# College access, price and earnings: report

Chapter 4.1 of ZIP Code Destiny, by Vishal Singh (NYU Stern). Generated from the chapter's data files; the reading version is at https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/college-access-price-and-earnings. Table n of this report is figure n of the chapter.

## Identification

- Title: College access, price and earnings
- Label: The toll booth
- Chapter: 4.1 (Part IV, Becoming an adult; An American life)
- Question: How do college prices, earnings after college and the distance to the nearest college differ by family income and county?
- Dek: A decade after entry, the median former student who received federal aid earned $28,330 at the median for-profit college and $42,014 at the median public college, for students who entered in 2009 to 2011.
- Grain: institutions
- Status: published
- Published: 2026-10-09
- Updated: not revised
- Data sources:
  - College Scorecard. Median earnings a decade after entry (entering classes of 2009 to 2010 and 2010 to 2011, 2022 dollars), net price by family-income band, cost of attendance, Pell share (academic year 2021 to 2022), completion and debt; institutions in the 50 states and DC, one row per 6-digit OPE ID; years: May 2025 release (most recent cohorts); weights: none (each institution counts once); enrollment weights as a check
  - IPEDS. Campus locations (latitude and longitude, county) of four-year institutions, 2023 directory; years: 2023; weights: none (campuses are points)
  - Census TIGER/Line tracts. 2020 census tract internal points, from which each tract's distance to the nearest campus is measured; years: 2020; weights: none (points)
  - Area Deprivation Index. Area Deprivation Index 2023 national rank of tracts, averaged to counties; years: 2023 release (version 4.0.1; built on ACS 2019-2023); weights: 2019 to 2023 ACS tract population
  - Rural-Urban Continuum Codes. Rural-Urban Continuum Codes 2023 (metro 1 to 3, nonmetro 4 to 9); years: 2023; weights: none (classification)
  - American Community Survey. 2019 to 2023 tract population, used to weight tracts into county values; years: 2019-2023 (5-year); weights: none (population counts)
- Canonical URL: https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/college-access-price-and-earnings
- Report: https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/college-access-price-and-earnings/report
- Markdown: https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/college-access-price-and-earnings/report.md
- BibTeX key: singh2026collegeaccesspriceandearnings

```bibtex
@misc{singh2026collegeaccesspriceandearnings,
  author = {Singh, Vishal},
  title = {College access, price and earnings},
  year = {2026},
  url = {https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/college-access-price-and-earnings},
  note = {In ZIP Code Destiny. Published 9 October 2026.}
}
```

## Principal estimates

The facts the dek and the opening prose cite, in order of appearance.

| Estimand | Population | Period | Value | Interval | n | Weights | Source | Fact id |
| --- | --- | --- | ---: | --- | ---: | --- | --- | --- |
| median across institutions of each institution's median earnings of former students who received federal aid, working and not enrolled ten years after entry; bootstrap over states | for-profit colleges in the 50 states and DC with a published earnings value | median earnings in calendar years 2020 and 2021 (2022 dollars) of students who entered in 2009 to 2010 and 2010 to 2011 | $28,330 | 95% CI $26,877 to $29,972 | 1,036 institutions | none (each institution counts once) | College Scorecard | earn_forprofit |
| median across institutions of each institution's median earnings of former students who received federal aid, working and not enrolled ten years after entry; bootstrap over states | public colleges in the 50 states and DC with a published earnings value | median earnings in calendar years 2020 and 2021 (2022 dollars) of students who entered in 2009 to 2010 and 2010 to 2011 | $42,014 | 95% CI $40,606 to $43,598 | 1,716 institutions | none (each institution counts once) | College Scorecard | earn_public |
| median across institutions of each institution's median earnings of former students who received federal aid, working and not enrolled ten years after entry; bootstrap over states | private nonprofit colleges in the 50 states and DC with a published earnings value | median earnings in calendar years 2020 and 2021 (2022 dollars) of students who entered in 2009 to 2010 and 2010 to 2011 | $53,848 | 95% CI $51,671 to $55,838 | 1,211 institutions | none (each institution counts once) | College Scorecard | earn_nonprofit |

## Findings

A decade after entering, the median former student who had received federal aid earned $28,330 at the median for-profit college, $42,014 at the median public college and $53,848 at the median private nonprofit college. Each figure is the middle value across the colleges of a sector, where a college's own value is the median earnings of its former students in 2022 dollars. The students entered in 2009 to 2010 and 2010 to 2011 and were observed in 2020 and 2021.

Three features of a college matter to a family, which are what its former students earn, what it bills and whether it is within reach. This chapter takes them in that order, with the institution as the unit for earnings and price and the county as the unit for reach. The data are the College Scorecard for earnings and price and the IPEDS directory for the location of campuses. They describe colleges and counties, and a pattern across colleges is not a statement about what a college does for a student.

### For-profit colleges have the lowest median earnings

The median across the 1,036 for-profit colleges with a published value is $28,330 (95% CI $26,877 to $29,972), against $42,014 (95% CI $40,606 to $43,598) across 1,716 public colleges. The for-profit median is $13,685 (95% CI $12,287 to $15,220) below the public median (Table 1).

The private nonprofit median, across 1,211 colleges, is $53,848 (95% CI $51,671 to $55,838), above both. The intervals come from a bootstrap that redraws whole states, because the colleges of a state share appropriations, labor markets and aid rules.

The sectors differ in what they offer. For-profit colleges run more short programs, so a comparison of all colleges could reflect the mix of programs. Among four-year colleges alone the public median is $10,738 (95% CI $8,300 to $13,249) above the for-profit median, and among two-year and shorter programs it is $11,884 (95% CI $10,591 to $13,240) above. Weighting each college by its undergraduates, which counts a large college in proportion to its students, gives a gap of $10,924 (95% CI $7,972 to $12,851). The order of the sectors holds in each of these cuts.

The sectors also differ in who enrolls. The median share of undergraduates who received a Pell Grant in academic year 2021 to 2022, a federal grant for students with financial need, is 52.5% (95% CI 50.4% to 54.6%) at for-profit colleges, 30.4% (95% CI 28.3% to 32.9%) at public colleges and 32.4% (95% CI 30.1% to 34.6%) at private nonprofit colleges. Deming, Goldin and Katz compared beginning students at for-profit colleges with comparable students at other colleges in a national survey, adjusting for observed characteristics. They found lower earnings after entry and higher loan default rates among the for-profit students.[1] The Scorecard figures point the same way a decade after entry, but they do not adjust for who enrolls, so they cannot separate what a college does from whom it enrolls.

The medians describe the colleges that report. The College Scorecard covers institutions that take part in federal student aid programs. It lists 5,000 of them in the states and the District of Columbia once the 1,275 branch records that repeat a parent institution's earnings are set aside, and 3,963 of them have a published earnings value.

Earnings are withheld when the group of aided students is small or the value fails the Scorecard's checks. The share of colleges with no published value is 4.7% of public colleges, 26.5% of private nonprofit colleges and 33.2% of for-profit colleges. A withheld value is missing and not zero, and if the colleges without a value earn systematically more or less than those with one, the sector medians move.

Table 1. At the median for-profit college, former students' median earnings a decade after entry were $28,330, against $42,014 at the median public college and $53,848 at the median private nonprofit college

### Net price rises with family income but falls as a share of it

The Scorecard reports each college's average net price for academic year 2021 to 2022, in nominal dollars, in five bands of family income. The net price is the cost of attendance minus grants and scholarships, for full-time, first-time students who received federal aid. The lowest band ends at $30,000 and the highest begins above $110,000. The medians below cover 694 public and 1,157 private nonprofit four-year colleges with a published price.

At the median public four-year college the net price was $9,347 (95% CI $8,426 to $10,430) a year in the lowest band and $18,780 (95% CI $17,910 to $19,987) in the highest. At the median private nonprofit four-year college it was $17,596 (95% CI $16,937 to $18,307) and $28,710 (95% CI $26,953 to $30,525) (Table 2). The schedule is progressive in dollars, since prices rise with income at both kinds of college.

A price means more against an income. Dividing each median by an assumed family income at the midpoint of its band, $15,000 in the lowest band and $150,000 in the highest, the public net price is 62% (95% CI 56% to 70%) of the assumed income in the lowest band and 13% (95% CI 12% to 13%) in the highest.

The private nonprofit net price is 117% (95% CI 113% to 122%) and 19% (95% CI 18% to 20%). Measured this way the schedule is regressive. The fall is steep at the start. The step from the lowest band to the second band carries 73% (95% CI 71% to 74%) of the whole fall at public colleges and 72% (95% CI 71% to 73%) at private nonprofit colleges, and the share changes slowly after that.

The share is an order of magnitude and not a measured burden. The cost of attendance includes living expenses that a family bears whether or not the student enrolls, the Scorecard does not report the incomes of the families in a band, and the highest band has no upper limit. A private nonprofit net price above the assumed income in the lowest band shows the limits of the assumption as much as it shows a burden. The contrast between the ends does not depend on the highest midpoint. With the income of the highest band set at its lower limit, the smallest a family in it can have, the public share is 17% (95% CI 16% to 18%) and the private nonprofit share 26% (95% CI 25% to 28%), still far below the shares in the lowest band.

Table 2. The median net price rises with family income, but at public four-year colleges it falls from 62% of an assumed income in the lowest band to 13% in the highest

### Cost, earnings and completion rise together

Across the 2,663 colleges with a published cost of attendance, median earnings and at least 100 undergraduates, colleges that cost more have former students who earn more, with a correlation of +0.63 (95% CI 0.59 to 0.67).

The completion rate is the share of first-time, full-time students who finish within 150% of the normal time. It moves with earnings among four-year colleges, with a correlation of +0.67 (95% CI 0.62 to 0.71), and weakly among two-year and shorter programs, with a correlation of +0.12 (95% CI 0.02 to 0.21) (Table 3). The Scorecard measures completion for students who started in fall 2016 at four-year colleges and fall 2019 at shorter programs, so the two rates are reported apart and not pooled.

One corner of the plot is different. The plot divides at the median cost of attendance, $24,602 (95% CI $22,758 to $26,688), and the median earnings, $46,092 (95% CI $44,379 to $47,866). A total of 334 colleges, 12.5% (95% CI 11.3% to 13.8%) of those plotted, cost more than the median and have median earnings at or below it.

They are 56% (95% CI 48% to 62%) of the 163 plotted for-profit colleges, 20% (95% CI 18% to 23%) of the plotted private nonprofit colleges and 2% (95% CI 1% to 3%) of the plotted public colleges. The cost of attendance is published for academic-year institutions only, so many short for-profit programs are not plotted and the for-profit share describes the plotted colleges.

The colleges in that corner enroll more students from low-income families and graduate fewer of them. Their median Pell share is 47% (95% CI 42% to 51%), against 30% (95% CI 28% to 31%) in the other three quadrants. Among four-year colleges their median completion rate is 45% (95% CI 43% to 51%), against 64% (95% CI 61% to 67%) at four-year colleges that cost more than the median and earn more. These are comparisons across colleges. They do not show that a student who enrolls in one of these colleges earns less than the student would have earned elsewhere.

Table 3. Former students of costlier colleges tend to earn more, a correlation of +0.63, but 56% of plotted for-profit colleges cost more than the median and have median earnings at or below it

### High-Pell colleges differ widely in earnings

Chetty and co-authors, who linked tax records to the colleges students attended, found that parental income is as segregated across colleges as it is across neighborhoods and that elite colleges serve mostly students from high-income families. They also found that earnings differences between students from low-income and high-income families shrink considerably among students who attend the same college.[2] An earlier report from the same project named the City University of New York and the California State campuses among the colleges where students from the bottom fifth of the income distribution most often reached the top fifth.[3]

A narrower comparison here looks only at colleges that enroll many students from low-income families. The pool is the 1,282 public and private nonprofit four-year colleges with at least 1,000 undergraduates and a published Pell share, earnings and net price for the lowest income band. The 428 colleges in the top third of the pool by Pell share, a share of 34.7% or more, are the high-Pell colleges. For-profit colleges are not on the list by rule, since the sector comparison above treats them separately, and 48 for-profit four-year colleges that meet every other rule, including a net price for the lowest income band, are left out.

Median earnings among the high-Pell colleges run from $38,184 at the tenth percentile to $62,278 at the ninetieth. The 15 highest-earning have a median of $72,282 and the 15 lowest-earning a median of $31,902 (Table 4).

The two lists do not have the same Pell share. The median is 39% in the highest-earning list and 60% in the lowest-earning list, so part of the difference in earnings may reflect the starting point of the students.

Baruch College of the City University of New York is in the first list, with a Pell share of 55%, a net price of $745 for students in the lowest income band and median earnings of $75,971. Place matters for the ranking, since 8 of the 10 highest-earning high-Pell colleges are in California or New York and earnings in these data are not adjusted for local wages.

Of the 15 lowest-earning colleges, 5 are tribal colleges or religious seminaries, namely Oglala Lakota College, Navajo Technical University, Dine College, United Talmudical Seminary and Uta Mesivta of Kiryas Joel. Another 6 are historically Black colleges and universities, namely Harris-Stowe State University, Benedict College, Mississippi Valley State University, Miles College, Langston University and Central State University. The students and local labor markets of the first group differ from those of general four-year colleges, so their earnings are not comparable with those of a general four-year degree. The measure adjusts neither for local wages nor for the starting income of the students at any of them. Net price does not separate the lists, since the median net price for the lowest income band is $9,743 at the highest-earning colleges and $10,626 at the lowest-earning ones.

Table 4. Among high-Pell colleges, the 15 highest-earning have a median of $72,282 a decade after entry and the 15 lowest-earning $31,902

### Most counties have no four-year college

The IPEDS directory lists 2,508 four-year campuses in the states and the District of Columbia, after leaving out the 273 institutions that grant only graduate degrees.

They sit in 933 of the 3,143 counties. The other 2,210 counties, 70% of all, have no four-year campus inside the county line. Connecticut counts as its eight legacy counties.

A county line is a poor measure of reach, because a county without a campus can border one. The chapter measures instead, for each census tract, the straight-line distance in miles from the tract's central point to the nearest four-year campus, and gives each county the average of its tracts weighted by population. A county's value is the distance of its average resident, so a county with a campus inside it can still have a value above zero. The average resident in the country lives 9.6 miles from a four-year campus. Measured to the nearest public four-year campus instead, the average resident lives 14.0 miles away. Counting each county once, the median value is 21 miles, and the values run from 4.0 miles at the fifth percentile to 74 miles at the ninety-fifth (Table 5).

The longest distances are in Alaska. Each of the 10 counties with the longest distances is in Alaska, and the average Alaskan lives 69 miles from a four-year campus. Among states the averages are next longest in Wyoming (49 miles), Montana (26 miles) and Mississippi (24 miles). Distances in Alaska and Hawaii are straight lines over water and terrain that no road covers.

Reach also shapes who applies. Hoxby and Avery found that most high-achieving students from low-income families do not apply to selective colleges. These students are geographically dispersed, which makes them harder to reach through recruiting concentrated in a few large metropolitan areas.[4] The map measures the supply side of that problem. It says where campuses are, not where students enroll.

Table 5. The average resident in the country lives 9.6 miles from a four-year college, and the state averages are longest in Alaska, Wyoming, Montana and Mississippi

### Distance rises with county deprivation and with rurality

Each county has a rank on the Area Deprivation Index, the average of its tracts' national ranks weighted by population, with a higher rank meaning more deprived. The 3,128 counties that have a rank are sorted into tenths of equal numbers, and the 15 counties whose tracts all have a suppressed rank are left out. The distance for the average resident rises across the tenths, from 6.1 (95% CI 5.3 to 6.9) miles in the least deprived tenth to 29.3 (95% CI 24.6 to 35.0) miles in the most deprived, or 2.1 (95% CI 1.7 to 2.5) miles for each step up. The rise is not steady, and the second, third and fourth tenths are not distinguishable from one another.

The share of counties with no campus inside rises across the tenths too, from 42% (95% CI 33% to 51%) to 92% (95% CI 87% to 95%), or 5.3 percentage points (95% CI 4.5 percentage points to 6.2 percentage points) for each step up (Table 6). The intervals describe variation across states, because the tracts and campuses are enumerated and not sampled.

Across counties the correlation of the rank with the distance is +0.31 (95% CI 0.24 to 0.40) when counties count in proportion to their residents and +0.16 (95% CI 0.09 to 0.33) when each counts once. Measured to the nearest public four-year campus, the distance rises from 9.4 (95% CI 8.3 to 10.8) miles in the least deprived tenth to 36.5 (95% CI 32.4 to 41.6) miles in the most deprived.

Rurality accounts for much of the gradient. The Rural-Urban Continuum Code of the US Department of Agriculture sorts counties by the size of their metro area or, outside metro areas, by the size of the county's urban population and its adjacency to a metro area. These comparisons use all counties, including the ones without an ADI rank. The average resident of a metro county lives 7.0 (95% CI 6.3 to 7.8) miles from a four-year campus and the average resident of a nonmetro county 25.7 (95% CI 22.8 to 29.4) miles, which is 3.7 (95% CI 3.2 to 4.2) times as far.

In the group of nonmetro counties with the smallest urban populations the distance is 34.3 (95% CI 29.7 to 40.9) miles. Of these counties, 95% (95% CI 94% to 97%) have no campus inside, against 83% (95% CI 80% to 86%) of nonmetro counties together and 49% (95% CI 42% to 55%) of metro counties.

Deprivation and rurality overlap. Of the counties in the most deprived tenth, 94% (95% CI 92% to 96%) are nonmetro, against 23% (95% CI 14% to 31%) in the least deprived tenth. Within nonmetro counties the distance does not move with the deprivation rank, with a correlation of −0.04 (95% CI −0.12 to 0.05), while within metro counties it rises modestly, with a correlation of +0.24 (95% CI 0.18 to 0.32). The gradient across all counties therefore mostly reflects that deprived counties are more often rural. The ADI is a national rank that understates deprivation in high-cost areas, and a county average hides differences among its tracts.

Table 6. Distance to a four-year college rises with county deprivation, from 6.1 miles in the least deprived tenth of counties to 29.3 in the most deprived, and with rurality

> Causal evidence: What designs that can speak to cause find about admission, aid, funding and credentials (Regression discontinuity; instrumental variables; randomized resume experiment)
>
> The comparisons above describe differences across colleges and counties. Four studies use designs that can speak to cause at specific points.
>
> Zimmerman compared students just above and just below a grade-point threshold for admission to a large public university in Florida, a regression discontinuity design. Students just above the threshold were more likely to attend a university and earned more in the years that followed, and the effect applies to students near the threshold at one university.[5] Bettinger and co-authors used the grade-point and family-income cutoffs of California's Cal Grant, also a regression discontinuity design, and found that eligibility raised degree completion and, for some groups, later earnings, without raising enrollment.[6]
>
> Chakrabarti, Gorton and Lovenheim used an instrumental variables design in which each public institution's baseline reliance on state appropriations is combined with year-to-year changes in state appropriations. At four-year colleges they found that more state support lowered debt originations and adverse debt events and shortened time to degree, with little effect on other outcomes, and that the support was passed on to students as lower tuition with no change in institutional spending. At two-year colleges the gains were broader, with higher educational attainment and credit scores, more home ownership and less delinquency, and the support went to both lower tuition and educational resources.[7] Deming and co-authors sent fictitious resumes that differed in the sector and selectivity of the college to real job postings, a randomized resume experiment, and found that a business bachelor's degree from a for-profit online institution received fewer callbacks than one from a nonselective public institution.[8] The experiment measures employers' callbacks and not earnings.
>
> Each study speaks to one margin, which is admission at a threshold, eligibility for aid, state funding or a credential on a resume. None tests whether the sector gap in earnings or the schedule of net prices in this chapter would change if a student moved from one college to another.

### Distance rises with deprivation under all four rankings

Table 7 ranks the 3,125 counties that have a distance and all four rankings in four ways, with each county taking the population-weighted mean of its tracts' ranks. Ranked by the ADI on this common sample, the distance for the average resident is 6.1 (95% CI 5.3 to 7.0) miles in the least deprived tenth and 29.7 (95% CI 24.8 to 35.5) miles in the most deprived, and the rank correlation between tenth and distance is +0.99. Under the standardized index the two ends are 6.8 (95% CI 6.2 to 7.6) and 28.2 (95% CI 22.4 to 41.4) miles, with a correlation of +0.93. Under median household income they are 6.7 (95% CI 6.0 to 7.3) and 26.6 (95% CI 22.8 to 31.7) miles, and under the bachelor's degree share 5.5 (95% CI 5.0 to 6.2) and 31.0 (95% CI 25.4 to 40.5) miles, with correlations of +0.99 and +0.99, so none of the alternatives counts as a change under the book's rule (Chapter 9.1, How far one ranking goes (https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/how-far-one-ranking-goes)).

Table 7. Distance to the nearest four-year college is steadily worse toward the more deprived end under the ADI and under each of the three other rankings

### What these data cannot show

The geography describes supply. Distance is measured in a straight line from where residents live to where campuses sit, so it ignores roads, ferries, online programs and the colleges students choose when they leave home. The Chetty and co-authors data that link the neighborhood a student grew up in to the college the student attended and the income reached are not part of this project's data, and nothing here reproduces them. A county average also hides the tracts inside it, and the gradients describe counties and not the families who live in them.

The earnings describe aided students who entered in 2009 to 2011, not all students and not those entering now. They are medians of institutions, with noise added by the Scorecard, and a larger share of private colleges than of public colleges have no published value. Branch campuses repeat their parent's earnings and debt, which is why the chapter counts institutions by OPE ID. The Pell share, cost of attendance, net price and completion rate come from the largest campus of each institution. Earnings follow local wages and the field of study as well as the college, and the sector gap mixes what colleges do with who enrolls and what programs they run.

The net price is an average over aided, first-time, full-time students in each band, at public colleges for in-state students only, and the share of income depends on assumed incomes. The lists of high-Pell colleges are rankings of named colleges, with no interval, and they include colleges whose earnings are not comparable with those of a general four-year degree. The designs in the box above identify effects at specific margins and do not show what a college does to a student in general.

## Tables

### Table 1. At the median for-profit college, former students' median earnings a decade after entry were $28,330, against $42,014 at the median public college and $53,848 at the median private nonprofit college

Distribution across colleges of the median earnings of former students who received federal aid, a decade after entry (thousands of 2022 dollars), by sector; entering classes of 2009 to 2010 and 2010 to 2011

| density | earnings | scope | sector | weighting |
| ---: | ---: | --- | --- | --- |
| 0 | 0 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 0 | 1 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 0 | 2 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 0 | 3 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 0 | 4 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 0 | 5 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 0 | 6 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 0 | 7 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 0 | 8 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 0 | 9 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 0 | 10 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 1 | 11 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 1 | 12 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 2 | 13 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 3 | 14 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 4 | 15 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 5 | 16 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 6 | 17 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 8 | 18 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 10 | 19 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 13 | 20 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 17 | 21 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 21 | 22 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 27 | 23 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 35 | 24 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 49 | 25 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 71 | 26 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 104 | 27 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 152 | 28 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 217 | 29 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 297 | 30 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 389 | 31 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 490 | 32 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 594 | 33 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 695 | 34 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 788 | 35 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 870 | 36 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 935 | 37 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 979 | 38 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 1000 | 39 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 996 | 40 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 970 | 41 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 925 | 42 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 868 | 43 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 805 | 44 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 741 | 45 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 681 | 46 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 625 | 47 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 573 | 48 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 524 | 49 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 477 | 50 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 433 | 51 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 393 | 52 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 360 | 53 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 333 | 54 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 310 | 55 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 289 | 56 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 266 | 57 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 242 | 58 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 218 | 59 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 196 | 60 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 178 | 61 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 162 | 62 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 148 | 63 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 132 | 64 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 117 | 65 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 102 | 66 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 90 | 67 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 80 | 68 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 73 | 69 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 68 | 70 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 64 | 71 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 60 | 72 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 57 | 73 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 53 | 74 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 48 | 75 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 44 | 76 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 40 | 77 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 36 | 78 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 33 | 79 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 31 | 80 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 30 | 81 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 28 | 82 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 25 | 83 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 22 | 84 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 19 | 85 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 17 | 86 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 17 | 87 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 17 | 88 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 19 | 89 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 20 | 90 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 20 | 91 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 20 | 92 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 18 | 93 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 16 | 94 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 13 | 95 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 11 | 96 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 8 | 97 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 7 | 98 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 5 | 99 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 5 | 100 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 5 | 101 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 4 | 102 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 4 | 103 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 3 | 104 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 2 | 105 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 2 | 106 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 2 | 107 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 2 | 108 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 2 | 109 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 2 | 110 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 2 | 111 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 2 | 112 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 2 | 113 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 2 | 114 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 2 | 115 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 2 | 116 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 2 | 117 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 1 | 118 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 1 | 119 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 0 | 120 | All colleges | Public | Each college counted once |
| 0 | 0 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 0 | 1 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 0 | 2 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 0 | 3 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 0 | 4 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 0 | 5 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 0 | 6 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 0 | 7 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 0 | 8 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 0 | 9 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 0 | 10 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 0 | 11 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 1 | 12 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 3 | 13 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 6 | 14 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 11 | 15 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 17 | 16 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 26 | 17 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 37 | 18 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 49 | 19 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 63 | 20 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 78 | 21 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 93 | 22 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 108 | 23 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 121 | 24 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 132 | 25 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 143 | 26 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 155 | 27 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 170 | 28 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 192 | 29 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 219 | 30 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 252 | 31 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 289 | 32 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 328 | 33 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 368 | 34 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 407 | 35 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 445 | 36 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 484 | 37 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 524 | 38 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 565 | 39 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 607 | 40 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 649 | 41 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 689 | 42 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 729 | 43 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 771 | 44 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 816 | 45 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 862 | 46 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 903 | 47 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 934 | 48 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 954 | 49 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 968 | 50 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 980 | 51 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 992 | 52 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 1000 | 53 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 999 | 54 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 985 | 55 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 960 | 56 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 930 | 57 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 896 | 58 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 856 | 59 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 808 | 60 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 752 | 61 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 690 | 62 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 629 | 63 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 572 | 64 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 523 | 65 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 484 | 66 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 455 | 67 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 434 | 68 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 417 | 69 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 402 | 70 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 385 | 71 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 366 | 72 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 349 | 73 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 333 | 74 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 320 | 75 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 306 | 76 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 289 | 77 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 268 | 78 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 243 | 79 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 219 | 80 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 199 | 81 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 184 | 82 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 175 | 83 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 169 | 84 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 163 | 85 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 157 | 86 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 150 | 87 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 143 | 88 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 134 | 89 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 122 | 90 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 108 | 91 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 92 | 92 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 77 | 93 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 62 | 94 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 51 | 95 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 45 | 96 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 42 | 97 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 44 | 98 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 48 | 99 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 54 | 100 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 59 | 101 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 61 | 102 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 59 | 103 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 54 | 104 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 47 | 105 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 39 | 106 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 33 | 107 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 29 | 108 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 27 | 109 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 25 | 110 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 23 | 111 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 20 | 112 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 16 | 113 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 12 | 114 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 10 | 115 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 8 | 116 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 8 | 117 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 8 | 118 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 10 | 119 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 12 | 120 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Each college counted once |
| 0 | 0 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 0 | 1 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 0 | 2 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 0 | 3 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 1 | 4 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 2 | 5 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 4 | 6 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 7 | 7 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 11 | 8 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 18 | 9 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 29 | 10 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 46 | 11 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 73 | 12 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 114 | 13 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 170 | 14 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 242 | 15 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 324 | 16 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 412 | 17 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 502 | 18 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 593 | 19 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 686 | 20 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 779 | 21 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 866 | 22 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 936 | 23 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 982 | 24 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 1000 | 25 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 992 | 26 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 963 | 27 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 921 | 28 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 872 | 29 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 816 | 30 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 756 | 31 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 691 | 32 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 626 | 33 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 566 | 34 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 516 | 35 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 476 | 36 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 443 | 37 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 414 | 38 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 388 | 39 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 360 | 40 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 331 | 41 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 299 | 42 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 265 | 43 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 232 | 44 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 202 | 45 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 177 | 46 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 156 | 47 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 141 | 48 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 130 | 49 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 122 | 50 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 114 | 51 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 105 | 52 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 95 | 53 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 83 | 54 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 72 | 55 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 63 | 56 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 59 | 57 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 58 | 58 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 58 | 59 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 60 | 60 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 60 | 61 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 59 | 62 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 56 | 63 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 52 | 64 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 48 | 65 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 45 | 66 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 43 | 67 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 40 | 68 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 37 | 69 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 32 | 70 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 27 | 71 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 23 | 72 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 20 | 73 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 18 | 74 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 18 | 75 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 18 | 76 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 19 | 77 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 20 | 78 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 22 | 79 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 21 | 80 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 20 | 81 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 17 | 82 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 14 | 83 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 12 | 84 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 11 | 85 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 11 | 86 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 10 | 87 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 10 | 88 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 9 | 89 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 8 | 90 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 7 | 91 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 8 | 92 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 8 | 93 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 7 | 94 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 7 | 95 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 6 | 96 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 5 | 97 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 5 | 98 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 5 | 99 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 5 | 100 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 6 | 101 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 7 | 102 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 9 | 103 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 10 | 104 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 11 | 105 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 10 | 106 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 9 | 107 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 7 | 108 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 5 | 109 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 4 | 110 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 3 | 111 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 3 | 112 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 3 | 113 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 3 | 114 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 3 | 115 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 3 | 116 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 2 | 117 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 1 | 118 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 1 | 119 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 0 | 120 | All colleges | For-profit | Each college counted once |
| 0 | 0 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 0 | 1 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 0 | 2 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 0 | 3 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 0 | 4 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 0 | 5 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 0 | 6 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 0 | 7 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 0 | 8 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 0 | 9 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 0 | 10 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 0 | 11 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 0 | 12 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 0 | 13 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 0 | 14 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 0 | 15 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 0 | 16 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 0 | 17 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 1 | 18 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 1 | 19 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 1 | 20 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 2 | 21 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 2 | 22 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 3 | 23 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 5 | 24 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 9 | 25 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 15 | 26 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 26 | 27 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 43 | 28 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 69 | 29 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 104 | 30 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 152 | 31 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 213 | 32 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 289 | 33 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 380 | 34 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 483 | 35 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 594 | 36 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 703 | 37 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 806 | 38 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 893 | 39 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 960 | 40 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 998 | 41 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 1000 | 42 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 967 | 43 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 905 | 44 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 830 | 45 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 754 | 46 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 688 | 47 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 634 | 48 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 593 | 49 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 563 | 50 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 545 | 51 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 540 | 52 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 546 | 53 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 562 | 54 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 581 | 55 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 596 | 56 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 602 | 57 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 597 | 58 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 586 | 59 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 574 | 60 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 562 | 61 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 545 | 62 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 518 | 63 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 476 | 64 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 424 | 65 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 372 | 66 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 328 | 67 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 298 | 68 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 279 | 69 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 267 | 70 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 256 | 71 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 242 | 72 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 223 | 73 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 198 | 74 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 171 | 75 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 145 | 76 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 125 | 77 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 114 | 78 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 113 | 79 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 117 | 80 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 120 | 81 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 118 | 82 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 108 | 83 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 93 | 84 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 74 | 85 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 55 | 86 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 41 | 87 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 31 | 88 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 27 | 89 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 26 | 90 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 26 | 91 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 25 | 92 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 22 | 93 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 18 | 94 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 13 | 95 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 10 | 96 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 7 | 97 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 6 | 98 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 5 | 99 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 6 | 100 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 7 | 101 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 8 | 102 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 8 | 103 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 7 | 104 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 5 | 105 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 3 | 106 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 2 | 107 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 1 | 108 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 0 | 109 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 0 | 110 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 0 | 111 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 0 | 112 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 0 | 113 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 0 | 114 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 0 | 115 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 0 | 116 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 0 | 117 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 0 | 118 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 0 | 119 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 0 | 120 | All colleges | Public | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 0 | 0 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 0 | 1 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 0 | 2 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 0 | 3 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 0 | 4 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 0 | 5 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 0 | 6 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 0 | 7 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 0 | 8 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 0 | 9 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 0 | 10 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 0 | 11 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 0 | 12 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 0 | 13 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 1 | 14 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |
| 2 | 15 | All colleges | Private nonprofit | Weighted by undergraduate enrollment |

The first 500 of 1452 rows; every row is in https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/college-access-price-and-earnings/figures/earnings_by_sector.json.

Views: All colleges, each counted once (scope = All colleges, weighting = Each college counted once); All colleges, weighted by enrollment (scope = All colleges, weighting = Weighted by undergraduate enrollment); Four-year colleges (scope = Four-year colleges, weighting = Each college counted once); Two-year and shorter programs (scope = Two-year and shorter programs, weighting = Each college counted once).

Note: Earnings are the median for students who received federal aid and were working and not enrolled a decade after entry. They are in 2022 dollars, and the Scorecard adds noise to them and withholds them for small groups, so a college with no published value is missing, never zero. Densities use one smoothing bandwidth for every ridge and run from zero to a ceiling; a few colleges above the ceiling are outside the plot.

Note: Colleges are institutions identified by a 6-digit OPE ID. Branch campuses repeat their parent's earnings, so one row per OPE ID is used, and 5,000 institutions are in the file in the 50 states and DC. Earnings are published for 3,963 of them, and the share with no value is 4.7% of public, 26.5% of private nonprofit and 33.2% of for-profit colleges.

Note: The medians describe colleges and the students who received federal aid, and they mix what a college does with who enrolls and where it sits.

Source: College Scorecard, most recent cohorts, May 2025 release (earnings of the 2009-2011 entering classes, 2022 dollars); unweighted unless the view says weighted by undergraduate enrollment

Data: https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/college-access-price-and-earnings/figures/earnings_by_sector.json

### Table 2. The median net price rises with family income, but at public four-year colleges it falls from 62% of an assumed income in the lowest band to 13% in the highest

Median across colleges of the average net price after grants for full-time, first-time students who received federal aid, by family-income band, public and private nonprofit four-year colleges, academic year 2021 to 2022

| band | hi | lo | measure | n | sector | value |
| ---: | ---: | ---: | --- | ---: | --- | ---: |
| 1 | 10430 | 8426 | Median net price (dollars per year) | 693 | Public four-year colleges | 9347 |
| 1 | 69.50 | 56.20 | Net price as a share of assumed income (percent) | 693 | Public four-year colleges | 62.30 |
| 2 | 11263 | 9449 | Median net price (dollars per year) | 685 | Public four-year colleges | 10114 |
| 2 | 28.90 | 24.20 | Net price as a share of assumed income (percent) | 685 | Public four-year colleges | 25.90 |
| 3 | 14074 | 12130 | Median net price (dollars per year) | 687 | Public four-year colleges | 12857 |
| 3 | 22.90 | 19.70 | Net price as a share of assumed income (percent) | 687 | Public four-year colleges | 20.90 |
| 4 | 18000 | 16056 | Median net price (dollars per year) | 670 | Public four-year colleges | 16974 |
| 4 | 19.50 | 17.40 | Net price as a share of assumed income (percent) | 670 | Public four-year colleges | 18.40 |
| 5 | 19987 | 17910 | Median net price (dollars per year) | 647 | Public four-year colleges | 18780 |
| 5 | 13.30 | 11.90 | Net price as a share of assumed income (percent) | 647 | Public four-year colleges | 12.50 |
| 1 | 18307 | 16937 | Median net price (dollars per year) | 1,120 | Private nonprofit four-year colleges | 17596 |
| 1 | 122 | 112.9 | Net price as a share of assumed income (percent) | 1,120 | Private nonprofit four-year colleges | 117.3 |
| 2 | 18742 | 17413 | Median net price (dollars per year) | 1,092 | Private nonprofit four-year colleges | 18166 |
| 2 | 48.10 | 44.60 | Net price as a share of assumed income (percent) | 1,092 | Private nonprofit four-year colleges | 46.60 |
| 3 | 21427 | 19926 | Median net price (dollars per year) | 1,082 | Private nonprofit four-year colleges | 20684 |
| 3 | 34.80 | 32.40 | Net price as a share of assumed income (percent) | 1,082 | Private nonprofit four-year colleges | 33.60 |
| 4 | 25256 | 23554 | Median net price (dollars per year) | 1,044 | Private nonprofit four-year colleges | 24314 |
| 4 | 27.30 | 25.50 | Net price as a share of assumed income (percent) | 1,044 | Private nonprofit four-year colleges | 26.30 |
| 5 | 30525 | 26953 | Median net price (dollars per year) | 976 | Private nonprofit four-year colleges | 28710 |
| 5 | 20.30 | 18 | Net price as a share of assumed income (percent) | 976 | Private nonprofit four-year colleges | 19.10 |

Views: Dollars per year (measure = Median net price (dollars per year)); Share of assumed income (measure = Net price as a share of assumed income (percent)).

Note: Net price is the cost of attendance, which includes living expenses, minus grants and scholarships, averaged over a college's full-time, first-time students who received federal aid in the band. At public colleges it covers in-state students only. A family bears the living expenses whether or not the student enrolls, so the share of income is an order of magnitude and not a measured burden on any family.

Note: The five bands are the Scorecard's, up to $30,000 of family income and over $110,000. The Scorecard does not report the income of the families in a band, so the share assumes an income at the midpoint of each band, and the highest band has no upper limit, so its share moves in proportion to the assumed value.

Note: The medians cover 694 public and 1,157 private nonprofit four-year colleges with a published net price in at least one band; a few report a net price below zero, which is kept as reported.

Source: College Scorecard, most recent cohorts, May 2025 release (net price by family income, academic year 2021-2022, nominal dollars); unweighted, each college counted once

Data: https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/college-access-price-and-earnings/figures/net_price_by_income.json

### Table 3. Former students of costlier colleges tend to earn more, a correlation of +0.63, but 56% of plotted for-profit colleges cost more than the median and have median earnings at or below it

Median earnings a decade after entry (2022 dollars) against the average annual cost of attendance (academic year 2021 to 2022), one dot per college, dot area is undergraduate enrollment

No inline rows: the values of Table 3 are in https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/data/college-access-price-and-earnings/earnings_vs_cost.json.

Note: The plot has 2,663 colleges with a published cost of attendance, median earnings and at least 100 undergraduates. The cost of attendance is published for academic-year institutions only, so many short for-profit programs are not in it, and for-profit colleges are a small part of the plot.

Note: The quadrant lines are medians and the intervals for the shares come from a bootstrap over states that redraws the medians in every replicate. Dollar axes mix academic year 2021 to 2022 costs with earnings in 2022 dollars, which are close in time.

Source: College Scorecard, most recent cohorts, May 2025 release (cost of attendance, academic year 2021-2022; earnings of the 2009-2011 entering classes); unweighted, each college counted once

Data: https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/college-access-price-and-earnings/figures/earnings_vs_cost.json

### Table 4. Among high-Pell colleges, the 15 highest-earning have a median of $72,282 a decade after entry and the 15 lowest-earning $31,902

Public and private nonprofit four-year colleges in the top third by Pell share, with at least 1,000 undergraduates; median earnings of former students who received federal aid and net price for the lowest income band

#### Table 4.1. Median earnings

Most of the highest-earning high-Pell colleges are in California, New York and New Jersey

Median earnings of former students who received federal aid a decade after entry (2022 dollars), the 15 highest-earning and the 15 lowest-earning high-Pell colleges

| College | List | Median earnings (2022 dollars) | Pell share (%) | Net price, lowest income band (dollars) |
| --- | --- | ---: | ---: | ---: |
| New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJ) | Highest-earning | $84,276 | 39.0 | $11,534 |
| University of California-Irvine (CA) | Highest-earning | $80,735 | 37.3 | $6,485 |
| San Jose State University (CA) | Highest-earning | $78,988 | 35.4 | $9,743 |
| CUNY Bernard M Baruch College (NY) | Highest-earning | $75,971 | 55.3 | $745 |
| Stony Brook University (NY) | Highest-earning | $74,502 | 38.4 | $12,744 |
| University of Redlands (CA) | Highest-earning | $72,690 | 35.1 | $21,520 |
| Mount Saint Mary's University (CA) | Highest-earning | $72,379 | 55.1 | $17,327 |
| AdventHealth University (FL) | Highest-earning | $72,282 | 37.4 | $29,906 |
| California State Polytechnic University-Pomona (CA) | Highest-earning | $71,902 | 46.0 | $7,599 |
| California State University-East Bay (CA) | Highest-earning | $71,401 | 43.6 | $8,059 |
| New York Institute of Technology (NY) | Highest-earning | $70,080 | 43.7 | $16,548 |
| Farmingdale State College (NY) | Highest-earning | $69,781 | 35.8 | $3,865 |
| University of Massachusetts-Dartmouth (MA) | Highest-earning | $68,804 | 35.6 | $14,122 |
| University of Illinois Chicago (IL) | Highest-earning | $68,740 | 49.6 | $9,257 |
| San Francisco State University (CA) | Highest-earning | $68,077 | 41.4 | $9,307 |
| Laredo College (TX) | Lowest-earning | $33,934 | 38.5 | $4,877 |
| Central State University (OH) | Lowest-earning | $33,267 | 42.2 | $15,607 |
| Langston University (OK) | Lowest-earning | $33,261 | 68.4 | $10,626 |
| Atlanta Metropolitan State College (GA) | Lowest-earning | $33,252 | 53.8 | $4,415 |
| Miles College (AL) | Lowest-earning | $32,627 | 75.5 | $13,517 |
| Bryant & Stratton College-Online (NY) | Lowest-earning | $32,568 | 75.2 | $14,685 |
| Mississippi Valley State University (MS) | Lowest-earning | $31,919 | 59.6 | $11,034 |
| Benedict College (SC) | Lowest-earning | $31,902 | 63.5 | $16,807 |
| Uta Mesivta of Kiryas Joel (NY) | Lowest-earning | $31,853 | 86.2 | $4,542 |
| Harris-Stowe State University (MO) | Lowest-earning | $31,088 | 72.9 | $12,412 |
| Dine College (AZ) | Lowest-earning | $29,188 | 39.0 | $10,031 |
| American Musical and Dramatic Academy (NY) | Lowest-earning | $26,975 | 36.0 | $25,066 |
| Navajo Technical University (NM) | Lowest-earning | $26,364 | 49.0 | $3,037 |
| United Talmudical Seminary (NY) | Lowest-earning | $25,113 | 85.6 | $6,126 |
| Oglala Lakota College (SD) | Lowest-earning | $22,517 | 46.9 | $2,188 |

#### Table 4.2. Net price, lowest income band

The highest-earning and lowest-earning high-Pell colleges charge the lowest income band similar median net prices

Average net price after grants for full-time, first-time students in the lowest family-income band who received federal aid, the same colleges, academic year 2021 to 2022

| College | List | Median earnings (2022 dollars) | Pell share (%) | Net price, lowest income band (dollars) |
| --- | --- | ---: | ---: | ---: |
| New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJ) | Highest-earning | $84,276 | 39.0 | $11,534 |
| University of California-Irvine (CA) | Highest-earning | $80,735 | 37.3 | $6,485 |
| San Jose State University (CA) | Highest-earning | $78,988 | 35.4 | $9,743 |
| CUNY Bernard M Baruch College (NY) | Highest-earning | $75,971 | 55.3 | $745 |
| Stony Brook University (NY) | Highest-earning | $74,502 | 38.4 | $12,744 |
| University of Redlands (CA) | Highest-earning | $72,690 | 35.1 | $21,520 |
| Mount Saint Mary's University (CA) | Highest-earning | $72,379 | 55.1 | $17,327 |
| AdventHealth University (FL) | Highest-earning | $72,282 | 37.4 | $29,906 |
| California State Polytechnic University-Pomona (CA) | Highest-earning | $71,902 | 46.0 | $7,599 |
| California State University-East Bay (CA) | Highest-earning | $71,401 | 43.6 | $8,059 |
| New York Institute of Technology (NY) | Highest-earning | $70,080 | 43.7 | $16,548 |
| Farmingdale State College (NY) | Highest-earning | $69,781 | 35.8 | $3,865 |
| University of Massachusetts-Dartmouth (MA) | Highest-earning | $68,804 | 35.6 | $14,122 |
| University of Illinois Chicago (IL) | Highest-earning | $68,740 | 49.6 | $9,257 |
| San Francisco State University (CA) | Highest-earning | $68,077 | 41.4 | $9,307 |
| Laredo College (TX) | Lowest-earning | $33,934 | 38.5 | $4,877 |
| Central State University (OH) | Lowest-earning | $33,267 | 42.2 | $15,607 |
| Langston University (OK) | Lowest-earning | $33,261 | 68.4 | $10,626 |
| Atlanta Metropolitan State College (GA) | Lowest-earning | $33,252 | 53.8 | $4,415 |
| Miles College (AL) | Lowest-earning | $32,627 | 75.5 | $13,517 |
| Bryant & Stratton College-Online (NY) | Lowest-earning | $32,568 | 75.2 | $14,685 |
| Mississippi Valley State University (MS) | Lowest-earning | $31,919 | 59.6 | $11,034 |
| Benedict College (SC) | Lowest-earning | $31,902 | 63.5 | $16,807 |
| Uta Mesivta of Kiryas Joel (NY) | Lowest-earning | $31,853 | 86.2 | $4,542 |
| Harris-Stowe State University (MO) | Lowest-earning | $31,088 | 72.9 | $12,412 |
| Dine College (AZ) | Lowest-earning | $29,188 | 39.0 | $10,031 |
| American Musical and Dramatic Academy (NY) | Lowest-earning | $26,975 | 36.0 | $25,066 |
| Navajo Technical University (NM) | Lowest-earning | $26,364 | 49.0 | $3,037 |
| United Talmudical Seminary (NY) | Lowest-earning | $25,113 | 85.6 | $6,126 |
| Oglala Lakota College (SD) | Lowest-earning | $22,517 | 46.9 | $2,188 |

Note: For-profit colleges are not on the list. Only public and private nonprofit colleges enter the pool, so no for-profit college can appear in either list, and 48 for-profit four-year colleges that otherwise met the rules were left out. A college is high-Pell when its Pell share reaches 34.7%, the cutoff for the top third of the pool of 1,282 colleges.

Note: The lists are rankings of named colleges and not samples, so their medians carry no interval, and the Scorecard adds noise to each college's earnings. Branch campuses share their parent's earnings, so each college appears once.

Note: Some of the lowest-earning colleges are tribal colleges or religious seminaries whose graduates' earnings are not comparable with those of a general four-year degree, and several are historically Black colleges and universities; earnings also follow local wages, which are high in the New York, New Jersey and California areas, and the measure does not adjust for the students' starting income.

Source: College Scorecard, most recent cohorts, May 2025 release (Pell share and net price, academic year 2021-2022; earnings of the 2009-2011 entering classes, 2022 dollars); unweighted, each college counted once

Data: https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/college-access-price-and-earnings/figures/high_pell_colleges.json

### Table 5. The average resident in the country lives 9.6 miles from a four-year college, and the state averages are longest in Alaska, Wyoming, Montana and Mississippi

Distance in miles from the average resident of each county to the nearest four-year campus (great-circle, from each census tract's internal point, weighted by tract population), campuses of 2023, residents of 2019 to 2023

No inline rows: the values of Table 5 are in https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/data/college-access-price-and-earnings/college_distance_map.json.

Views: Any four-year campus (every row); Public four-year campus (every row).

Note: Every county on the map has a value: each has residents, and the distance is measured to a campus in any of the 50 states or DC. Puerto Rico is not drawn and its campuses and residents are not in the data. Alaska and Hawaii distances cross water, so a county on an island or in the bush has a distance that no road or ferry covers.

Note: Four-year means a campus the IPEDS directory lists at the four-year level, leaving out the 273 institutions the Scorecard classes as entirely graduate-degree granting; 2,508 campuses remain, with branch campuses counted at their own addresses. Connecticut is drawn as its eight legacy counties, with each tract and campus assigned to its legacy county.

Note: The second view measures the distance to the nearest public four-year campus. County values are full counts of tracts and campuses and carry no sampling interval; the intervals in the gradient figure treat counties as draws. Distance is a measure of supply, not of where residents enroll.

Source: IPEDS 2023 directory (campus locations), 2020 Census tract internal points, American Community Survey 2019-2023 (tract population); population-weighted, full counts

Data: https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/college-access-price-and-earnings/figures/college_distance_map.json

### Table 6. Distance to a four-year college rises with county deprivation, from 6.1 miles in the least deprived tenth of counties to 29.3 in the most deprived, and with rurality

Miles from the average resident to the nearest four-year campus, and the share of counties with no four-year campus, by tenth of county Area Deprivation Index rank and by Rural-Urban Continuum Code, residents of 2019 to 2023

#### Table 6.1. Distance by deprivation

Distance to the nearest four-year campus rises across the tenths of county deprivation, from 6.1 miles to 29.3

Miles from the average resident to the nearest four-year campus, by tenth of county ADI national rank, with 95% intervals from a bootstrap over states

| conf_high | conf_low | miles | n | tenth |
| ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: |
| 6.91 | 5.27 | 6.10 | 312 | 1 |
| 10.37 | 7.33 | 8.53 | 313 | 2 |
| 12.34 | 7.70 | 9.36 | 313 | 3 |
| 11.67 | 7.94 | 9.54 | 312 | 4 |
| 20.68 | 10.77 | 14.49 | 314 | 5 |
| 18.94 | 12.67 | 15.25 | 312 | 6 |
| 21.96 | 14.73 | 17.97 | 313 | 7 |
| 24.30 | 18.35 | 21.28 | 315 | 8 |
| 29.50 | 22.45 | 25.60 | 312 | 9 |
| 35.02 | 24.64 | 29.34 | 312 | 10 |

#### Table 6.2. Counties with no campus

The share of counties with no four-year campus rises across the tenths of county deprivation, from 42% to 92%

Percent of counties with no four-year campus inside the county, by tenth of county ADI national rank, each county counted once, with 95% intervals from a bootstrap over states

| conf_high | conf_low | n | share | tenth |
| ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: |
| 50.90 | 33 | 312 | 42.30 | 1 |
| 58.90 | 46.80 | 313 | 53.40 | 2 |
| 65.50 | 49.40 | 313 | 57.50 | 3 |
| 67.30 | 56 | 312 | 61.50 | 4 |
| 78.80 | 65.30 | 314 | 72.30 | 5 |
| 79.80 | 66.70 | 312 | 73.40 | 6 |
| 81.40 | 69.10 | 313 | 75.70 | 7 |
| 88.90 | 79 | 315 | 84.40 | 8 |
| 91.90 | 86.50 | 312 | 89.40 | 9 |
| 94.90 | 87.20 | 312 | 91.70 | 10 |

#### Table 6.3. Distance by rurality

The average resident of a nonmetro county lives 3.7 times as far from a four-year campus as the average resident of a metro county

Miles from the average resident to the nearest four-year campus, by group of USDA Rural-Urban Continuum Codes (2023), with 95% intervals from a bootstrap over states

| conf_high | conf_low | group | miles | n |
| ---: | ---: | --- | ---: | ---: |
| 7.82 | 6.33 | Metro | 7.03 | 1,185 |
| 22.92 | 16.90 | Nonmetro, urban population 20,000 or more | 19.56 | 277 |
| 30.75 | 23.43 | Nonmetro, urban population 5,000 to 20,000 | 26.63 | 626 |
| 40.93 | 29.66 | Nonmetro, urban population under 5,000 | 34.28 | 1,055 |

Note: Tracts and campuses are enumerated, not sampled, so the intervals describe how much an estimate varies from state to state and not sampling error. The rural-urban groups use all counties; the tenths use the counties that have an ADI rank.

Note: 3,128 counties have an ADI rank; 15 counties whose tracts all have a suppressed rank are not in the tenths. The ADI is a national percentile with 1 least deprived, and it understates deprivation in high-cost areas.

Note: The correlation across counties between the ADI rank and the distance is +0.31 when counties count in proportion to their residents and +0.16 when each counts once, with intervals from a bootstrap over states. Connecticut counties take the Rural-Urban Continuum Code held by most of their residents, because the code is published for the planning regions that replaced the counties.

Note: Across all the counties in the tenths the average resident lives 9.6 miles from the nearest four-year campus.

Source: IPEDS 2023 directory, American Community Survey 2019-2023 (residents), Area Deprivation Index 2023, USDA Rural-Urban Continuum Codes 2023; population-weighted unless the tab gives a share of counties

Data: https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/college-access-price-and-earnings/figures/college_desert_gradient.json

### Table 7. Distance to the nearest four-year college is steadily worse toward the more deprived end under the ADI and under each of the three other rankings

Miles to the nearest four-year campus, average resident by tenth of counties ranked four ways, over the 3,125 counties that have all four rankings

| bin | conf_high | conf_low | estimate | n_units | ranking |
| ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | --- |
| 1 | 6.97 | 5.25 | 6.10 | 312 | Area Deprivation Index |
| 2 | 10.07 | 7.38 | 8.50 | 313 | Area Deprivation Index |
| 3 | 12.04 | 7.35 | 9.01 | 312 | Area Deprivation Index |
| 4 | 12.02 | 8.69 | 10.11 | 313 | Area Deprivation Index |
| 5 | 21.70 | 11.02 | 15.14 | 312 | Area Deprivation Index |
| 6 | 17.00 | 11.49 | 13.61 | 313 | Area Deprivation Index |
| 7 | 22.71 | 15.46 | 18.69 | 312 | Area Deprivation Index |
| 8 | 23.71 | 17.75 | 20.68 | 313 | Area Deprivation Index |
| 9 | 27.26 | 21.99 | 24.61 | 312 | Area Deprivation Index |
| 10 | 35.54 | 24.84 | 29.72 | 313 | Area Deprivation Index |
| 1 | 7.59 | 6.21 | 6.78 | 312 | Standardized index |
| 2 | 10.42 | 6.99 | 8.55 | 313 | Standardized index |
| 3 | 9.54 | 5.16 | 6.72 | 312 | Standardized index |
| 4 | 9.99 | 6.95 | 8.12 | 313 | Standardized index |
| 5 | 12.86 | 7.47 | 9.53 | 312 | Standardized index |
| 6 | 20.40 | 12.29 | 15.35 | 313 | Standardized index |
| 7 | 17.79 | 11.09 | 14.07 | 312 | Standardized index |
| 8 | 28.67 | 16.75 | 21.02 | 313 | Standardized index |
| 9 | 29.84 | 15.89 | 22.81 | 312 | Standardized index |
| 10 | 41.37 | 22.40 | 28.24 | 313 | Standardized index |
| 1 | 7.28 | 6.02 | 6.66 | 312 | Median household income |
| 2 | 8.20 | 5.48 | 6.56 | 313 | Median household income |
| 3 | 11.33 | 7.59 | 8.83 | 312 | Median household income |
| 4 | 12.80 | 8.18 | 9.87 | 313 | Median household income |
| 5 | 14.15 | 9.97 | 11.66 | 312 | Median household income |
| 6 | 19.99 | 10.28 | 13.95 | 313 | Median household income |
| 7 | 25.29 | 14.41 | 18.71 | 312 | Median household income |
| 8 | 25.05 | 18.32 | 21.51 | 313 | Median household income |
| 9 | 28.15 | 22.70 | 25.10 | 312 | Median household income |
| 10 | 31.68 | 22.83 | 26.64 | 313 | Median household income |
| 1 | 6.17 | 5.02 | 5.54 | 312 | Bachelor's degree share |
| 2 | 7.46 | 5.73 | 6.42 | 313 | Bachelor's degree share |
| 3 | 10.01 | 5.74 | 7.32 | 312 | Bachelor's degree share |
| 4 | 13.83 | 9.22 | 11.21 | 313 | Bachelor's degree share |
| 5 | 17.07 | 11.58 | 13.90 | 312 | Bachelor's degree share |
| 6 | 20.99 | 14.48 | 17.20 | 313 | Bachelor's degree share |
| 7 | 25.63 | 17.09 | 20.62 | 312 | Bachelor's degree share |
| 8 | 33.93 | 21.70 | 26.86 | 313 | Bachelor's degree share |
| 9 | 33.53 | 21.92 | 26.83 | 312 | Bachelor's degree share |
| 10 | 40.50 | 25.44 | 31.03 | 313 | Bachelor's degree share |

Note: Least and most deprived tenth: ADI 6.1 and 29.7, rank correlation +0.99; standardized index 6.8 and 28.2, +0.93; median household income 6.7 and 26.6, +0.99; bachelor's degree share 5.5 and 31.0, +0.99.

Note: The standardized index applies the ADI's coefficients to its measures after standardizing each one, so home value and income carry less weight than in the ADI. Income and degree share are single census measures, each ranked from the highest value to the lowest.

Source: IPEDS 2023 directory, American Community Survey 2019-2023 (residents), Area Deprivation Index 2023; resident-weighted means over counties; ADI 2023 and ACS 2019-2023 tract tables (B19013, B15003 and the 15 rebuilt ADI measures)

Data: https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/college-access-price-and-earnings/figures/alt_rankings.json

## All estimates

Every fact in facts.json (133), sorted by id.

| Fact id | Value | Unit | Estimand | Population | Period | Interval | n | Weights | Source | Note |
| --- | ---: | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---: | --- | --- | --- |
| alt_adi_least | 6.1 | Miles to the nearest four-year campus, average resident | resident-weighted mean of the county distance; 95% intervals from a bootstrap over states | the least deprived tenth of counties ranked by Area Deprivation Index, among the counties with all four rankings | campuses in the 2023 IPEDS directory, residents in the 2019 to 2023 ACS, county deprivation rank 2023 | 95% CI 5.3 to 7.0 | 312 counties | 2019 to 2023 ACS tract population | IPEDS |   |
| alt_adi_most | 29.7 | Miles to the nearest four-year campus, average resident | resident-weighted mean of the county distance; 95% intervals from a bootstrap over states | the most deprived tenth of counties ranked by Area Deprivation Index, among the counties with all four rankings | campuses in the 2023 IPEDS directory, residents in the 2019 to 2023 ACS, county deprivation rank 2023 | 95% CI 24.8 to 35.5 | 313 counties | 2019 to 2023 ACS tract population | IPEDS |   |
| alt_adi_rho | +0.99 | rank correlation | Spearman rank correlation between bin order and bin mean, each bin counted once | the bins of counties ranked by Area Deprivation Index | campuses in the 2023 IPEDS directory, residents in the 2019 to 2023 ACS, county deprivation rank 2023 |   |   | each bin counted once | IPEDS |   |
| alt_degree_least | 5.5 | Miles to the nearest four-year campus, average resident | resident-weighted mean of the county distance; 95% intervals from a bootstrap over states | the least deprived tenth of counties ranked by Bachelor's degree share, among the counties with all four rankings | campuses in the 2023 IPEDS directory, residents in the 2019 to 2023 ACS, county deprivation rank 2023 | 95% CI 5.0 to 6.2 | 312 counties | 2019 to 2023 ACS tract population | IPEDS |   |
| alt_degree_most | 31.0 | Miles to the nearest four-year campus, average resident | resident-weighted mean of the county distance; 95% intervals from a bootstrap over states | the most deprived tenth of counties ranked by Bachelor's degree share, among the counties with all four rankings | campuses in the 2023 IPEDS directory, residents in the 2019 to 2023 ACS, county deprivation rank 2023 | 95% CI 25.4 to 40.5 | 313 counties | 2019 to 2023 ACS tract population | IPEDS |   |
| alt_degree_rho | +0.99 | rank correlation | Spearman rank correlation between bin order and bin mean, each bin counted once | the bins of counties ranked by Bachelor's degree share | campuses in the 2023 IPEDS directory, residents in the 2019 to 2023 ACS, county deprivation rank 2023 |   |   | each bin counted once | IPEDS |   |
| alt_income_least | 6.7 | Miles to the nearest four-year campus, average resident | resident-weighted mean of the county distance; 95% intervals from a bootstrap over states | the least deprived tenth of counties ranked by Median household income, among the counties with all four rankings | campuses in the 2023 IPEDS directory, residents in the 2019 to 2023 ACS, county deprivation rank 2023 | 95% CI 6.0 to 7.3 | 312 counties | 2019 to 2023 ACS tract population | IPEDS |   |
| alt_income_most | 26.6 | Miles to the nearest four-year campus, average resident | resident-weighted mean of the county distance; 95% intervals from a bootstrap over states | the most deprived tenth of counties ranked by Median household income, among the counties with all four rankings | campuses in the 2023 IPEDS directory, residents in the 2019 to 2023 ACS, county deprivation rank 2023 | 95% CI 22.8 to 31.7 | 313 counties | 2019 to 2023 ACS tract population | IPEDS |   |
| alt_income_rho | +0.99 | rank correlation | Spearman rank correlation between bin order and bin mean, each bin counted once | the bins of counties ranked by Median household income | campuses in the 2023 IPEDS directory, residents in the 2019 to 2023 ACS, county deprivation rank 2023 |   |   | each bin counted once | IPEDS |   |
| alt_n_places | 3,125 | counties | count of counties in the common sample of the ranking comparison | counties with the outcome and all four rankings | campuses in the 2023 IPEDS directory, residents in the 2019 to 2023 ACS, county deprivation rank 2023 |   |   | none (full count) | IPEDS |   |
| alt_rho_cut | 0.9 | absolute rank correlation | threshold between a steady and an uneven gradient | the rule for changed gradients (docs/RANKING_SWITCH_RULE.md) | campuses in the 2023 IPEDS directory, residents in the 2019 to 2023 ACS, county deprivation rank 2023 |   |   | none (a fixed rule) | IPEDS |   |
| alt_rho_margin | 0.1 | absolute rank correlation | smallest move in the rank correlation that counts as a change of shape | the rule for changed gradients (docs/RANKING_SWITCH_RULE.md) | campuses in the 2023 IPEDS directory, residents in the 2019 to 2023 ACS, county deprivation rank 2023 |   |   | none (a fixed rule) | IPEDS |   |
| alt_std_least | 6.8 | Miles to the nearest four-year campus, average resident | resident-weighted mean of the county distance; 95% intervals from a bootstrap over states | the least deprived tenth of counties ranked by Standardized index, among the counties with all four rankings | campuses in the 2023 IPEDS directory, residents in the 2019 to 2023 ACS, county deprivation rank 2023 | 95% CI 6.2 to 7.6 | 312 counties | 2019 to 2023 ACS tract population | IPEDS |   |
| alt_std_most | 28.2 | Miles to the nearest four-year campus, average resident | resident-weighted mean of the county distance; 95% intervals from a bootstrap over states | the most deprived tenth of counties ranked by Standardized index, among the counties with all four rankings | campuses in the 2023 IPEDS directory, residents in the 2019 to 2023 ACS, county deprivation rank 2023 | 95% CI 22.4 to 41.4 | 313 counties | 2019 to 2023 ACS tract population | IPEDS |   |
| alt_std_rho | +0.93 | rank correlation | Spearman rank correlation between bin order and bin mean, each bin counted once | the bins of counties ranked by Standardized index | campuses in the 2023 IPEDS directory, residents in the 2019 to 2023 ACS, county deprivation rank 2023 |   |   | each bin counted once | IPEDS |   |
| baruch_earn | $75,971 | dollars per year (2022 dollars) | median earnings of one college's former students who received federal aid | Baruch College | median earnings in calendar years 2020 and 2021 (2022 dollars) of students who entered in 2009 to 2010 and 2010 to 2011 |   |   | none (one college) | College Scorecard |   |
| baruch_net | $745 | dollars per year (nominal), net price after grants | average net price of one college | Baruch College, students in the lowest income band who receive federal aid | academic year 2021 to 2022 (nominal dollars) |   |   | none (one college) | College Scorecard |   |
| baruch_pell | 55% | percent of undergraduates who received a Pell Grant | Pell share of one college | Baruch College of the City University of New York | academic year 2021 to 2022 |   |   | none (one college) | College Scorecard |   |
| bot_earn_med | $31,902 | dollars per year (2022 dollars) | median of the institution median earnings across the list | the lowest-earning high-Pell colleges in the pool | median earnings in calendar years 2020 and 2021 (2022 dollars) of students who entered in 2009 to 2010 and 2010 to 2011 |   | 15 institutions | none (each institution counts once) | College Scorecard | The list is a ranking of named colleges and not a sample, so the median carries no sampling interval. |
| bot_net_med | $10,626 | dollars per year (nominal), net price after grants | median across the list of the average net price for the lowest income band | the lowest-earning high-Pell colleges in the pool | academic year 2021 to 2022 (nominal dollars) |   | 15 institutions | none (each institution counts once) | College Scorecard |   |
| bot_pell_med | 60% | percent of undergraduates who received a Pell Grant | median of the Pell share across the list | the lowest-earning high-Pell colleges in the pool | academic year 2021 to 2022 |   | 15 institutions | none (each institution counts once) | College Scorecard |   |
| compl_ch | 64% | percent of first-time, full-time students | median across institutions of the completion rate within 150 percent of expected time; bootstrap over states | plotted four-year institutions above the median in cost and in earnings with a completion rate | completion within 150 percent of expected time, fall 2016 entering class | 95% CI 61% to 67% | 961 institutions | none (each institution counts once) | College Scorecard |   |
| compl_cl | 45% | percent of first-time, full-time students | median across institutions of the completion rate within 150 percent of expected time; bootstrap over states | plotted four-year institutions in the costly, low-earnings quadrant with a completion rate | completion within 150 percent of expected time, fall 2016 entering class | 95% CI 43% to 51% | 277 institutions | none (each institution counts once) | College Scorecard |   |
| compl_window | 150% | percent of normal time | the follow-up window in the definition of the completion rate, relative to the normal time to complete | completion rate of the College Scorecard | completion within 150 percent of expected time by students who started in fall 2016 (four-year) or fall 2019 (shorter programs) |   |   | none (definition) | College Scorecard |   |
| cost_med | $24,602 | dollars per year | median across the plotted institutions of the cost of attendance; the position of a quadrant line; bootstrap over states | institutions in the scatter | cost of attendance in academic year 2021 to 2022 (nominal dollars), earnings of the 2009 to 2011 entering classes (2022 dollars) | 95% CI $22,758 to $26,688 | 2,663 institutions | none (each institution counts once) | College Scorecard |   |
| dist_ak | 69 | miles, great-circle distance to the nearest four-year campus | resident-weighted mean over the state's counties of the county distance | residents of Alaska | campuses in the 2023 IPEDS directory, residents in the 2019 to 2023 ACS, county deprivation rank 2023 |   |   | 2019 to 2023 ACS tract population | Census TIGER/Line tracts | A full count of the state's residents and campuses, so it carries no sampling interval. |
| dist_all | 9.6 | miles, great-circle distance to the nearest four-year campus | resident-weighted mean over counties of the county's distance (each county's value is the mean over its tracts, weighted by tract population) | residents of the 50 states and DC | campuses in the 2023 IPEDS directory, residents in the 2019 to 2023 ACS, county deprivation rank 2023 |   | 3,143 counties | 2019 to 2023 ACS tract population | Census TIGER/Line tracts | A count of every tract and campus, so it carries no sampling interval. |
| dist_all_pub | 14.0 | miles, great-circle distance to the nearest public four-year campus | resident-weighted mean over counties of the county's distance (each county's value is the mean over its tracts, weighted by tract population) | residents of the 50 states and DC | campuses in the 2023 IPEDS directory, residents in the 2019 to 2023 ACS, county deprivation rank 2023 |   | 3,143 counties | 2019 to 2023 ACS tract population | Census TIGER/Line tracts | A count of every tract and campus, so it carries no sampling interval. |
| dist_d1 | 6.1 | miles, great-circle distance to the nearest four-year campus | resident-weighted mean of the county distance within a tenth of counties; bootstrap over states | residents of counties in the least deprived tenth of counties by ADI rank | campuses in the 2023 IPEDS directory, residents in the 2019 to 2023 ACS, county deprivation rank 2023 | 95% CI 5.3 to 6.9 | 312 counties | 2019 to 2023 ACS tract population | Census TIGER/Line tracts |   |
| dist_d10 | 29.3 | miles, great-circle distance to the nearest four-year campus | resident-weighted mean of the county distance within a tenth of counties; bootstrap over states | residents of counties in the most deprived tenth of counties by ADI rank | campuses in the 2023 IPEDS directory, residents in the 2019 to 2023 ACS, county deprivation rank 2023 | 95% CI 24.6 to 35.0 | 312 counties | 2019 to 2023 ACS tract population | Census TIGER/Line tracts |   |
| dist_med | 21 | miles, great-circle distance to the nearest four-year campus | median across counties of the county's resident-weighted distance | counties of the 50 states and DC | campuses in the 2023 IPEDS directory, residents in the 2019 to 2023 ACS, county deprivation rank 2023 |   | 3,143 counties | none (each county counts once) | Census TIGER/Line tracts |   |
| dist_metro | 7.0 | miles, great-circle distance to the nearest four-year campus | resident-weighted mean of the county distance within the group of counties; bootstrap over states | residents of metro counties (Rural-Urban Continuum Code 1 to 3) | campuses in the 2023 IPEDS directory, residents in the 2019 to 2023 ACS, county deprivation rank 2023 | 95% CI 6.3 to 7.8 | 1,185 counties | 2019 to 2023 ACS tract population | Census TIGER/Line tracts |   |
| dist_ms | 24 | miles, great-circle distance to the nearest four-year campus | resident-weighted mean over the state's counties of the county distance | residents of Mississippi | campuses in the 2023 IPEDS directory, residents in the 2019 to 2023 ACS, county deprivation rank 2023 |   |   | 2019 to 2023 ACS tract population | Census TIGER/Line tracts | A full count of the state's residents and campuses, so it carries no sampling interval. |
| dist_mt | 26 | miles, great-circle distance to the nearest four-year campus | resident-weighted mean over the state's counties of the county distance | residents of Montana | campuses in the 2023 IPEDS directory, residents in the 2019 to 2023 ACS, county deprivation rank 2023 |   |   | 2019 to 2023 ACS tract population | Census TIGER/Line tracts | A full count of the state's residents and campuses, so it carries no sampling interval. |
| dist_nonmetro | 25.7 | miles, great-circle distance to the nearest four-year campus | resident-weighted mean of the county distance within the group of counties; bootstrap over states | residents of nonmetro counties (Rural-Urban Continuum Code 4 to 9) | campuses in the 2023 IPEDS directory, residents in the 2019 to 2023 ACS, county deprivation rank 2023 | 95% CI 22.8 to 29.4 | 1,958 counties | 2019 to 2023 ACS tract population | Census TIGER/Line tracts |   |
| dist_p5 | 4.0 | miles, great-circle distance to the nearest four-year campus | 5th percentile across counties of the county's resident-weighted distance | counties of the 50 states and DC | campuses in the 2023 IPEDS directory, residents in the 2019 to 2023 ACS, county deprivation rank 2023 |   | 3,143 counties | none (each county counts once) | Census TIGER/Line tracts |   |
| dist_p95 | 74 | miles, great-circle distance to the nearest four-year campus | 95th percentile across counties of the county's resident-weighted distance | counties of the 50 states and DC | campuses in the 2023 IPEDS directory, residents in the 2019 to 2023 ACS, county deprivation rank 2023 |   | 3,143 counties | none (each county counts once) | Census TIGER/Line tracts |   |
| dist_pub_d1 | 9.4 | miles, great-circle distance to the nearest public four-year campus | resident-weighted mean of the county distance within a tenth of counties; bootstrap over states | residents of counties in the least deprived tenth of counties by ADI rank | campuses in the 2023 IPEDS directory, residents in the 2019 to 2023 ACS, county deprivation rank 2023 | 95% CI 8.3 to 10.8 | 312 counties | 2019 to 2023 ACS tract population | Census TIGER/Line tracts |   |
| dist_pub_d10 | 36.5 | miles, great-circle distance to the nearest public four-year campus | resident-weighted mean of the county distance within a tenth of counties; bootstrap over states | residents of counties in the most deprived tenth of counties by ADI rank | campuses in the 2023 IPEDS directory, residents in the 2019 to 2023 ACS, county deprivation rank 2023 | 95% CI 32.4 to 41.6 | 312 counties | 2019 to 2023 ACS tract population | Census TIGER/Line tracts |   |
| dist_ratio | 3.7 | ratio of miles | resident-weighted mean distance in nonmetro counties divided by the same in metro counties; bootstrap over states | residents of nonmetro counties against residents of metro counties | campuses in the 2023 IPEDS directory, residents in the 2019 to 2023 ACS, county deprivation rank 2023 | 95% CI 3.2 to 4.2 | 3,143 counties | 2019 to 2023 ACS tract population | Census TIGER/Line tracts |   |
| dist_rural4 | 34.3 | miles, great-circle distance to the nearest four-year campus | resident-weighted mean of the county distance within the group of counties; bootstrap over states | residents of nonmetro counties with an urban population under 5,000 (Rural-Urban Continuum Code 8 or 9) | campuses in the 2023 IPEDS directory, residents in the 2019 to 2023 ACS, county deprivation rank 2023 | 95% CI 29.7 to 40.9 | 1,055 counties | 2019 to 2023 ACS tract population | Census TIGER/Line tracts |   |
| dist_slope_tenth | 2.1 | miles per step up one tenth of county deprivation | slope of the county distance on the tenth (1 to 10) of county ADI rank, weighted by residents; bootstrap over states | residents of counties with an ADI rank | campuses in the 2023 IPEDS directory, residents in the 2019 to 2023 ACS, county deprivation rank 2023 | 95% CI 1.7 to 2.5 | 3,128 counties | 2019 to 2023 ACS tract population | Census TIGER/Line tracts |   |
| dist_wy | 49 | miles, great-circle distance to the nearest four-year campus | resident-weighted mean over the state's counties of the county distance | residents of Wyoming | campuses in the 2023 IPEDS directory, residents in the 2019 to 2023 ACS, county deprivation rank 2023 |   |   | 2019 to 2023 ACS tract population | Census TIGER/Line tracts | A full count of the state's residents and campuses, so it carries no sampling interval. |
| earn_forprofit | $28,330 | dollars per year (2022 dollars) | median across institutions of each institution's median earnings of former students who received federal aid, working and not enrolled ten years after entry; bootstrap over states | for-profit colleges in the 50 states and DC with a published earnings value | median earnings in calendar years 2020 and 2021 (2022 dollars) of students who entered in 2009 to 2010 and 2010 to 2011 | 95% CI $26,877 to $29,972 | 1,036 institutions | none (each institution counts once) | College Scorecard |   |
| earn_gap | $13,685 | dollars per year (2022 dollars), public minus for-profit | difference between the two sectors' medians of institution median earnings; bootstrap over states | public and for-profit colleges in the 50 states and DC with a published earnings value | median earnings in calendar years 2020 and 2021 (2022 dollars) of students who entered in 2009 to 2010 and 2010 to 2011 | 95% CI $12,287 to $15,220 | 2,752 institutions | none (each institution counts once) | College Scorecard |   |
| earn_gap_four | $10,738 | dollars per year (2022 dollars), public minus for-profit, four-year colleges only | difference between the two sectors' medians of institution median earnings; bootstrap over states | public and for-profit four-year colleges with a published earnings value | median earnings in calendar years 2020 and 2021 (2022 dollars) of students who entered in 2009 to 2010 and 2010 to 2011 | 95% CI $8,300 to $13,249 | 857 institutions | none (each institution counts once) | College Scorecard |   |
| earn_gap_short | $11,884 | dollars per year (2022 dollars), public minus for-profit, two-year and shorter programs only | difference between the two sectors' medians of institution median earnings; bootstrap over states | public and for-profit two-year and shorter colleges with a published earnings value | median earnings in calendar years 2020 and 2021 (2022 dollars) of students who entered in 2009 to 2010 and 2010 to 2011 | 95% CI $10,591 to $13,240 | 1,895 institutions | none (each institution counts once) | College Scorecard |   |
| earn_gap_w | $10,924 | dollars per year (2022 dollars), public minus for-profit, medians weighted by undergraduate enrollment | difference between the two sectors' medians of institution median earnings; bootstrap over states | public and for-profit colleges with a published earnings value and an enrollment count | median earnings in calendar years 2020 and 2021 (2022 dollars) of students who entered in 2009 to 2010 and 2010 to 2011 | 95% CI $7,972 to $12,851 | 2,744 institutions | fall 2022 undergraduate enrollment of the reporting institution | College Scorecard |   |
| earn_med | $46,092 | dollars per year | median across the plotted institutions of the median earnings; the position of a quadrant line; bootstrap over states | institutions in the scatter | cost of attendance in academic year 2021 to 2022 (nominal dollars), earnings of the 2009 to 2011 entering classes (2022 dollars) | 95% CI $44,379 to $47,866 | 2,663 institutions | none (each institution counts once) | College Scorecard |   |
| earn_nonprofit | $53,848 | dollars per year (2022 dollars) | median across institutions of each institution's median earnings of former students who received federal aid, working and not enrolled ten years after entry; bootstrap over states | private nonprofit colleges in the 50 states and DC with a published earnings value | median earnings in calendar years 2020 and 2021 (2022 dollars) of students who entered in 2009 to 2010 and 2010 to 2011 | 95% CI $51,671 to $55,838 | 1,211 institutions | none (each institution counts once) | College Scorecard |   |
| earn_public | $42,014 | dollars per year (2022 dollars) | median across institutions of each institution's median earnings of former students who received federal aid, working and not enrolled ten years after entry; bootstrap over states | public colleges in the 50 states and DC with a published earnings value | median earnings in calendar years 2020 and 2021 (2022 dollars) of students who entered in 2009 to 2010 and 2010 to 2011 | 95% CI $40,606 to $43,598 | 1,716 institutions | none (each institution counts once) | College Scorecard |   |
| edge_high | $110,000 | dollars of family income | lower limit of the highest income band | the highest of the five family-income bands in the Scorecard net price | academic year 2021 to 2022 (nominal dollars) |   |   | none (definition) | College Scorecard |   |
| edge_low | $30,000 | dollars of family income | upper limit of the lowest income band | the lowest of the five family-income bands in the Scorecard net price | academic year 2021 to 2022 (nominal dollars) |   |   | none (definition) | College Scorecard |   |
| high_p10 | $38,184 | dollars per year (2022 dollars) | 10th percentile of institution median earnings across high-Pell colleges | high-Pell colleges in the pool | median earnings in calendar years 2020 and 2021 (2022 dollars) of students who entered in 2009 to 2010 and 2010 to 2011 |   | 428 institutions | none (each institution counts once) | College Scorecard |   |
| high_p90 | $62,278 | dollars per year (2022 dollars) | 90th percentile of institution median earnings across high-Pell colleges | high-Pell colleges in the pool | median earnings in calendar years 2020 and 2021 (2022 dollars) of students who entered in 2009 to 2010 and 2010 to 2011 |   | 428 institutions | none (each institution counts once) | College Scorecard |   |
| mid_high | $150,000 | dollars of family income (assumed) | assumed family income used to express a net price as a share of income; the band has no upper limit, so this value is a choice | the highest income band | academic year 2021 to 2022 (nominal dollars) |   |   | none (assumption) | College Scorecard | An assumption of this chapter. The band is open-ended and the share for it moves in proportion to this value. |
| mid_low | $15,000 | dollars of family income (assumed) | assumed family income used to express a net price as a share of income: the midpoint of the band | the lowest income band | academic year 2021 to 2022 (nominal dollars) |   |   | none (assumption) | College Scorecard | An assumption of this chapter. The Scorecard does not report the income of the families in a band. |
| min_ugds_pool | 1,000 | undergraduates | smallest undergraduate enrollment of an institution in the pool | institutions in the pool | median earnings in calendar years 2020 and 2021 (2022 dollars) of students who entered in 2009 to 2010 and 2010 to 2011 |   |   | none (inclusion rule) | College Scorecard |   |
| min_ugds_scatter | 100 | undergraduates | smallest undergraduate enrollment of an institution in the scatter | institutions in the scatter | cost of attendance in academic year 2021 to 2022 (nominal dollars), earnings of the 2009 to 2011 entering classes (2022 dollars) |   |   | none (inclusion rule) | College Scorecard |   |
| miss_forprofit | 33.2% | percent of institutions | share of institutions with no published earnings value (privacy-suppressed or too few aided students) | for-profit colleges in the 50 states and DC | median earnings in calendar years 2020 and 2021 (2022 dollars) of students who entered in 2009 to 2010 and 2010 to 2011 |   | 1,552 institutions | none (full count) | College Scorecard |   |
| miss_nonprofit | 26.5% | percent of institutions | share of institutions with no published earnings value (privacy-suppressed or too few aided students) | private nonprofit colleges in the 50 states and DC | median earnings in calendar years 2020 and 2021 (2022 dollars) of students who entered in 2009 to 2010 and 2010 to 2011 |   | 1,648 institutions | none (full count) | College Scorecard |   |
| miss_public | 4.7% | percent of institutions | share of institutions with no published earnings value (privacy-suppressed or too few aided students) | public colleges in the 50 states and DC | median earnings in calendar years 2020 and 2021 (2022 dollars) of students who entered in 2009 to 2010 and 2010 to 2011 |   | 1,800 institutions | none (full count) | College Scorecard |   |
| n_bot_hbcu | 6 | institutions | count of colleges in the list that this chapter classes by name as historically Black colleges and universities | the lowest-earning high-Pell colleges | median earnings in calendar years 2020 and 2021 (2022 dollars) of students who entered in 2009 to 2010 and 2010 to 2011 |   |   | none (full count) | College Scorecard |   |
| n_bot_tribal_seminary | 5 | institutions | count of colleges in the list that this chapter classes by name as tribal colleges or religious seminaries | the lowest-earning high-Pell colleges | median earnings in calendar years 2020 and 2021 (2022 dollars) of students who entered in 2009 to 2010 and 2010 to 2011 |   |   | none (full count) | College Scorecard |   |
| n_branch | 1,275 | rows | count of rows dropped because the 6-digit OPE ID already has a row (the campus with the most undergraduates) whose earnings and debt the branch row repeats | Scorecard rows for branch campuses in the 50 states and DC | College Scorecard May 2025 release |   |   | none (full count) | College Scorecard |   |
| n_campuses | 2,508 | campuses | count of campuses used as destinations, branch campuses counted separately | four-year institutions in the 50 states and DC that are not entirely graduate-degree granting | campuses in the 2023 IPEDS directory, residents in the 2019 to 2023 ACS, county deprivation rank 2023 |   |   | none (full count) | IPEDS |   |
| n_cl | 334 | institutions | count of institutions whose cost of attendance is above the median and whose median earnings are at or below the median | institutions in the scatter | cost of attendance in academic year 2021 to 2022 (nominal dollars), earnings of the 2009 to 2011 entering classes (2022 dollars) |   |   | none (full count) | College Scorecard |   |
| n_counties | 3,143 | counties | count of counties drawn on the map | counties and county equivalents of the 50 states and DC (Connecticut as its eight legacy counties) | campuses in the 2023 IPEDS directory, residents in the 2019 to 2023 ACS, county deprivation rank 2023 |   |   | none (full count) | IPEDS |   |
| n_earn | 3,963 | institutions | count of institutions with median earnings ten years after entry | institutions (6-digit OPE ID reporting units) in the 50 states and DC with a published earnings value | median earnings in calendar years 2020 and 2021 (2022 dollars) of students who entered in 2009 to 2010 and 2010 to 2011 |   |   | none (full count) | College Scorecard |   |
| n_earn_forprofit | 1,036 | institutions | count of institutions | for-profit colleges in the 50 states and DC with a published earnings value | median earnings in calendar years 2020 and 2021 (2022 dollars) of students who entered in 2009 to 2010 and 2010 to 2011 |   |   | none (full count) | College Scorecard |   |
| n_earn_nonprofit | 1,211 | institutions | count of institutions | private nonprofit colleges in the 50 states and DC with a published earnings value | median earnings in calendar years 2020 and 2021 (2022 dollars) of students who entered in 2009 to 2010 and 2010 to 2011 |   |   | none (full count) | College Scorecard |   |
| n_earn_public | 1,716 | institutions | count of institutions | public colleges in the 50 states and DC with a published earnings value | median earnings in calendar years 2020 and 2021 (2022 dollars) of students who entered in 2009 to 2010 and 2010 to 2011 |   |   | none (full count) | College Scorecard |   |
| n_far_top | 10 | counties | number of counties with the longest resident-weighted distance whose state is counted | counties of the 50 states and DC | campuses in the 2023 IPEDS directory, residents in the 2019 to 2023 ACS, county deprivation rank 2023 |   |   | none (rule) | IPEDS |   |
| n_fp_dropped | 48 | institutions | count of for-profit institutions left out of the pool by the rule that for-profit colleges are not on the list | for-profit four-year colleges that meet every pool rule, including a net price for the lowest income band | median earnings in calendar years 2020 and 2021 (2022 dollars) of students who entered in 2009 to 2010 and 2010 to 2011 |   |   | none (full count) | College Scorecard |   |
| n_grad_counties | 3,128 | counties | count of counties in the deprivation gradient | counties with a county ADI rank | campuses in the 2023 IPEDS directory, residents in the 2019 to 2023 ACS, county deprivation rank 2023 |   |   | none (full count) | Area Deprivation Index |   |
| n_grad_only | 273 | institutions | count left out because the Scorecard classes their predominant degree as graduate | four-year institutions in the 50 states and DC | campuses in the 2023 IPEDS directory, residents in the 2019 to 2023 ACS, county deprivation rank 2023 |   |   | none (full count) | IPEDS |   |
| n_high_pell | 428 | institutions | count of institutions whose Pell share reaches the cutoff | institutions in the top third of the pool by Pell share | median earnings in calendar years 2020 and 2021 (2022 dollars) of students who entered in 2009 to 2010 and 2010 to 2011 |   |   | none (full count) | College Scorecard |   |
| n_inst | 5,000 | institutions | count of reporting institutions after dropping rows outside the 50 states and DC and branch rows that repeat their parent's earnings and debt | institutions (6-digit OPE ID reporting units) in the 50 states and DC | College Scorecard May 2025 release |   |   | none (full count) | College Scorecard |   |
| n_list | 15 | institutions | number of colleges in the list of highest-earning and in the list of lowest-earning high-Pell colleges | each list of high-Pell colleges | median earnings in calendar years 2020 and 2021 (2022 dollars) of students who entered in 2009 to 2010 and 2010 to 2011 |   |   | none (rule) | College Scorecard |   |
| n_netp_priv | 1,157 | institutions | count of institutions | private nonprofit four-year colleges in the 50 states and DC with a published net price in at least one band | academic year 2021 to 2022 (nominal dollars) |   |   | none (full count) | College Scorecard |   |
| n_netp_pub | 694 | institutions | count of institutions | public four-year colleges in the 50 states and DC with a published net price in at least one band | academic year 2021 to 2022 (nominal dollars) |   |   | none (full count) | College Scorecard |   |
| n_no_adi | 15 | counties | count of counties left out of the gradient because every tract has a suppressed ADI rank | counties of the 50 states and DC | campuses in the 2023 IPEDS directory, residents in the 2019 to 2023 ACS, county deprivation rank 2023 |   |   | none (full count) | Area Deprivation Index |   |
| n_no_college | 2,210 | counties | count of counties with no four-year campus inside the county | counties of the 50 states and DC | campuses in the 2023 IPEDS directory, residents in the 2019 to 2023 ACS, county deprivation rank 2023 |   |   | none (full count) | IPEDS |   |
| n_pool | 1,282 | institutions | count of institutions in the pool | public and private nonprofit four-year colleges with at least 1,000 undergraduates, a Pell share, median earnings and a net price for the lowest income band | median earnings in calendar years 2020 and 2021 (2022 dollars) of students who entered in 2009 to 2010 and 2010 to 2011 |   |   | none (full count) | College Scorecard |   |
| n_scatter | 2,663 | institutions | count of institutions in the scatter | institutions with a cost of attendance, median earnings and at least 100 undergraduates | cost of attendance in academic year 2021 to 2022 (nominal dollars), earnings of the 2009 to 2011 entering classes (2022 dollars) |   |   | none (full count) | College Scorecard |   |
| n_scatter_fp | 163 | institutions | count of institutions | for-profit colleges in the scatter | cost of attendance in academic year 2021 to 2022 (nominal dollars), earnings of the 2009 to 2011 entering classes (2022 dollars) |   |   | none (full count) | College Scorecard |   |
| n_top10 | 10 | institutions | number of colleges at the head of the list whose location is counted | the highest-earning high-Pell colleges | median earnings in calendar years 2020 and 2021 (2022 dollars) of students who entered in 2009 to 2010 and 2010 to 2011 |   |   | none (rule) | College Scorecard |   |
| n_top10_ca_ny | 8 | institutions | count of the ten highest-earning high-Pell colleges located in California or New York | the highest-earning high-Pell colleges | median earnings in calendar years 2020 and 2021 (2022 dollars) of students who entered in 2009 to 2010 and 2010 to 2011 |   |   | none (full count) | College Scorecard |   |
| n_top_class | 57 | counties | count of counties whose resident-weighted distance is in the highest class of the map key | counties of the 50 states and DC | campuses in the 2023 IPEDS directory, residents in the 2019 to 2023 ACS, county deprivation rank 2023 |   |   | none (full count) | IPEDS |   |
| n_with_college | 933 | counties | count of counties with at least one four-year campus inside the county | counties of the 50 states and DC | campuses in the 2023 IPEDS directory, residents in the 2019 to 2023 ACS, county deprivation rank 2023 |   |   | none (full count) | IPEDS |   |
| nocoll_d1 | 42% | percent of counties | share of counties with no four-year campus inside the county, each county counted once; bootstrap over states | counties in the least deprived tenth of counties by ADI rank | campuses in the 2023 IPEDS directory, residents in the 2019 to 2023 ACS, county deprivation rank 2023 | 95% CI 33% to 51% | 312 counties | none (each county counts once) | IPEDS |   |
| nocoll_d10 | 92% | percent of counties | share of counties with no four-year campus inside the county, each county counted once; bootstrap over states | counties in the most deprived tenth of counties by ADI rank | campuses in the 2023 IPEDS directory, residents in the 2019 to 2023 ACS, county deprivation rank 2023 | 95% CI 87% to 95% | 312 counties | none (each county counts once) | IPEDS |   |
| nocoll_metro | 49% | percent of counties | share of counties with no four-year campus inside the county, each county counted once; bootstrap over states | Metro counties (Rural-Urban Continuum Code 1 to 3) | campuses in the 2023 IPEDS directory, residents in the 2019 to 2023 ACS, county deprivation rank 2023 | 95% CI 42% to 55% | 1,185 counties | none (each county counts once) | Rural-Urban Continuum Codes |   |
| nocoll_nonmetro | 83% | percent of counties | share of counties with no four-year campus inside the county, each county counted once; bootstrap over states | Nonmetro counties (Rural-Urban Continuum Code 4 to 9) | campuses in the 2023 IPEDS directory, residents in the 2019 to 2023 ACS, county deprivation rank 2023 | 95% CI 80% to 86% | 1,958 counties | none (each county counts once) | Rural-Urban Continuum Codes |   |
| nocoll_rural4 | 95% | percent of counties | share of counties with no four-year campus inside the county, each county counted once; bootstrap over states | nonmetro counties with an urban population under 5,000 (Rural-Urban Continuum Code 8 or 9) | campuses in the 2023 IPEDS directory, residents in the 2019 to 2023 ACS, county deprivation rank 2023 | 95% CI 94% to 97% | 1,055 counties | none (each county counts once) | Rural-Urban Continuum Codes |   |
| nocoll_slope_tenth | 5.3 percentage points | percentage points per step up one tenth of county deprivation | slope of the indicator that a county has no four-year campus (0 or 100) on the tenth (1 to 10) of county ADI rank, each county counted once; bootstrap over states | counties with an ADI rank | campuses in the 2023 IPEDS directory, residents in the 2019 to 2023 ACS, county deprivation rank 2023 | 95% CI 4.5 percentage points to 6.2 percentage points | 3,128 counties | none (each county counts once) | IPEDS |   |
| nonmetro_d1 | 23% | percent of counties | share of counties that are nonmetro (Rural-Urban Continuum Code 4 to 9), each county counted once; bootstrap over states | counties in the least deprived tenth of counties by ADI rank | campuses in the 2023 IPEDS directory, residents in the 2019 to 2023 ACS, county deprivation rank 2023 | 95% CI 14% to 31% | 312 counties | none (each county counts once) | Rural-Urban Continuum Codes |   |
| nonmetro_d10 | 94% | percent of counties | share of counties that are nonmetro (Rural-Urban Continuum Code 4 to 9), each county counted once; bootstrap over states | counties in the most deprived tenth of counties by ADI rank | campuses in the 2023 IPEDS directory, residents in the 2019 to 2023 ACS, county deprivation rank 2023 | 95% CI 92% to 96% | 312 counties | none (each county counts once) | Rural-Urban Continuum Codes |   |
| pell_cl | 47% | percent of undergraduates who received a Pell Grant | median across institutions of the Pell share; the quadrant lines are redrawn in every bootstrap replicate over states | plotted institutions in the costly, low-earnings quadrant | academic year 2021 to 2022 | 95% CI 42% to 51% | 334 institutions | none (each institution counts once) | College Scorecard |   |
| pell_cut | 34.7% | percent of undergraduates who received a Pell Grant | two-thirds quantile of the Pell share across the pool: a college with this share or more is high-Pell | public and private nonprofit four-year colleges with at least 1,000 undergraduates, a Pell share, median earnings and a net price for the lowest income band | academic year 2021 to 2022 |   |   | none (each institution counts once) | College Scorecard |   |
| pell_forprofit | 52.5% | percent of undergraduates who received a Pell Grant | median across institutions of the share of undergraduates receiving a Pell Grant; bootstrap over states | for-profit colleges in the 50 states and DC with a Pell share | academic year 2021 to 2022 | 95% CI 50.4% to 54.6% | 1,519 institutions | none (each institution counts once) | College Scorecard |   |
| pell_nonprofit | 32.4% | percent of undergraduates who received a Pell Grant | median across institutions of the share of undergraduates receiving a Pell Grant; bootstrap over states | private nonprofit colleges in the 50 states and DC with a Pell share | academic year 2021 to 2022 | 95% CI 30.1% to 34.6% | 1,427 institutions | none (each institution counts once) | College Scorecard |   |
| pell_public | 30.4% | percent of undergraduates who received a Pell Grant | median across institutions of the share of undergraduates receiving a Pell Grant; bootstrap over states | public colleges in the 50 states and DC with a Pell share | academic year 2021 to 2022 | 95% CI 28.3% to 32.9% | 1,781 institutions | none (each institution counts once) | College Scorecard |   |
| pell_rest | 30% | percent of undergraduates who received a Pell Grant | median across institutions of the Pell share; the quadrant lines are redrawn in every bootstrap replicate over states | plotted institutions in the other three quadrants | academic year 2021 to 2022 | 95% CI 28% to 31% | 2,329 institutions | none (each institution counts once) | College Scorecard |   |
| priv_step | 72% | percent of the fall in the share of income from the lowest to the highest band | fall in the share of assumed income from the lowest band to the second band, divided by the fall from the lowest band to the highest; bootstrap over states | private nonprofit four-year colleges with a published net price | academic year 2021 to 2022 (nominal dollars) | 95% CI 71% to 73% | 1,157 institutions | none (each institution counts once) | College Scorecard |   |
| priv_t1_burden | 117% | percent of an assumed family income | median net price divided by an assumed family income at the midpoint of the band ($15,000); the interval carries the sampling variation of the median only, not the assumption | private nonprofit four-year colleges with a published net price in the band (lowest income band) | academic year 2021 to 2022 (nominal dollars) | 95% CI 113% to 122% | 1,120 institutions | none (each institution counts once) | College Scorecard | Net price includes living costs that a family bears whether or not the student enrolls; the share is an order of magnitude and not a measured share of any family's income. |
| priv_t1_net | $17,596 | dollars per year (nominal), net price after grants | median across institutions of the institution's average net price for full-time, first-time students who received federal aid in the band; bootstrap over states | private nonprofit four-year colleges with a published net price in the band (lowest income band) | academic year 2021 to 2022 (nominal dollars) | 95% CI $16,937 to $18,307 | 1,120 institutions | none (each institution counts once) | College Scorecard |   |
| priv_t5_burden | 19% | percent of an assumed family income | median net price divided by an assumed family income at the midpoint of the band ($150,000); the interval carries the sampling variation of the median only, not the assumption | private nonprofit four-year colleges with a published net price in the band (highest income band) | academic year 2021 to 2022 (nominal dollars) | 95% CI 18% to 20% | 976 institutions | none (each institution counts once) | College Scorecard | Net price includes living costs that a family bears whether or not the student enrolls; the share is an order of magnitude and not a measured share of any family's income. |
| priv_t5_edge | 26% | percent of the lower limit of the highest income band | median net price in the highest band divided by the lower limit of the band, the smallest income a family in it can have; bootstrap over states | private nonprofit four-year colleges with a published net price (highest income band) | academic year 2021 to 2022 (nominal dollars) | 95% CI 25% to 28% | 976 institutions | none (each institution counts once) | College Scorecard |   |
| priv_t5_net | $28,710 | dollars per year (nominal), net price after grants | median across institutions of the institution's average net price for full-time, first-time students who received federal aid in the band; bootstrap over states | private nonprofit four-year colleges with a published net price in the band (highest income band) | academic year 2021 to 2022 (nominal dollars) | 95% CI $26,953 to $30,525 | 976 institutions | none (each institution counts once) | College Scorecard |   |
| pub_step | 73% | percent of the fall in the share of income from the lowest to the highest band | fall in the share of assumed income from the lowest band to the second band, divided by the fall from the lowest band to the highest; bootstrap over states | public four-year colleges with a published net price | academic year 2021 to 2022 (nominal dollars) | 95% CI 71% to 74% | 694 institutions | none (each institution counts once) | College Scorecard |   |
| pub_t1_burden | 62% | percent of an assumed family income | median net price divided by an assumed family income at the midpoint of the band ($15,000); the interval carries the sampling variation of the median only, not the assumption | public four-year colleges with a published net price in the band (lowest income band) | academic year 2021 to 2022 (nominal dollars) | 95% CI 56% to 70% | 693 institutions | none (each institution counts once) | College Scorecard | Net price includes living costs that a family bears whether or not the student enrolls; the share is an order of magnitude and not a measured share of any family's income. |
| pub_t1_net | $9,347 | dollars per year (nominal), net price after grants | median across institutions of the institution's average net price for full-time, first-time students who received federal aid in the band; bootstrap over states | public four-year colleges with a published net price in the band (lowest income band) | academic year 2021 to 2022 (nominal dollars) | 95% CI $8,426 to $10,430 | 693 institutions | none (each institution counts once) | College Scorecard |   |
| pub_t5_burden | 13% | percent of an assumed family income | median net price divided by an assumed family income at the midpoint of the band ($150,000); the interval carries the sampling variation of the median only, not the assumption | public four-year colleges with a published net price in the band (highest income band) | academic year 2021 to 2022 (nominal dollars) | 95% CI 12% to 13% | 647 institutions | none (each institution counts once) | College Scorecard | Net price includes living costs that a family bears whether or not the student enrolls; the share is an order of magnitude and not a measured share of any family's income. |
| pub_t5_edge | 17% | percent of the lower limit of the highest income band | median net price in the highest band divided by the lower limit of the band, the smallest income a family in it can have; bootstrap over states | public four-year colleges with a published net price (highest income band) | academic year 2021 to 2022 (nominal dollars) | 95% CI 16% to 18% | 647 institutions | none (each institution counts once) | College Scorecard |   |
| pub_t5_net | $18,780 | dollars per year (nominal), net price after grants | median across institutions of the institution's average net price for full-time, first-time students who received federal aid in the band; bootstrap over states | public four-year colleges with a published net price in the band (highest income band) | academic year 2021 to 2022 (nominal dollars) | 95% CI $17,910 to $19,987 | 647 institutions | none (each institution counts once) | College Scorecard |   |
| r_compl_four | +0.67 | correlation coefficient | correlation across four-year colleges of the completion rate with median earnings, each institution counted once; bootstrap over states | four-year institutions in the scatter with a completion rate | cost of attendance in academic year 2021 to 2022 (nominal dollars), earnings of the 2009 to 2011 entering classes (2022 dollars); completion within 150 percent of expected time, fall 2016 entering class | 95% CI 0.62 to 0.71 | 1,783 institutions | none (each institution counts once) | College Scorecard |   |
| r_compl_short | +0.12 | correlation coefficient | correlation across shorter programs of the completion rate with median earnings, each institution counted once; bootstrap over states | two-year and shorter institutions in the scatter with a completion rate | cost of attendance in academic year 2021 to 2022 (nominal dollars), earnings of the 2009 to 2011 entering classes (2022 dollars); completion within 150 percent of expected time, fall 2019 entering class | 95% CI 0.02 to 0.21 | 868 institutions | none (each institution counts once) | College Scorecard |   |
| r_cost_earn | +0.63 | correlation coefficient | correlation across institutions of the cost of attendance with median earnings, each institution counted once; bootstrap over states | institutions in the scatter | cost of attendance in academic year 2021 to 2022 (nominal dollars), earnings of the 2009 to 2011 entering classes (2022 dollars) | 95% CI 0.59 to 0.67 | 2,663 institutions | none (each institution counts once) | College Scorecard |   |
| r_dist_adi | +0.31 | correlation coefficient | correlation across counties of the county ADI national rank with the resident-weighted distance, weighted by residents; bootstrap over states | counties with an ADI rank | campuses in the 2023 IPEDS directory, residents in the 2019 to 2023 ACS, county deprivation rank 2023 | 95% CI 0.24 to 0.40 | 3,128 counties | 2019 to 2023 ACS tract population | IPEDS |   |
| r_dist_adi_metro | +0.24 | correlation coefficient | correlation within the group of counties of the county ADI national rank with the resident-weighted distance; bootstrap over states | Metro counties with an ADI rank | campuses in the 2023 IPEDS directory, residents in the 2019 to 2023 ACS, county deprivation rank 2023 | 95% CI 0.18 to 0.32 | 1,183 counties | 2019 to 2023 ACS tract population | Rural-Urban Continuum Codes |   |
| r_dist_adi_nonmetro | −0.04 | correlation coefficient | correlation within the group of counties of the county ADI national rank with the resident-weighted distance; bootstrap over states | Nonmetro counties with an ADI rank | campuses in the 2023 IPEDS directory, residents in the 2019 to 2023 ACS, county deprivation rank 2023 | 95% CI −0.12 to 0.05 | 1,945 counties | 2019 to 2023 ACS tract population | Rural-Urban Continuum Codes |   |
| r_dist_adi_u | +0.16 | correlation coefficient | correlation across counties of the county ADI national rank with the resident-weighted distance, each county counted once; bootstrap over states | counties with an ADI rank | campuses in the 2023 IPEDS directory, residents in the 2019 to 2023 ACS, county deprivation rank 2023 | 95% CI 0.09 to 0.33 | 3,128 counties | none (each county counts once) | IPEDS |   |
| share_cl_all | 12.5% | percent of plotted institutions | share of institutions in the costly, low-earnings quadrant; bootstrap over states | institutions in the scatter | cost of attendance in academic year 2021 to 2022 (nominal dollars), earnings of the 2009 to 2011 entering classes (2022 dollars) | 95% CI 11.3% to 13.8% | 2,663 institutions | none (each institution counts once) | College Scorecard |   |
| share_cl_forprofit | 56% | percent of plotted institutions in the sector | share of the sector's plotted institutions in the costly, low-earnings quadrant; bootstrap over states | for-profit colleges in the scatter | cost of attendance in academic year 2021 to 2022 (nominal dollars), earnings of the 2009 to 2011 entering classes (2022 dollars) | 95% CI 48% to 62% | 163 institutions | none (each institution counts once) | College Scorecard |   |
| share_cl_nonprofit | 20% | percent of plotted institutions in the sector | share of the sector's plotted institutions in the costly, low-earnings quadrant; bootstrap over states | private nonprofit colleges in the scatter | cost of attendance in academic year 2021 to 2022 (nominal dollars), earnings of the 2009 to 2011 entering classes (2022 dollars) | 95% CI 18% to 23% | 1,052 institutions | none (each institution counts once) | College Scorecard |   |
| share_cl_public | 2% | percent of plotted institutions in the sector | share of the sector's plotted institutions in the costly, low-earnings quadrant; bootstrap over states | public colleges in the scatter | cost of attendance in academic year 2021 to 2022 (nominal dollars), earnings of the 2009 to 2011 entering classes (2022 dollars) | 95% CI 1% to 3% | 1,448 institutions | none (each institution counts once) | College Scorecard |   |
| share_no_college | 70% | percent of counties | share of counties with no four-year campus inside the county, each county counted once | counties of the 50 states and DC | campuses in the 2023 IPEDS directory, residents in the 2019 to 2023 ACS, county deprivation rank 2023 |   | 3,143 counties | none (each county counts once) | IPEDS | A count of every county and campus, so it carries no sampling interval. |
| top_break | 100 | miles | lower limit of the highest class of the map key | counties of the 50 states and DC | campuses in the 2023 IPEDS directory, residents in the 2019 to 2023 ACS, county deprivation rank 2023 |   |   | none (definition) | IPEDS |   |
| top_earn_med | $72,282 | dollars per year (2022 dollars) | median of the institution median earnings across the list | the highest-earning high-Pell colleges in the pool | median earnings in calendar years 2020 and 2021 (2022 dollars) of students who entered in 2009 to 2010 and 2010 to 2011 |   | 15 institutions | none (each institution counts once) | College Scorecard | The list is a ranking of named colleges and not a sample, so the median carries no sampling interval. |
| top_net_med | $9,743 | dollars per year (nominal), net price after grants | median across the list of the average net price for the lowest income band | the highest-earning high-Pell colleges in the pool | academic year 2021 to 2022 (nominal dollars) |   | 15 institutions | none (each institution counts once) | College Scorecard |   |
| top_pell_med | 39% | percent of undergraduates who received a Pell Grant | median of the Pell share across the list | the highest-earning high-Pell colleges in the pool | academic year 2021 to 2022 |   | 15 institutions | none (each institution counts once) | College Scorecard |   |
| us_college_miles | 9.6 | miles, great-circle distance to the nearest four-year campus | resident-weighted mean of the county distance over all the tenths of counties; bootstrap over states | residents of all counties ranked by the ADI | campuses in the 2023 IPEDS directory, residents in the 2019 to 2023 ACS, county deprivation rank 2023 | 95% CI 8.5 to 11.0 | 3,128 counties | 2019 to 2023 ACS tract population | Census TIGER/Line tracts |   |

## Definitions

- Bootstrap interval: A range for an estimate found by recomputing it on many random resamples of the data and reading the range from the results. It shows how much the estimate would vary from sample to sample.
- Suppression: The withholding of a number because the count behind it is too small to publish without risking the identification of a person. A suppressed value is missing, not zero.
- Census tract: A small area drawn by the Census Bureau to stand in for a neighborhood. Boundaries are redrawn after each decennial census.
- Area Deprivation Index (ADI): A score that ranks neighborhoods by income, education, employment and housing conditions drawn from the American Community Survey. In this book a higher national percentile means a more deprived neighborhood.

## Methods

The college comparisons use one row per institution (5,000 institutions in the 50 states and DC) and the median earnings of former students who received federal aid, who entered in 2009 to 2010 and 2010 to 2011 and were observed in 2020 and 2021, so they do not cover all students or those entering now. The county comparisons measure the great-circle distance in miles from each tract's Census internal point to the nearest four-year campus, averaged over a county's tracts. Institutions, tracts and campuses are enumerated and not sampled, so the intervals describe how much an estimate varies from state to state and are not sampling errors.

### Which institutions and years the college figures cover

Institutions come from the College Scorecard institution file of May 2025 (most recent cohorts), limited to the 50 states and DC. The Scorecard attaches a 6-digit OPE ID parent's earnings and debt to each of its branch campuses, so one row per OPE ID is kept (the campus with the most undergraduates, which also supplies the Pell share, cost of attendance, net price and completion rate), which leaves 5,000 institutions from 6,429 rows; 154 rows outside the states and DC and 1,275 branch rows are dropped.

Earnings are the median earnings of students who received federal aid, were working and not enrolled ten years after entry, entered in 2009 to 2010 and 2010 to 2011, and were observed in 2020 and 2021 in 2022 dollars; the Scorecard adds noise to them and withholds them for small groups. Net price, cost of attendance and Pell share are for academic year 2021 to 2022 in nominal dollars.

Residents of Puerto Rico and campuses outside the 50 states and DC are not in the data.

Explains Table 1, Table 2, Table 3 and Table 4.

### How sectors, completion rates and medians are defined

Sector is public, private nonprofit or for-profit (Scorecard control). The two completion rates (four-year colleges, shorter programs) are never pooled. A sector figure is the median across institutions with each counted once; enrollment-weighted medians (fall 2022 undergraduates) are the check.

Explains Table 1.

### How net price, the cost and earnings scatter and the high-Pell list are defined

Net price by income band covers public and private nonprofit four-year colleges and is shown as dollars and as a share of an assumed family income at the midpoint of each band (15,000, 39,000, 61,500, 92,500 and 150,000 dollars; the highest band is open-ended, so its midpoint is a choice). In the cost and earnings scatter, colleges with fewer than 100 undergraduates or no cost of attendance are left out, and the quadrant lines are medians.

The high-Pell pool is public and private nonprofit four-year colleges with at least 1,000 undergraduates, a Pell share, earnings and a net price for the lowest band; for-profit colleges are not in the pool, and a college is high-Pell when its Pell share reaches the two-thirds quantile of the pool.

Explains Table 2, Table 3 and Table 4.

### How distance to a four-year college is measured

Distance is the great-circle (haversine) distance in miles from the Census internal point of each 2020 tract to the nearest four-year campus in the IPEDS 2023 directory, leaving out 273 institutions the Scorecard classes as entirely graduate-degree granting, so 2,508 campuses remain. A county's value is the mean of its tracts' distances weighted by the 2019 to 2023 ACS tract population, and counties are the 3,143 on the map sprite (Connecticut as eight legacy counties through the staged crosswalk; each Connecticut campus goes to the legacy county of the tract that holds its point).

Explains Table 5 and Table 6.

### How counties are grouped and weighted

County deprivation is the mean of tract ADI national ranks weighted by tract population, in tenths of equal numbers of counties; the rural-urban grouping, for all counties, is the USDA Rural-Urban Continuum Code 2023 of the county, with a legacy Connecticut county taking the code held by most of its residents. Gradient means weight counties by residents and county shares count each county once.

Explains Table 6.

### How uncertainty is measured

Intervals for sector and band medians, shares and correlations across colleges are percentile intervals from 2,000 draws of whole states with replacement (seed 12345). They describe how much an estimate varies from state to state; institutions, tracts and campuses are enumerated and not sampled, so they are not sampling errors, and counts and national distances carry none.

In the county gradients, intervals redraw whole states (2,000 draws, seed 12345).

### Four rankings of the same places

The comparison follows the book's ranking switch rule, fixed on October 28, 2026 before any of these gradients was computed. The main gradient of the chapter is recomputed under four rankings of the same places, with the outcome, period, weights, bins and intervals unchanged: the published ADI; a standardized index that applies the ADI's coefficients to its measures after standardizing each one across tracts; median household income; and the share of adults 25 and older with a bachelor's degree or more. The three alternatives come from ACS tract estimates for 2019 to 2023, the period of the ADI.

All four rankings use the same places, the 3,125 counties that have the outcome and all four rankings, so the ADI panel can differ slightly from the chapter's main figure. Tracts enter only if they have every input of the standardized index, which leaves out tracts without a median rent, home value or mortgage cost. A county takes the population-weighted mean of the ranks of its common-sample tracts, with each Connecticut tract in its legacy county through the staged crosswalk, the construction of the chapter's county ADI.

A pattern counts as changed when the worse end switches sides, when the two ends differ under one ranking and not the other, or when the rank correlation of bin order and bin mean falls on the other side of 0.9 and moves by at least 0.1.

Explains Table 7.

## What these data cannot show

The geography describes supply. Distance is measured in a straight line from where residents live to where campuses sit, so it ignores roads, ferries, online programs and the colleges students choose when they leave home. The Chetty and co-authors data that link the neighborhood a student grew up in to the college the student attended and the income reached are not part of this project's data, and nothing here reproduces them. A county average also hides the tracts inside it, and the gradients describe counties and not the families who live in them.

The earnings describe aided students who entered in 2009 to 2011, not all students and not those entering now. They are medians of institutions, with noise added by the Scorecard, and a larger share of private colleges than of public colleges have no published value. Branch campuses repeat their parent's earnings and debt, which is why the chapter counts institutions by OPE ID. The Pell share, cost of attendance, net price and completion rate come from the largest campus of each institution. Earnings follow local wages and the field of study as well as the college, and the sector gap mixes what colleges do with who enrolls and what programs they run.

The net price is an average over aided, first-time, full-time students in each band, at public colleges for in-state students only, and the share of income depends on assumed incomes. The lists of high-Pell colleges are rankings of named colleges, with no interval, and they include colleges whose earnings are not comparable with those of a general four-year degree. The designs in the box above identify effects at specific margins and do not show what a college does to a student in general.

## References

1. Deming, David J.; Goldin, Claudia; Katz, Lawrence F. (2012). The For-Profit Postsecondary School Sector: Nimble Critters or Agile Predators?. Journal of Economic Perspectives 26(1): 139-164. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.26.1.139
2. Chetty, Raj; Friedman, John N.; Saez, Emmanuel; Turner, Nicholas; Yagan, Danny (2020). Income Segregation and Intergenerational Mobility Across Colleges in the United States. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 135(3): 1567-1633. https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjaa005
3. Chetty, Raj; Friedman, John N.; Saez, Emmanuel; Turner, Nicholas; Yagan, Danny (2017). Mobility Report Cards: The Role of Colleges in Intergenerational Mobility. NBER Working Paper 23618. https://www.nber.org/papers/w23618
4. Hoxby, Caroline; Avery, Christopher (2013). The Missing “One-Offs”: The Hidden Supply of High-Achieving, Low-Income Students. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity (Spring 2013): 1-65. https://doi.org/10.1353/eca.2013.0000
5. Zimmerman, Seth D. (2014). The Returns to College Admission for Academically Marginal Students. Journal of Labor Economics 32(4): 711-754. https://doi.org/10.1086/676661
6. Bettinger, Eric; Gurantz, Oded; Kawano, Laura; Sacerdote, Bruce; Stevens, Michael (2019). The Long-Run Impacts of Financial Aid: Evidence from California's Cal Grant. American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 11(1): 64-94. https://doi.org/10.1257/pol.20170466
7. Chakrabarti, Rajashri; Gorton, Nicole; Lovenheim, Michael F. (2020). State Investment in Higher Education: Effects on Human Capital Formation, Student Debt, and Long-term Financial Outcomes of Students. NBER Working Paper 27885. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27885
8. Deming, David J.; Yuchtman, Noam; Abulafi, Amira; Goldin, Claudia; Katz, Lawrence F. (2016). The Value of Postsecondary Credentials in the Labor Market: An Experimental Study. American Economic Review 106(3): 778-806. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20141757

## Provenance

- Pipeline version: 0.1.0
- Build script: book2/chapters/college-access-price-and-earnings/build.py (sha256 43d2eb8568920689db48ea6ab32cc0303f31011833ee609f5453951b36c0c8a3)
- Built on: 2026-10-07
- Site commit: c2b1ff3309cb4a10833f884da91ac0057a66ad0a

Inputs:

| File | Size (bytes) | SHA-256, first 1 MB | SHA-256, last 1 MB |
| --- | ---: | --- | --- |
| book2/chapters/college-access-price-and-earnings/access.py | 12,763 | c41517d82831379c71a5432d939717de2c0b9f27937c3a3374de51f3f3580abd | c41517d82831379c71a5432d939717de2c0b9f27937c3a3374de51f3f3580abd |
| book2/chapters/college-access-price-and-earnings/colleges.py | 17,758 | 57ddd52c9890742cc2de4cee90f22a88b5e0ae024bb44f588a467f5b9bd9051d | 57ddd52c9890742cc2de4cee90f22a88b5e0ae024bb44f588a467f5b9bd9051d |
| data/analytic/tract_atlas.parquet | 39,659,925 | 29d5e4d943552d54aeb6ba92aadc939d9bd15bdea553c78357dbd516757be627 | 1e10d1ecf722340f23ee2212d4999a90250f85b65fa89b39e32db06d9472e22e |
| data/geo/tracts_2020.parquet | 619,858,391 | f4f05c8c7a63d1785ec2aad283de3f6fa839b6c437f13a1b96cea31d3344bf0f | 7b3811247c6b3e322954f24a4a2384af52aef6ed8688f8dbdb0407d21ef80a59 |
| data/raw/acs/deprivation_components_2019_2023/tract.parquet | 13,197,793 | 5545cde2cbe96a8b56e468d65388248a241aa6bd300d3c9e325d08d3f86b11da | 5c8ec454d066988b0f1a01aaa6ed34ebfc05d162e01cf9c6bb01f9198cbaff12 |
| data/staged/adi/adi_atlas_tract2020_2023.parquet | 798,078 | 5e409bc212ff871def780fa27b4cf8b616d9da420b2b9f6455517eddcd8c1a95 | 5e409bc212ff871def780fa27b4cf8b616d9da420b2b9f6455517eddcd8c1a95 |
| data/staged/crosswalks/ct_tract2020_to_old_county.parquet | 15,842 | 961ef39f31596ef65fca2c67d5f2f63e533c5dc9b49745d3bb6437844e4b831d | 961ef39f31596ef65fca2c67d5f2f63e533c5dc9b49745d3bb6437844e4b831d |
| data/staged/crosswalks/ers_rucc_county_2023.parquet | 67,278 | ad01d36a53664a2bfafbcbebb0f5a921f5b81122ffa80cf96333db23b41c191e | ad01d36a53664a2bfafbcbebb0f5a921f5b81122ffa80cf96333db23b41c191e |
| data/staged/education/college_scorecard_institution_2025.parquet | 976,838 | 34b52fafbdc92d73adc16be4cc9cbb7c2b14c0720c809c8d1e93f1ac5d795057 | 34b52fafbdc92d73adc16be4cc9cbb7c2b14c0720c809c8d1e93f1ac5d795057 |
| data/staged/education/ipeds_institution_2023.parquet | 442,010 | c863b182a558dffa7506917e4f8d323dbf9a6f83d7474cad2005bdecfc2edd9f | c863b182a558dffa7506917e4f8d323dbf9a6f83d7474cad2005bdecfc2edd9f |
| data/staged/ses/acs5_tract2020_2019_2023.parquet | 7,232,424 | 5fe6f730a35225f14d5d8abfc6b9bce58b52e545f309a7eac74f1dae74d7a31c | 7b4a2475b3852d3f91804716a04566ef8ceadacec2be9fb85f5eb642078efac6 |
| data/staged/svi/svi_tract2020_2022.parquet | 17,740,415 | cb3860d8edc2aaf1f2a02211a58f7a0b80457eb6ad9a37b5ec8abb2d5da9da10 | e371a4a696d5bed05d54ad7c5b6ca2504508805b847ec415c2322be7f66ec2b2 |

Outputs:

| File | SHA-256 |
| --- | --- |
| facts.json | a880df2b6f42b0dd852789f716c41a3f6a0d06c99f5404b1c9ff66f4f10896c8 |
| figures/alt_rankings.json | 565c3e97445628662450b630a7df8f411aca8527313130186ce0589f5066fbc7 |
| figures/college_desert_gradient.json | 836f2c34fa05985f2ddb99b36c36eae630814edf58392f81ec21fafc12ac0327 |
| figures/college_distance_map.json | 32e2ff161c8c5221323e8088f644a404aa6755bd925d71716d02507da247c7c5 |
| figures/earnings_by_sector.json | 50e0c558fb4efe0175844f824b1c6451318b27d5e056f71b9126e1cbaf98cac9 |
| figures/earnings_vs_cost.json | 852a1dab9c85c3de40b1c30718997814f62a89f9c6c12861d61f7cb8a69909ea |
| figures/high_pell_colleges.json | 0114c4224a3a76af515fbff3466930f42612cbd1fbf3b56ba2dba3805b9d7ed6 |
| figures/net_price_by_income.json | 85b709559293810341bd86cac52bbf1ca408005aa8946c05e96b1e031b493c31 |
| meta.json | 8086fd5b7627686ba8fc6e7e00c6852aa9f649d1290d7087a720ebdea139484e |
| public/data/college-access-price-and-earnings/college_distance_map.json | c1d07cbd24a32cf9afaddd600b83d1a926e4ae0a7254ccbe7ee0c599ebe53678 |
| public/data/college-access-price-and-earnings/earnings_vs_cost.json | 9a3d0099c7b076c3fad2d95cf888dac1a1c95d1480c5c58664a5dd07a6b7d48f |
| refs.json | b2137e65356026747b7b5c0c4ea3e9ccd9a6df23c01648abba2c5f204cea2911 |

## Machine formats

- Report (HTML): https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/college-access-price-and-earnings/report
- Report (Markdown): https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/college-access-price-and-earnings/report.md
- Every estimate (JSON): https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/college-access-price-and-earnings/facts.json
- Table 1, figure "earnings_by_sector" (JSON): https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/college-access-price-and-earnings/figures/earnings_by_sector.json
- Table 2, figure "net_price_by_income" (JSON): https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/college-access-price-and-earnings/figures/net_price_by_income.json
- Table 3, figure "earnings_vs_cost" (JSON): https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/college-access-price-and-earnings/figures/earnings_vs_cost.json
- Table 4, figure "high_pell_colleges" (JSON): https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/college-access-price-and-earnings/figures/high_pell_colleges.json
- Table 5, figure "college_distance_map" (JSON): https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/college-access-price-and-earnings/figures/college_distance_map.json
- Table 6, figure "college_desert_gradient" (JSON): https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/college-access-price-and-earnings/figures/college_desert_gradient.json
- Table 7, figure "alt_rankings" (JSON): https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/college-access-price-and-earnings/figures/alt_rankings.json
- Payload of "earnings_vs_cost" (JSON): https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/data/college-access-price-and-earnings/earnings_vs_cost.json
- Payload of "college_distance_map" (JSON): https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/data/college-access-price-and-earnings/college_distance_map.json
- Index of every report: https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/llms.txt; all reports in one file: https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/llms-full.txt