{
  "alt": "Dot plot of four gaps in math between groups in the same school districts, each with a bar for the spread across districts. The white-Black and income gaps are the largest, the white-Hispanic gap is smaller, and the white-Asian gap is negative. The bars for the first three gaps lie right of zero in the first view.",
  "caption": "The white–Black and income gaps sit furthest right, the Hispanic gap is smaller, and the white–Asian dot lies left of zero because Asian students score higher. Each dot is the mean over the districts that report that gap, weighted by the tests of the two groups, so the rows cover different districts: {fact:neg_n} report the income gap and {fact:wbg_n} the white–Black gap, and in the {fact:both_n} that report both the means are {fact:wbg_mean_both} and {fact:neg_mean_both}. The bar is the spread of district gaps, the interquartile range or, in the second view, the 5th to 95th percentile, and it is not an interval for the mean.",
  "data": [
    {
      "conf_high": 0.667,
      "conf_low": 0.607,
      "gap": "White minus Black students",
      "grade_levels_high": 2.12,
      "grade_levels_low": 1.93,
      "mean": 0.636,
      "mean_in_grade_levels": 2.02,
      "mean_unweighted": 0.525,
      "n": 5729,
      "p25": 0.475,
      "p5": 0.279,
      "p50": 0.617,
      "p75": 0.777,
      "p95": 1.075
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.605,
      "conf_low": 0.546,
      "gap": "Not disadvantaged minus disadvantaged students",
      "grade_levels_high": 1.92,
      "grade_levels_low": 1.73,
      "mean": 0.575,
      "mean_in_grade_levels": 1.83,
      "mean_unweighted": 0.431,
      "n": 11815,
      "p25": 0.434,
      "p5": 0.252,
      "p50": 0.555,
      "p75": 0.717,
      "p95": 0.939
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.464,
      "conf_low": 0.401,
      "gap": "White minus Hispanic students",
      "grade_levels_high": 1.47,
      "grade_levels_low": 1.27,
      "mean": 0.432,
      "mean_in_grade_levels": 1.37,
      "mean_unweighted": 0.328,
      "n": 8561,
      "p25": 0.272,
      "p5": 0.105,
      "p50": 0.403,
      "p75": 0.569,
      "p95": 0.833
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.258,
      "conf_low": -0.351,
      "gap": "White minus Asian students",
      "grade_levels_high": -0.82,
      "grade_levels_low": -1.11,
      "mean": -0.312,
      "mean_in_grade_levels": -0.99,
      "mean_unweighted": -0.288,
      "n": 4353,
      "p25": -0.489,
      "p5": -0.749,
      "p50": -0.333,
      "p75": -0.154,
      "p95": 0.199
    }
  ],
  "id": "gap_distribution",
  "notes": [
    "Each gap is the first group's average minus the second group's. A positive gap means the first group scores higher. Gaps use the standard-deviation scale the archive recommends for research.",
    "Counting each district once gives a smaller mean gap for the white–Black and income gaps ({fact:wbg_mean_unw} and {fact:neg_mean_unw}) because districts with more tests have larger gaps. The archive shrinks districts with few tests toward the mean, so the spread of district gaps understates the spread of the true gaps.",
    "States define economic disadvantage in their own ways, so the income gap compares groups that are defined differently from state to state. Virginia (no math), DC and Hawaii (no districts) are absent."
  ],
  "source": "Stanford Education Data Archive 6.0, 2009-2019 (geographic school districts, math, standard-deviation scale); weighted by tests counted, modeled estimates",
  "spec": {
    "hi": "p75",
    "lo": "p25",
    "n": "n",
    "reference": 0,
    "referenceLabel": "No gap",
    "sort": "desc",
    "x": "mean",
    "xDomain": [
      -1,
      1.3
    ],
    "xFormat": {
      "digits": 2,
      "signed": true
    },
    "xLabel": "Gap in math achievement (standard deviations of the national cohort)",
    "y": "gap"
  },
  "subtitle": "Mean gap in math achievement between two groups of students in the same geographic school district, in standard deviations of the national cohort, averaged over the districts that report each gap, with the spread of district gaps as a bar",
  "title": "Within the same districts, white students score {fact:wbg_mean} standard deviations above Black students in math, and the other gaps shown are smaller or negative",
  "type": "dot",
  "views": [
    {
      "id": "iqr",
      "label": "Interquartile range of districts"
    },
    {
      "id": "p5-p95",
      "label": "5th to 95th percentile of districts",
      "spec": {
        "hi": "p95",
        "lo": "p5"
      }
    }
  ],
  "width": "wide"
}