{
  "alt": "Line chart of the within-state slope by year from 2018 to 2024. In the first view, in percentage points per doubling of income, the line rises from {fact:slope_pts_2018} points lower in 2018 toward zero, to {fact:slope_pts_2024} points lower in 2024. In the second view, in percent difference per {fact:income_step} higher income, the line falls from {fact:slope_pct_2018} lower in 2018 to {fact:slope_pct_2024} lower in 2024.",
  "caption": "In the first view the line climbs toward zero each year as smoking falls, and in the second it falls each year, so the gradient flattens in points and steepens in proportion. Each point is a state fixed-effects slope with counties weighted by births with a known answer; the same {fact:n_complete} counties are in every year.",
  "data": [
    {
      "conf_high": -3.45,
      "conf_low": -6.98,
      "measure": "points",
      "n": 45,
      "slope": -4.89,
      "year": 2018
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -3.31,
      "conf_low": -6.71,
      "measure": "points",
      "n": 45,
      "slope": -4.7,
      "year": 2019
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -3.25,
      "conf_low": -6.62,
      "measure": "points",
      "n": 45,
      "slope": -4.65,
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -2.8,
      "conf_low": -5.76,
      "measure": "points",
      "n": 45,
      "slope": -4.02,
      "year": 2021
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -2.32,
      "conf_low": -4.78,
      "measure": "points",
      "n": 45,
      "slope": -3.31,
      "year": 2022
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -1.99,
      "conf_low": -4.03,
      "measure": "points",
      "n": 45,
      "slope": -2.81,
      "year": 2023
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -1.7,
      "conf_low": -3.36,
      "measure": "points",
      "n": 45,
      "slope": -2.39,
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -6.33,
      "conf_low": -15.12,
      "measure": "proportion",
      "n": 45,
      "slope": -10.13,
      "year": 2018
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -6.88,
      "conf_low": -15.88,
      "measure": "proportion",
      "n": 45,
      "slope": -10.87,
      "year": 2019
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -7.56,
      "conf_low": -16.68,
      "measure": "proportion",
      "n": 45,
      "slope": -11.73,
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -7.69,
      "conf_low": -17.47,
      "measure": "proportion",
      "n": 45,
      "slope": -12.18,
      "year": 2021
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -9.1,
      "conf_low": -18.22,
      "measure": "proportion",
      "n": 45,
      "slope": -12.86,
      "year": 2022
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -10.07,
      "conf_low": -18.86,
      "measure": "proportion",
      "n": 45,
      "slope": -13.82,
      "year": 2023
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -11.61,
      "conf_low": -19.29,
      "measure": "proportion",
      "n": 45,
      "slope": -14.67,
      "year": 2024
    }
  ],
  "id": "slope_over_time",
  "notes": [
    "Large counties are the counties that CDC WONDER names individually: those with {fact:wonder_threshold} residents or more. WONDER pools the births of every smaller county in a state into one row, so smaller counties are not in these data. Of the {fact:n_named} large counties named in every year from 2018 to 2024, California ({fact:n_ca}) and {fact:n_dropped} counties with a withheld smoking count are left out, which leaves {fact:n_complete}.",
    "County median household income is the County Health Rankings 2024 release, a Census Small Area Income and Poverty Estimates value for 2022. Its year differs from the births, which are from 2018 to 2024.",
    "Intervals are 95% intervals from a bootstrap over states (replicates and seed in the methods note), which allows for counties in one state resembling each other. The same counties are used in every year, and each is published in every year.",
    "The slopes are negative: a value farther below zero means a lower smoking share for a doubling of county income."
  ],
  "source": "CDC WONDER natality, tobacco use during pregnancy, births in 2018-2024; full counts of births; counties ranked on County Health Rankings 2024 median household income (Census SAIPE 2022); slopes weighted by births with a known answer, intervals from a bootstrap over states",
  "spec": {
    "hi": "conf_high",
    "lo": "conf_low",
    "n": "n",
    "x": "year",
    "xDomain": [
      2018,
      2024
    ],
    "xLabel": "Year of birth",
    "xTicks": "data",
    "y": "slope",
    "yDomain": [
      -8,
      0
    ],
    "yFormat": {
      "digits": 1
    },
    "yLabel": "Percentage points per doubling of county median household income"
  },
  "subtitle": "Within-state slope of the smoking share on county median household income (SAIPE 2022), by year of birth, 2018 to 2024, in percentage points per doubling of income or as a percent difference per {fact:income_step} higher income, with 95% intervals from a bootstrap over states",
  "title": "The within-state slope in points shrank from {fact:slope_pts_2018} to {fact:slope_pts_2024} points per doubling of county income from 2018 to 2024 while the slope in proportion grew from {fact:slope_pct_2018} to {fact:slope_pct_2024}",
  "type": "line",
  "views": [
    {
      "filter": {
        "measure": "points"
      },
      "id": "points",
      "label": "Percentage points per doubling"
    },
    {
      "caption": "The line falls every year, so a {fact:income_step} higher county income goes with a larger percent difference in the smoking share each year. The change from 2018 to 2024 has its own interval, which excludes zero.",
      "filter": {
        "measure": "proportion"
      },
      "id": "proportion",
      "label": "Percent per 10 percent higher income",
      "spec": {
        "yDomain": [
          -24,
          0
        ],
        "yLabel": "Percent difference in the smoking share for a 10 percent higher county income"
      },
      "title": "The proportional slope steepened from {fact:slope_pct_2018} to {fact:slope_pct_2024} lower for a {fact:income_step} higher county income, a change of {fact:slope_pct_change} points"
    }
  ],
  "width": "wide"
}