{
  "alt": "A figure with three tabs. The first is a line chart of the mean ladder score falling across ten deciles of county and ZIP-area deprivation. The second is a line chart of the cell-adjusted score, which ends higher than it starts. The third is a dot plot of the gap after six successive adjustments, negative at first, positive once nominal household income enters and near zero or below once county rent enters.",
  "caption": "The first tab shows the ladder falling with deprivation, the second shows the same comparison among respondents with the same characteristics and nominal household income, and the third shows how the gap changes as age, sex, education, race, household income and county rent enter. Respondents are people, but the deprivation measures describe their county or ZIP area, so the comparison describes who lives where as well as what places are like, and the data cannot separate a place difference from a price difference.",
  "data": [],
  "id": "ladder_by_deprivation",
  "notes": [
    "Gallup's extract has no survey weights, so every estimate is unweighted and levels can differ from the weighted figures Gallup publishes. County comes from the respondent's ZIP code and is approximate near county lines. The ladder is the evaluative measure and the feelings are experiential measures; they are never combined into one index.",
    "Deciles are cut once on every interview that has the deprivation measure, so each holds about a tenth of interviews and every item uses the same cut points. County deprivation is the mean of the tract Area Deprivation Index national ranks (1 = least deprived), weighted by tract population. The ZIP code is treated as the ZCTA of the same number, whose index is an area-weighted approximation; Connecticut has no ZCTAs in the project files and drops out of the ZIP-area line.",
    "The second and third tabs use one sample at every step, the interviews that report age, sex, race, education, household income and a county rent. Education has three levels and ages above the oldest five-year band share it. Household income is in nominal dollars and does not reflect differences in the cost of living across counties; the top bracket has no upper limit.",
    "The rent step adds a quintile of the county's HUD two-bedroom Fair Market Rent for fiscal year 2025, which stands in for relative price levels in the interview years. Counties in a metro share the metro's rent. Where the rent is allowed for, the data cannot separate a place difference from a price difference."
  ],
  "source": "Gallup U.S. Daily, ladder 2009-2017; unweighted, intervals clustered by county; Area Deprivation Index 2023 and ACS 2019-2023 tract population joined on the respondent's county or ZIP code; unweighted",
  "spec": {
    "panels": [
      {
        "figure": {
          "alt": "Line chart of the mean ladder score across ten deciles of deprivation, one line for the respondent's county and one for the respondent's ZIP area. Both fall from the least deprived decile on the left to the most deprived on the right, the ZIP-area line from {fact:ladder_d1_zip} to {fact:ladder_d10_zip} and the county line from {fact:ladder_d1_county} to {fact:ladder_d10_county}.",
          "caption": "Both lines fall from the least to the most deprived tenth, and the ZIP-area line falls further. Each point is an unweighted mean for about a tenth of interviews with a 95% interval clustered by county.",
          "data": [
            {
              "conf_high": 7.231,
              "conf_low": 7.109,
              "decile": 1,
              "estimate": 7.17,
              "n": 218776,
              "n_units": 45,
              "place": "County deprivation"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 7.173,
              "conf_low": 7.094,
              "decile": 2,
              "estimate": 7.134,
              "n": 220210,
              "n_units": 85,
              "place": "County deprivation"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 7.148,
              "conf_low": 7.075,
              "decile": 3,
              "estimate": 7.112,
              "n": 225715,
              "n_units": 110,
              "place": "County deprivation"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 7.138,
              "conf_low": 7.07,
              "decile": 4,
              "estimate": 7.104,
              "n": 215982,
              "n_units": 134,
              "place": "County deprivation"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 7.123,
              "conf_low": 7.074,
              "decile": 5,
              "estimate": 7.099,
              "n": 220790,
              "n_units": 168,
              "place": "County deprivation"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 7.123,
              "conf_low": 7.062,
              "decile": 6,
              "estimate": 7.092,
              "n": 223139,
              "n_units": 198,
              "place": "County deprivation"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 7.084,
              "conf_low": 7.031,
              "decile": 7,
              "estimate": 7.057,
              "n": 222438,
              "n_units": 266,
              "place": "County deprivation"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 7.058,
              "conf_low": 7.016,
              "decile": 8,
              "estimate": 7.037,
              "n": 223727,
              "n_units": 350,
              "place": "County deprivation"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 6.998,
              "conf_low": 6.962,
              "decile": 9,
              "estimate": 6.98,
              "n": 222937,
              "n_units": 563,
              "place": "County deprivation"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 6.944,
              "conf_low": 6.912,
              "decile": 10,
              "estimate": 6.928,
              "n": 223260,
              "n_units": 1205,
              "place": "County deprivation"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 7.337,
              "conf_low": 7.239,
              "decile": 1,
              "estimate": 7.288,
              "n": 213516,
              "n_units": 203,
              "place": "ZIP-area deprivation"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 7.244,
              "conf_low": 7.148,
              "decile": 2,
              "estimate": 7.196,
              "n": 215235,
              "n_units": 343,
              "place": "ZIP-area deprivation"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 7.188,
              "conf_low": 7.133,
              "decile": 3,
              "estimate": 7.16,
              "n": 217052,
              "n_units": 465,
              "place": "ZIP-area deprivation"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 7.151,
              "conf_low": 7.1,
              "decile": 4,
              "estimate": 7.125,
              "n": 217305,
              "n_units": 614,
              "place": "ZIP-area deprivation"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 7.123,
              "conf_low": 7.079,
              "decile": 5,
              "estimate": 7.101,
              "n": 216938,
              "n_units": 767,
              "place": "ZIP-area deprivation"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 7.074,
              "conf_low": 7.033,
              "decile": 6,
              "estimate": 7.053,
              "n": 217457,
              "n_units": 964,
              "place": "ZIP-area deprivation"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 7.04,
              "conf_low": 7.01,
              "decile": 7,
              "estimate": 7.025,
              "n": 217491,
              "n_units": 1197,
              "place": "ZIP-area deprivation"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 6.998,
              "conf_low": 6.97,
              "decile": 8,
              "estimate": 6.984,
              "n": 217224,
              "n_units": 1451,
              "place": "ZIP-area deprivation"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 6.932,
              "conf_low": 6.905,
              "decile": 9,
              "estimate": 6.919,
              "n": 217621,
              "n_units": 1656,
              "place": "ZIP-area deprivation"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 6.884,
              "conf_low": 6.847,
              "decile": 10,
              "estimate": 6.865,
              "n": 217263,
              "n_units": 1806,
              "place": "ZIP-area deprivation"
            }
          ],
          "id": "ladder_deciles",
          "spec": {
            "colors": {
              "County deprivation": "accent",
              "ZIP-area deprivation": "highlight"
            },
            "hi": "conf_high",
            "lo": "conf_low",
            "n": "n",
            "series": "place",
            "x": "decile",
            "xDomain": [
              1,
              10
            ],
            "xLabel": "Decile of deprivation (1 = least deprived tenth of interviews, 10 = most deprived)",
            "xTicks": "data",
            "y": "estimate",
            "yDomain": [
              6.6,
              7.4
            ],
            "yFormat": {
              "digits": 1
            },
            "yLabel": "Mean ladder score (0 to 10)"
          },
          "subtitle": "Unweighted mean Cantril ladder score by decile of the Area Deprivation Index of the respondent's county and of the respondent's ZIP area, Gallup U.S. Daily interviews 2009 to 2017",
          "title": "The ladder score falls from {fact:ladder_d1_county} to {fact:ladder_d10_county} across deciles of county deprivation and from {fact:ladder_d1_zip} to {fact:ladder_d10_zip} across deciles of ZIP-area deprivation",
          "type": "line"
        },
        "label": "As interviewed"
      },
      {
        "figure": {
          "alt": "Line chart of the cell-adjusted mean ladder score across ten deciles of deprivation, one line for county and one for ZIP area. Both lines end higher on the right than on the left, the county line from {fact:ladder_adj_d1_county} to {fact:ladder_adj_d10_county}.",
          "caption": "Both lines end higher than they start when household income is compared in nominal dollars. Each point is a mean of the ladder score minus the mean of the respondent's cell, plus the overall mean, with a 95% interval clustered by county.",
          "data": [
            {
              "conf_high": 6.995,
              "conf_low": 6.943,
              "decile": 1,
              "estimate": 6.969,
              "n": 173060,
              "n_units": 44,
              "place": "County deprivation"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 6.99,
              "conf_low": 6.931,
              "decile": 2,
              "estimate": 6.961,
              "n": 175650,
              "n_units": 85,
              "place": "County deprivation"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 7.015,
              "conf_low": 6.967,
              "decile": 3,
              "estimate": 6.991,
              "n": 179718,
              "n_units": 109,
              "place": "County deprivation"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 7.029,
              "conf_low": 6.98,
              "decile": 4,
              "estimate": 7.005,
              "n": 171208,
              "n_units": 134,
              "place": "County deprivation"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 7.043,
              "conf_low": 6.987,
              "decile": 5,
              "estimate": 7.015,
              "n": 174311,
              "n_units": 168,
              "place": "County deprivation"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 7.063,
              "conf_low": 7.031,
              "decile": 6,
              "estimate": 7.047,
              "n": 177633,
              "n_units": 198,
              "place": "County deprivation"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 7.068,
              "conf_low": 7.028,
              "decile": 7,
              "estimate": 7.048,
              "n": 176592,
              "n_units": 266,
              "place": "County deprivation"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 7.085,
              "conf_low": 7.05,
              "decile": 8,
              "estimate": 7.067,
              "n": 177789,
              "n_units": 350,
              "place": "County deprivation"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 7.089,
              "conf_low": 7.054,
              "decile": 9,
              "estimate": 7.072,
              "n": 176681,
              "n_units": 563,
              "place": "County deprivation"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 7.109,
              "conf_low": 7.084,
              "decile": 10,
              "estimate": 7.097,
              "n": 177139,
              "n_units": 1205,
              "place": "County deprivation"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 7.019,
              "conf_low": 6.966,
              "decile": 1,
              "estimate": 6.992,
              "n": 169075,
              "n_units": 199,
              "place": "ZIP-area deprivation"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 7.014,
              "conf_low": 6.968,
              "decile": 2,
              "estimate": 6.991,
              "n": 172355,
              "n_units": 337,
              "place": "ZIP-area deprivation"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 7.021,
              "conf_low": 6.985,
              "decile": 3,
              "estimate": 7.003,
              "n": 174458,
              "n_units": 454,
              "place": "ZIP-area deprivation"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 7.022,
              "conf_low": 6.991,
              "decile": 4,
              "estimate": 7.007,
              "n": 174430,
              "n_units": 607,
              "place": "ZIP-area deprivation"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 7.042,
              "conf_low": 7.012,
              "decile": 5,
              "estimate": 7.027,
              "n": 174417,
              "n_units": 755,
              "place": "ZIP-area deprivation"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 7.043,
              "conf_low": 7.013,
              "decile": 6,
              "estimate": 7.028,
              "n": 174768,
              "n_units": 954,
              "place": "ZIP-area deprivation"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 7.061,
              "conf_low": 7.036,
              "decile": 7,
              "estimate": 7.048,
              "n": 174854,
              "n_units": 1179,
              "place": "ZIP-area deprivation"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 7.061,
              "conf_low": 7.037,
              "decile": 8,
              "estimate": 7.049,
              "n": 174142,
              "n_units": 1432,
              "place": "ZIP-area deprivation"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 7.065,
              "conf_low": 7.042,
              "decile": 9,
              "estimate": 7.053,
              "n": 174544,
              "n_units": 1632,
              "place": "ZIP-area deprivation"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 7.079,
              "conf_low": 7.048,
              "decile": 10,
              "estimate": 7.064,
              "n": 174290,
              "n_units": 1781,
              "place": "ZIP-area deprivation"
            }
          ],
          "id": "ladder_deciles_adjusted",
          "spec": {
            "colors": {
              "County deprivation": "accent",
              "ZIP-area deprivation": "highlight"
            },
            "hi": "conf_high",
            "lo": "conf_low",
            "n": "n",
            "series": "place",
            "x": "decile",
            "xDomain": [
              1,
              10
            ],
            "xLabel": "Decile of deprivation (1 = least deprived tenth of interviews, 10 = most deprived)",
            "xTicks": "data",
            "y": "estimate",
            "yDomain": [
              6.6,
              7.4
            ],
            "yFormat": {
              "digits": 1
            },
            "yLabel": "Adjusted mean ladder score (0 to 10)"
          },
          "subtitle": "Mean ladder score after comparing respondents within cells of five-year age band, sex, race, three-level education and household income bracket, by decile of county and ZIP-area deprivation, 2009 to 2017",
          "title": "Among respondents of the same age, sex, race, education and nominal household income, the ladder score is {fact:ladder_adj_d10_county} in the most deprived county decile and {fact:ladder_adj_d1_county} in the least",
          "type": "line"
        },
        "label": "Same characteristics"
      },
      {
        "figure": {
          "alt": "Dot plot of the ladder gap between the most and least deprived tenth for six successive adjustments, each with a county dot and a ZIP-area dot. The gap is negative with no adjustment and with age and sex, smaller with education and race, positive when household income is added, and back near zero or below when county rent is added.",
          "caption": "Age and sex leave the gap about where it was, education narrows it, nominal household income turns it positive, and a quintile of county rent brings it back to about zero or below, at both place scales. Each dot is a difference of means with a 95% interval clustered by county, on the same interviews at every step.",
          "data": [
            {
              "conf_high": -0.205,
              "conf_low": -0.335,
              "estimate": -0.27,
              "n": 350199,
              "n_units": 1249,
              "place": "County deprivation",
              "step": "No adjustment"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": -0.234,
              "conf_low": -0.36,
              "estimate": -0.297,
              "n": 350199,
              "n_units": 1249,
              "place": "County deprivation",
              "step": "Same age and sex"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": -0.069,
              "conf_low": -0.151,
              "estimate": -0.11,
              "n": 350199,
              "n_units": 1249,
              "place": "County deprivation",
              "step": "Plus education"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": -0.039,
              "conf_low": -0.134,
              "estimate": -0.087,
              "n": 350199,
              "n_units": 1249,
              "place": "County deprivation",
              "step": "Plus race and ethnicity"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 0.157,
              "conf_low": 0.099,
              "estimate": 0.128,
              "n": 350199,
              "n_units": 1249,
              "place": "County deprivation",
              "step": "Plus household income"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 0.004,
              "conf_low": -0.054,
              "estimate": -0.025,
              "n": 350199,
              "n_units": 1249,
              "place": "County deprivation",
              "step": "Plus county rent level"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": -0.394,
              "conf_low": -0.499,
              "estimate": -0.446,
              "n": 343365,
              "n_units": 1917,
              "place": "ZIP-area deprivation",
              "step": "No adjustment"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": -0.413,
              "conf_low": -0.515,
              "estimate": -0.464,
              "n": 343365,
              "n_units": 1917,
              "place": "ZIP-area deprivation",
              "step": "Same age and sex"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": -0.166,
              "conf_low": -0.25,
              "estimate": -0.208,
              "n": 343365,
              "n_units": 1917,
              "place": "ZIP-area deprivation",
              "step": "Plus education"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": -0.156,
              "conf_low": -0.243,
              "estimate": -0.2,
              "n": 343365,
              "n_units": 1917,
              "place": "ZIP-area deprivation",
              "step": "Plus race and ethnicity"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 0.102,
              "conf_low": 0.04,
              "estimate": 0.071,
              "n": 343365,
              "n_units": 1917,
              "place": "ZIP-area deprivation",
              "step": "Plus household income"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": -0.034,
              "conf_low": -0.092,
              "estimate": -0.063,
              "n": 343365,
              "n_units": 1917,
              "place": "ZIP-area deprivation",
              "step": "Plus county rent level"
            }
          ],
          "id": "ladder_gap_steps",
          "spec": {
            "colors": {
              "County deprivation": "accent",
              "ZIP-area deprivation": "highlight"
            },
            "group": "place",
            "hi": "conf_high",
            "lo": "conf_low",
            "n": "n",
            "reference": 0,
            "referenceLabel": "No gap",
            "sort": "data",
            "x": "estimate",
            "xDomain": [
              -0.7,
              0.3
            ],
            "xFormat": {
              "digits": 2,
              "signed": true
            },
            "xLabel": "Ladder gap, most minus least deprived tenth (ladder points)",
            "y": "step"
          },
          "subtitle": "Difference in mean ladder score, most deprived minus least deprived tenth of interviews, after successive comparisons within cells of respondent characteristics, 2009 to 2017",
          "title": "The ladder gap between the most and least deprived county tenth narrows to {fact:step_edu_county} with education, turns to {fact:step_income_county} with nominal household income and is {fact:ladder_gap_rentq} once county rent levels enter",
          "type": "dot"
        },
        "label": "Gap after each adjustment"
      }
    ]
  },
  "subtitle": "Mean Cantril ladder score by decile of the deprivation of the respondent's county and ZIP area, as interviewed and after comparing respondents within cells, with the gap at each step",
  "title": "The ladder score is {fact:ladder_drop_county} points lower in the most deprived tenth of counties, {fact:ladder_gap_adj_county} points higher at the same nominal household income and other characteristics, and {fact:ladder_gap_rentq} once county rent levels also enter",
  "type": "tabs",
  "width": "wide"
}