{
  "alt": "Scatter plot of county average achievement against median household income on a logarithmic axis, one dot per county sized by the tests counted. Dots form a wide cloud that rises from the lower left to the upper right, with ten markers for tenths of counties by income running from below the national average to above it.",
  "caption": "Dots drift up from left to right, and the marker for the highest tenth of counties by income lies above the marker for the lowest tenth. The cloud is wide: the standard deviation of county averages around the income line is {fact:income_resid_sd} grade levels. Markers plot weighted mean achievement within tenths of counties by income, with 95% intervals from a bootstrap over states; the line through all counties has slope {fact:income_slope} grade levels per doubling of income.",
  "data": [],
  "id": "scores_vs_income",
  "notes": [
    "Income is the Census Bureau's modeled estimate of county median household income for 2022 as County Health Rankings reports it. Test results are for 2009 to 2019, so a county's income stands in for its income during the test years. One county, Valdez-Cordova in Alaska, has no income in that file and is left out.",
    "Intervals resample whole states, because counties in a state resemble one another and share state tests and school funding rules. Counting each county once instead of weighting by tests gives a slope within the interval.",
    "Forsyth County, Georgia, and Kusilvak Census Area, Alaska, are labeled as the counties with the highest and lowest averages."
  ],
  "source": "Stanford Education Data Archive 6.0, 2009-2019, and County Health Rankings 2024 (Census SAIPE median household income for 2022); weighted by tests counted, modeled estimates",
  "spec": {
    "highlight": [
      "Forsyth County, GA",
      "Kusilvak Census Area, AK"
    ],
    "label": "label",
    "overlays": [
      {
        "hi": "hi",
        "kind": "line",
        "label": "Tenths of counties by income, with 95% intervals",
        "lo": "lo",
        "rows": [
          {
            "hi": -0.754,
            "lo": -1.436,
            "n_units": 299,
            "x": 41720,
            "y": -1.121
          },
          {
            "hi": -0.582,
            "lo": -0.902,
            "n_units": 300,
            "x": 48344,
            "y": -0.746
          },
          {
            "hi": -0.269,
            "lo": -0.583,
            "n_units": 300,
            "x": 52555,
            "y": -0.426
          },
          {
            "hi": -0.39,
            "lo": -0.863,
            "n_units": 300,
            "x": 55807,
            "y": -0.661
          },
          {
            "hi": -0.143,
            "lo": -0.474,
            "n_units": 300,
            "x": 58875,
            "y": -0.316
          },
          {
            "hi": -0.183,
            "lo": -0.456,
            "n_units": 300,
            "x": 62276,
            "y": -0.315
          },
          {
            "hi": 0.064,
            "lo": -0.501,
            "n_units": 300,
            "x": 65768,
            "y": -0.182
          },
          {
            "hi": 0.166,
            "lo": -0.215,
            "n_units": 300,
            "x": 70435,
            "y": -0.033
          },
          {
            "hi": 0.267,
            "lo": -0.147,
            "n_units": 300,
            "x": 77294,
            "y": 0.07
          },
          {
            "hi": 0.866,
            "lo": 0.022,
            "n_units": 300,
            "x": 98025,
            "y": 0.407
          }
        ],
        "x": "x",
        "y": "y"
      },
      {
        "kind": "line",
        "label": "Weighted line on log income",
        "rows": [
          {
            "x": 28972,
            "y": -1.744
          },
          {
            "x": 30190,
            "y": -1.668
          },
          {
            "x": 31460,
            "y": -1.592
          },
          {
            "x": 32783,
            "y": -1.516
          },
          {
            "x": 34161,
            "y": -1.44
          },
          {
            "x": 35598,
            "y": -1.365
          },
          {
            "x": 37095,
            "y": -1.289
          },
          {
            "x": 38655,
            "y": -1.213
          },
          {
            "x": 40280,
            "y": -1.137
          },
          {
            "x": 41974,
            "y": -1.061
          },
          {
            "x": 43739,
            "y": -0.985
          },
          {
            "x": 45578,
            "y": -0.91
          },
          {
            "x": 47495,
            "y": -0.834
          },
          {
            "x": 49492,
            "y": -0.758
          },
          {
            "x": 51573,
            "y": -0.682
          },
          {
            "x": 53742,
            "y": -0.606
          },
          {
            "x": 56002,
            "y": -0.531
          },
          {
            "x": 58357,
            "y": -0.455
          },
          {
            "x": 60811,
            "y": -0.379
          },
          {
            "x": 63368,
            "y": -0.303
          },
          {
            "x": 66033,
            "y": -0.227
          },
          {
            "x": 68810,
            "y": -0.151
          },
          {
            "x": 71703,
            "y": -0.076
          },
          {
            "x": 74718,
            "y": 0
          },
          {
            "x": 77860,
            "y": 0.076
          },
          {
            "x": 81135,
            "y": 0.152
          },
          {
            "x": 84546,
            "y": 0.228
          },
          {
            "x": 88102,
            "y": 0.304
          },
          {
            "x": 91806,
            "y": 0.379
          },
          {
            "x": 95667,
            "y": 0.455
          },
          {
            "x": 99690,
            "y": 0.531
          },
          {
            "x": 103882,
            "y": 0.607
          },
          {
            "x": 108250,
            "y": 0.683
          },
          {
            "x": 112802,
            "y": 0.759
          },
          {
            "x": 117546,
            "y": 0.834
          },
          {
            "x": 122489,
            "y": 0.91
          },
          {
            "x": 127640,
            "y": 0.986
          },
          {
            "x": 133007,
            "y": 1.062
          },
          {
            "x": 138600,
            "y": 1.138
          },
          {
            "x": 144429,
            "y": 1.214
          },
          {
            "x": 150502,
            "y": 1.289
          }
        ],
        "x": "x",
        "y": "y"
      }
    ],
    "payload": "scores_vs_income.json",
    "size": "tests",
    "sizeFormat": {
      "thousands": true
    },
    "sizeLabel": "Tests counted (math and reading)",
    "x": "income",
    "xDomain": [
      20000,
      180000
    ],
    "xFormat": {
      "digits": 0,
      "prefix": "$",
      "thousands": true
    },
    "xLabel": "Median household income, 2022 (dollars, log scale)",
    "xScale": "log",
    "y": "ach",
    "yDomain": [
      -5,
      3
    ],
    "yFormat": {
      "digits": 1,
      "signed": true
    },
    "yLabel": "Average achievement (grade levels from the national average)"
  },
  "subtitle": "Average of math and reading achievement (grade levels from the national average) against median household income (dollars, log scale), one dot per county; dot area is the tests counted",
  "title": "Average achievement is higher in counties with higher median household income, a correlation of {fact:income_corr} with log income across {fact:n_counties_income} counties",
  "type": "scatter"
}