{
  "alt": "Dot plot of seven correlations with county upward mobility, sorted from largest to smallest. Economic connectedness and exposure to high-income friends are close to {fact:ec_r} with narrow intervals, friending bias is negative, and network clustering, support ratio, volunteering and civic organizations lie close to zero or below.",
  "caption": "The two measures of contact across incomes, economic connectedness and exposure to high-income friends, sit furthest to the right, and the civic and cohesion measures sit close to zero or below it. Each dot is a population-weighted correlation across counties, with a 95% interval from a bootstrap over counties; the number of counties is in the tooltip.",
  "data": [
    {
      "conf_high": 0.741,
      "conf_low": 0.644,
      "estimate": 0.693,
      "group": "Contact across incomes",
      "measure": "Economic connectedness",
      "n": 2942
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.734,
      "conf_low": 0.65,
      "estimate": 0.695,
      "group": "Contact across incomes",
      "measure": "Exposure to high-income friends",
      "n": 2939
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.076,
      "conf_low": -0.316,
      "estimate": -0.192,
      "group": "Contact across incomes",
      "measure": "Friending bias",
      "n": 2939
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.117,
      "conf_low": -0.012,
      "estimate": 0.052,
      "group": "Cohesion",
      "measure": "Network clustering",
      "n": 2983
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.168,
      "conf_low": -0.332,
      "estimate": -0.254,
      "group": "Cohesion",
      "measure": "Support ratio",
      "n": 2983
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.253,
      "conf_low": 0.121,
      "estimate": 0.187,
      "group": "Civic life",
      "measure": "Volunteering rate",
      "n": 2983
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.138,
      "conf_low": -0.011,
      "estimate": 0.062,
      "group": "Civic life",
      "measure": "Civic organizations",
      "n": 2983
    }
  ],
  "id": "connectedness_horse_race",
  "notes": [
    "Economic connectedness is built from Facebook friendships among active users in 2022, while the mobility ranks describe children who grew up in the 1980s and 1990s, so the correlation links a recent network measure to an earlier cohort.",
    "Intervals resample whole counties. Counties in one state tend to resemble each other, and resampling whole states gives a wider interval for every measure.",
    "Counties with a missing measure drop out of that row only, so the number of counties differs by row."
  ],
  "source": "Social Capital Atlas county measures, 2022, and Opportunity Atlas county outcomes, 1978-1983 birth cohorts; population-weighted (2018 county population)",
  "spec": {
    "colors": {
      "Civic life": "cat3",
      "Cohesion": "cat2",
      "Contact across incomes": "cat1"
    },
    "group": "group",
    "hi": "conf_high",
    "lo": "conf_low",
    "n": "n",
    "reference": 0,
    "referenceLabel": "No correlation",
    "sort": "desc",
    "x": "estimate",
    "xDomain": [
      -0.5,
      1
    ],
    "xFormat": {
      "digits": 2,
      "signed": true
    },
    "xLabel": "Correlation with county upward mobility",
    "y": "measure"
  },
  "subtitle": "Population-weighted correlation of each Social Capital Atlas county measure with the mean adult income rank of children from low-income families",
  "title": "Across counties, economic connectedness correlates {fact:ec_r} with upward mobility, more than any civic or cohesion measure",
  "type": "dot",
  "width": "wide"
}