28.2, +0.93; median household income 6.7 and 26.6, +0.99; bachelor's degree share 5.5 and 31.0, +0.99.

Note: The standardized index applies the ADI's coefficients to its measures after standardizing each one, so home value and income carry less weight than in the ADI. Income and degree share are single census measures, each ranked from the highest value to the lowest.

Source: IPEDS 2023 directory, American Community Survey 2019-2023 (residents), Area Deprivation Index 2023; resident-weighted means over counties; ADI 2023 and ACS 2019-2023 tract tables (B19013, B15003 and the 15 rebuilt ADI measures)

Data: vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/college-access-price-and-earnings/figures/alt_rankings.json

All estimates

Every fact in facts.json (133), sorted by id. The same values as JSON: facts.json.

Fact id	Value	Unit	Estimand	Population	Period	Interval	n	Weights	Source	Note
alt_adi_least	6.1	Miles to the nearest four-year campus, average resident	resident-weighted mean of the county distance; 95% intervals from a bootstrap over states	the least deprived tenth of counties ranked by Area Deprivation Index, among the counties with all four rankings	campuses in the 2023 IPEDS directory, residents in the 2019 to 2023 ACS, county deprivation rank 2023	95% CI 5.3 to 7.0	312 counties	2019 to 2023 ACS tract population	IPEDS
alt_adi_most	29.7	Miles to the nearest four-year campus, average resident	resident-weighted mean of the county distance; 95% intervals from a bootstrap over states	the most deprived tenth of counties ranked by Area Deprivation Index, among the counties with all four rankings	campuses in the 2023 IPEDS directory, residents in the 2019 to 2023 ACS, county deprivation rank 2023	95% CI 24.8 to 35.5	313 counties	2019 to 2023 ACS tract population	IPEDS
alt_adi_rho	+0.99	rank correlation	Spearman rank correlation between bin order and bin mean, each bin counted once	the bins of counties ranked by Area Deprivation Index	campuses in the 2023 IPEDS directory, residents in the 2019 to 2023 ACS, county deprivation rank 2023			each bin counted once	IPEDS
alt_degree_least	5.5	Miles to the nearest four-year campus, average resident	resident-weighted mean of the county distance; 95% intervals from a bootstrap over states	the least deprived tenth of counties ranked by Bachelor's degree share, among the counties with all four rankings	campuses in the 2023 IPEDS directory, residents in the 2019 to 2023 ACS, county deprivation rank 2023	95% CI 5.0 to 6.2	312 counties	2019 to 2023 ACS tract population	IPEDS
alt_degree_most	31.0	Miles to the nearest four-year campus, average resident	resident-weighted mean of the county distance; 95% intervals from a bootstrap over states	the most deprived tenth of counties ranked by Bachelor's degree share, among the counties with all four rankings	campuses in the 2023 IPEDS directory, residents in the 2019 to 2023 ACS, county deprivation rank 2023	95% CI 25.4 to 40.5	313 counties	2019 to 2023 ACS tract population	IPEDS
alt_degree_rho	+0.99	rank correlation	Spearman rank correlation between bin order and bin mean, each bin counted once	the bins of counties ranked by Bachelor's degree share	campuses in the 2023 IPEDS directory, residents in the 2019 to 2023 ACS, county deprivation rank 2023			each bin counted once	IPEDS
alt_income_least	6.7	Miles to the nearest four-year campus, average resident	resident-weighted mean of the county distance; 95% intervals from a bootstrap over states	the least deprived tenth of counties ranked by Median household income, among the counties with all four rankings	campuses in the 2023 IPEDS directory, residents in the 2019 to 2023 ACS, county deprivation rank 2023	95% CI 6.0 to 7.3	312 counties	2019 to 2023 ACS tract population	IPEDS
alt_income_most	26.6	Miles to the nearest four-year campus, average resident	resident-weighted mean of the county distance; 95% intervals from a bootstrap over states	the most deprived tenth of counties ranked by Median household income, among the counties with all four rankings	campuses in the 2023 IPEDS directory, residents in the 2019 to 2023 ACS, county deprivation rank 2023	95% CI 22.8 to 31.7	313 counties	2019 to 2023 ACS tract population	IPEDS
alt_income_rho	+0.99	rank correlation	Spearman rank correlation between bin order and bin mean, each bin counted once	the bins of counties ranked by Median household income	campuses in the 2023 IPEDS directory, residents in the 2019 to 2023 ACS, county deprivation rank 2023			each bin counted once	IPEDS
alt_n_places	3,125	counties	count of counties in the common sample of the ranking comparison	counties with the outcome and all four rankings	campuses in the 2023 IPEDS directory, residents in the 2019 to 2023 ACS, county deprivation rank 2023			none (full count)	IPEDS
alt_rho_cut	0.9	absolute rank correlation	threshold between a steady and an uneven gradient	the rule for changed gradients (docs/RANKING_SWITCH_RULE.md)	campuses in the 2023 IPEDS directory, residents in the 2019 to 2023 ACS, county deprivation rank 2023			none (a fixed rule)	IPEDS
alt_rho_margin	0.1	absolute rank correlation	smallest move in the rank correlation that counts as a change of shape	the rule for changed gradients (docs/RANKING_SWITCH_RULE.md)	campuses in the 2023 IPEDS directory, residents in the 2019 to 2023 ACS, county deprivation rank 2023			none (a fixed rule)	IPEDS
alt_std_least	6.8	Miles to the nearest four-year campus, average resident	resident-weighted mean of the county distance; 95% intervals from a bootstrap over states	the least deprived tenth of counties ranked by Standardized index, among the counties with all four rankings	campuses in the 2023 IPEDS directory, residents in the 2019 to 2023 ACS, county deprivation rank 2023	95% CI 6.2 to 7.6	312 counties	2019 to 2023 ACS tract population	IPEDS
alt_std_most	28.2	Miles to the nearest four-year campus, average resident	resident-weighted mean of the county distance; 95% intervals from a bootstrap over states	the most deprived tenth of counties ranked by Standardized index, among the counties with all four rankings	campuses in the 2023 IPEDS directory, residents in the 2019 to 2023 ACS, county deprivation rank 2023	95% CI 22.4 to 41.4	313 counties	2019 to 2023 ACS tract population	IPEDS
alt_std_rho	+0.93	rank correlation	Spearman rank correlation between bin order and bin mean, each bin counted once	the bins of counties ranked by Standardized index	campuses in the 2023 IPEDS directory, residents in the 2019 to 2023 ACS, county deprivation rank 2023			each bin counted once	IPEDS
baruch_earn	$75,971	dollars per year (2022 dollars)	median earnings of one college's former students who received federal aid	Baruch College	median earnings in calendar years 2020 and 2021 (2022 dollars) of students who entered in 2009 to 2010 and 2010 to 2011			none (one college)	College Scorecard
baruch_net	$745	dollars per year (nominal), net price after grants	average net price of one college	Baruch College, students in the lowest income band who receive federal aid	academic year 2021 to 2022 (nominal dollars)			none (one college)	College Scorecard
baruch_pell	55%	percent of undergraduates who received a Pell Grant	Pell share of one college	Baruch College of the City University of New York	academic year 2021 to 2022			none (one college)	College Scorecard
bot_earn_med	$31,902	dollars per year (2022 dollars)	median of the institution median earnings across the list	the lowest-earning high-Pell colleges in the pool	median earnings in calendar years 2020 and 2021 (2022 dollars) of students who entered in 2009 to 2010 and 2010 to 2011		15 institutions	none (each institution counts once)	College Scorecard	The list is a ranking of named colleges and not a sample, so the median carries no sampling interval.
bot_net_med	$10,626	dollars per year (nominal), net price after grants	median across the list of the average net price for the lowest income band	the lowest-earning high-Pell colleges in the pool	academic year 2021 to 2022 (nominal dollars)		15 institutions	none (each institution counts once)	College Scorecard
bot_pell_med	60%	percent of undergraduates who received a Pell Grant	median of the Pell share across the list	the lowest-earning high-Pell colleges in the pool	academic year 2021 to 2022		15 institutions	none (each institution counts once)	College Scorecard
compl_ch	64%	percent of first-time, full-time students	median across institutions of the completion rate within 150 percent of expected time; bootstrap over states	plotted four-year institutions above the median in cost and in earnings with a completion rate	completion within 150 percent of expected time, fall 2016 entering class	95% CI 61% to 67%	961 institutions	none (each institution counts once)	College Scorecard
compl_cl	45%	percent of first-time, full-time students	median across institutions of the completion rate within 150 percent of expected time; bootstrap over states	plotted four-year institutions in the costly, low-earnings quadrant with a completion rate	completion within 150 percent of expected time, fall 2016 entering class	95% CI 43% to 51%	277 institutions	none (each institution counts once)	College Scorecard
compl_window	150%	percent of normal time	the follow-up window in the definition of the completion rate, relative to the normal time to complete	completion rate of the College Scorecard	completion within 150 percent of expected time by students who started in fall 2016 (four-year) or fall 2019 (shorter programs)			none (definition)	College Scorecard
cost_med	$24,602	dollars per year	median across the plotted institutions of the cost of attendance; the position of a quadrant line; bootstrap over states	institutions in the scatter	cost of attendance in academic year 2021 to 2022 (nominal dollars), earnings of the 2009 to 2011 entering classes (2022 dollars)	95% CI $22,758 to $26,688	2,663 institutions	none (each institution counts once)	College Scorecard
dist_ak	69	miles, great-circle distance to the nearest four-year campus	resident-weighted mean over the state's counties of the county distance	residents of Alaska	campuses in the 2023 IPEDS directory, residents in the 2019 to 2023 ACS, county deprivation rank 2023			2019 to 2023 ACS tract population	Census TIGER/Line tracts	A full count of the state's residents and campuses, so it carries no sampling interval.
dist_all	9.6	miles, great-circle distance to the nearest four-year campus	resident-weighted mean over counties of the county's distance (each county's value is the mean over its tracts, weighted by tract population)	residents of the 50 states and DC	campuses in the 2023 IPEDS directory, residents in the 2019 to 2023 ACS, county deprivation rank 2023		3,143 counties	2019 to 2023 ACS tract population	Census TIGER/Line tracts	A count of every tract and campus, so it carries no sampling interval.
dist_all_pub	14.0	miles, great-circle distance to the nearest public four-year campus	resident-weighted mean over counties of the county's distance (each county's value is the mean over its tracts, weighted by tract population)	residents of the 50 states and DC	campuses in the 2023 IPEDS directory, residents in the 2019 to 2023 ACS, county deprivation rank 2023		3,143 counties	2019 to 2023 ACS tract population	Census TIGER/Line tracts	A count of every tract and campus, so it carries no sampling interval.
dist_d1	6.1	miles, great-circle distance to the nearest four-year campus	resident-weighted mean of the county distance within a tenth of counties; bootstrap over states	residents of counties in the least deprived tenth of counties by ADI rank	campuses in the 2023 IPEDS directory, residents in the 2019 to 2023 ACS, county deprivation rank 2023	95% CI 5.3 to 6.9	312 counties	2019 to 2023 ACS tract population	Census TIGER/Line tracts
dist_d10	29.3	miles, great-circle distance to the nearest four-year campus	resident-weighted mean of the county distance within a tenth of counties; bootstrap over states	residents of counties in the most deprived tenth of counties by ADI rank	campuses in the 2023 IPEDS directory, residents in the 2019 to 2023 ACS, county deprivation rank 2023	95% CI 24.6 to 35.0	312 counties	2019 to 2023 ACS tract population	Census TIGER/Line tracts
dist_med	21	miles, great-circle distance to the nearest four-year campus	median across counties of the county's resident-weighted distance	counties of the 50 states and DC	campuses in the 2023 IPEDS directory, residents in the 2019 to 2023 ACS, county deprivation rank 2023		3,143 counties	none (each county counts once)	Census TIGER/Line tracts
dist_metro	7.0	miles, great-circle distance to the nearest four-year campus	resident-weighted mean of the county distance within the group of counties; bootstrap over states	residents of metro counties (Rural-Urban Continuum Code 1 to 3)	campuses in the 2023 IPEDS directory, residents in the 2019 to 2023 ACS, county deprivation rank 2023	95% CI 6.3 to 7.8	1,185 counties	2019 to 2023 ACS tract population	Census TIGER/Line tracts
dist_ms	24	miles, great-circle distance to the nearest four-year campus	resident-weighted mean over the state's counties of the county distance	residents of Mississippi	campuses in the 2023 IPEDS directory, residents in the 2019 to 2023 ACS, county deprivation rank 2023			2019 to 2023 ACS tract population	Census TIGER/Line tracts	A full count of the state's residents and campuses, so it carries no sampling interval.
dist_mt	26	miles, great-circle distance to the nearest four-year campus	resident-weighted mean over the state's counties of the county distance	residents of Montana	campuses in the 2023 IPEDS directory, residents in the 2019 to 2023 ACS, county deprivation rank 2023			2019 to 2023 ACS tract population	Census TIGER/Line tracts	A full count of the state's residents and campuses, so it carries no sampling interval.
dist_nonmetro	25.7	miles, great-circle distance to the nearest four-year campus	resident-weighted mean of the county distance within the group of counties; bootstrap over states	residents of nonmetro counties (Rural-Urban Continuum Code 4 to 9)	campuses in the 2023 IPEDS directory, residents in the 2019 to 2023 ACS, county deprivation rank 2023	95% CI 22.8 to 29.4	1,958 counties	2019 to 2023 ACS tract population	Census TIGER/Line tracts
dist_p5	4.0	miles, great-circle distance to the nearest four-year campus	5th percentile across counties of the county's resident-weighted distance	counties of the 50 states and DC	campuses in the 2023 IPEDS directory, residents in the 2019 to 2023 ACS, county deprivation rank 2023		3,143 counties	none (each county counts once)	Census TIGER/Line tracts
dist_p95	74	miles, great-circle distance to the nearest four-year campus	95th percentile across counties of the county's resident-weighted distance	counties of the 50 states and DC	campuses in the 2023 IPEDS directory, residents in the 2019 to 2023 ACS, county deprivation rank 2023		3,143 counties	none (each county counts once)	Census TIGER/Line tracts
dist_pub_d1	9.4	miles, great-circle distance to the nearest public four-year campus	resident-weighted mean of the county distance within a tenth of counties; bootstrap over states	residents of counties in the least deprived tenth of counties by ADI rank	campuses in the 2023 IPEDS directory, residents in the 2019 to 2023 ACS, county deprivation rank 2023	95% CI 8.3 to 10.8	312 counties	2019 to 2023 ACS tract population	Census TIGER/Line tracts
dist_pub_d10	36.5	miles, great-circle distance to the nearest public four-year campus	resident-weighted mean of the county distance within a tenth of counties; bootstrap over states	residents of counties in the most deprived tenth of counties by ADI rank	campuses in the 2023 IPEDS directory, residents in the 2019 to 2023 ACS, county deprivation rank 2023	95% CI 32.4 to 41.6	312 counties	2019 to 2023 ACS tract population	Census TIGER/Line tracts
dist_ratio	3.7	ratio of miles	resident-weighted mean distance in nonmetro counties divided by the same in metro counties; bootstrap over states	residents of nonmetro counties against residents of metro counties	campuses in the 2023 IPEDS directory, residents in the 2019 to 2023 ACS, county deprivation rank 2023	95% CI 3.2 to 4.2	3,143 counties	2019 to 2023 ACS tract population	Census TIGER/Line tracts
dist_rural4	34.3	miles, great-circle distance to the nearest four-year campus	resident-weighted mean of the county distance within the group of counties; bootstrap over states	residents of nonmetro counties with an urban population under 5,000 (Rural-Urban Continuum Code 8 or 9)	campuses in the 2023 IPEDS directory, residents in the 2019 to 2023 ACS, county deprivation rank 2023	95% CI 29.7 to 40.9	1,055 counties	2019 to 2023 ACS tract population	Census TIGER/Line tracts
dist_slope_tenth	2.1	miles per step up one tenth of county deprivation	slope of the county distance on the tenth (1 to 10) of county ADI rank, weighted by residents; bootstrap over states	residents of counties with an ADI rank	campuses in the 2023 IPEDS directory, residents in the 2019 to 2023 ACS, county deprivation rank 2023	95% CI 1.7 to 2.5	3,128 counties	2019 to 2023 ACS tract population	Census TIGER/Line tracts
dist_wy	49	miles, great-circle distance to the nearest four-year campus	resident-weighted mean over the state's counties of the county distance	residents of Wyoming	campuses in the 2023 IPEDS directory, residents in the 2019 to 2023 ACS, county deprivation rank 2023			2019 to 2023 ACS tract population	Census TIGER/Line tracts	A full count of the state's residents and campuses, so it carries no sampling interval.
earn_forprofit	$28,330	dollars per year (2022 dollars)	median across institutions of each institution's median earnings of former students who received federal aid, working and not enrolled ten years after entry; bootstrap over states	for-profit colleges in the 50 states and DC with a published earnings value	median earnings in calendar years 2020 and 2021 (2022 dollars) of students who entered in 2009 to 2010 and 2010 to 2011	95% CI $26,877 to $29,972	1,036 institutions	none (each institution counts once)	College Scorecard
earn_gap	$13,685	dollars per year (2022 dollars), public minus for-profit	difference between the two sectors' medians of institution median earnings; bootstrap over states	public and for-profit colleges in the 50 states and DC with a published earnings value	median earnings in calendar years 2020 and 2021 (2022 dollars) of students who entered in 2009 to 2010 and 2010 to 2011	95% CI $12,287 to $15,220	2,752 institutions	none (each institution counts once)	College Scorecard
earn_gap_four	$10,738	dollars per year (2022 dollars), public minus for-profit, four-year colleges only	difference between the two sectors' medians of institution median earnings; bootstrap over states	public and for-profit four-year colleges with a published earnings value	median earnings in calendar years 2020 and 2021 (2022 dollars) of students who entered in 2009 to 2010 and 2010 to 2011	95% CI $8,300 to $13,249	857 institutions	none (each institution counts once)	College Scorecard
earn_gap_short	$11,884	dollars per year (2022 dollars), public minus for-profit, two-year and shorter programs only	difference between the two sectors' medians of institution median earnings; bootstrap over states	public and for-profit two-year and shorter colleges with a published earnings value	median earnings in calendar years 2020 and 2021 (2022 dollars) of students who entered in 2009 to 2010 and 2010 to 2011	95% CI $10,591 to $13,240	1,895 institutions	none (each institution counts once)	College Scorecard
earn_gap_w	$10,924	dollars per year (2022 dollars), public minus for-profit, medians weighted by undergraduate enrollment	difference between the two sectors' medians of institution median earnings; bootstrap over states	public and for-profit colleges with a published earnings value and an enrollment count	median earnings in calendar years 2020 and 2021 (2022 dollars) of students who entered in 2009 to 2010 and 2010 to 2011	95% CI $7,972 to $12,851	2,744 institutions	fall 2022 undergraduate enrollment of the reporting institution	College Scorecard
earn_med	$46,092	dollars per year	median across the plotted institutions of the median earnings; the position of a quadrant line; bootstrap over states	institutions in the scatter	cost of attendance in academic year 2021 to 2022 (nominal dollars), earnings of the 2009 to 2011 entering classes (2022 dollars)	95% CI $44,379 to $47,866	2,663 institutions	none (each institution counts once)	College Scorecard
earn_nonprofit	$53,848	dollars per year (2022 dollars)	median across institutions of each institution's median earnings of former students who received federal aid, working and not enrolled ten years after entry; bootstrap over states	private nonprofit colleges in the 50 states and DC with a published earnings value	median earnings in calendar years 2020 and 2021 (2022 dollars) of students who entered in 2009 to 2010 and 2010 to 2011	95% CI $51,671 to $55,838	1,211 institutions	none (each institution counts once)	College Scorecard
earn_public	$42,014	dollars per year (2022 dollars)	median across institutions of each institution's median earnings of former students who received federal aid, working and not enrolled ten years after entry; bootstrap over states	public colleges in the 50 states and DC with a published earnings value	median earnings in calendar years 2020 and 2021 (2022 dollars) of students who entered in 2009 to 2010 and 2010 to 2011	95% CI $40,606 to $43,598	1,716 institutions	none (each institution counts once)	College Scorecard
edge_high	$110,000	dollars of family income	lower limit of the highest income band	the highest of the five family-income bands in the Scorecard net price	academic year 2021 to 2022 (nominal dollars)			none (definition)	College Scorecard
edge_low	$30,000	dollars of family income	upper limit of the lowest income band	the lowest of the five family-income bands in the Scorecard net price	academic year 2021 to 2022 (nominal dollars)			none (definition)	College Scorecard
high_p10	$38,184	dollars per year (2022 dollars)	10th percentile of institution median earnings across high-Pell colleges	high-Pell colleges in the pool	median earnings in calendar years 2020 and 2021 (2022 dollars) of students who entered in 2009 to 2010 and 2010 to 2011		428 institutions	none (each institution counts once)	College Scorecard
high_p90	$62,278	dollars per year (2022 dollars)	90th percentile of institution median earnings across high-Pell colleges	high-Pell colleges in the pool	median earnings in calendar years 2020 and 2021 (2022 dollars) of students who entered in 2009 to 2010 and 2010 to 2011		428 institutions	none (each institution counts once)	College Scorecard
mid_high	$150,000	dollars of family income (assumed)	assumed family income used to express a net price as a share of income; the band has no upper limit, so this value is a choice	the highest income band	academic year 2021 to 2022 (nominal dollars)			none (assumption)	College Scorecard	An assumption of this chapter. The band is open-ended and the share for it moves in proportion to this value.
mid_low	$15,000	dollars of family income (assumed)	assumed family income used to express a net price as a share of income: the midpoint of the band	the lowest income band	academic year 2021 to 2022 (nominal dollars)			none (assumption)	College Scorecard	An assumption of this chapter. The Scorecard does not report the income of the families in a band.
min_ugds_pool	1,000	undergraduates	smallest undergraduate enrollment of an institution in the pool	institutions in the pool	median earnings in calendar years 2020 and 2021 (2022 dollars) of students who entered in 2009 to 2010 and 2010 to 2011			none (inclusion rule)	College Scorecard
min_ugds_scatter	100	undergraduates	smallest undergraduate enrollment of an institution in the scatter	institutions in the scatter	cost of attendance in academic year 2021 to 2022 (nominal dollars), earnings of the 2009 to 2011 entering classes (2022 dollars)			none (inclusion rule)	College Scorecard
miss_forprofit	33.2%	percent of institutions	share of institutions with no published earnings value (privacy-suppressed or too few aided students)	for-profit colleges in the 50 states and DC	median earnings in calendar years 2020 and 2021 (2022 dollars) of students who entered in 2009 to 2010 and 2010 to 2011		1,552 institutions	none (full count)	College Scorecard
miss_nonprofit	26.5%	percent of institutions	share of institutions with no published earnings value (privacy-suppressed or too few aided students)	private nonprofit colleges in the 50 states and DC	median earnings in calendar years 2020 and 2021 (2022 dollars) of students who entered in 2009 to 2010 and 2010 to 2011		1,648 institutions	none (full count)	College Scorecard
miss_public	4.7%	percent of institutions	share of institutions with no published earnings value (privacy-suppressed or too few aided students)	public colleges in the 50 states and DC	median earnings in calendar years 2020 and 2021 (2022 dollars) of students who entered in 2009 to 2010 and 2010 to 2011		1,800 institutions	none (full count)	College Scorecard
n_bot_hbcu	6	institutions	count of colleges in the list that this chapter classes by name as historically Black colleges and universities	the lowest-earning high-Pell colleges	median earnings in calendar years 2020 and 2021 (2022 dollars) of students who entered in 2009 to 2010 and 2010 to 2011			none (full count)	College Scorecard
n_bot_tribal_seminary	5	institutions	count of colleges in the list that this chapter classes by name as tribal colleges or religious seminaries	the lowest-earning high-Pell colleges	median earnings in calendar years 2020 and 2021 (2022 dollars) of students who entered in 2009 to 2010 and 2010 to 2011			none (full count)	College Scorecard
n_branch	1,275	rows	count of rows dropped because the 6-digit OPE ID already has a row (the campus with the most undergraduates) whose earnings and debt the branch row repeats	Scorecard rows for branch campuses in the 50 states and DC	College Scorecard May 2025 release			none (full count)	College Scorecard
n_campuses	2,508	campuses	count of campuses used as destinations, branch campuses counted separately	four-year institutions in the 50 states and DC that are not entirely graduate-degree granting	campuses in the 2023 IPEDS directory, residents in the 2019 to 2023 ACS, county deprivation rank 2023			none (full count)	IPEDS
n_cl	334	institutions	count of institutions whose cost of attendance is above the median and whose median earnings are at or below the median	institutions in the scatter	cost of attendance in academic year 2021 to 2022 (nominal dollars), earnings of the 2009 to 2011 entering classes (2022 dollars)			none (full count)	College Scorecard
n_counties	3,143	counties	count of counties drawn on the map	counties and county equivalents of the 50 states and DC (Connecticut as its eight legacy counties)	campuses in the 2023 IPEDS directory, residents in the 2019 to 2023 ACS, county deprivation rank 2023			none (full count)	IPEDS
n_earn	3,963	institutions	count of institutions with median earnings ten years after entry	institutions (6-digit OPE ID reporting units) in the 50 states and DC with a published earnings value	median earnings in calendar years 2020 and 2021 (2022 dollars) of students who entered in 2009 to 2010 and 2010 to 2011			none (full count)	College Scorecard
n_earn_forprofit	1,036	institutions	count of institutions	for-profit colleges in the 50 states and DC with a published earnings value	median earnings in calendar years 2020 and 2021 (2022 dollars) of students who entered in 2009 to 2010 and 2010 to 2011			none (full count)	College Scorecard
n_earn_nonprofit	1,211	institutions	count of institutions	private nonprofit colleges in the 50 states and DC with a published earnings value	median earnings in calendar years 2020 and 2021 (2022 dollars) of students who entered in 2009 to 2010 and 2010 to 2011			none (full count)	College Scorecard
n_earn_public	1,716	institutions	count of institutions	public colleges in the 50 states and DC with a published earnings value	median earnings in calendar years 2020 and 2021 (2022 dollars) of students who entered in 2009 to 2010 and 2010 to 2011			none (full count)	College Scorecard
n_far_top	10	counties	number of counties with the longest resident-weighted distance whose state is counted	counties of the 50 states and DC	campuses in the 2023 IPEDS directory, residents in the 2019 to 2023 ACS, county deprivation rank 2023			none (rule)	IPEDS
n_fp_dropped	48	institutions	count of for-profit institutions left out of the pool by the rule that for-profit colleges are not on the list	for-profit four-year colleges that meet every pool rule, including a net price for the lowest income band	median earnings in calendar years 2020 and 2021 (2022 dollars) of students who entered in 2009 to 2010 and 2010 to 2011			none (full count)	College Scorecard
n_grad_counties	3,128	counties	count of counties in the deprivation gradient	counties with a county ADI rank	campuses in the 2023 IPEDS directory, residents in the 2019 to 2023 ACS, county deprivation rank 2023			none (full count)	Area Deprivation Index
n_grad_only	273	institutions	count left out because the Scorecard classes their predominant degree as graduate	four-year institutions in the 50 states and DC	campuses in the 2023 IPEDS directory, residents in the 2019 to 2023 ACS, county deprivation rank 2023			none (full count)	IPEDS
n_high_pell	428	institutions	count of institutions whose Pell share reaches the cutoff	institutions in the top third of the pool by Pell share	median earnings in calendar years 2020 and 2021 (2022 dollars) of students who entered in 2009 to 2010 and 2010 to 2011			none (full count)	College Scorecard
n_inst	5,000	institutions	count of reporting institutions after dropping rows outside the 50 states and DC and branch rows that repeat their parent's earnings and debt	institutions (6-digit OPE ID reporting units) in the 50 states and DC	College Scorecard May 2025 release			none (full count)	College Scorecard
n_list	15	institutions	number of colleges in the list of highest-earning and in the list of lowest-earning high-Pell colleges	each list of high-Pell colleges	median earnings in calendar years 2020 and 2021 (2022 dollars) of students who entered in 2009 to 2010 and 2010 to 2011			none (rule)	College Scorecard
n_netp_priv	1,157	institutions	count of institutions	private nonprofit four-year colleges in the 50 states and DC with a published net price in at least one band	academic year 2021 to 2022 (nominal dollars)			none (full count)	College Scorecard
n_netp_pub	694	institutions	count of institutions	public four-year colleges in the 50 states and DC with a published net price in at least one band	academic year 2021 to 2022 (nominal dollars)			none (full count)	College Scorecard
n_no_adi	15	counties	count of counties left out of the gradient because every tract has a suppressed ADI rank	counties of the 50 states and DC	campuses in the 2023 IPEDS directory, residents in the 2019 to 2023 ACS, county deprivation rank 2023			none (full count)	Area Deprivation Index
n_no_college	2,210	counties	count of counties with no four-year campus inside the county	counties of the 50 states and DC	campuses in the 2023 IPEDS directory, residents in the 2019 to 2023 ACS, county deprivation rank 2023			none (full count)	IPEDS
n_pool	1,282	institutions	count of institutions in the pool	public and private nonprofit four-year colleges with at least 1,000 undergraduates, a Pell share, median earnings and a net price for the lowest income band	median earnings in calendar years 2020 and 2021 (2022 dollars) of students who entered in 2009 to 2010 and 2010 to 2011			none (full count)	College Scorecard
n_scatter	2,663	institutions	count of institutions in the scatter	institutions with a cost of attendance, median earnings and at least 100 undergraduates	cost of attendance in academic year 2021 to 2022 (nominal dollars), earnings of the 2009 to 2011 entering classes (2022 dollars)			none (full count)	College Scorecard
n_scatter_fp	163	institutions	count of institutions	for-profit colleges in the scatter	cost of attendance in academic year 2021 to 2022 (nominal dollars), earnings of the 2009 to 2011 entering classes (2022 dollars)			none (full count)	College Scorecard
n_top10	10	institutions	number of colleges at the head of the list whose location is counted	the highest-earning high-Pell colleges	median earnings in calendar years 2020 and 2021 (2022 dollars) of students who entered in 2009 to 2010 and 2010 to 2011			none (rule)	College Scorecard
n_top10_ca_ny	8	institutions	count of the ten highest-earning high-Pell colleges located in California or New York	the highest-earning high-Pell colleges	median earnings in calendar years 2020 and 2021 (2022 dollars) of students who entered in 2009 to 2010 and 2010 to 2011			none (full count)	College Scorecard
n_top_class	57	counties	count of counties whose resident-weighted distance is in the highest class of the map key	counties of the 50 states and DC	campuses in the 2023 IPEDS directory, residents in the 2019 to 2023 ACS, county deprivation rank 2023			none (full count)	IPEDS
n_with_college	933	counties	count of counties with at least one four-year campus inside the county	counties of the 50 states and DC	campuses in the 2023 IPEDS directory, residents in the 2019 to 2023 ACS, county deprivation rank 2023			none (full count)	IPEDS
nocoll_d1	42%	percent of counties	share of counties with no four-year campus inside the county, each county counted once; bootstrap over states	counties in the least deprived tenth of counties by ADI rank	campuses in the 2023 IPEDS directory, residents in the 2019 to 2023 ACS, county deprivation rank 2023	95% CI 33% to 51%	312 counties	none (each county counts once)	IPEDS
nocoll_d10	92%	percent of counties	share of counties with no four-year campus inside the county, each county counted once; bootstrap over states	counties in the most deprived tenth of counties by ADI rank	campuses in the 2023 IPEDS directory, residents in the 2019 to 2023 ACS, county deprivation rank 2023	95% CI 87% to 95%	312 counties	none (each county counts once)	IPEDS
nocoll_metro	49%	percent of counties	share of counties with no four-year campus inside the county, each county counted once; bootstrap over states	Metro counties (Rural-Urban Continuum Code 1 to 3)	campuses in the 2023 IPEDS directory, residents in the 2019 to 2023 ACS, county deprivation rank 2023	95% CI 42% to 55%	1,185 counties	none (each county counts once)	Rural-Urban Continuum Codes
nocoll_nonmetro	83%	percent of counties	share of counties with no four-year campus inside the county, each county counted once; bootstrap over states	Nonmetro counties (Rural-Urban Continuum Code 4 to 9)	campuses in the 2023 IPEDS directory, residents in the 2019 to 2023 ACS, county deprivation rank 2023	95% CI 80% to 86%	1,958 counties	none (each county counts once)	Rural-Urban Continuum Codes
nocoll_rural4	95%	percent of counties	share of counties with no four-year campus inside the county, each county counted once; bootstrap over states	nonmetro counties with an urban population under 5,000 (Rural-Urban Continuum Code 8 or 9)	campuses in the 2023 IPEDS directory, residents in the 2019 to 2023 ACS, county deprivation rank 2023	95% CI 94% to 97%	1,055 counties	none (each county counts once)	Rural-Urban Continuum Codes
nocoll_slope_tenth	5.3 percentage points	percentage points per step up one tenth of county deprivation	slope of the indicator that a county has no four-year campus (0 or 100) on the tenth (1 to 10) of county ADI rank, each county counted once; bootstrap over states	counties with an ADI rank	campuses in the 2023 IPEDS directory, residents in the 2019 to 2023 ACS, county deprivation rank 2023	95% CI 4.5 percentage points to 6.2 percentage points	3,128 counties	none (each county counts once)	IPEDS
nonmetro_d1	23%	percent of counties	share of counties that are nonmetro (Rural-Urban Continuum Code 4 to 9), each county counted once; bootstrap over states	counties in the least deprived tenth of counties by ADI rank	campuses in the 2023 IPEDS directory, residents in the 2019 to 2023 ACS, county deprivation rank 2023	95% CI 14% to 31%	312 counties	none (each county counts once)	Rural-Urban Continuum Codes
nonmetro_d10	94%	percent of counties	share of counties that are nonmetro (Rural-Urban Continuum Code 4 to 9), each county counted once; bootstrap over states	counties in the most deprived tenth of counties by ADI rank	campuses in the 2023 IPEDS directory, residents in the 2019 to 2023 ACS, county deprivation rank 2023	95% CI 92% to 96%	312 counties	none (each county counts once)	Rural-Urban Continuum Codes
pell_cl	47%	percent of undergraduates who received a Pell Grant	median across institutions of the Pell share; the quadrant lines are redrawn in every bootstrap replicate over states	plotted institutions in the costly, low-earnings quadrant	academic year 2021 to 2022	95% CI 42% to 51%	334 institutions	none (each institution counts once)	College Scorecard
pell_cut	34.7%	percent of undergraduates who received a Pell Grant	two-thirds quantile of the Pell share across the pool: a college with this share or more is high-Pell	public and private nonprofit four-year colleges with at least 1,000 undergraduates, a Pell share, median earnings and a net price for the lowest income band	academic year 2021 to 2022			none (each institution counts once)	College Scorecard
pell_forprofit	52.5%	percent of undergraduates who received a Pell Grant	median across institutions of the share of undergraduates receiving a Pell Grant; bootstrap over states	for-profit colleges in the 50 states and DC with a Pell share	academic year 2021 to 2022	95% CI 50.4% to 54.6%	1,519 institutions	none (each institution counts once)	College Scorecard
pell_nonprofit	32.4%	percent of undergraduates who received a Pell Grant	median across institutions of the share of undergraduates receiving a Pell Grant; bootstrap over states	private nonprofit colleges in the 50 states and DC with a Pell share	academic year 2021 to 2022	95% CI 30.1% to 34.6%	1,427 institutions	none (each institution counts once)	College Scorecard
pell_public	30.4%	percent of undergraduates who received a Pell Grant	median across institutions of the share of undergraduates receiving a Pell Grant; bootstrap over states	public colleges in the 50 states and DC with a Pell share	academic year 2021 to 2022	95% CI 28.3% to 32.9%	1,781 institutions	none (each institution counts once)	College Scorecard
pell_rest	30%	percent of undergraduates who received a Pell Grant	median across institutions of the Pell share; the quadrant lines are redrawn in every bootstrap replicate over states	plotted institutions in the other three quadrants	academic year 2021 to 2022	95% CI 28% to 31%	2,329 institutions	none (each institution counts once)	College Scorecard
priv_step	72%	percent of the fall in the share of income from the lowest to the highest band	fall in the share of assumed income from the lowest band to the second band, divided by the fall from the lowest band to the highest; bootstrap over states	private nonprofit four-year colleges with a published net price	academic year 2021 to 2022 (nominal dollars)	95% CI 71% to 73%	1,157 institutions	none (each institution counts once)	College Scorecard
priv_t1_burden	117%	percent of an assumed family income	median net price divided by an assumed family income at the midpoint of the band ($15,000); the interval carries the sampling variation of the median only, not the assumption	private nonprofit four-year colleges with a published net price in the band (lowest income band)	academic year 2021 to 2022 (nominal dollars)	95% CI 113% to 122%	1,120 institutions	none (each institution counts once)	College Scorecard	Net price includes living costs that a family bears whether or not the student enrolls; the share is an order of magnitude and not a measured share of any family's income.
priv_t1_net	$17,596	dollars per year (nominal), net price after grants	median across institutions of the institution's average net price for full-time, first-time students who received federal aid in the band; bootstrap over states	private nonprofit four-year colleges with a published net price in the band (lowest income band)	academic year 2021 to 2022 (nominal dollars)	95% CI $16,937 to $18,307	1,120 institutions	none (each institution counts once)	College Scorecard
priv_t5_burden	19%	percent of an assumed family income	median net price divided by an assumed family income at the midpoint of the band ($150,000); the interval carries the sampling variation of the median only, not the assumption	private nonprofit four-year colleges with a published net price in the band (highest income band)	academic year 2021 to 2022 (nominal dollars)	95% CI 18% to 20%	976 institutions	none (each institution counts once)	College Scorecard	Net price includes living costs that a family bears whether or not the student enrolls; the share is an order of magnitude and not a measured share of any family's income.
priv_t5_edge	26%	percent of the lower limit of the highest income band	median net price in the highest band divided by the lower limit of the band, the smallest income a family in it can have; bootstrap over states	private nonprofit four-year colleges with a published net price (highest income band)	academic year 2021 to 2022 (nominal dollars)	95% CI 25% to 28%	976 institutions	none (each institution counts once)	College Scorecard
priv_t5_net	$28,710	dollars per year (nominal), net price after grants	median across institutions of the institution's average net price for full-time, first-time students who received federal aid in the band; bootstrap over states	private nonprofit four-year colleges with a published net price in the band (highest income band)	academic year 2021 to 2022 (nominal dollars)	95% CI $26,953 to $30,525	976 institutions	none (each institution counts once)	College Scorecard
pub_step	73%	percent of the fall in the share of income from the lowest to the highest band	fall in the share of assumed income from the lowest band to the second band, divided by the fall from the lowest band to the highest; bootstrap over states	public four-year colleges with a published net price	academic year 2021 to 2022 (nominal dollars)	95% CI 71% to 74%	694 institutions	none (each institution counts once)	College Scorecard
pub_t1_burden	62%	percent of an assumed family income	median net price divided by an assumed family income at the midpoint of the band ($15,000); the interval carries the sampling variation of the median only, not the assumption	public four-year colleges with a published net price in the band (lowest income band)	academic year 2021 to 2022 (nominal dollars)	95% CI 56% to 70%	693 institutions	none (each institution counts once)	College Scorecard	Net price includes living costs that a family bears whether or not the student enrolls; the share is an order of magnitude and not a measured share of any family's income.
pub_t1_net	$9,347	dollars per year (nominal), net price after grants	median across institutions of the institution's average net price for full-time, first-time students who received federal aid in the band; bootstrap over states	public four-year colleges with a published net price in the band (lowest income band)	academic year 2021 to 2022 (nominal dollars)	95% CI $8,426 to $10,430	693 institutions	none (each institution counts once)	College Scorecard
pub_t5_burden	13%	percent of an assumed family income	median net price divided by an assumed family income at the midpoint of the band ($150,000); the interval carries the sampling variation of the median only, not the assumption	public four-year colleges with a published net price in the band (highest income band)	academic year 2021 to 2022 (nominal dollars)	95% CI 12% to 13%	647 institutions	none (each institution counts once)	College Scorecard	Net price includes living costs that a family bears whether or not the student enrolls; the share is an order of magnitude and not a measured share of any family's income.
pub_t5_edge	17%	percent of the lower limit of the highest income band	median net price in the highest band divided by the lower limit of the band, the smallest income a family in it can have; bootstrap over states	public four-year colleges with a published net price (highest income band)	academic year 2021 to 2022 (nominal dollars)	95% CI 16% to 18%	647 institutions	none (each institution counts once)	College Scorecard
pub_t5_net	$18,780	dollars per year (nominal), net price after grants	median across institutions of the institution's average net price for full-time, first-time students who received federal aid in the band; bootstrap over states	public four-year colleges with a published net price in the band (highest income band)	academic year 2021 to 2022 (nominal dollars)	95% CI $17,910 to $19,987	647 institutions	none (each institution counts once)	College Scorecard
r_compl_four	+0.67	correlation coefficient	correlation across four-year colleges of the completion rate with median earnings, each institution counted once; bootstrap over states	four-year institutions in the scatter with a completion rate	cost of attendance in academic year 2021 to 2022 (nominal dollars), earnings of the 2009 to 2011 entering classes (2022 dollars); completion within 150 percent of expected time, fall 2016 entering class	95% CI 0.62 to 0.71	1,783 institutions	none (each institution counts once)	College Scorecard
r_compl_short	+0.12	correlation coefficient	correlation across shorter programs of the completion rate with median earnings, each institution counted once; bootstrap over states	two-year and shorter institutions in the scatter with a completion rate	cost of attendance in academic year 2021 to 2022 (nominal dollars), earnings of the 2009 to 2011 entering classes (2022 dollars); completion within 150 percent of expected time, fall 2019 entering class	95% CI 0.02 to 0.21	868 institutions	none (each institution counts once)	College Scorecard
r_cost_earn	+0.63	correlation coefficient	correlation across institutions of the cost of attendance with median earnings, each institution counted once; bootstrap over states	institutions in the scatter	cost of attendance in academic year 2021 to 2022 (nominal dollars), earnings of the 2009 to 2011 entering classes (2022 dollars)	95% CI 0.59 to 0.67	2,663 institutions	none (each institution counts once)	College Scorecard
r_dist_adi	+0.31	correlation coefficient	correlation across counties of the county ADI national rank with the resident-weighted distance, weighted by residents; bootstrap over states	counties with an ADI rank	campuses in the 2023 IPEDS directory, residents in the 2019 to 2023 ACS, county deprivation rank 2023	95% CI 0.24 to 0.40	3,128 counties	2019 to 2023 ACS tract population	IPEDS
r_dist_adi_metro	+0.24	correlation coefficient	correlation within the group of counties of the county ADI national rank with the resident-weighted distance; bootstrap over states	Metro counties with an ADI rank	campuses in the 2023 IPEDS directory, residents in the 2019 to 2023 ACS, county deprivation rank 2023	95% CI 0.18 to 0.32	1,183 counties	2019 to 2023 ACS tract population	Rural-Urban Continuum Codes
r_dist_adi_nonmetro	−0.04	correlation coefficient	correlation within the group of counties of the county ADI national rank with the resident-weighted distance; bootstrap over states	Nonmetro counties with an ADI rank	campuses in the 2023 IPEDS directory, residents in the 2019 to 2023 ACS, county deprivation rank 2023	95% CI −0.12 to 0.05	1,945 counties	2019 to 2023 ACS tract population	Rural-Urban Continuum Codes
r_dist_adi_u	+0.16	correlation coefficient	correlation across counties of the county ADI national rank with the resident-weighted distance, each county counted once; bootstrap over states	counties with an ADI rank	campuses in the 2023 IPEDS directory, residents in the 2019 to 2023 ACS, county deprivation rank 2023	95% CI 0.09 to 0.33	3,128 counties	none (each county counts once)	IPEDS
share_cl_all	12.5%	percent of plotted institutions	share of institutions in the costly, low-earnings quadrant; bootstrap over states	institutions in the scatter	cost of attendance in academic year 2021 to 2022 (nominal dollars), earnings of the 2009 to 2011 entering classes (2022 dollars)	95% CI 11.3% to 13.8%	2,663 institutions	none (each institution counts once)	College Scorecard
share_cl_forprofit	56%	percent of plotted institutions in the sector	share of the sector's plotted institutions in the costly, low-earnings quadrant; bootstrap over states	for-profit colleges in the scatter	cost of attendance in academic year 2021 to 2022 (nominal dollars), earnings of the 2009 to 2011 entering classes (2022 dollars)	95% CI 48% to 62%	163 institutions	none (each institution counts once)	College Scorecard
share_cl_nonprofit	20%	percent of plotted institutions in the sector	share of the sector's plotted institutions in the costly, low-earnings quadrant; bootstrap over states	private nonprofit colleges in the scatter	cost of attendance in academic year 2021 to 2022 (nominal dollars), earnings of the 2009 to 2011 entering classes (2022 dollars)	95% CI 18% to 23%	1,052 institutions	none (each institution counts once)	College Scorecard
share_cl_public	2%	percent of plotted institutions in the sector	share of the sector's plotted institutions in the costly, low-earnings quadrant; bootstrap over states	public colleges in the scatter	cost of attendance in academic year 2021 to 2022 (nominal dollars), earnings of the 2009 to 2011 entering classes (2022 dollars)	95% CI 1% to 3%	1,448 institutions	none (each institution counts once)	College Scorecard
share_no_college	70%	percent of counties	share of counties with no four-year campus inside the county, each county counted once	counties of the 50 states and DC	campuses in the 2023 IPEDS directory, residents in the 2019 to 2023 ACS, county deprivation rank 2023		3,143 counties	none (each county counts once)	IPEDS	A count of every county and campus, so it carries no sampling interval.
top_break	100	miles	lower limit of the highest class of the map key	counties of the 50 states and DC	campuses in the 2023 IPEDS directory, residents in the 2019 to 2023 ACS, county deprivation rank 2023			none (definition)	IPEDS
top_earn_med	$72,282	dollars per year (2022 dollars)	median of the institution median earnings across the list	the highest-earning high-Pell colleges in the pool	median earnings in calendar years 2020 and 2021 (2022 dollars) of students who entered in 2009 to 2010 and 2010 to 2011		15 institutions	none (each institution counts once)	College Scorecard	The list is a ranking of named colleges and not a sample, so the median carries no sampling interval.
top_net_med	$9,743	dollars per year (nominal), net price after grants	median across the list of the average net price for the lowest income band	the highest-earning high-Pell colleges in the pool	academic year 2021 to 2022 (nominal dollars)		15 institutions	none (each institution counts once)	College Scorecard
top_pell_med	39%	percent of undergraduates who received a Pell Grant	median of the Pell share across the list	the highest-earning high-Pell colleges in the pool	academic year 2021 to 2022		15 institutions	none (each institution counts once)	College Scorecard
us_college_miles	9.6	miles, great-circle distance to the nearest four-year campus	resident-weighted mean of the county distance over all the tenths of counties; bootstrap over states	residents of all counties ranked by the ADI	campuses in the 2023 IPEDS directory, residents in the 2019 to 2023 ACS, county deprivation rank 2023	95% CI 8.5 to 11.0	3,128 counties	2019 to 2023 ACS tract population	Census TIGER/Line tracts

Definitions

Bootstrap interval: A range for an estimate found by recomputing it on many random resamples of the data and reading the range from the results. It shows how much the estimate would vary from sample to sample.
Suppression: The withholding of a number because the count behind it is too small to publish without risking the identification of a person. A suppressed value is missing, not zero.
Census tract: A small area drawn by the Census Bureau to stand in for a neighborhood. Boundaries are redrawn after each decennial census.
Area Deprivation Index (ADI): A score that ranks neighborhoods by income, education, employment and housing conditions drawn from the American Community Survey. In this book a higher national percentile means a more deprived neighborhood.

Methods

The college comparisons use one row per institution (5,000 institutions in the 50 states and DC) and the median earnings of former students who received federal aid, who entered in 2009 to 2010 and 2010 to 2011 and were observed in 2020 and 2021, so they do not cover all students or those entering now. The county comparisons measure the great-circle distance in miles from each tract's Census internal point to the nearest four-year campus, averaged over a county's tracts. Institutions, tracts and campuses are enumerated and not sampled, so the intervals describe how much an estimate varies from state to state and are not sampling errors.

Which institutions and years the college figures cover

Institutions come from the College Scorecard institution file of May 2025 (most recent cohorts), limited to the 50 states and DC. The Scorecard attaches a 6-digit OPE ID parent's earnings and debt to each of its branch campuses, so one row per OPE ID is kept (the campus with the most undergraduates, which also supplies the Pell share, cost of attendance, net price and completion rate), which leaves 5,000 institutions from 6,429 rows; 154 rows outside the states and DC and 1,275 branch rows are dropped.

Earnings are the median earnings of students who received federal aid, were working and not enrolled ten years after entry, entered in 2009 to 2010 and 2010 to 2011, and were observed in 2020 and 2021 in 2022 dollars; the Scorecard adds noise to them and withholds them for small groups. Net price, cost of attendance and Pell share are for academic year 2021 to 2022 in nominal dollars.

Residents of Puerto Rico and campuses outside the 50 states and DC are not in the data.

Figures explained here: Figure 1, Figure 2, Figure 3 and Figure 4

How sectors, completion rates and medians are defined

Sector is public, private nonprofit or for-profit (Scorecard control). The two completion rates (four-year colleges, shorter programs) are never pooled. A sector figure is the median across institutions with each counted once; enrollment-weighted medians (fall 2022 undergraduates) are the check.

Figure explained here: Figure 1

How net price, the cost and earnings scatter and the high-Pell list are defined

Net price by income band covers public and private nonprofit four-year colleges and is shown as dollars and as a share of an assumed family income at the midpoint of each band (15,000, 39,000, 61,500, 92,500 and 150,000 dollars; the highest band is open-ended, so its midpoint is a choice). In the cost and earnings scatter, colleges with fewer than 100 undergraduates or no cost of attendance are left out, and the quadrant lines are medians.

The high-Pell pool is public and private nonprofit four-year colleges with at least 1,000 undergraduates, a Pell share, earnings and a net price for the lowest band; for-profit colleges are not in the pool, and a college is high-Pell when its Pell share reaches the two-thirds quantile of the pool.

Figures explained here: Figure 2, Figure 3 and Figure 4

How distance to a four-year college is measured

Distance is the great-circle (haversine) distance in miles from the Census internal point of each 2020 tract to the nearest four-year campus in the IPEDS 2023 directory, leaving out 273 institutions the Scorecard classes as entirely graduate-degree granting, so 2,508 campuses remain. A county's value is the mean of its tracts' distances weighted by the 2019 to 2023 ACS tract population, and counties are the 3,143 on the map sprite (Connecticut as eight legacy counties through the staged crosswalk; each Connecticut campus goes to the legacy county of the tract that holds its point).

Figures explained here: Figure 5 and Figure 6

How counties are grouped and weighted

County deprivation is the mean of tract ADI national ranks weighted by tract population, in tenths of equal numbers of counties; the rural-urban grouping, for all counties, is the USDA Rural-Urban Continuum Code 2023 of the county, with a legacy Connecticut county taking the code held by most of its residents. Gradient means weight counties by residents and county shares count each county once.

Figure explained here: Figure 6

How uncertainty is measured

Intervals for sector and band medians, shares and correlations across colleges are percentile intervals from 2,000 draws of whole states with replacement (seed 12345). They describe how much an estimate varies from state to state; institutions, tracts and campuses are enumerated and not sampled, so they are not sampling errors, and counts and national distances carry none.

In the county gradients, intervals redraw whole states (2,000 draws, seed 12345).

Four rankings of the same places

The comparison follows the book's ranking switch rule, fixed on October 28, 2026 before any of these gradients was computed. The main gradient of the chapter is recomputed under four rankings of the same places, with the outcome, period, weights, bins and intervals unchanged: the published ADI; a standardized index that applies the ADI's coefficients to its measures after standardizing each one across tracts; median household income; and the share of adults 25 and older with a bachelor's degree or more. The three alternatives come from ACS tract estimates for 2019 to 2023, the period of the ADI.

All four rankings use the same places, the 3,125 counties that have the outcome and all four rankings, so the ADI panel can differ slightly from the chapter's main figure. Tracts enter only if they have every input of the standardized index, which leaves out tracts without a median rent, home value or mortgage cost. A county takes the population-weighted mean of the ranks of its common-sample tracts, with each Connecticut tract in its legacy county through the staged crosswalk, the construction of the chapter's county ADI.

A pattern counts as changed when the worse end switches sides, when the two ends differ under one ranking and not the other, or when the rank correlation of bin order and bin mean falls on the other side of 0.9 and moves by at least 0.1.

Figure explained here: Figure 7

What these data cannot show

References

Deming, David J.; Goldin, Claudia; Katz, Lawrence F. (2012). The For-Profit Postsecondary School Sector: Nimble Critters or Agile Predators?. Journal of Economic Perspectives 26(1): 139-164. doi:10.1257/jep.26.1.139
Chetty, Raj; Friedman, John N.; Saez, Emmanuel; Turner, Nicholas; Yagan, Danny (2020). Income Segregation and Intergenerational Mobility Across Colleges in the United States. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 135(3): 1567-1633. doi:10.1093/qje/qjaa005
Chetty, Raj; Friedman, John N.; Saez, Emmanuel; Turner, Nicholas; Yagan, Danny (2017). Mobility Report Cards: The Role of Colleges in Intergenerational Mobility. NBER Working Paper 23618. www.nber.org/papers/w23618
Hoxby, Caroline; Avery, Christopher (2013). The Missing “One-Offs”: The Hidden Supply of High-Achieving, Low-Income Students. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity (Spring 2013): 1-65. doi:10.1353/eca.2013.0000
Zimmerman, Seth D. (2014). The Returns to College Admission for Academically Marginal Students. Journal of Labor Economics 32(4): 711-754. doi:10.1086/676661
Bettinger, Eric; Gurantz, Oded; Kawano, Laura; Sacerdote, Bruce; Stevens, Michael (2019). The Long-Run Impacts of Financial Aid: Evidence from California's Cal Grant. American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 11(1): 64-94. doi:10.1257/pol.20170466
Chakrabarti, Rajashri; Gorton, Nicole; Lovenheim, Michael F. (2020). State Investment in Higher Education: Effects on Human Capital Formation, Student Debt, and Long-term Financial Outcomes of Students. NBER Working Paper 27885. doi:10.3386/w27885
Deming, David J.; Yuchtman, Noam; Abulafi, Amira; Goldin, Claudia; Katz, Lawrence F. (2016). The Value of Postsecondary Credentials in the Labor Market: An Experimental Study. American Economic Review 106(3): 778-806. doi:10.1257/aer.20141757

Provenance

Pipeline version: 0.1.0
Build script: book2/chapters/college-access-price-and-earnings/build.py (sha256 43d2eb8568920689db48ea6ab32cc0303f31011833ee609f5453951b36c0c8a3)
Built on: 2026-10-07
Site commit: c2b1ff3309cb4a10833f884da91ac0057a66ad0a

Inputs

File	Size (bytes)	SHA-256, first 1 MB	SHA-256, last 1 MB
book2/chapters/college-access-price-and-earnings/access.py	12,763	c41517d82831379c71a5432d939717de2c0b9f27937c3a3374de51f3f3580abd	c41517d82831379c71a5432d939717de2c0b9f27937c3a3374de51f3f3580abd
book2/chapters/college-access-price-and-earnings/colleges.py	17,758	57ddd52c9890742cc2de4cee90f22a88b5e0ae024bb44f588a467f5b9bd9051d	57ddd52c9890742cc2de4cee90f22a88b5e0ae024bb44f588a467f5b9bd9051d
data/analytic/tract_atlas.parquet	39,659,925	29d5e4d943552d54aeb6ba92aadc939d9bd15bdea553c78357dbd516757be627	1e10d1ecf722340f23ee2212d4999a90250f85b65fa89b39e32db06d9472e22e
data/geo/tracts_2020.parquet	619,858,391	f4f05c8c7a63d1785ec2aad283de3f6fa839b6c437f13a1b96cea31d3344bf0f	7b3811247c6b3e322954f24a4a2384af52aef6ed8688f8dbdb0407d21ef80a59
data/raw/acs/deprivation_components_2019_2023/tract.parquet	13,197,793	5545cde2cbe96a8b56e468d65388248a241aa6bd300d3c9e325d08d3f86b11da	5c8ec454d066988b0f1a01aaa6ed34ebfc05d162e01cf9c6bb01f9198cbaff12
data/staged/adi/adi_atlas_tract2020_2023.parquet	798,078	5e409bc212ff871def780fa27b4cf8b616d9da420b2b9f6455517eddcd8c1a95	5e409bc212ff871def780fa27b4cf8b616d9da420b2b9f6455517eddcd8c1a95
data/staged/crosswalks/ct_tract2020_to_old_county.parquet	15,842	961ef39f31596ef65fca2c67d5f2f63e533c5dc9b49745d3bb6437844e4b831d	961ef39f31596ef65fca2c67d5f2f63e533c5dc9b49745d3bb6437844e4b831d
data/staged/crosswalks/ers_rucc_county_2023.parquet	67,278	ad01d36a53664a2bfafbcbebb0f5a921f5b81122ffa80cf96333db23b41c191e	ad01d36a53664a2bfafbcbebb0f5a921f5b81122ffa80cf96333db23b41c191e
data/staged/education/college_scorecard_institution_2025.parquet	976,838	34b52fafbdc92d73adc16be4cc9cbb7c2b14c0720c809c8d1e93f1ac5d795057	34b52fafbdc92d73adc16be4cc9cbb7c2b14c0720c809c8d1e93f1ac5d795057
data/staged/education/ipeds_institution_2023.parquet	442,010	c863b182a558dffa7506917e4f8d323dbf9a6f83d7474cad2005bdecfc2edd9f	c863b182a558dffa7506917e4f8d323dbf9a6f83d7474cad2005bdecfc2edd9f
data/staged/ses/acs5_tract2020_2019_2023.parquet	7,232,424	5fe6f730a35225f14d5d8abfc6b9bce58b52e545f309a7eac74f1dae74d7a31c	7b4a2475b3852d3f91804716a04566ef8ceadacec2be9fb85f5eb642078efac6
data/staged/svi/svi_tract2020_2022.parquet	17,740,415	cb3860d8edc2aaf1f2a02211a58f7a0b80457eb6ad9a37b5ec8abb2d5da9da10	e371a4a696d5bed05d54ad7c5b6ca2504508805b847ec415c2322be7f66ec2b2

Outputs

File	SHA-256
facts.json	a880df2b6f42b0dd852789f716c41a3f6a0d06c99f5404b1c9ff66f4f10896c8
figures/alt_rankings.json	565c3e97445628662450b630a7df8f411aca8527313130186ce0589f5066fbc7
figures/college_desert_gradient.json	836f2c34fa05985f2ddb99b36c36eae630814edf58392f81ec21fafc12ac0327
figures/college_distance_map.json	32e2ff161c8c5221323e8088f644a404aa6755bd925d71716d02507da247c7c5
figures/earnings_by_sector.json	50e0c558fb4efe0175844f824b1c6451318b27d5e056f71b9126e1cbaf98cac9
figures/earnings_vs_cost.json	852a1dab9c85c3de40b1c30718997814f62a89f9c6c12861d61f7cb8a69909ea
figures/high_pell_colleges.json	0114c4224a3a76af515fbff3466930f42612cbd1fbf3b56ba2dba3805b9d7ed6
figures/net_price_by_income.json	85b709559293810341bd86cac52bbf1ca408005aa8946c05e96b1e031b493c31
meta.json	8086fd5b7627686ba8fc6e7e00c6852aa9f649d1290d7087a720ebdea139484e
public/data/college-access-price-and-earnings/college_distance_map.json	c1d07cbd24a32cf9afaddd600b83d1a926e4ae0a7254ccbe7ee0c599ebe53678
public/data/college-access-price-and-earnings/earnings_vs_cost.json	9a3d0099c7b076c3fad2d95cf888dac1a1c95d1480c5c58664a5dd07a6b7d48f
refs.json	b2137e65356026747b7b5c0c4ea3e9ccd9a6df23c01648abba2c5f204cea2911

Machine formats

Report (Markdown): https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/college-access-price-and-earnings/report.md
Every estimate (JSON): https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/college-access-price-and-earnings/facts.json
Table 1, figure "earnings_by_sector" (JSON): https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/college-access-price-and-earnings/figures/earnings_by_sector.json
Table 2, figure "net_price_by_income" (JSON): https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/college-access-price-and-earnings/figures/net_price_by_income.json
Table 3, figure "earnings_vs_cost" (JSON): https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/college-access-price-and-earnings/figures/earnings_vs_cost.json
Table 4, figure "high_pell_colleges" (JSON): https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/college-access-price-and-earnings/figures/high_pell_colleges.json
Table 5, figure "college_distance_map" (JSON): https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/college-access-price-and-earnings/figures/college_distance_map.json
Table 6, figure "college_desert_gradient" (JSON): https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/college-access-price-and-earnings/figures/college_desert_gradient.json
Table 7, figure "alt_rankings" (JSON): https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/college-access-price-and-earnings/figures/alt_rankings.json
Payload of "earnings_vs_cost" (JSON): https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/data/college-access-price-and-earnings/earnings_vs_cost.json
Payload of "college_distance_map" (JSON): https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/data/college-access-price-and-earnings/college_distance_map.json
Index of every report: https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/llms.txt; all reports in one file: https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/llms-full.txt

Identification

Principal estimates

Findings

For-profit colleges have the lowest median earnings

Net price rises with family income but falls as a share of it

Cost, earnings and completion rise together

High-Pell colleges differ widely in earnings

Most counties have no four-year college

Distance rises with county deprivation and with rurality

Distance rises with deprivation under all four rankings

What these data cannot show

Tables

Table 1. At the median for-profit college, former students' median earnings a decade after entry were $28,330, against $42,014 at the median public college and $53,848 at the median private nonprofit college

Table 2. The median net price rises with family income, but at public four-year colleges it falls from 62% of an assumed income in the lowest band to 13% in the highest

Table 3. Former students of costlier colleges tend to earn more, a correlation of +0.63, but 56% of plotted for-profit colleges cost more than the median and have median earnings at or below it

Table 4. Among high-Pell colleges, the 15 highest-earning have a median of $72,282 a decade after entry and the 15 lowest-earning $31,902

Table 4.1. Median earnings

Table 4.2. Net price, lowest income band

Table 5. The average resident in the country lives 9.6 miles from a four-year college, and the state averages are longest in Alaska, Wyoming, Montana and Mississippi

Table 6. Distance to a four-year college rises with county deprivation, from 6.1 miles in the least deprived tenth of counties to 29.3 in the most deprived, and with rurality

Table 6.1. Distance by deprivation

Table 6.2. Counties with no campus

Table 6.3. Distance by rurality

Table 7. Distance to the nearest four-year college is steadily worse toward the more deprived end under the ADI and under each of the three other rankings

All estimates

Definitions

Methods

Which institutions and years the college figures cover

How sectors, completion rates and medians are defined

How net price, the cost and earnings scatter and the high-Pell list are defined

How distance to a four-year college is measured

How counties are grouped and weighted

How uncertainty is measured

Four rankings of the same places

What these data cannot show

References

Provenance

Machine formats