{
  "alt": "A figure with two tabs. The first is a grouped bar chart of the rate at four stages of exclusion in each third of districts relative to the least deprived third, with every most deprived bar above one. The second is a table of the rates per thousand students behind it.",
  "caption": "The first tab compares the thirds of districts on one scale and the second gives the rates behind it. Suspension is the widest stage, and the deeper stages are rare and concentrated in a minority of districts.",
  "data": [],
  "id": "exclusion_funnel",
  "notes": [
    "Thirds hold equal numbers of the {fact:fn_n} districts that report all four counts. Each count is students at that stage, summed over a district's schools, not students followed from one stage to the next. Expulsions are students expelled with or without educational services; the zero-tolerance expulsions are a subset of those and are not added.",
    "The Civil Rights Data Collection for the 2020-2021 school year was disrupted by remote and hybrid teaching, and districts report their own counts, so the levels describe an unusual year. Suppressed school cells add nothing to a district's sum.",
    "Intervals resample counties; the rates are full counts reported by districts and carry no sampling interval for a single district."
  ],
  "source": "Civil Rights Data Collection, 2020-2021 school year, and Area Deprivation Index, 2023; enrollment-weighted district rates, full counts reported by districts",
  "spec": {
    "panels": [
      {
        "figure": {
          "alt": "Grouped bar chart of four stages of exclusion, with three bars for each stage showing the rate in the least deprived, middle and most deprived third of districts relative to the least deprived third. The least deprived bar sits at one in every stage, and the middle and most deprived bars are above it in all four, with the most deprived bar the tallest for suspensions and expulsions.",
          "caption": "For every stage, the bars for the middle and the most deprived thirds stand above the line at one, and for suspensions and expulsions the most deprived third has the tallest bar. Each bar is the pooled rate per student enrolled in the districts of that group divided by the rate in the least deprived third, with a 95% interval from a bootstrap over counties.",
          "data": [
            {
              "conf_high": null,
              "conf_low": null,
              "n": 3393,
              "ratio": 1,
              "stage": "Out-of-school suspension",
              "tercile": "Least deprived third"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 2.6,
              "conf_low": 1.9,
              "n": 3394,
              "ratio": 2.22,
              "stage": "Out-of-school suspension",
              "tercile": "Middle third"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 3.03,
              "conf_low": 2.23,
              "n": 3394,
              "ratio": 2.6,
              "stage": "Out-of-school suspension",
              "tercile": "Most deprived third"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": null,
              "conf_low": null,
              "n": 3393,
              "ratio": 1,
              "stage": "Expulsion",
              "tercile": "Least deprived third"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 3.15,
              "conf_low": 1.62,
              "n": 3394,
              "ratio": 2.24,
              "stage": "Expulsion",
              "tercile": "Middle third"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 3.83,
              "conf_low": 1.94,
              "n": 3394,
              "ratio": 2.72,
              "stage": "Expulsion",
              "tercile": "Most deprived third"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": null,
              "conf_low": null,
              "n": 3393,
              "ratio": 1,
              "stage": "Referral to law enforcement",
              "tercile": "Least deprived third"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 2.04,
              "conf_low": 1.33,
              "n": 3394,
              "ratio": 1.65,
              "stage": "Referral to law enforcement",
              "tercile": "Middle third"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 1.91,
              "conf_low": 1.15,
              "n": 3394,
              "ratio": 1.46,
              "stage": "Referral to law enforcement",
              "tercile": "Most deprived third"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": null,
              "conf_low": null,
              "n": 3393,
              "ratio": 1,
              "stage": "School-related arrest",
              "tercile": "Least deprived third"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 2.97,
              "conf_low": 1.48,
              "n": 3394,
              "ratio": 2.1,
              "stage": "School-related arrest",
              "tercile": "Middle third"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 2.53,
              "conf_low": 1.24,
              "n": 3394,
              "ratio": 1.79,
              "stage": "School-related arrest",
              "tercile": "Most deprived third"
            }
          ],
          "id": "exclusion_ratio",
          "spec": {
            "category": "stage",
            "categoryLabel": "Stage of exclusion",
            "colors": {
              "Least deprived third": "muted",
              "Middle third": "accent",
              "Most deprived third": "highlight"
            },
            "format": {
              "digits": 1
            },
            "group": "tercile",
            "hi": "conf_high",
            "lo": "conf_low",
            "n": "n",
            "orientation": "v",
            "reference": 1,
            "referenceLabel": "Least deprived third",
            "sort": "data",
            "value": "ratio",
            "valueLabel": "Rate relative to the least deprived third of districts"
          },
          "subtitle": "Rate in each third of districts divided by the rate in the least deprived third, by stage of exclusion, 2020-21 school year",
          "title": "Each stage was more common in the most deprived third of districts, from {fact:ref_terc_x} times the rate in the least deprived third for law-enforcement referrals to {fact:exp_terc_x} times for expulsions",
          "type": "bar"
        },
        "label": "Relative to the least deprived third"
      },
      {
        "figure": {
          "alt": "Table with one row for each of four stages of exclusion and columns for the rate per thousand students in the least deprived third, the middle third, the most deprived third and all districts. The suspension row has the largest values and the arrest row the smallest.",
          "caption": "The table lists the pooled rate per student enrolled at each stage in each third of districts and in all of them. Rates at the deeper stages are small, so the first tab compares them with a common scale.",
          "data": [
            {
              "least": 9.85,
              "middle": 21.85,
              "most": 25.59,
              "overall": 16.27,
              "stage": "Out-of-school suspension"
            },
            {
              "least": 0.44,
              "middle": 0.99,
              "most": 1.2,
              "overall": 0.74,
              "stage": "Expulsion"
            },
            {
              "least": 1.35,
              "middle": 2.23,
              "most": 1.97,
              "overall": 1.73,
              "stage": "Referral to law enforcement"
            },
            {
              "least": 0.18,
              "middle": 0.37,
              "most": 0.32,
              "overall": 0.26,
              "stage": "School-related arrest"
            }
          ],
          "id": "exclusion_rates",
          "spec": {
            "columns": [
              {
                "key": "stage",
                "label": "Stage"
              },
              {
                "format": {
                  "digits": 2
                },
                "key": "least",
                "label": "Least deprived third"
              },
              {
                "format": {
                  "digits": 2
                },
                "key": "middle",
                "label": "Middle third"
              },
              {
                "format": {
                  "digits": 2
                },
                "key": "most",
                "label": "Most deprived third"
              },
              {
                "format": {
                  "digits": 2
                },
                "key": "overall",
                "label": "All districts"
              }
            ]
          },
          "subtitle": "Students per 1,000 enrolled at each stage, pooled over districts, by third of districts ranked on deprivation, 2020-21 school year",
          "title": "Suspension was the widest stage, at {fact:fn_oss} per thousand students, against {fact:fn_ref} for referrals to law enforcement, {fact:fn_exp} for expulsions and {fact:fn_arr} for arrests",
          "type": "table"
        },
        "label": "Rates per 1,000 students"
      }
    ]
  },
  "subtitle": "Four stages of exclusion from out-of-school suspension to school-related arrest, districts ranked on deprivation, 2020-21 school year",
  "title": "Every stage of school exclusion was more common in the most deprived third of districts than in the least deprived third",
  "type": "tabs"
}