{
  "alt": "Figure with three tabs. The first is a line chart of average distance to a four-year campus by tenth of county deprivation, rising across the tenths with a flat stretch among the second to fourth tenths. The second is a line chart of the share of counties with no four-year campus, also rising across the tenths. The third is a bar chart of distance by Rural-Urban Continuum Code group, with the longest bar for the most rural counties.",
  "caption": "Distance climbs across the tenths of county deprivation in the first tab, the share of counties with no campus climbs with it in the second, and distance climbs from metro counties to the most rural group of nonmetro counties in the third. Points and bars are resident-weighted means over counties (shares count each county once), with 95% intervals from a bootstrap over states. Counties are tenths of equal numbers ranked by the population-weighted mean of their tracts' ADI national rank.",
  "data": [],
  "id": "college_desert_gradient",
  "notes": [
    "Tracts and campuses are enumerated, not sampled, so the intervals describe how much an estimate varies from state to state and not sampling error. The rural-urban groups use all counties; the tenths use the counties that have an ADI rank.",
    "{fact:n_grad_counties} counties have an ADI rank; {fact:n_no_adi} counties whose tracts all have a suppressed rank are not in the tenths. The ADI is a national percentile with 1 least deprived, and it understates deprivation in high-cost areas.",
    "The correlation across counties between the ADI rank and the distance is {fact:r_dist_adi} when counties count in proportion to their residents and {fact:r_dist_adi_u} when each counts once, with intervals from a bootstrap over states. Connecticut counties take the Rural-Urban Continuum Code held by most of their residents, because the code is published for the planning regions that replaced the counties.",
    "Across all the counties in the tenths the average resident lives {fact:us_college_miles} miles from the nearest four-year campus."
  ],
  "source": "IPEDS 2023 directory, American Community Survey 2019-2023 (residents), Area Deprivation Index 2023, USDA Rural-Urban Continuum Codes 2023; population-weighted unless the tab gives a share of counties",
  "spec": {
    "panels": [
      {
        "figure": {
          "alt": "Line chart of the average resident's distance in miles to the nearest four-year campus, by tenth of county deprivation from the least deprived tenth on the left to the most deprived on the right. The line rises from the first tenth to the last, with the second to fourth tenths close together and wider intervals in the more deprived tenths.",
          "caption": "The line rises by {fact:dist_slope_tenth} miles for each step up the tenths, but not at every step: the second to fourth tenths are close together. The intervals widen toward the deprived end, where fewer states contribute counties.",
          "data": [
            {
              "conf_high": 6.91,
              "conf_low": 5.27,
              "miles": 6.1,
              "n": 312,
              "tenth": 1
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 10.37,
              "conf_low": 7.33,
              "miles": 8.53,
              "n": 313,
              "tenth": 2
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 12.34,
              "conf_low": 7.7,
              "miles": 9.36,
              "n": 313,
              "tenth": 3
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 11.67,
              "conf_low": 7.94,
              "miles": 9.54,
              "n": 312,
              "tenth": 4
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 20.68,
              "conf_low": 10.77,
              "miles": 14.49,
              "n": 314,
              "tenth": 5
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 18.94,
              "conf_low": 12.67,
              "miles": 15.25,
              "n": 312,
              "tenth": 6
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 21.96,
              "conf_low": 14.73,
              "miles": 17.97,
              "n": 313,
              "tenth": 7
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 24.3,
              "conf_low": 18.35,
              "miles": 21.28,
              "n": 315,
              "tenth": 8
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 29.5,
              "conf_low": 22.45,
              "miles": 25.6,
              "n": 312,
              "tenth": 9
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 35.02,
              "conf_low": 24.64,
              "miles": 29.34,
              "n": 312,
              "tenth": 10
            }
          ],
          "id": "desert_by_tenth",
          "spec": {
            "hi": "conf_high",
            "lo": "conf_low",
            "n": "n",
            "x": "tenth",
            "xDomain": [
              1,
              10
            ],
            "xLabel": "Tenth of counties by ADI national rank (1 = least deprived, 10 = most deprived)",
            "xTicks": "data",
            "y": "miles",
            "yDomain": [
              0,
              40
            ],
            "yFormat": {
              "digits": 0
            },
            "yLabel": "Miles to the nearest four-year campus, average resident"
          },
          "subtitle": "Miles from the average resident to the nearest four-year campus, by tenth of county ADI national rank, with 95% intervals from a bootstrap over states",
          "title": "Distance to the nearest four-year campus rises across the tenths of county deprivation, from {fact:dist_d1} miles to {fact:dist_d10}",
          "type": "line"
        },
        "label": "Distance by deprivation"
      },
      {
        "figure": {
          "alt": "Line chart of the percent of counties with no four-year campus inside the county, by tenth of county deprivation. The line rises from the least deprived tenth to the most deprived, with some flat stretches.",
          "caption": "The share rises by {fact:nocoll_slope_tenth} for each step up the tenths, though not at every step.",
          "data": [
            {
              "conf_high": 50.9,
              "conf_low": 33,
              "n": 312,
              "share": 42.3,
              "tenth": 1
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 58.9,
              "conf_low": 46.8,
              "n": 313,
              "share": 53.4,
              "tenth": 2
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 65.5,
              "conf_low": 49.4,
              "n": 313,
              "share": 57.5,
              "tenth": 3
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 67.3,
              "conf_low": 56,
              "n": 312,
              "share": 61.5,
              "tenth": 4
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 78.8,
              "conf_low": 65.3,
              "n": 314,
              "share": 72.3,
              "tenth": 5
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 79.8,
              "conf_low": 66.7,
              "n": 312,
              "share": 73.4,
              "tenth": 6
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 81.4,
              "conf_low": 69.1,
              "n": 313,
              "share": 75.7,
              "tenth": 7
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 88.9,
              "conf_low": 79,
              "n": 315,
              "share": 84.4,
              "tenth": 8
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 91.9,
              "conf_low": 86.5,
              "n": 312,
              "share": 89.4,
              "tenth": 9
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 94.9,
              "conf_low": 87.2,
              "n": 312,
              "share": 91.7,
              "tenth": 10
            }
          ],
          "id": "desert_nocollege",
          "spec": {
            "hi": "conf_high",
            "lo": "conf_low",
            "n": "n",
            "x": "tenth",
            "xDomain": [
              1,
              10
            ],
            "xLabel": "Tenth of counties by ADI national rank (1 = least deprived, 10 = most deprived)",
            "xTicks": "data",
            "y": "share",
            "yDomain": [
              0,
              100
            ],
            "yFormat": {
              "digits": 0
            },
            "yLabel": "Counties with no four-year campus (percent)"
          },
          "subtitle": "Percent of counties with no four-year campus inside the county, by tenth of county ADI national rank, each county counted once, with 95% intervals from a bootstrap over states",
          "title": "The share of counties with no four-year campus rises across the tenths of county deprivation, from {fact:nocoll_d1} to {fact:nocoll_d10}",
          "type": "line"
        },
        "label": "Counties with no campus"
      },
      {
        "figure": {
          "alt": "Bar chart of the average resident's distance in miles to the nearest four-year campus for four groups of counties: metro counties, then three groups of nonmetro counties from those with the largest urban populations to the most rural. The bars rise in that order.",
          "caption": "The bars rise from {fact:dist_metro} miles in metro counties to {fact:dist_rural4} miles in the most rural group of nonmetro counties; nonmetro counties together average {fact:dist_nonmetro} miles.",
          "data": [
            {
              "conf_high": 7.82,
              "conf_low": 6.33,
              "group": "Metro",
              "miles": 7.03,
              "n": 1185
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 22.92,
              "conf_low": 16.9,
              "group": "Nonmetro, urban population 20,000 or more",
              "miles": 19.56,
              "n": 277
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 30.75,
              "conf_low": 23.43,
              "group": "Nonmetro, urban population 5,000 to 20,000",
              "miles": 26.63,
              "n": 626
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 40.93,
              "conf_low": 29.66,
              "group": "Nonmetro, urban population under 5,000",
              "miles": 34.28,
              "n": 1055
            }
          ],
          "id": "desert_by_rurality",
          "spec": {
            "category": "group",
            "colors": {
              "Metro": "cat1",
              "Nonmetro, urban population 20,000 or more": "cat1",
              "Nonmetro, urban population 5,000 to 20,000": "cat1",
              "Nonmetro, urban population under 5,000": "cat1"
            },
            "format": {
              "digits": 0
            },
            "hi": "conf_high",
            "lo": "conf_low",
            "n": "n",
            "orientation": "h",
            "sort": "data",
            "value": "miles",
            "valueLabel": "Miles to the nearest four-year campus, average resident"
          },
          "subtitle": "Miles from the average resident to the nearest four-year campus, by group of USDA Rural-Urban Continuum Codes (2023), with 95% intervals from a bootstrap over states",
          "title": "The average resident of a nonmetro county lives {fact:dist_ratio} times as far from a four-year campus as the average resident of a metro county",
          "type": "bar"
        },
        "label": "Distance by rurality"
      }
    ]
  },
  "subtitle": "Miles from the average resident to the nearest four-year campus, and the share of counties with no four-year campus, by tenth of county Area Deprivation Index rank and by Rural-Urban Continuum Code, residents of 2019 to 2023",
  "title": "Distance to a four-year college rises with county deprivation, from {fact:dist_d1} miles in the least deprived tenth of counties to {fact:dist_d10} in the most deprived, and with rurality",
  "type": "tabs",
  "width": "wide"
}