{
  "alt": "Scatter plot of state slopes against the state's smoking share. In the first view, in percentage points, the dots slope down from left to right: states with a higher smoking share have steeper negative slopes. In the second view, in percent per {fact:income_step} higher income, the dots show no clear direction.",
  "caption": "In the first view the dots slope down to the right, so states with more smoking have slopes farther below zero; in the second view the dots show no clear direction. Dot area is the state's births with a known answer. The correlations weight states by those births, and their intervals, from a bootstrap over states, are in the chapter text.",
  "data": [
    {
      "births": 245196,
      "level": 4.57,
      "measure": "points",
      "slope": -3.28,
      "state": "Alabama"
    },
    {
      "births": 531425,
      "level": 3.19,
      "measure": "points",
      "slope": -4.97,
      "state": "Arizona"
    },
    {
      "births": 381504,
      "level": 3.68,
      "measure": "points",
      "slope": -4.35,
      "state": "Colorado"
    },
    {
      "births": 242379,
      "level": 2.62,
      "measure": "points",
      "slope": -6.42,
      "state": "Connecticut"
    },
    {
      "births": 1416167,
      "level": 2.71,
      "measure": "points",
      "slope": -3.97,
      "state": "Florida"
    },
    {
      "births": 565701,
      "level": 1.8,
      "measure": "points",
      "slope": -3.34,
      "state": "Georgia"
    },
    {
      "births": 777655,
      "level": 2.9,
      "measure": "points",
      "slope": -8.37,
      "state": "Illinois"
    },
    {
      "births": 359143,
      "level": 6.66,
      "measure": "points",
      "slope": -7.17,
      "state": "Indiana"
    },
    {
      "births": 269558,
      "level": 3.08,
      "measure": "points",
      "slope": -0.81,
      "state": "Louisiana"
    },
    {
      "births": 437262,
      "level": 3.07,
      "measure": "points",
      "slope": -4.04,
      "state": "Maryland"
    },
    {
      "births": 471835,
      "level": 2.79,
      "measure": "points",
      "slope": -4.24,
      "state": "Massachusetts"
    },
    {
      "births": 580836,
      "level": 6.58,
      "measure": "points",
      "slope": -7.45,
      "state": "Michigan"
    },
    {
      "births": 297960,
      "level": 3.72,
      "measure": "points",
      "slope": -7.8,
      "state": "Minnesota"
    },
    {
      "births": 279141,
      "level": 7.17,
      "measure": "points",
      "slope": -6.23,
      "state": "Missouri"
    },
    {
      "births": 691343,
      "level": 1.88,
      "measure": "points",
      "slope": -1.86,
      "state": "New Jersey"
    },
    {
      "births": 1319857,
      "level": 2.3,
      "measure": "points",
      "slope": -2.36,
      "state": "New York"
    },
    {
      "births": 621319,
      "level": 4.22,
      "measure": "points",
      "slope": -8.2,
      "state": "North Carolina"
    },
    {
      "births": 704336,
      "level": 8.32,
      "measure": "points",
      "slope": -7.34,
      "state": "Ohio"
    },
    {
      "births": 214801,
      "level": 4.75,
      "measure": "points",
      "slope": -9.98,
      "state": "Oregon"
    },
    {
      "births": 802576,
      "level": 6.36,
      "measure": "points",
      "slope": -5.1,
      "state": "Pennsylvania"
    },
    {
      "births": 312029,
      "level": 4.49,
      "measure": "points",
      "slope": -4.51,
      "state": "South Carolina"
    },
    {
      "births": 336327,
      "level": 5.53,
      "measure": "points",
      "slope": -0.91,
      "state": "Tennessee"
    },
    {
      "births": 2167850,
      "level": 1.27,
      "measure": "points",
      "slope": -0.63,
      "state": "Texas"
    },
    {
      "births": 249880,
      "level": 2.82,
      "measure": "points",
      "slope": -2.72,
      "state": "Virginia"
    },
    {
      "births": 491503,
      "level": 3.66,
      "measure": "points",
      "slope": -5.69,
      "state": "Washington"
    },
    {
      "births": 284970,
      "level": 5.53,
      "measure": "points",
      "slope": -3.37,
      "state": "Wisconsin"
    },
    {
      "births": 245196,
      "level": 4.57,
      "measure": "proportion",
      "slope": -7.62,
      "state": "Alabama"
    },
    {
      "births": 531425,
      "level": 3.19,
      "measure": "proportion",
      "slope": -13.8,
      "state": "Arizona"
    },
    {
      "births": 381504,
      "level": 3.68,
      "measure": "proportion",
      "slope": -14.86,
      "state": "Colorado"
    },
    {
      "births": 242379,
      "level": 2.62,
      "measure": "proportion",
      "slope": -37.17,
      "state": "Connecticut"
    },
    {
      "births": 1416167,
      "level": 2.71,
      "measure": "proportion",
      "slope": -9.96,
      "state": "Florida"
    },
    {
      "births": 565701,
      "level": 1.8,
      "measure": "proportion",
      "slope": -20.6,
      "state": "Georgia"
    },
    {
      "births": 777655,
      "level": 2.9,
      "measure": "proportion",
      "slope": -24.7,
      "state": "Illinois"
    },
    {
      "births": 359143,
      "level": 6.66,
      "measure": "proportion",
      "slope": -21.06,
      "state": "Indiana"
    },
    {
      "births": 269558,
      "level": 3.08,
      "measure": "proportion",
      "slope": -2.35,
      "state": "Louisiana"
    },
    {
      "births": 437262,
      "level": 3.07,
      "measure": "proportion",
      "slope": -17.27,
      "state": "Maryland"
    },
    {
      "births": 471835,
      "level": 2.79,
      "measure": "proportion",
      "slope": -17.13,
      "state": "Massachusetts"
    },
    {
      "births": 580836,
      "level": 6.58,
      "measure": "proportion",
      "slope": -15.68,
      "state": "Michigan"
    },
    {
      "births": 297960,
      "level": 3.72,
      "measure": "proportion",
      "slope": -18.02,
      "state": "Minnesota"
    },
    {
      "births": 279141,
      "level": 7.17,
      "measure": "proportion",
      "slope": -12.11,
      "state": "Missouri"
    },
    {
      "births": 691343,
      "level": 1.88,
      "measure": "proportion",
      "slope": -11.04,
      "state": "New Jersey"
    },
    {
      "births": 1319857,
      "level": 2.3,
      "measure": "proportion",
      "slope": -7.29,
      "state": "New York"
    },
    {
      "births": 621319,
      "level": 4.22,
      "measure": "proportion",
      "slope": -26.2,
      "state": "North Carolina"
    },
    {
      "births": 704336,
      "level": 8.32,
      "measure": "proportion",
      "slope": -10.74,
      "state": "Ohio"
    },
    {
      "births": 214801,
      "level": 4.75,
      "measure": "proportion",
      "slope": -25.39,
      "state": "Oregon"
    },
    {
      "births": 802576,
      "level": 6.36,
      "measure": "proportion",
      "slope": -9.71,
      "state": "Pennsylvania"
    },
    {
      "births": 312029,
      "level": 4.49,
      "measure": "proportion",
      "slope": -9.25,
      "state": "South Carolina"
    },
    {
      "births": 336327,
      "level": 5.53,
      "measure": "proportion",
      "slope": 5.28,
      "state": "Tennessee"
    },
    {
      "births": 2167850,
      "level": 1.27,
      "measure": "proportion",
      "slope": -0.52,
      "state": "Texas"
    },
    {
      "births": 249880,
      "level": 2.82,
      "measure": "proportion",
      "slope": -16.02,
      "state": "Virginia"
    },
    {
      "births": 491503,
      "level": 3.66,
      "measure": "proportion",
      "slope": -21.4,
      "state": "Washington"
    },
    {
      "births": 284970,
      "level": 5.53,
      "measure": "proportion",
      "slope": -10.92,
      "state": "Wisconsin"
    }
  ],
  "id": "slope_vs_state_level",
  "notes": [
    "Large counties are the counties that CDC WONDER names individually: those with {fact:wonder_threshold} residents or more. WONDER pools the births of every smaller county in a state into one row, so smaller counties are not in these data. Of the {fact:n_named} large counties named in every year from 2018 to 2024, California ({fact:n_ca}) and {fact:n_dropped} counties with a withheld smoking count are left out, which leaves {fact:n_complete}.",
    "County median household income is the County Health Rankings 2024 release, a Census Small Area Income and Poverty Estimates value for 2022. Its year differs from the births, which are from 2018 to 2024.",
    "Dots are the same {fact:states_k} states as in the previous figure, with counties weighted by births, and the state slopes carry the wide intervals shown there; the correlation interval allows for the states drawn.",
    "The state's smoking share is the births to mothers who reported smoking over births with a known answer, pooled over its complete counties."
  ],
  "source": "CDC WONDER natality, tobacco use during pregnancy, births in 2018-2024; full counts of births; counties ranked on County Health Rankings 2024 median household income (Census SAIPE 2022); state slopes weighted by births with a known answer; correlations weighted by births, intervals from a bootstrap over states",
  "spec": {
    "label": "state",
    "size": "births",
    "sizeFormat": {
      "digits": 0,
      "thousands": true
    },
    "sizeLabel": "Births with a known answer, 2018 to 2024",
    "x": "level",
    "xDomain": [
      0,
      10
    ],
    "xFormat": {
      "digits": 1
    },
    "xLabel": "State's pooled share of births to mothers who reported smoking (%)",
    "y": "slope",
    "yDomain": [
      -14,
      4
    ],
    "yFormat": {
      "digits": 1
    },
    "yLabel": "Slope (percentage points per doubling of county median household income)"
  },
  "subtitle": "Slope of the smoking share on county median household income against the state's pooled smoking share, one dot per state with a slope of its own, 2018 to 2024; slopes in percentage points per doubling of income or as a percent difference per {fact:income_step} higher income",
  "title": "States with a higher share of births to mothers who smoked have steeper slopes in points, a correlation of {fact:corr_level_pts}, with no detectable relation in proportion, where the correlation is {fact:corr_level_prop}",
  "type": "scatter",
  "views": [
    {
      "filter": {
        "measure": "points"
      },
      "id": "points",
      "label": "Percentage points per doubling"
    },
    {
      "caption": "The dots show no clear direction: states with high and low smoking shares have similar proportional slopes. The correlation is weighted by births and its interval, from a bootstrap over states, includes zero.",
      "filter": {
        "measure": "proportion"
      },
      "id": "proportion",
      "label": "Percent per 10 percent higher income",
      "spec": {
        "yDomain": [
          -40,
          20
        ],
        "yLabel": "Percent difference in the smoking share for a 10 percent higher county income"
      },
      "title": "Expressed as a percent of the smoking share, state slopes show no clear relation to the state's smoking level, a correlation of {fact:corr_level_prop}"
    }
  ],
  "width": "wide"
}