{
  "above_max": {
    "display": "0",
    "estimand": "most states with a 95% interval above zero across the cutoffs",
    "note": "County median household income is the Census SAIPE estimate for 2022 as reported in the County Health Rankings 2024 release; its year differs from the births, which are from 2018 to 2024.",
    "period": "births in 2018 to 2024",
    "population": "states with a slope of their own at any cutoff",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "states",
    "value": 0,
    "weights": "none (full count)"
  },
  "adi_income_corr": {
    "ci": [
      -0.9,
      -0.67
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "−0.79",
    "estimand": "births-weighted correlation of log county median household income with the county ADI rank; bootstrap interval over states",
    "n": 530,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "County median household income is the Census SAIPE estimate for 2022 as reported in the County Health Rankings 2024 release; its year differs from the births, which are from 2018 to 2024.",
    "period": "income for 2022; ADI built on ACS 2019-2023",
    "population": "the complete counties",
    "source": "adi",
    "unit": "correlation coefficient",
    "value": -0.792955,
    "weights": "births with a known tobacco answer"
  },
  "adi_slope": {
    "ci": [
      0.9,
      1.6
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "1.3",
    "estimand": "state fixed-effects slope of the smoking share on the county ADI rank, births-weighted; bootstrap interval over states",
    "n": 45,
    "nUnit": "states",
    "note": "County ADI is the population-weighted mean of tract national ranks (1 least deprived, 100 most deprived) from the 2023 Area Deprivation Index with ACS 2019-2023 tract population; its period differs from the births, which are from 2018 to 2024.",
    "period": "births in 2018 to 2024",
    "population": "live births with a known tobacco answer in the large counties that CDC WONDER names in every year, leaving out California and the counties with a withheld smoking count; slope within states",
    "source": "adi",
    "unit": "percentage points per ten-point step in the county Area Deprivation Index national rank",
    "value": 1.28339,
    "weights": "births with a known tobacco answer; interval from a bootstrap over states"
  },
  "below_max": {
    "display": "11",
    "estimand": "most states with a 95% interval below zero across the cutoffs",
    "note": "County median household income is the Census SAIPE estimate for 2022 as reported in the County Health Rankings 2024 release; its year differs from the births, which are from 2018 to 2024.",
    "period": "births in 2018 to 2024",
    "population": "states with a slope of their own at any cutoff",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "states",
    "value": 11,
    "weights": "none (full count)"
  },
  "below_min": {
    "display": "9",
    "estimand": "fewest states with a 95% interval below zero across the cutoffs",
    "note": "County median household income is the Census SAIPE estimate for 2022 as reported in the County Health Rankings 2024 release; its year differs from the births, which are from 2018 to 2024.",
    "period": "births in 2018 to 2024",
    "population": "states with a slope of their own at any cutoff",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "states",
    "value": 9,
    "weights": "none (full count)"
  },
  "big_births_share": {
    "display": "82.2%",
    "estimand": "share of births in the larger half of counties by births",
    "n": 530,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "",
    "period": "births in 2018 to 2024",
    "population": "live births with a known tobacco answer in the large counties that CDC WONDER names in every year, leaving out California and the counties with a withheld smoking count",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "percent of births with a known answer",
    "value": 82.2184,
    "weights": "none (full count)"
  },
  "big_slope": {
    "ci": [
      2.6,
      5.1
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "3.7",
    "estimand": "state fixed-effects slope among the larger half of counties by births with a known answer, each county counting once; bootstrap interval over states",
    "n": 35,
    "nUnit": "states",
    "note": "County median household income is the Census SAIPE estimate for 2022 as reported in the County Health Rankings 2024 release; its year differs from the births, which are from 2018 to 2024.",
    "period": "births in 2018 to 2024",
    "population": "live births with a known tobacco answer in the large counties that CDC WONDER names in every year, leaving out California and the counties with a withheld smoking count; the larger half of counties by births with a known answer",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "percentage points per doubling of county median household income",
    "value": 3.66342,
    "weights": "none (each county counts once); interval from a bootstrap over states"
  },
  "births_known": {
    "display": "17.1 million",
    "estimand": "count of births with a known tobacco answer (Yes plus No)",
    "n": 530,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "",
    "period": "births in 2018 to 2024",
    "population": "live births with a known tobacco answer in the large counties that CDC WONDER names in every year, leaving out California and the counties with a withheld smoking count",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "live births",
    "value": 17113865,
    "weights": "none (full count)"
  },
  "births_smoking": {
    "display": "632,733",
    "estimand": "count of births with a Yes answer to tobacco use during pregnancy",
    "n": 530,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "",
    "period": "births in 2018 to 2024",
    "population": "live births with a known tobacco answer in the large counties that CDC WONDER names in every year, leaving out California and the counties with a withheld smoking count",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "live births",
    "value": 632733,
    "weights": "none (full count)"
  },
  "ca_share_2018": {
    "display": "1.2%",
    "estimand": "pooled share over the published county cells of 2018; withheld cells leave both sums",
    "note": "",
    "period": "2018",
    "population": "live births in the California counties with a published Yes cell",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "percent of births with a known answer",
    "value": 1.19327,
    "weights": "none (full count)"
  },
  "common_pct": {
    "ci": [
      8,
      17.5
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "11.9%",
    "estimand": "state fixed-effects slope in proportion, births-weighted, over the states with a slope of their own; bootstrap interval over states",
    "n": 26,
    "nUnit": "states",
    "note": "County median household income is the Census SAIPE estimate for 2022 as reported in the County Health Rankings 2024 release; its year differs from the births, which are from 2018 to 2024.",
    "period": "births in 2018 to 2024",
    "population": "live births with a known tobacco answer in the large counties that CDC WONDER names in every year, leaving out California and the counties with a withheld smoking count; states with a slope of their own",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "percent difference in the smoking share for a 10 percent higher county median household income",
    "value": 11.872,
    "weights": "births with a known tobacco answer; interval from a bootstrap over states"
  },
  "common_points": {
    "ci": [
      2.6,
      5.6
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "3.8",
    "estimand": "state fixed-effects slope in points, births-weighted, over the states with a slope of their own; bootstrap interval over states",
    "n": 26,
    "nUnit": "states",
    "note": "County median household income is the Census SAIPE estimate for 2022 as reported in the County Health Rankings 2024 release; its year differs from the births, which are from 2018 to 2024.",
    "period": "births in 2018 to 2024",
    "population": "live births with a known tobacco answer in the large counties that CDC WONDER names in every year, leaving out California and the counties with a withheld smoking count; states with a slope of their own",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "percentage points per doubling of county median household income",
    "value": 3.82189,
    "weights": "births with a known tobacco answer; interval from a bootstrap over states"
  },
  "complete_share": {
    "display": "66.9%",
    "estimand": "share of births in the complete counties",
    "n": 530,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "",
    "period": "births in 2018 to 2024",
    "population": "live births in the 50 states and DC",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "percent of live births in the United States",
    "value": 66.8567,
    "weights": "none (full count)"
  },
  "corr_level_prop": {
    "ci": [
      -0.56,
      0.37
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "−0.19",
    "estimand": "births-weighted correlation across states between the state's pooled smoking share and its slope in proportion; bootstrap interval over states",
    "n": 26,
    "nUnit": "states",
    "note": "County median household income is the Census SAIPE estimate for 2022 as reported in the County Health Rankings 2024 release; its year differs from the births, which are from 2018 to 2024.",
    "period": "births in 2018 to 2024",
    "population": "states with a slope of their own",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "correlation coefficient",
    "value": -0.194261,
    "weights": "births with a known tobacco answer in the state; interval from a bootstrap over states"
  },
  "corr_level_pts": {
    "ci": [
      -0.83,
      -0.2
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "−0.62",
    "estimand": "births-weighted correlation across states between the state's pooled smoking share and its slope in points; bootstrap interval over states",
    "n": 26,
    "nUnit": "states",
    "note": "County median household income is the Census SAIPE estimate for 2022 as reported in the County Health Rankings 2024 release; its year differs from the births, which are from 2018 to 2024.",
    "period": "births in 2018 to 2024",
    "population": "states with a slope of their own",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "correlation coefficient",
    "value": -0.618677,
    "weights": "births with a known tobacco answer in the state; interval from a bootstrap over states"
  },
  "counties_k": {
    "display": "449",
    "estimand": "count of counties",
    "note": "County median household income is the Census SAIPE estimate for 2022 as reported in the County Health Rankings 2024 release; its year differs from the births, which are from 2018 to 2024.",
    "period": "births in 2018 to 2024",
    "population": "complete counties in the states with a slope of their own",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "counties",
    "value": 449,
    "weights": "none (full count)"
  },
  "county_p5": {
    "display": "0.8%",
    "estimand": "5th percentile of the county shares, one county one count",
    "n": 530,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "",
    "period": "births in 2018 to 2024",
    "population": "live births with a known tobacco answer in the large counties that CDC WONDER names in every year, leaving out California and the counties with a withheld smoking count",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "percent of births with a known answer",
    "value": 0.794952,
    "weights": "none (each county counts once)"
  },
  "county_p95": {
    "display": "13.2%",
    "estimand": "95th percentile of the county shares, one county one count",
    "n": 530,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "",
    "period": "births in 2018 to 2024",
    "population": "live births with a known tobacco answer in the large counties that CDC WONDER names in every year, leaving out California and the counties with a withheld smoking count",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "percent of births with a known answer",
    "value": 13.2231,
    "weights": "none (each county counts once)"
  },
  "cut_hi": {
    "display": "10",
    "estimand": "largest cutoff tried (a choice)",
    "note": "",
    "period": "births in 2018 to 2024",
    "population": "complete counties in a state",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "counties",
    "value": 10,
    "weights": "none (full count)"
  },
  "cut_lo": {
    "display": "3",
    "estimand": "smallest cutoff tried (a choice)",
    "note": "",
    "period": "births in 2018 to 2024",
    "population": "complete counties in a state",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "counties",
    "value": 3,
    "weights": "none (full count)"
  },
  "cut_low_mid": {
    "display": "$64,868",
    "estimand": "highest county median household income in the lowest-income third of the complete counties",
    "n": 530,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "County median household income is the Census SAIPE estimate for 2022 as reported in the County Health Rankings 2024 release; its year differs from the births, which are from 2018 to 2024.",
    "period": "income for 2022",
    "population": "the complete counties",
    "source": "chr",
    "unit": "dollars",
    "value": 64868,
    "weights": "none (county values)"
  },
  "cut_mid_high": {
    "display": "$80,017",
    "estimand": "highest county median household income in the middle third of the complete counties",
    "n": 530,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "County median household income is the Census SAIPE estimate for 2022 as reported in the County Health Rankings 2024 release; its year differs from the births, which are from 2018 to 2024.",
    "period": "income for 2022",
    "population": "the complete counties",
    "source": "chr",
    "unit": "dollars",
    "value": 80017,
    "weights": "none (county values)"
  },
  "dec10_income": {
    "display": "$107,649",
    "estimand": "median of the county median household incomes in the tenth",
    "n": 53,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "County median household income is the Census SAIPE estimate for 2022 as reported in the County Health Rankings 2024 release; its year differs from the births, which are from 2018 to 2024.",
    "period": "income for 2022",
    "population": "the highest-income tenth of the complete counties",
    "source": "chr",
    "unit": "dollars",
    "value": 107649,
    "weights": "none (county values)"
  },
  "dec10_share": {
    "ci": [
      1.4,
      2.1
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "1.7%",
    "estimand": "pooled share of births to mothers who reported smoking; bootstrap interval over counties",
    "n": 53,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "County median household income is the Census SAIPE estimate for 2022 as reported in the County Health Rankings 2024 release; its year differs from the births, which are from 2018 to 2024.",
    "period": "births in 2018 to 2024",
    "population": "live births with a known tobacco answer in the large counties that CDC WONDER names in every year, leaving out California and the counties with a withheld smoking count; highest-income tenth of counties by median household income",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "percent of births with a known answer",
    "value": 1.70085,
    "weights": "none (full counts of births); interval from a bootstrap over counties"
  },
  "dec1_income": {
    "display": "$54,059",
    "estimand": "median of the county median household incomes in the tenth",
    "n": 53,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "County median household income is the Census SAIPE estimate for 2022 as reported in the County Health Rankings 2024 release; its year differs from the births, which are from 2018 to 2024.",
    "period": "income for 2022",
    "population": "the lowest-income tenth of the complete counties",
    "source": "chr",
    "unit": "dollars",
    "value": 54059,
    "weights": "none (county values)"
  },
  "dec1_share": {
    "ci": [
      4.2,
      8
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "5.7%",
    "estimand": "pooled share of births to mothers who reported smoking; bootstrap interval over counties",
    "n": 53,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "County median household income is the Census SAIPE estimate for 2022 as reported in the County Health Rankings 2024 release; its year differs from the births, which are from 2018 to 2024.",
    "period": "births in 2018 to 2024",
    "population": "live births with a known tobacco answer in the large counties that CDC WONDER names in every year, leaving out California and the counties with a withheld smoking count; lowest-income tenth of counties by median household income",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "percent of births with a known answer",
    "value": 5.69508,
    "weights": "none (full counts of births); interval from a bootstrap over counties"
  },
  "dec_income_ratio": {
    "display": "2.0",
    "estimand": "median county income in the highest-income tenth over the median in the lowest-income tenth",
    "n": 106,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "County median household income is the Census SAIPE estimate for 2022 as reported in the County Health Rankings 2024 release; its year differs from the births, which are from 2018 to 2024.",
    "period": "income for 2022",
    "population": "the lowest-income and highest-income tenths of the complete counties",
    "source": "chr",
    "unit": "ratio of incomes",
    "value": 1.99132,
    "weights": "none (county values)"
  },
  "decline_all": {
    "ci": [
      63.5,
      65.7
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "64.6%",
    "estimand": "fall in the pooled share from 2018 to 2024; bootstrap interval over counties",
    "n": 530,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "",
    "period": "2018 to 2024",
    "population": "live births with a known tobacco answer in the large counties that CDC WONDER names in every year, leaving out California and the counties with a withheld smoking count",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "percent of the 2018 share",
    "value": 64.6476,
    "weights": "none (full counts of births); interval from a bootstrap over counties"
  },
  "decline_terc_1": {
    "ci": [
      57.7,
      62.3
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "60.0%",
    "estimand": "fall in the pooled share from 2018 to 2024; bootstrap interval over counties",
    "n": 176,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "County median household income is the Census SAIPE estimate for 2022 as reported in the County Health Rankings 2024 release; its year differs from the births, which are from 2018 to 2024.",
    "period": "2018 to 2024",
    "population": "live births with a known tobacco answer in the large counties that CDC WONDER names in every year, leaving out California and the counties with a withheld smoking count; the lowest-income third of the complete counties by median household income",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "percent of the 2018 share",
    "value": 59.9948,
    "weights": "none (full counts of births); interval from a bootstrap over counties"
  },
  "decline_terc_3": {
    "ci": [
      67,
      70.4
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "68.8%",
    "estimand": "fall in the pooled share from 2018 to 2024; bootstrap interval over counties",
    "n": 177,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "County median household income is the Census SAIPE estimate for 2022 as reported in the County Health Rankings 2024 release; its year differs from the births, which are from 2018 to 2024.",
    "period": "2018 to 2024",
    "population": "live births with a known tobacco answer in the large counties that CDC WONDER names in every year, leaving out California and the counties with a withheld smoking count; the highest-income third of the complete counties by median household income",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "percent of the 2018 share",
    "value": 68.7793,
    "weights": "none (full counts of births); interval from a bootstrap over counties"
  },
  "dropped_high": {
    "display": "11",
    "estimand": "count of those counties with a median household income above the cut for the highest-income third of the complete counties",
    "n": 13,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "County median household income is the Census SAIPE estimate for 2022 as reported in the County Health Rankings 2024 release; its year differs from the births, which are from 2018 to 2024.",
    "period": "births in 2018 to 2024",
    "population": "named counties outside California with a withheld smoking count",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "counties",
    "value": 11,
    "weights": "none (full count)"
  },
  "dropped_high_cells": {
    "display": "29",
    "estimand": "count of withheld cells",
    "note": "",
    "period": "births in 2018 to 2024",
    "population": "withheld Yes cells of the counties left out that are above the cut for the highest-income third",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "county-year cells",
    "value": 29,
    "weights": "none (full count)"
  },
  "dropped_high_max_share": {
    "display": "0.17%",
    "estimand": "largest share of those births that the withheld cells of the high-income counties left out could add, at 9 births each",
    "n": 177,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "County median household income is the Census SAIPE estimate for 2022 as reported in the County Health Rankings 2024 release; its year differs from the births, which are from 2018 to 2024.",
    "period": "births in 2018 to 2024",
    "population": "smoking births in the highest-income third of the complete counties",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "percent of smoking births",
    "value": 0.167086,
    "weights": "none (full count)"
  },
  "dropped_income_median": {
    "display": "$109,358",
    "estimand": "median household income of the counties left out for a withheld count",
    "n": 13,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "County median household income is the Census SAIPE estimate for 2022 as reported in the County Health Rankings 2024 release; its year differs from the births, which are from 2018 to 2024.",
    "period": "income for 2022",
    "population": "named counties outside California",
    "source": "chr",
    "unit": "dollars",
    "value": 109358,
    "weights": "none (county values)"
  },
  "dropped_max_births": {
    "display": "315",
    "estimand": "largest number of births those cells could hold, at 9 births each",
    "note": "",
    "period": "births in 2018 to 2024",
    "population": "the withheld Yes cells of the counties left out outside California",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "live births",
    "value": 315,
    "weights": "none (full count)"
  },
  "dropped_max_share": {
    "display": "0.05%",
    "estimand": "largest share of the smoking births in the complete counties that the withheld cells could add, at 9 births each",
    "n": 530,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "",
    "period": "births in 2018 to 2024",
    "population": "live births with a known tobacco answer in the large counties that CDC WONDER names in every year, leaving out California and the counties with a withheld smoking count",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "percent of smoking births",
    "value": 0.049784,
    "weights": "none (full count)"
  },
  "dropped_other_states": {
    "display": "9",
    "estimand": "count of counties left out for a withheld smoking count",
    "note": "",
    "period": "births in 2018 to 2024",
    "population": "named counties outside California and Virginia",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "counties",
    "value": 9,
    "weights": "none (full count)"
  },
  "gap_2018": {
    "ci": [
      3.6,
      5.6
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "4.6",
    "estimand": "difference of two pooled shares; shared bootstrap draws over counties",
    "n": 530,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "County median household income is the Census SAIPE estimate for 2022 as reported in the County Health Rankings 2024 release; its year differs from the births, which are from 2018 to 2024.",
    "period": "2018",
    "population": "live births with a known tobacco answer in the large counties that CDC WONDER names in every year, leaving out California and the counties with a withheld smoking count; lowest-income third minus highest-income third of counties",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "percentage points",
    "value": 4.57103,
    "weights": "none (full counts of births); interval from a bootstrap over counties"
  },
  "gap_2024": {
    "ci": [
      1.7,
      2.6
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "2.1",
    "estimand": "difference of two pooled shares; shared bootstrap draws over counties",
    "n": 530,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "County median household income is the Census SAIPE estimate for 2022 as reported in the County Health Rankings 2024 release; its year differs from the births, which are from 2018 to 2024.",
    "period": "2024",
    "population": "live births with a known tobacco answer in the large counties that CDC WONDER names in every year, leaving out California and the counties with a withheld smoking count; lowest-income third minus highest-income third of counties",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "percentage points",
    "value": 2.1455,
    "weights": "none (full counts of births); interval from a bootstrap over counties"
  },
  "gap_change": {
    "ci": [
      1.8,
      3.1
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "2.4",
    "estimand": "fall in the difference of two pooled shares; shared bootstrap draws over counties",
    "n": 530,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "County median household income is the Census SAIPE estimate for 2022 as reported in the County Health Rankings 2024 release; its year differs from the births, which are from 2018 to 2024.",
    "period": "2018 to 2024",
    "population": "live births with a known tobacco answer in the large counties that CDC WONDER names in every year, leaving out California and the counties with a withheld smoking count; lowest-income third minus highest-income third of counties",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "percentage points",
    "value": 2.42552,
    "weights": "none (full counts of births); interval from a bootstrap over counties"
  },
  "i2_pu": {
    "display": "70%",
    "estimand": "I-squared of Cochran's Q for state slopes in points, each county counts once",
    "n": 26,
    "nUnit": "states",
    "note": "County median household income is the Census SAIPE estimate for 2022 as reported in the County Health Rankings 2024 release; its year differs from the births, which are from 2018 to 2024.",
    "period": "births in 2018 to 2024",
    "population": "states with a slope of their own",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "percent of the variation in state slopes beyond sampling error",
    "value": 70.0462,
    "weights": "none (each county counts once)"
  },
  "i2_pw": {
    "display": "52%",
    "estimand": "I-squared of Cochran's Q for state slopes in points, weighted by births with a known tobacco answer",
    "n": 26,
    "nUnit": "states",
    "note": "County median household income is the Census SAIPE estimate for 2022 as reported in the County Health Rankings 2024 release; its year differs from the births, which are from 2018 to 2024.",
    "period": "births in 2018 to 2024",
    "population": "states with a slope of their own",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "percent of the variation in state slopes beyond sampling error",
    "value": 51.8914,
    "weights": "births with a known tobacco answer"
  },
  "income_step": {
    "display": "10%",
    "estimand": "the step in county income that the proportional slopes use (a definition)",
    "note": "",
    "period": "all years (a definition)",
    "population": "county median household income",
    "source": "chr",
    "unit": "percent",
    "value": 10,
    "weights": "none (definition)"
  },
  "k_floor": {
    "display": "8",
    "estimand": "fewest complete counties a state needs for a slope of its own (a choice)",
    "note": "",
    "period": "births in 2018 to 2024",
    "population": "complete counties in a state",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "counties",
    "value": 8,
    "weights": "none (full count)"
  },
  "kept_income_median": {
    "display": "$72,077",
    "estimand": "median of the county median household incomes of the complete counties",
    "n": 530,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "County median household income is the Census SAIPE estimate for 2022 as reported in the County Health Rankings 2024 release; its year differs from the births, which are from 2018 to 2024.",
    "period": "income for 2022",
    "population": "named counties outside California",
    "source": "chr",
    "unit": "dollars",
    "value": 72077,
    "weights": "none (county values)"
  },
  "lien_lbw_factor": {
    "display": "2",
    "estimand": "instrumental-variable estimate, pooled across the tax experiments, of the multiple by which smoking in pregnancy raises the chance of low birth weight; the abstract states that smoking 'doubles the chance'",
    "note": "",
    "period": "study period of Lien and Evans (2005)",
    "population": "births in the states and control states of Lien and Evans (2005)",
    "source": "published-estimates",
    "unit": "times the chance of low birth weight",
    "value": 2,
    "weights": "not reported in the abstract"
  },
  "lien_states": {
    "display": "4",
    "estimand": "number of states with large cigarette tax increases compared with matched control states in Lien and Evans (2005), as reported in the paper's abstract",
    "n": 4,
    "nUnit": "states",
    "note": "",
    "period": "study period of Lien and Evans (2005)",
    "population": "states that adopted large cigarette tax increases in the study of Lien and Evans (2005)",
    "source": "published-estimates",
    "unit": "states",
    "value": 4,
    "weights": "none (count of states studied)"
  },
  "map_gray": {
    "display": "2,613",
    "estimand": "count of counties drawn gray",
    "n": 2613,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "",
    "period": "births in 2018 to 2024",
    "population": "counties on the book's county map",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "counties",
    "value": 2613,
    "weights": "none (full count)"
  },
  "map_gray_off": {
    "display": "2,563",
    "estimand": "count of gray counties that WONDER does not name (below its size threshold)",
    "n": 2563,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "",
    "period": "births in 2018 to 2024",
    "population": "counties on the book's county map",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "counties",
    "value": 2563,
    "weights": "none (full count)"
  },
  "markowitz_high": {
    "display": "0.9",
    "estimand": "Markowitz and coauthors (2017), Table 2: difference-in-differences coefficient of tobacco use during pregnancy on a high state Earned Income Tax Credit without a refund, relative to states with none; the coefficient is +0.009 with a standard error of 0.005, significant at the 10 percent level only",
    "n": 25998369,
    "nUnit": "births",
    "note": "",
    "period": "births in 1995 to 2013",
    "population": "singleton births in 1995 to 2013 to mothers aged 18 or older with a high-school education or less, in the 50 states and DC except Maryland, from birth certificates",
    "source": "published-estimates",
    "unit": "percentage points",
    "value": 0.9,
    "weights": "none (all births)"
  },
  "markowitz_low": {
    "display": "1.6",
    "estimand": "Markowitz and coauthors (2017), Table 2: difference-in-differences coefficient (linear probability model, state and year-by-quarter fixed effects, standard errors clustered by state) of tobacco use during pregnancy on a low state Earned Income Tax Credit without a refund, relative to states with none; the coefficient is -0.016 with a standard error of 0.004",
    "n": 25998369,
    "nUnit": "births",
    "note": "",
    "period": "births in 1995 to 2013",
    "population": "singleton births in 1995 to 2013 to mothers aged 18 or older with a high-school education or less, in the 50 states and DC except Maryland, from birth certificates",
    "source": "published-estimates",
    "unit": "percentage points",
    "value": 1.6,
    "weights": "none (all births)"
  },
  "n_ca": {
    "display": "35",
    "estimand": "count of counties left out for partial reporting of the tobacco item",
    "note": "",
    "period": "births in 2018 to 2024",
    "population": "California counties among the named counties",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "counties",
    "value": 35,
    "weights": "none (full count)"
  },
  "n_complete": {
    "display": "530",
    "estimand": "count of complete counties",
    "note": "",
    "period": "births in 2018 to 2024",
    "population": "named counties outside California with a published smoking count in every year",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "counties",
    "value": 530,
    "weights": "none (full count)"
  },
  "n_dropped": {
    "display": "13",
    "estimand": "count of counties with a withheld smoking count (fewer than 10 smoking births) in at least one year, left out of every estimate",
    "note": "",
    "period": "births in 2018 to 2024",
    "population": "named counties outside California",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "counties",
    "value": 13,
    "weights": "none (full count)"
  },
  "n_fe_states": {
    "display": "45",
    "estimand": "count of states that contribute to a within-state slope",
    "note": "",
    "period": "births in 2018 to 2024",
    "population": "states and the District of Columbia with at least two complete counties",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "states",
    "value": 45,
    "weights": "none (full count)"
  },
  "n_named": {
    "display": "578",
    "estimand": "count of counties",
    "note": "",
    "period": "births in 2018 to 2024",
    "population": "counties that WONDER natality names in every year from 2018 to 2024 and that have births",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "counties",
    "value": 578,
    "weights": "none (full count)"
  },
  "n_states_complete": {
    "display": "49",
    "estimand": "count of states and the District of Columbia",
    "note": "",
    "period": "births in 2018 to 2024",
    "population": "the 50 states and the District of Columbia, except California, with at least one complete county",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "states",
    "value": 49,
    "weights": "none (full count)"
  },
  "named_share": {
    "display": "79.5%",
    "estimand": "share of births in the named counties",
    "n": 578,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "",
    "period": "births in 2018 to 2024",
    "population": "live births in the 50 states and DC",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "percent of live births in the United States",
    "value": 79.5439,
    "weights": "none (full count)"
  },
  "nr_cells": {
    "display": "4,046",
    "estimand": "count of county-years in which the Not Reported category is a published zero",
    "n": 578,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "",
    "period": "births in 2018 to 2024",
    "population": "named counties, 2018 to 2024, in the tobacco cut",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "county-years",
    "value": 4046,
    "weights": "none (full count)"
  },
  "p_het_pu": {
    "display": "0.009",
    "estimand": "wild-bootstrap p-value of Cochran's Q for equal state slopes in percentage points, each county counts once",
    "n": 26,
    "nUnit": "states",
    "note": "County median household income is the Census SAIPE estimate for 2022 as reported in the County Health Rankings 2024 release; its year differs from the births, which are from 2018 to 2024.",
    "period": "births in 2018 to 2024",
    "population": "states with a slope of their own",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "p-value",
    "value": 0.0089955,
    "weights": "none (each county counts once)"
  },
  "p_het_pw": {
    "display": "0.108",
    "estimand": "wild-bootstrap p-value of Cochran's Q for equal state slopes in percentage points, weighted by births with a known tobacco answer",
    "n": 26,
    "nUnit": "states",
    "note": "County median household income is the Census SAIPE estimate for 2022 as reported in the County Health Rankings 2024 release; its year differs from the births, which are from 2018 to 2024.",
    "period": "births in 2018 to 2024",
    "population": "states with a slope of their own",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "p-value",
    "value": 0.108446,
    "weights": "births with a known tobacco answer"
  },
  "p_het_ru": {
    "display": "0.343",
    "estimand": "wild-bootstrap p-value of Cochran's Q for equal state slopes in proportion (ln share), each county counts once",
    "n": 26,
    "nUnit": "states",
    "note": "County median household income is the Census SAIPE estimate for 2022 as reported in the County Health Rankings 2024 release; its year differs from the births, which are from 2018 to 2024.",
    "period": "births in 2018 to 2024",
    "population": "states with a slope of their own",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "p-value",
    "value": 0.343328,
    "weights": "none (each county counts once)"
  },
  "p_het_rw": {
    "display": "0.664",
    "estimand": "wild-bootstrap p-value of Cochran's Q for equal state slopes in proportion (ln share), weighted by births with a known tobacco answer",
    "n": 26,
    "nUnit": "states",
    "note": "County median household income is the Census SAIPE estimate for 2022 as reported in the County Health Rankings 2024 release; its year differs from the births, which are from 2018 to 2024.",
    "period": "births in 2018 to 2024",
    "population": "states with a slope of their own",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "p-value",
    "value": 0.663668,
    "weights": "births with a known tobacco answer"
  },
  "p_prop_min": {
    "display": "0.319",
    "estimand": "wild-bootstrap p-value of Cochran's Q for equal state slopes: smallest p-value across the cutoffs and both weightings, slopes in proportion",
    "note": "County median household income is the Census SAIPE estimate for 2022 as reported in the County Health Rankings 2024 release; its year differs from the births, which are from 2018 to 2024.",
    "period": "births in 2018 to 2024",
    "population": "states with a slope of their own",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "p-value",
    "value": 0.31934,
    "weights": "see estimand"
  },
  "p_pu_cut_lo": {
    "display": "0.264",
    "estimand": "wild-bootstrap p-value of Cochran's Q for equal state slopes: p-value at the smallest cutoff, slopes in points, each county counting once",
    "note": "County median household income is the Census SAIPE estimate for 2022 as reported in the County Health Rankings 2024 release; its year differs from the births, which are from 2018 to 2024.",
    "period": "births in 2018 to 2024",
    "population": "states with a slope of their own",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "p-value",
    "value": 0.264368,
    "weights": "see estimand"
  },
  "p_pu_max": {
    "display": "0.009",
    "estimand": "wild-bootstrap p-value of Cochran's Q for equal state slopes: largest p-value across the cutoffs above the smallest, slopes in points, each county counting once",
    "note": "County median household income is the Census SAIPE estimate for 2022 as reported in the County Health Rankings 2024 release; its year differs from the births, which are from 2018 to 2024.",
    "period": "births in 2018 to 2024",
    "population": "states with a slope of their own",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "p-value",
    "value": 0.0089955,
    "weights": "see estimand"
  },
  "p_pw_max": {
    "display": "0.165",
    "estimand": "wild-bootstrap p-value of Cochran's Q for equal state slopes: largest p-value across the cutoffs, slopes in points, weighted by births",
    "note": "County median household income is the Census SAIPE estimate for 2022 as reported in the County Health Rankings 2024 release; its year differs from the births, which are from 2018 to 2024.",
    "period": "births in 2018 to 2024",
    "population": "states with a slope of their own",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "p-value",
    "value": 0.164918,
    "weights": "see estimand"
  },
  "p_pw_min": {
    "display": "0.108",
    "estimand": "wild-bootstrap p-value of Cochran's Q for equal state slopes: smallest p-value across the cutoffs, slopes in points, weighted by births",
    "note": "County median household income is the Census SAIPE estimate for 2022 as reported in the County Health Rankings 2024 release; its year differs from the births, which are from 2018 to 2024.",
    "period": "births in 2018 to 2024",
    "population": "states with a slope of their own",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "p-value",
    "value": 0.108446,
    "weights": "see estimand"
  },
  "pct_within_u": {
    "ci": [
      14.4,
      19
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "16.7%",
    "estimand": "state fixed-effects slope of ln(smoking share) on log2 county income, each county counts once, expressed for a 10 percent higher income; bootstrap interval over states",
    "n": 45,
    "nUnit": "states",
    "note": "County median household income is the Census SAIPE estimate for 2022 as reported in the County Health Rankings 2024 release; its year differs from the births, which are from 2018 to 2024.",
    "period": "births in 2018 to 2024",
    "population": "live births with a known tobacco answer in the large counties that CDC WONDER names in every year, leaving out California and the counties with a withheld smoking count; slope within states",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "percent difference in the smoking share for a 10 percent higher county median household income",
    "value": 16.6516,
    "weights": "none (each county counts once); interval from a bootstrap over states"
  },
  "pct_within_w": {
    "ci": [
      8.2,
      17
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "12.0%",
    "estimand": "state fixed-effects slope of ln(smoking share) on log2 county income, weighted by births with a known tobacco answer, expressed for a 10 percent higher income; bootstrap interval over states",
    "n": 45,
    "nUnit": "states",
    "note": "County median household income is the Census SAIPE estimate for 2022 as reported in the County Health Rankings 2024 release; its year differs from the births, which are from 2018 to 2024.",
    "period": "births in 2018 to 2024",
    "population": "live births with a known tobacco answer in the large counties that CDC WONDER names in every year, leaving out California and the counties with a withheld smoking count; slope within states",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "percent difference in the smoking share for a 10 percent higher county median household income",
    "value": 11.9841,
    "weights": "births with a known tobacco answer; interval from a bootstrap over states"
  },
  "ratio_2018": {
    "ci": [
      1.9,
      2.7
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "2.3",
    "estimand": "ratio of two pooled shares; shared bootstrap draws over counties",
    "n": 530,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "County median household income is the Census SAIPE estimate for 2022 as reported in the County Health Rankings 2024 release; its year differs from the births, which are from 2018 to 2024.",
    "period": "2018",
    "population": "live births with a known tobacco answer in the large counties that CDC WONDER names in every year, leaving out California and the counties with a withheld smoking count; lowest-income third over highest-income third of counties",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "ratio of shares",
    "value": 2.26729,
    "weights": "none (full counts of births); interval from a bootstrap over counties"
  },
  "ratio_2024": {
    "ci": [
      2.4,
      3.5
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "2.9",
    "estimand": "ratio of two pooled shares; shared bootstrap draws over counties",
    "n": 530,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "County median household income is the Census SAIPE estimate for 2022 as reported in the County Health Rankings 2024 release; its year differs from the births, which are from 2018 to 2024.",
    "period": "2024",
    "population": "live births with a known tobacco answer in the large counties that CDC WONDER names in every year, leaving out California and the counties with a withheld smoking count; lowest-income third over highest-income third of counties",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "ratio of shares",
    "value": 2.90524,
    "weights": "none (full counts of births); interval from a bootstrap over counties"
  },
  "ratio_change": {
    "ci": [
      0.4,
      0.9
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "0.6",
    "estimand": "rise in the ratio of two pooled shares; shared bootstrap draws over counties",
    "n": 530,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "County median household income is the Census SAIPE estimate for 2022 as reported in the County Health Rankings 2024 release; its year differs from the births, which are from 2018 to 2024.",
    "period": "2018 to 2024",
    "population": "live births with a known tobacco answer in the large counties that CDC WONDER names in every year, leaving out California and the counties with a withheld smoking count; lowest-income third over highest-income third of counties",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "ratio of shares",
    "value": 0.637947,
    "weights": "none (full counts of births); interval from a bootstrap over counties"
  },
  "sens_added_2018": {
    "display": "9",
    "estimand": "count of counties added back",
    "n": 9,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "",
    "period": "2018",
    "population": "named counties outside California with a published Yes count in 2018 that are left out of the complete counties",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "counties",
    "value": 9,
    "weights": "none (full count)"
  },
  "sens_added_2024": {
    "display": "1",
    "estimand": "count of counties added back",
    "n": 1,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "",
    "period": "2024",
    "population": "named counties outside California with a published Yes count in 2024 that are left out of the complete counties",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "counties",
    "value": 1,
    "weights": "none (full count)"
  },
  "sens_slope_2018": {
    "ci": [
      3.4,
      6.8
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "4.8",
    "estimand": "state fixed-effects slope of the smoking share on log2 county income, births-weighted, adding back counties left out only for a withheld count in other years; bootstrap interval over states",
    "n": 45,
    "nUnit": "states",
    "note": "County median household income is the Census SAIPE estimate for 2022 as reported in the County Health Rankings 2024 release; its year differs from the births, which are from 2018 to 2024.",
    "period": "2018",
    "population": "live births with a known tobacco answer in the large counties that CDC WONDER names in every year, leaving out California and the counties with a withheld smoking count; counties outside California with a published Yes count in 2018, slope within states",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "percentage points per doubling of county median household income",
    "value": 4.79301,
    "weights": "births with a known tobacco answer; interval from a bootstrap over states"
  },
  "share_all_2018": {
    "ci": [
      4.9,
      5.9
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "5.4%",
    "estimand": "pooled share of births to mothers who reported smoking; bootstrap interval over counties",
    "n": 530,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "",
    "period": "2018",
    "population": "live births with a known tobacco answer in the large counties that CDC WONDER names in every year, leaving out California and the counties with a withheld smoking count",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "percent of births with a known answer",
    "value": 5.40145,
    "weights": "none (full counts of births); interval from a bootstrap over counties"
  },
  "share_all_2024": {
    "ci": [
      1.7,
      2.1
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "1.9%",
    "estimand": "pooled share of births to mothers who reported smoking; bootstrap interval over counties",
    "n": 530,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "",
    "period": "2024",
    "population": "live births with a known tobacco answer in the large counties that CDC WONDER names in every year, leaving out California and the counties with a withheld smoking count",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "percent of births with a known answer",
    "value": 1.90954,
    "weights": "none (full counts of births); interval from a bootstrap over counties"
  },
  "slope_between_u": {
    "ci": [
      2.2,
      8.7
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "5.3",
    "estimand": "least-squares slope of state means of the smoking share (percent) on log2 county income, each county counts once; bootstrap interval over states",
    "n": 49,
    "nUnit": "states",
    "note": "County median household income is the Census SAIPE estimate for 2022 as reported in the County Health Rankings 2024 release; its year differs from the births, which are from 2018 to 2024.",
    "period": "births in 2018 to 2024",
    "population": "live births with a known tobacco answer in the large counties that CDC WONDER names in every year, leaving out California and the counties with a withheld smoking count; slope between states",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "percentage points per doubling of county median household income",
    "value": 5.29057,
    "weights": "none (each county counts once); interval from a bootstrap over states"
  },
  "slope_between_w": {
    "ci": [
      1.8,
      8.3
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "4.7",
    "estimand": "least-squares slope of state means of the smoking share (percent) on log2 county income, weighted by births with a known tobacco answer; bootstrap interval over states",
    "n": 49,
    "nUnit": "states",
    "note": "County median household income is the Census SAIPE estimate for 2022 as reported in the County Health Rankings 2024 release; its year differs from the births, which are from 2018 to 2024.",
    "period": "births in 2018 to 2024",
    "population": "live births with a known tobacco answer in the large counties that CDC WONDER names in every year, leaving out California and the counties with a withheld smoking count; slope between states",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "percentage points per doubling of county median household income",
    "value": 4.70979,
    "weights": "births with a known tobacco answer; interval from a bootstrap over states"
  },
  "slope_pct_2018": {
    "ci": [
      6.3,
      15.1
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "10.1%",
    "estimand": "state fixed-effects slope of ln(smoking share) on log2 county income, births-weighted, expressed for a 10 percent higher income; bootstrap interval over states",
    "n": 45,
    "nUnit": "states",
    "note": "County median household income is the Census SAIPE estimate for 2022 as reported in the County Health Rankings 2024 release; its year differs from the births, which are from 2018 to 2024.",
    "period": "2018",
    "population": "live births with a known tobacco answer in the large counties that CDC WONDER names in every year, leaving out California and the counties with a withheld smoking count; slope within states",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "percent difference in the smoking share for a 10 percent higher county median household income",
    "value": 10.1322,
    "weights": "births with a known tobacco answer; interval from a bootstrap over states"
  },
  "slope_pct_2024": {
    "ci": [
      11.6,
      19.3
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "14.7%",
    "estimand": "state fixed-effects slope of ln(smoking share) on log2 county income, births-weighted, expressed for a 10 percent higher income; bootstrap interval over states",
    "n": 45,
    "nUnit": "states",
    "note": "County median household income is the Census SAIPE estimate for 2022 as reported in the County Health Rankings 2024 release; its year differs from the births, which are from 2018 to 2024.",
    "period": "2024",
    "population": "live births with a known tobacco answer in the large counties that CDC WONDER names in every year, leaving out California and the counties with a withheld smoking count; slope within states",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "percent difference in the smoking share for a 10 percent higher county median household income",
    "value": 14.6721,
    "weights": "births with a known tobacco answer; interval from a bootstrap over states"
  },
  "slope_pct_change": {
    "ci": [
      3.3,
      5.8
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "4.5",
    "estimand": "fall from 2018 to 2024 in the state fixed-effects proportional slope (a steeper slope), births-weighted; shared bootstrap draws over states",
    "n": 45,
    "nUnit": "states",
    "note": "County median household income is the Census SAIPE estimate for 2022 as reported in the County Health Rankings 2024 release; its year differs from the births, which are from 2018 to 2024.",
    "period": "2018 to 2024",
    "population": "live births with a known tobacco answer in the large counties that CDC WONDER names in every year, leaving out California and the counties with a withheld smoking count; slope within states",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "percentage points of the percent difference in the smoking share for a 10 percent higher county median household income",
    "value": 4.53986,
    "weights": "births with a known tobacco answer; interval from a bootstrap over states"
  },
  "slope_pooled_u": {
    "ci": [
      4.6,
      8
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "6.2",
    "estimand": "least-squares slope of the smoking share (percent) on log2 county income, each county counts once; bootstrap interval over states",
    "n": 49,
    "nUnit": "states",
    "note": "County median household income is the Census SAIPE estimate for 2022 as reported in the County Health Rankings 2024 release; its year differs from the births, which are from 2018 to 2024.",
    "period": "births in 2018 to 2024",
    "population": "live births with a known tobacco answer in the large counties that CDC WONDER names in every year, leaving out California and the counties with a withheld smoking count; slope across all counties",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "percentage points per doubling of county median household income",
    "value": 6.24044,
    "weights": "none (each county counts once); interval from a bootstrap over states"
  },
  "slope_pooled_w": {
    "ci": [
      2.7,
      5.9
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "4.1",
    "estimand": "least-squares slope of the smoking share (percent) on log2 county income, weighted by births with a known tobacco answer; bootstrap interval over states",
    "n": 49,
    "nUnit": "states",
    "note": "County median household income is the Census SAIPE estimate for 2022 as reported in the County Health Rankings 2024 release; its year differs from the births, which are from 2018 to 2024.",
    "period": "births in 2018 to 2024",
    "population": "live births with a known tobacco answer in the large counties that CDC WONDER names in every year, leaving out California and the counties with a withheld smoking count; slope across all counties",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "percentage points per doubling of county median household income",
    "value": 4.12339,
    "weights": "births with a known tobacco answer; interval from a bootstrap over states"
  },
  "slope_pts_2018": {
    "ci": [
      3.5,
      7
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "4.9",
    "estimand": "state fixed-effects slope of the smoking share (percent) on log2 county income, births-weighted; bootstrap interval over states",
    "n": 45,
    "nUnit": "states",
    "note": "County median household income is the Census SAIPE estimate for 2022 as reported in the County Health Rankings 2024 release; its year differs from the births, which are from 2018 to 2024.",
    "period": "2018",
    "population": "live births with a known tobacco answer in the large counties that CDC WONDER names in every year, leaving out California and the counties with a withheld smoking count; slope within states",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "percentage points per doubling of county median household income",
    "value": 4.88726,
    "weights": "births with a known tobacco answer; interval from a bootstrap over states"
  },
  "slope_pts_2024": {
    "ci": [
      1.7,
      3.4
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "2.4",
    "estimand": "state fixed-effects slope of the smoking share (percent) on log2 county income, births-weighted; bootstrap interval over states",
    "n": 45,
    "nUnit": "states",
    "note": "County median household income is the Census SAIPE estimate for 2022 as reported in the County Health Rankings 2024 release; its year differs from the births, which are from 2018 to 2024.",
    "period": "2024",
    "population": "live births with a known tobacco answer in the large counties that CDC WONDER names in every year, leaving out California and the counties with a withheld smoking count; slope within states",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "percentage points per doubling of county median household income",
    "value": 2.38615,
    "weights": "births with a known tobacco answer; interval from a bootstrap over states"
  },
  "slope_pts_change": {
    "ci": [
      1.7,
      3.7
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "2.5",
    "estimand": "rise from 2018 to 2024 in the state fixed-effects slope in points (a shallower slope), births-weighted; shared bootstrap draws over states",
    "n": 45,
    "nUnit": "states",
    "note": "County median household income is the Census SAIPE estimate for 2022 as reported in the County Health Rankings 2024 release; its year differs from the births, which are from 2018 to 2024.",
    "period": "2018 to 2024",
    "population": "live births with a known tobacco answer in the large counties that CDC WONDER names in every year, leaving out California and the counties with a withheld smoking count; slope within states",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "percentage points per doubling of county median household income",
    "value": 2.50111,
    "weights": "births with a known tobacco answer; interval from a bootstrap over states"
  },
  "slope_within_u": {
    "ci": [
      5.1,
      8.2
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "6.6",
    "estimand": "state fixed-effects slope of the smoking share (percent) on log2 county income, each county counts once; bootstrap interval over states",
    "n": 45,
    "nUnit": "states",
    "note": "County median household income is the Census SAIPE estimate for 2022 as reported in the County Health Rankings 2024 release; its year differs from the births, which are from 2018 to 2024.",
    "period": "births in 2018 to 2024",
    "population": "live births with a known tobacco answer in the large counties that CDC WONDER names in every year, leaving out California and the counties with a withheld smoking count; slope within states",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "percentage points per doubling of county median household income",
    "value": 6.62748,
    "weights": "none (each county counts once); interval from a bootstrap over states"
  },
  "slope_within_w": {
    "ci": [
      2.7,
      5.5
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "3.9",
    "estimand": "state fixed-effects slope of the smoking share (percent) on log2 county income, weighted by births with a known tobacco answer; bootstrap interval over states",
    "n": 45,
    "nUnit": "states",
    "note": "County median household income is the Census SAIPE estimate for 2022 as reported in the County Health Rankings 2024 release; its year differs from the births, which are from 2018 to 2024.",
    "period": "births in 2018 to 2024",
    "population": "live births with a known tobacco answer in the large counties that CDC WONDER names in every year, leaving out California and the counties with a withheld smoking count; slope within states",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "percentage points per doubling of county median household income",
    "value": 3.87661,
    "weights": "births with a known tobacco answer; interval from a bootstrap over states"
  },
  "small_slope": {
    "ci": [
      6.3,
      10.2
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "8.3",
    "estimand": "state fixed-effects slope among the smaller half of counties by births with a known answer, each county counting once; bootstrap interval over states",
    "n": 42,
    "nUnit": "states",
    "note": "County median household income is the Census SAIPE estimate for 2022 as reported in the County Health Rankings 2024 release; its year differs from the births, which are from 2018 to 2024.",
    "period": "births in 2018 to 2024",
    "population": "live births with a known tobacco answer in the large counties that CDC WONDER names in every year, leaving out California and the counties with a withheld smoking count; the smaller half of counties by births",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "percentage points per doubling of county median household income",
    "value": 8.27193,
    "weights": "none (each county counts once); interval from a bootstrap over states"
  },
  "split_diff": {
    "ci": [
      2.5,
      6.6
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "4.6",
    "estimand": "within-state slope among the larger half of counties minus the slope among the smaller half (a shallower slope in the larger half), each county counting once; shared bootstrap draws over states",
    "n": 49,
    "nUnit": "states",
    "note": "County median household income is the Census SAIPE estimate for 2022 as reported in the County Health Rankings 2024 release; its year differs from the births, which are from 2018 to 2024.",
    "period": "births in 2018 to 2024",
    "population": "live births with a known tobacco answer in the large counties that CDC WONDER names in every year, leaving out California and the counties with a withheld smoking count",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "percentage points per doubling of county median household income",
    "value": 4.60851,
    "weights": "none (each county counts once); interval from a bootstrap over states"
  },
  "states_above": {
    "display": "0",
    "estimand": "count of states whose 95% interval lies above zero, counties weighted by births",
    "note": "County median household income is the Census SAIPE estimate for 2022 as reported in the County Health Rankings 2024 release; its year differs from the births, which are from 2018 to 2024.",
    "period": "births in 2018 to 2024",
    "population": "states with a slope of their own",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "states",
    "value": 0,
    "weights": "none (full count)"
  },
  "states_above_u": {
    "display": "0",
    "estimand": "count of states whose 95% interval lies above zero, each county counting once",
    "note": "County median household income is the Census SAIPE estimate for 2022 as reported in the County Health Rankings 2024 release; its year differs from the births, which are from 2018 to 2024.",
    "period": "births in 2018 to 2024",
    "population": "states with a slope of their own",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "states",
    "value": 0,
    "weights": "none (full count)"
  },
  "states_below": {
    "display": "10",
    "estimand": "count of states whose 95% interval lies below zero, counties weighted by births",
    "note": "County median household income is the Census SAIPE estimate for 2022 as reported in the County Health Rankings 2024 release; its year differs from the births, which are from 2018 to 2024.",
    "period": "births in 2018 to 2024",
    "population": "states with a slope of their own",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "states",
    "value": 10,
    "weights": "none (full count)"
  },
  "states_below_prop": {
    "display": "8",
    "estimand": "count of states whose 95% interval for the slope in proportion lies below zero, counties weighted by births",
    "note": "County median household income is the Census SAIPE estimate for 2022 as reported in the County Health Rankings 2024 release; its year differs from the births, which are from 2018 to 2024.",
    "period": "births in 2018 to 2024",
    "population": "states with a slope of their own",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "states",
    "value": 8,
    "weights": "none (full count)"
  },
  "states_below_prop_u": {
    "display": "12",
    "estimand": "count of states whose 95% interval for the slope in proportion lies below zero, each county counting once",
    "note": "County median household income is the Census SAIPE estimate for 2022 as reported in the County Health Rankings 2024 release; its year differs from the births, which are from 2018 to 2024.",
    "period": "births in 2018 to 2024",
    "population": "states with a slope of their own",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "states",
    "value": 12,
    "weights": "none (full count)"
  },
  "states_below_u": {
    "display": "12",
    "estimand": "count of states whose 95% interval lies below zero, each county counting once",
    "note": "County median household income is the Census SAIPE estimate for 2022 as reported in the County Health Rankings 2024 release; its year differs from the births, which are from 2018 to 2024.",
    "period": "births in 2018 to 2024",
    "population": "states with a slope of their own",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "states",
    "value": 12,
    "weights": "none (full count)"
  },
  "states_cut_hi": {
    "display": "23",
    "estimand": "count of states with a slope of their own",
    "note": "County median household income is the Census SAIPE estimate for 2022 as reported in the County Health Rankings 2024 release; its year differs from the births, which are from 2018 to 2024.",
    "period": "births in 2018 to 2024",
    "population": "states at the largest cutoff",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "states",
    "value": 23,
    "weights": "none (full count)"
  },
  "states_cut_lo": {
    "display": "41",
    "estimand": "count of states with a slope of their own",
    "note": "County median household income is the Census SAIPE estimate for 2022 as reported in the County Health Rankings 2024 release; its year differs from the births, which are from 2018 to 2024.",
    "period": "births in 2018 to 2024",
    "population": "states at the smallest cutoff",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "states",
    "value": 41,
    "weights": "none (full count)"
  },
  "states_k": {
    "display": "26",
    "estimand": "count of states with a slope of their own",
    "note": "County median household income is the Census SAIPE estimate for 2022 as reported in the County Health Rankings 2024 release; its year differs from the births, which are from 2018 to 2024.",
    "period": "births in 2018 to 2024",
    "population": "states with enough complete counties for a slope of their own",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "states",
    "value": 26,
    "weights": "none (full count)"
  },
  "states_neg": {
    "display": "26",
    "estimand": "count of states whose estimated slope is below zero, counties weighted by births",
    "note": "County median household income is the Census SAIPE estimate for 2022 as reported in the County Health Rankings 2024 release; its year differs from the births, which are from 2018 to 2024.",
    "period": "births in 2018 to 2024",
    "population": "states with a slope of their own",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "states",
    "value": 26,
    "weights": "none (full count)"
  },
  "states_neg_prop": {
    "display": "25",
    "estimand": "count of states whose estimated slope in proportion is below zero, counties weighted by births",
    "note": "County median household income is the Census SAIPE estimate for 2022 as reported in the County Health Rankings 2024 release; its year differs from the births, which are from 2018 to 2024.",
    "period": "births in 2018 to 2024",
    "population": "states with a slope of their own",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "states",
    "value": 25,
    "weights": "none (full count)"
  },
  "states_neg_prop_u": {
    "display": "26",
    "estimand": "count of states whose estimated slope in proportion is below zero, each county counting once",
    "note": "County median household income is the Census SAIPE estimate for 2022 as reported in the County Health Rankings 2024 release; its year differs from the births, which are from 2018 to 2024.",
    "period": "births in 2018 to 2024",
    "population": "states with a slope of their own",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "states",
    "value": 26,
    "weights": "none (full count)"
  },
  "states_neg_u": {
    "display": "26",
    "estimand": "count of states whose estimated slope is below zero, each county counting once",
    "note": "County median household income is the Census SAIPE estimate for 2022 as reported in the County Health Rankings 2024 release; its year differs from the births, which are from 2018 to 2024.",
    "period": "births in 2018 to 2024",
    "population": "states with a slope of their own",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "states",
    "value": 26,
    "weights": "none (full count)"
  },
  "tau_pu": {
    "ci": [
      1.6,
      3.6
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "3.0",
    "estimand": "DerSimonian-Laird standard deviation of the true state slopes in points, each county counts once; percentile interval from resampling states",
    "n": 26,
    "nUnit": "states",
    "note": "County median household income is the Census SAIPE estimate for 2022 as reported in the County Health Rankings 2024 release; its year differs from the births, which are from 2018 to 2024.",
    "period": "births in 2018 to 2024",
    "population": "states with a slope of their own",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "percentage points per doubling of county median household income",
    "value": 2.97929,
    "weights": "none (each county counts once)"
  },
  "tau_pw": {
    "ci": [
      0,
      2.7
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "1.9",
    "estimand": "DerSimonian-Laird standard deviation of the true state slopes in points, weighted by births with a known tobacco answer; percentile interval from resampling states",
    "n": 26,
    "nUnit": "states",
    "note": "County median household income is the Census SAIPE estimate for 2022 as reported in the County Health Rankings 2024 release; its year differs from the births, which are from 2018 to 2024.",
    "period": "births in 2018 to 2024",
    "population": "states with a slope of their own",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "percentage points per doubling of county median household income",
    "value": 1.88383,
    "weights": "births with a known tobacco answer"
  },
  "tau_ru": {
    "ci": [
      0,
      7
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "2.7%",
    "estimand": "DerSimonian-Laird standard deviation of the true state slopes of ln share, each county counts once, converted at the 10 percent step; percentile interval from resampling states",
    "n": 26,
    "nUnit": "states",
    "note": "County median household income is the Census SAIPE estimate for 2022 as reported in the County Health Rankings 2024 release; its year differs from the births, which are from 2018 to 2024.",
    "period": "births in 2018 to 2024",
    "population": "states with a slope of their own",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "percent of the smoking share for a 10 percent higher county median household income",
    "value": 2.66211,
    "weights": "none (each county counts once)"
  },
  "tau_rw": {
    "ci": [
      0,
      6.5
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "2.1%",
    "estimand": "DerSimonian-Laird standard deviation of the true state slopes of ln share, weighted by births with a known tobacco answer, converted at the 10 percent step; percentile interval from resampling states",
    "n": 26,
    "nUnit": "states",
    "note": "County median household income is the Census SAIPE estimate for 2022 as reported in the County Health Rankings 2024 release; its year differs from the births, which are from 2018 to 2024.",
    "period": "births in 2018 to 2024",
    "population": "states with a slope of their own",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "percent of the smoking share for a 10 percent higher county median household income",
    "value": 2.13193,
    "weights": "births with a known tobacco answer"
  },
  "terc_1_2018": {
    "ci": [
      7.3,
      9.2
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "8.2%",
    "estimand": "pooled share of births to mothers who reported smoking in a third of counties by income; bootstrap interval over counties",
    "n": 176,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "County median household income is the Census SAIPE estimate for 2022 as reported in the County Health Rankings 2024 release; its year differs from the births, which are from 2018 to 2024.",
    "period": "2018",
    "population": "live births with a known tobacco answer in the large counties that CDC WONDER names in every year, leaving out California and the counties with a withheld smoking count; the lowest-income third of the complete counties by median household income",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "percent of births with a known answer",
    "value": 8.17796,
    "weights": "none (full counts of births); interval from a bootstrap over counties"
  },
  "terc_1_2024": {
    "ci": [
      2.9,
      3.7
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "3.3%",
    "estimand": "pooled share of births to mothers who reported smoking in a third of counties by income; bootstrap interval over counties",
    "n": 176,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "County median household income is the Census SAIPE estimate for 2022 as reported in the County Health Rankings 2024 release; its year differs from the births, which are from 2018 to 2024.",
    "period": "2024",
    "population": "live births with a known tobacco answer in the large counties that CDC WONDER names in every year, leaving out California and the counties with a withheld smoking count; the lowest-income third of the complete counties by median household income",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "percent of births with a known answer",
    "value": 3.27161,
    "weights": "none (full counts of births); interval from a bootstrap over counties"
  },
  "terc_2_2018": {
    "ci": [
      4.4,
      6.7
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "5.5%",
    "estimand": "pooled share of births to mothers who reported smoking in a third of counties by income; bootstrap interval over counties",
    "n": 177,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "County median household income is the Census SAIPE estimate for 2022 as reported in the County Health Rankings 2024 release; its year differs from the births, which are from 2018 to 2024.",
    "period": "2018",
    "population": "live births with a known tobacco answer in the large counties that CDC WONDER names in every year, leaving out California and the counties with a withheld smoking count; the middle third of the complete counties by median household income",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "percent of births with a known answer",
    "value": 5.46569,
    "weights": "none (full counts of births); interval from a bootstrap over counties"
  },
  "terc_2_2024": {
    "ci": [
      1.5,
      2.3
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "1.9%",
    "estimand": "pooled share of births to mothers who reported smoking in a third of counties by income; bootstrap interval over counties",
    "n": 177,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "County median household income is the Census SAIPE estimate for 2022 as reported in the County Health Rankings 2024 release; its year differs from the births, which are from 2018 to 2024.",
    "period": "2024",
    "population": "live births with a known tobacco answer in the large counties that CDC WONDER names in every year, leaving out California and the counties with a withheld smoking count; the middle third of the complete counties by median household income",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "percent of births with a known answer",
    "value": 1.88768,
    "weights": "none (full counts of births); interval from a bootstrap over counties"
  },
  "terc_3_2018": {
    "ci": [
      3.2,
      4
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "3.6%",
    "estimand": "pooled share of births to mothers who reported smoking in a third of counties by income; bootstrap interval over counties",
    "n": 177,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "County median household income is the Census SAIPE estimate for 2022 as reported in the County Health Rankings 2024 release; its year differs from the births, which are from 2018 to 2024.",
    "period": "2018",
    "population": "live births with a known tobacco answer in the large counties that CDC WONDER names in every year, leaving out California and the counties with a withheld smoking count; the highest-income third of the complete counties by median household income",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "percent of births with a known answer",
    "value": 3.60694,
    "weights": "none (full counts of births); interval from a bootstrap over counties"
  },
  "terc_3_2024": {
    "ci": [
      1,
      1.3
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "1.1%",
    "estimand": "pooled share of births to mothers who reported smoking in a third of counties by income; bootstrap interval over counties",
    "n": 177,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "County median household income is the Census SAIPE estimate for 2022 as reported in the County Health Rankings 2024 release; its year differs from the births, which are from 2018 to 2024.",
    "period": "2024",
    "population": "live births with a known tobacco answer in the large counties that CDC WONDER names in every year, leaving out California and the counties with a withheld smoking count; the highest-income third of the complete counties by median household income",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "percent of births with a known answer",
    "value": 1.12611,
    "weights": "none (full counts of births); interval from a bootstrap over counties"
  },
  "unk_cells": {
    "display": "3,710",
    "estimand": "count of cells",
    "note": "",
    "period": "births in 2018 to 2024",
    "population": "Unknown or Not Stated cells of the complete counties",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "county-year cells",
    "value": 3710,
    "weights": "none (full count)"
  },
  "unk_cells_w": {
    "display": "1,794",
    "estimand": "count of Unknown or Not Stated cells withheld for holding 1 to 9 births",
    "note": "",
    "period": "births in 2018 to 2024",
    "population": "Unknown or Not Stated cells of the complete counties",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "county-year cells",
    "value": 1794,
    "weights": "none (full count)"
  },
  "unk_pub_share": {
    "display": "0.4%",
    "estimand": "share of births in published Unknown or Not Stated cells",
    "n": 530,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "",
    "period": "births in 2018 to 2024",
    "population": "live births in the complete counties",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "percent of live births",
    "value": 0.399312,
    "weights": "none (full count)"
  },
  "unk_w_max_share": {
    "display": "0.1%",
    "estimand": "largest share of births the withheld Unknown or Not Stated cells could hold, at 9 births each",
    "note": "",
    "period": "births in 2018 to 2024",
    "population": "live births in the complete counties",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "percent of live births",
    "value": 0.0939332,
    "weights": "none (full count)"
  },
  "va_dropped": {
    "display": "4",
    "estimand": "count of counties left out for a withheld smoking count",
    "note": "",
    "period": "births in 2018 to 2024",
    "population": "Virginia counties among the named counties",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "counties",
    "value": 4,
    "weights": "none (full count)"
  },
  "va_named": {
    "display": "15",
    "estimand": "count of counties",
    "note": "",
    "period": "births in 2018 to 2024",
    "population": "Virginia counties among the named counties",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "counties",
    "value": 15,
    "weights": "none (full count)"
  },
  "weight_diff": {
    "ci": [
      1.3,
      3.9
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "2.8",
    "estimand": "within-state slope weighted by births minus the within-state slope with each county counting once (a shallower slope); shared bootstrap draws over states",
    "n": 45,
    "nUnit": "states",
    "note": "County median household income is the Census SAIPE estimate for 2022 as reported in the County Health Rankings 2024 release; its year differs from the births, which are from 2018 to 2024.",
    "period": "births in 2018 to 2024",
    "population": "live births with a known tobacco answer in the large counties that CDC WONDER names in every year, leaving out California and the counties with a withheld smoking count",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "percentage points per doubling of county median household income",
    "value": 2.75086,
    "weights": "births with a known tobacco answer and none (each county counts once); interval from a bootstrap over states"
  },
  "within_minus_pooled_u": {
    "ci": [
      -1.3,
      0.5
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "−0.4",
    "estimand": "within-state slope minus the least-squares slope across the counties of the same states with two or more counties, each county counts once; shared bootstrap draws over states",
    "n": 45,
    "nUnit": "states",
    "note": "County median household income is the Census SAIPE estimate for 2022 as reported in the County Health Rankings 2024 release; its year differs from the births, which are from 2018 to 2024. The comparison slope uses only the states with two or more counties, so it differs a little from the slope across all counties printed beside it.",
    "period": "births in 2018 to 2024",
    "population": "live births with a known tobacco answer in the large counties that CDC WONDER names in every year, leaving out California and the counties with a withheld smoking count",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "percentage points per doubling of county median household income",
    "value": -0.37341,
    "weights": "none (each county counts once); interval from a bootstrap over states"
  },
  "within_minus_pooled_w": {
    "ci": [
      -0.7,
      1.1
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+0.3",
    "estimand": "within-state slope minus the least-squares slope across the counties of the same states with two or more counties, weighted by births with a known tobacco answer; shared bootstrap draws over states",
    "n": 45,
    "nUnit": "states",
    "note": "County median household income is the Census SAIPE estimate for 2022 as reported in the County Health Rankings 2024 release; its year differs from the births, which are from 2018 to 2024. The comparison slope uses only the states with two or more counties, so it differs a little from the slope across all counties printed beside it.",
    "period": "births in 2018 to 2024",
    "population": "live births with a known tobacco answer in the large counties that CDC WONDER names in every year, leaving out California and the counties with a withheld smoking count",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "percentage points per doubling of county median household income",
    "value": 0.257602,
    "weights": "births with a known tobacco answer; interval from a bootstrap over states"
  },
  "wonder_suppression_floor": {
    "display": "10",
    "estimand": "a cell with fewer births than this is withheld (a definition)",
    "note": "",
    "period": "all years (a definition)",
    "population": "the counties and cells of CDC WONDER natality",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "births",
    "value": 10,
    "weights": "none (definition)"
  },
  "wonder_threshold": {
    "display": "100,000",
    "estimand": "population size at which WONDER natality names a county (a definition)",
    "note": "",
    "period": "all years (a definition)",
    "population": "the counties and cells of CDC WONDER natality",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "residents",
    "value": 100000,
    "weights": "none (definition)"
  },
  "x_range_median": {
    "display": "0.9",
    "estimand": "median across states of the span between the highest and the lowest county median household income, in doublings (log2)",
    "n": 26,
    "nUnit": "states",
    "note": "County median household income is the Census SAIPE estimate for 2022 as reported in the County Health Rankings 2024 release; its year differs from the births, which are from 2018 to 2024.",
    "period": "income for 2022",
    "population": "large counties in the states with a slope of their own",
    "source": "chr",
    "unit": "doublings of county median household income",
    "value": 0.912493,
    "weights": "none (each state counts once)"
  },
  "yes_w_ca": {
    "display": "33",
    "estimand": "count of Yes cells withheld",
    "note": "",
    "period": "births in 2018 to 2024",
    "population": "Yes cells of the California counties",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "county-year cells",
    "value": 33,
    "weights": "none (full count)"
  },
  "yes_w_dropped": {
    "display": "35",
    "estimand": "count of Yes cells withheld",
    "note": "",
    "period": "births in 2018 to 2024",
    "population": "Yes cells of the named counties outside California that have a withheld cell",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "county-year cells",
    "value": 35,
    "weights": "none (full count)"
  },
  "yes_w_total": {
    "display": "68",
    "estimand": "count of Yes cells withheld for holding 1 to 9 births",
    "note": "",
    "period": "births in 2018 to 2024",
    "population": "Yes cells of the named counties",
    "source": "wonder-natality",
    "unit": "county-year cells",
    "value": 68,
    "weights": "none (full count)"
  }
}