{
  "alt": "Line chart of the ladder and five feelings in standard deviations across the household income brackets. The ladder score rises from below zero in the poorest bracket to above zero in the richest, physical pain and sadness fall by similar amounts, worry falls less, enjoyment rises, and stress stays near zero after the poorest bracket.",
  "caption": "The ladder rises most steeply with income, pain and sadness fall, enjoyment rises less, and stress changes little above the poorest bracket. Each point is an unweighted mean with a 95% interval clustered by county; the data table gives the raw ladder scores and shares.",
  "data": [
    {
      "bracket": 1,
      "conf_high": -0.399,
      "conf_low": -0.416,
      "estimate": -0.407,
      "measure": "Ladder now",
      "n": 373989,
      "n_units": 3123,
      "raw": 627.822
    },
    {
      "bracket": 2,
      "conf_high": -0.184,
      "conf_low": -0.195,
      "estimate": -0.189,
      "measure": "Ladder now",
      "n": 241269,
      "n_units": 3117,
      "raw": 670.23
    },
    {
      "bracket": 3,
      "conf_high": -0.063,
      "conf_low": -0.075,
      "estimate": -0.069,
      "measure": "Ladder now",
      "n": 209896,
      "n_units": 3103,
      "raw": 693.708
    },
    {
      "bracket": 4,
      "conf_high": 0.031,
      "conf_low": 0.018,
      "estimate": 0.024,
      "measure": "Ladder now",
      "n": 194839,
      "n_units": 3085,
      "raw": 711.834
    },
    {
      "bracket": 5,
      "conf_high": 0.123,
      "conf_low": 0.11,
      "estimate": 0.116,
      "measure": "Ladder now",
      "n": 333711,
      "n_units": 3112,
      "raw": 729.75
    },
    {
      "bracket": 6,
      "conf_high": 0.278,
      "conf_low": 0.268,
      "estimate": 0.273,
      "measure": "Ladder now",
      "n": 453101,
      "n_units": 3105,
      "raw": 760.193
    },
    {
      "bracket": 1,
      "conf_high": -0.255,
      "conf_low": -0.267,
      "estimate": -0.261,
      "measure": "Enjoyment",
      "n": 440439,
      "n_units": 3125,
      "raw": 76.784
    },
    {
      "bracket": 2,
      "conf_high": -0.048,
      "conf_low": -0.058,
      "estimate": -0.053,
      "measure": "Enjoyment",
      "n": 282706,
      "n_units": 3121,
      "raw": 84.032
    },
    {
      "bracket": 3,
      "conf_high": 0.022,
      "conf_low": 0.011,
      "estimate": 0.017,
      "measure": "Enjoyment",
      "n": 247271,
      "n_units": 3109,
      "raw": 86.464
    },
    {
      "bracket": 4,
      "conf_high": 0.056,
      "conf_low": 0.045,
      "estimate": 0.05,
      "measure": "Enjoyment",
      "n": 227521,
      "n_units": 3096,
      "raw": 87.632
    },
    {
      "bracket": 5,
      "conf_high": 0.091,
      "conf_low": 0.081,
      "estimate": 0.086,
      "measure": "Enjoyment",
      "n": 390056,
      "n_units": 3114,
      "raw": 88.862
    },
    {
      "bracket": 6,
      "conf_high": 0.118,
      "conf_low": 0.109,
      "estimate": 0.113,
      "measure": "Enjoyment",
      "n": 527783,
      "n_units": 3113,
      "raw": 89.821
    },
    {
      "bracket": 1,
      "conf_high": 0.265,
      "conf_low": 0.254,
      "estimate": 0.259,
      "measure": "Worry",
      "n": 441514,
      "n_units": 3125,
      "raw": 40.729
    },
    {
      "bracket": 2,
      "conf_high": 0.066,
      "conf_low": 0.055,
      "estimate": 0.06,
      "measure": "Worry",
      "n": 283002,
      "n_units": 3121,
      "raw": 31.705
    },
    {
      "bracket": 3,
      "conf_high": -0.003,
      "conf_low": -0.016,
      "estimate": -0.009,
      "measure": "Worry",
      "n": 247491,
      "n_units": 3109,
      "raw": 28.548
    },
    {
      "bracket": 4,
      "conf_high": -0.04,
      "conf_low": -0.052,
      "estimate": -0.046,
      "measure": "Worry",
      "n": 227727,
      "n_units": 3096,
      "raw": 26.871
    },
    {
      "bracket": 5,
      "conf_high": -0.064,
      "conf_low": -0.078,
      "estimate": -0.071,
      "measure": "Worry",
      "n": 390212,
      "n_units": 3114,
      "raw": 25.748
    },
    {
      "bracket": 6,
      "conf_high": -0.069,
      "conf_low": -0.086,
      "estimate": -0.077,
      "measure": "Worry",
      "n": 528050,
      "n_units": 3113,
      "raw": 25.452
    },
    {
      "bracket": 1,
      "conf_high": 0.157,
      "conf_low": 0.148,
      "estimate": 0.152,
      "measure": "Stress",
      "n": 441398,
      "n_units": 3125,
      "raw": 43.637
    },
    {
      "bracket": 2,
      "conf_high": 0.022,
      "conf_low": 0.013,
      "estimate": 0.018,
      "measure": "Stress",
      "n": 283002,
      "n_units": 3121,
      "raw": 37.166
    },
    {
      "bracket": 3,
      "conf_high": -0.008,
      "conf_low": -0.019,
      "estimate": -0.014,
      "measure": "Stress",
      "n": 247449,
      "n_units": 3109,
      "raw": 35.657
    },
    {
      "bracket": 4,
      "conf_high": -0.014,
      "conf_low": -0.025,
      "estimate": -0.02,
      "measure": "Stress",
      "n": 227700,
      "n_units": 3095,
      "raw": 35.362
    },
    {
      "bracket": 5,
      "conf_high": -0.005,
      "conf_low": -0.017,
      "estimate": -0.011,
      "measure": "Stress",
      "n": 390164,
      "n_units": 3114,
      "raw": 35.775
    },
    {
      "bracket": 6,
      "conf_high": 0.036,
      "conf_low": 0.021,
      "estimate": 0.028,
      "measure": "Stress",
      "n": 528004,
      "n_units": 3113,
      "raw": 37.674
    },
    {
      "bracket": 1,
      "conf_high": 0.336,
      "conf_low": 0.322,
      "estimate": 0.329,
      "measure": "Sadness",
      "n": 419214,
      "n_units": 3121,
      "raw": 28.832
    },
    {
      "bracket": 2,
      "conf_high": 0.073,
      "conf_low": 0.061,
      "estimate": 0.067,
      "measure": "Sadness",
      "n": 266659,
      "n_units": 3117,
      "raw": 19.084
    },
    {
      "bracket": 3,
      "conf_high": -0.014,
      "conf_low": -0.026,
      "estimate": -0.02,
      "measure": "Sadness",
      "n": 235369,
      "n_units": 3107,
      "raw": 15.854
    },
    {
      "bracket": 4,
      "conf_high": -0.069,
      "conf_low": -0.079,
      "estimate": -0.074,
      "measure": "Sadness",
      "n": 214543,
      "n_units": 3090,
      "raw": 13.847
    },
    {
      "bracket": 5,
      "conf_high": -0.115,
      "conf_low": -0.126,
      "estimate": -0.12,
      "measure": "Sadness",
      "n": 363770,
      "n_units": 3112,
      "raw": 12.122
    },
    {
      "bracket": 6,
      "conf_high": -0.15,
      "conf_low": -0.16,
      "estimate": -0.155,
      "measure": "Sadness",
      "n": 479863,
      "n_units": 3107,
      "raw": 10.826
    },
    {
      "bracket": 1,
      "conf_high": 0.334,
      "conf_low": 0.312,
      "estimate": 0.323,
      "measure": "Physical pain",
      "n": 441363,
      "n_units": 3125,
      "raw": 37.821
    },
    {
      "bracket": 2,
      "conf_high": 0.103,
      "conf_low": 0.089,
      "estimate": 0.096,
      "measure": "Physical pain",
      "n": 282945,
      "n_units": 3121,
      "raw": 28.124
    },
    {
      "bracket": 3,
      "conf_high": 0.014,
      "conf_low": 0.002,
      "estimate": 0.008,
      "measure": "Physical pain",
      "n": 247422,
      "n_units": 3109,
      "raw": 24.353
    },
    {
      "bracket": 4,
      "conf_high": -0.051,
      "conf_low": -0.063,
      "estimate": -0.057,
      "measure": "Physical pain",
      "n": 227696,
      "n_units": 3096,
      "raw": 21.599
    },
    {
      "bracket": 5,
      "conf_high": -0.111,
      "conf_low": -0.121,
      "estimate": -0.116,
      "measure": "Physical pain",
      "n": 390175,
      "n_units": 3114,
      "raw": 19.07
    },
    {
      "bracket": 6,
      "conf_high": -0.181,
      "conf_low": -0.19,
      "estimate": -0.185,
      "measure": "Physical pain",
      "n": 528048,
      "n_units": 3113,
      "raw": 16.112
    }
  ],
  "id": "income_gradient",
  "notes": [
    "Gallup's extract has no survey weights, so every estimate is unweighted and levels can differ from the weighted figures Gallup publishes. County comes from the respondent's ZIP code and is approximate near county lines. The ladder is the evaluative measure and the feelings are experiential measures; they are never combined into one index.",
    "Each item is scaled by its own mean and standard deviation over all respondents with the item, so the lines compare slopes, not levels, and the ladder is not combined with the feelings. Happiness and anger, asked in fewer years, are left out of this chart. The top bracket has no upper limit, so the chart cannot show whether an item flattens at higher incomes. Household income is reported for most but not all interviews, and brackets are in nominal dollars."
  ],
  "source": "Gallup U.S. Daily, ladder 2009-2017 and feelings 2008-2017; unweighted, intervals clustered by county; household income is the respondent's reported bracket",
  "spec": {
    "annotations": [
      {
        "label": "Item mean",
        "type": "y-rule",
        "y": 0
      }
    ],
    "colors": {
      "Enjoyment": "cat1",
      "Ladder now": "total",
      "Physical pain": "highlight",
      "Sadness": "cat6",
      "Stress": "cat5",
      "Worry": "cat4"
    },
    "hi": "conf_high",
    "lo": "conf_low",
    "n": "n",
    "series": "measure",
    "x": "bracket",
    "xDomain": [
      1,
      6
    ],
    "xLabel": "Household income bracket (annual household income)",
    "xTicks": [
      {
        "label": "Under $24k",
        "value": 1
      },
      {
        "label": "$24k to $36k",
        "value": 2
      },
      {
        "label": "$36k to $48k",
        "value": 3
      },
      {
        "label": "$48k to $60k",
        "value": 4
      },
      {
        "label": "$60k to $90k",
        "value": 5
      },
      {
        "label": "$90k and over",
        "value": 6
      }
    ],
    "y": "estimate",
    "yDomain": [
      -0.55,
      0.45
    ],
    "yFormat": {
      "digits": 1,
      "signed": true
    },
    "yLabel": "Standard deviations from the item's mean"
  },
  "subtitle": "Unweighted mean of each item in standard deviations of the item, by household income bracket, Gallup U.S. Daily interviews (ladder 2009 to 2017, feelings 2008 to 2017)",
  "table": {
    "columns": [
      {
        "key": "measure",
        "label": "Item"
      },
      {
        "key": "bracket",
        "label": "Income bracket (1 = lowest)"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 2
        },
        "key": "estimate",
        "label": "Mean in standard deviations"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 2
        },
        "key": "raw",
        "label": "Raw mean (ladder points or share reporting)"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "thousands": true
        },
        "key": "n",
        "label": "Respondents"
      }
    ]
  },
  "title": "The richest income bracket scores {fact:inc_gap_ladder} standard deviations above the poorest on the ladder and {fact:inc_gap_physical_pain} on physical pain, but only {fact:inc_gap_stress} on stress",
  "type": "line",
  "width": "wide"
}