{
  "alt": "Dumbbell chart with ten rows, one for each tenth of tracts ordered from least to most deprived. Each row joins an open dot for the lower-rate group to a filled dot for the higher-rate group. The filled dot lies to the left of the open dot in every row, and the distance between them is largest for the most deprived tenth.",
  "caption": "In every tenth the filled dot, the higher-rate group, lies left of the open dot, and the difference is widest in the most deprived tenth. Each tenth is split at its median homicide rate, weighted by residents. Dots are population-weighted means with 95% intervals from a bootstrap over counties.",
  "data": [
    {
      "hi1": 82.981,
      "hi2": 82.284,
      "higher": 81.966,
      "lo1": 82.632,
      "lo2": 81.728,
      "lower": 82.813,
      "n1": 14320000,
      "n2": 12679000,
      "tenth": "1 (least deprived)"
    },
    {
      "hi1": 81.64,
      "hi2": 80.943,
      "higher": 80.567,
      "lo1": 81.306,
      "lo2": 80.292,
      "lower": 81.468,
      "n1": 15296000,
      "n2": 15016000,
      "tenth": "2"
    },
    {
      "hi1": 80.989,
      "hi2": 80.186,
      "higher": 79.903,
      "lo1": 80.727,
      "lo2": 79.645,
      "lower": 80.86,
      "n1": 16173000,
      "n2": 15971000,
      "tenth": "3"
    },
    {
      "hi1": 80.423,
      "hi2": 79.418,
      "higher": 79.215,
      "lo1": 80.092,
      "lo2": 79.009,
      "lower": 80.261,
      "n1": 16346000,
      "n2": 16076000,
      "tenth": "4"
    },
    {
      "hi1": 79.787,
      "hi2": 78.81,
      "higher": 78.606,
      "lo1": 79.499,
      "lo2": 78.403,
      "lower": 79.639,
      "n1": 15852000,
      "n2": 15625000,
      "tenth": "5"
    },
    {
      "hi1": 79.176,
      "hi2": 77.946,
      "higher": 77.744,
      "lo1": 78.904,
      "lo2": 77.552,
      "lower": 79.038,
      "n1": 15939000,
      "n2": 15798000,
      "tenth": "6"
    },
    {
      "hi1": 78.448,
      "hi2": 77.245,
      "higher": 77.067,
      "lo1": 78.163,
      "lo2": 76.91,
      "lower": 78.301,
      "n1": 14581000,
      "n2": 14508000,
      "tenth": "7"
    },
    {
      "hi1": 77.766,
      "hi2": 76.322,
      "higher": 76.146,
      "lo1": 77.472,
      "lo2": 75.983,
      "lower": 77.617,
      "n1": 13908000,
      "n2": 13808000,
      "tenth": "8"
    },
    {
      "hi1": 76.746,
      "hi2": 75.34,
      "higher": 75.139,
      "lo1": 76.447,
      "lo2": 74.935,
      "lower": 76.593,
      "n1": 12765000,
      "n2": 12689000,
      "tenth": "9"
    },
    {
      "hi1": 75.447,
      "hi2": 73.162,
      "higher": 72.904,
      "lo1": 74.706,
      "lo2": 72.679,
      "lower": 75.043,
      "n1": 11177000,
      "n2": 11140000,
      "tenth": "10 (most deprived)"
    }
  ],
  "id": "same_deprivation",
  "notes": [
    "The groups are formed by cross-fitting, as in the figure of groups: each tenth is split on the mean of two of the three annual rates and the figure averages the three ways of leaving out a year. The n columns give residents. Each tenth is split among the tracts with a usable homicide rate, so a tenth has fewer tracts here than in the other figures.",
    "The split is on the homicide rate and the outcome is life expectancy from another source and another period, so the difference is not built by the sorting. It compares places and does not show what violence does to the people in them.",
    "Life expectancy is the USALEEP estimate for deaths in 2010 to 2015, area-weighted from 2010 onto 2020 tracts; tracts where group quarters hold a large share of residents are left out. Tenths hold equal numbers of tracts and means are weighted by residents.",
    "Intervals are 95% intervals from a bootstrap that draws whole counties with replacement (replicates and seed are in the methods note)."
  ],
  "source": "CDC Mapping Injury, Overdose, and Violence, tract file, homicide, 2022-2024 (modeled estimates for tract clusters); USALEEP life expectancy, 2010-2015; Area Deprivation Index 2023; population-weighted",
  "spec": {
    "deltaLabel": "Higher-rate group minus lower-rate group (years)",
    "hi1": "hi1",
    "hi2": "hi2",
    "label1": "Lower-rate group",
    "label2": "Higher-rate group",
    "lo1": "lo1",
    "lo2": "lo2",
    "n1": "n1",
    "n2": "n2",
    "sort": "data",
    "x1": "lower",
    "x2": "higher",
    "xDomain": [
      70,
      86
    ],
    "xFormat": {
      "digits": 1
    },
    "xLabel": "Life expectancy at birth (years), deaths in 2010 to 2015",
    "y": "tenth"
  },
  "subtitle": "Population-weighted mean life expectancy at birth for deaths in 2010 to 2015 in the lower-rate and higher-rate groups of each tenth of tracts on the Area Deprivation Index, split on the homicide rate for 2022 to 2024",
  "title": "Within each tenth of tracts on the deprivation index, life expectancy is lower in the group with the higher homicide rate, by {fact:half_diff_d1} years in the least deprived tenth and {fact:half_diff_d10} in the most deprived",
  "type": "dumbbell"
}