{
  "age_q1": {
    "ci": [
      51.3,
      52.5
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "51.9",
    "estimand": "unweighted mean age, interval clustered by the respondent's county",
    "n": 617488,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews 2008 to 2017; deaths of despair 2015",
    "population": "respondents in the lowest fifth of interviews, ranked by the deaths-of-despair rate of the respondent's county",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "years of age",
    "value": 51.8999,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "age_q5": {
    "ci": [
      55.1,
      56
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "55.5",
    "estimand": "unweighted mean age, interval clustered by the respondent's county",
    "n": 619036,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews 2008 to 2017; deaths of despair 2015",
    "population": "respondents in the highest fifth of interviews, ranked by the deaths-of-despair rate of the respondent's county",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "years of age",
    "value": 55.5365,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "alt_adi_least": {
    "ci": [
      7.11,
      7.23
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "7.17",
    "estimand": "unweighted mean ladder score; 95% intervals clustered by the respondent's county",
    "n": 41,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in 2009 to 2017",
    "population": "respondents in the least deprived tenth of interviews, with the respondent's county ranked by Area Deprivation Index, among interviews whose county has all four rankings",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "Mean ladder score (0 to 10)",
    "value": 7.16806,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "alt_adi_most": {
    "ci": [
      6.91,
      6.94
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "6.93",
    "estimand": "unweighted mean ladder score; 95% intervals clustered by the respondent's county",
    "n": 1200,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in 2009 to 2017",
    "population": "respondents in the most deprived tenth of interviews, with the respondent's county ranked by Area Deprivation Index, among interviews whose county has all four rankings",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "Mean ladder score (0 to 10)",
    "value": 6.92621,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "alt_adi_rho": {
    "display": "−0.98",
    "estimand": "Spearman rank correlation between bin order and bin mean, each bin counted once",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in 2009 to 2017",
    "population": "the tenths of interviews, with the respondent's county ranked by Area Deprivation Index",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "rank correlation",
    "value": -0.975758,
    "weights": "each bin counted once"
  },
  "alt_degree_least": {
    "ci": [
      7.21,
      7.26
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "7.24",
    "estimand": "unweighted mean ladder score; 95% intervals clustered by the respondent's county",
    "n": 91,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in 2009 to 2017",
    "population": "respondents in the least deprived tenth of interviews, with the respondent's county ranked by Bachelor's degree share, among interviews whose county has all four rankings",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "Mean ladder score (0 to 10)",
    "value": 7.23834,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "alt_degree_most": {
    "ci": [
      6.89,
      6.92
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "6.90",
    "estimand": "unweighted mean ladder score; 95% intervals clustered by the respondent's county",
    "n": 1117,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in 2009 to 2017",
    "population": "respondents in the most deprived tenth of interviews, with the respondent's county ranked by Bachelor's degree share, among interviews whose county has all four rankings",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "Mean ladder score (0 to 10)",
    "value": 6.90229,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "alt_degree_rho": {
    "display": "−0.96",
    "estimand": "Spearman rank correlation between bin order and bin mean, each bin counted once",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in 2009 to 2017",
    "population": "the tenths of interviews, with the respondent's county ranked by Bachelor's degree share",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "rank correlation",
    "value": -0.963636,
    "weights": "each bin counted once"
  },
  "alt_income_least": {
    "ci": [
      7.19,
      7.24
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "7.22",
    "estimand": "unweighted mean ladder score; 95% intervals clustered by the respondent's county",
    "n": 83,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in 2009 to 2017",
    "population": "respondents in the least deprived tenth of interviews, with the respondent's county ranked by Median household income, among interviews whose county has all four rankings",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "Mean ladder score (0 to 10)",
    "value": 7.2155,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "alt_income_most": {
    "ci": [
      6.92,
      6.95
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "6.94",
    "estimand": "unweighted mean ladder score; 95% intervals clustered by the respondent's county",
    "n": 1109,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in 2009 to 2017",
    "population": "respondents in the most deprived tenth of interviews, with the respondent's county ranked by Median household income, among interviews whose county has all four rankings",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "Mean ladder score (0 to 10)",
    "value": 6.93588,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "alt_income_rho": {
    "display": "−1.00",
    "estimand": "Spearman rank correlation between bin order and bin mean, each bin counted once",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in 2009 to 2017",
    "population": "the tenths of interviews, with the respondent's county ranked by Median household income",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "rank correlation",
    "value": -1,
    "weights": "each bin counted once"
  },
  "alt_n_places": {
    "display": "3,121",
    "estimand": "count of counties in the common sample of the ranking comparison",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in 2009 to 2017",
    "population": "counties with the outcome and all four rankings",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "counties",
    "value": 3121,
    "weights": "none (full count)"
  },
  "alt_rho_cut": {
    "display": "0.9",
    "estimand": "threshold between a steady and an uneven gradient",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in 2009 to 2017",
    "population": "the rule for changed gradients (docs/RANKING_SWITCH_RULE.md)",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "absolute rank correlation",
    "value": 0.9,
    "weights": "none (a fixed rule)"
  },
  "alt_rho_margin": {
    "display": "0.1",
    "estimand": "smallest move in the rank correlation that counts as a change of shape",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in 2009 to 2017",
    "population": "the rule for changed gradients (docs/RANKING_SWITCH_RULE.md)",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "absolute rank correlation",
    "value": 0.1,
    "weights": "none (a fixed rule)"
  },
  "alt_std_least": {
    "ci": [
      7.19,
      7.25
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "7.22",
    "estimand": "unweighted mean ladder score; 95% intervals clustered by the respondent's county",
    "n": 101,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in 2009 to 2017",
    "population": "respondents in the least deprived tenth of interviews, with the respondent's county ranked by Standardized index, among interviews whose county has all four rankings",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "Mean ladder score (0 to 10)",
    "value": 7.22017,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "alt_std_most": {
    "ci": [
      6.92,
      6.96
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "6.94",
    "estimand": "unweighted mean ladder score; 95% intervals clustered by the respondent's county",
    "n": 991,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in 2009 to 2017",
    "population": "respondents in the most deprived tenth of interviews, with the respondent's county ranked by Standardized index, among interviews whose county has all four rankings",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "Mean ladder score (0 to 10)",
    "value": 6.94192,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "alt_std_rho": {
    "display": "−1.00",
    "estimand": "Spearman rank correlation between bin order and bin mean, each bin counted once",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in 2009 to 2017",
    "population": "the tenths of interviews, with the respondent's county ranked by Standardized index",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "rank correlation",
    "value": -1,
    "weights": "each bin counted once"
  },
  "county_floor": {
    "display": "100",
    "estimand": "minimum number of respondents with an item for a county mean to enter (a definition of the sample)",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews: ladder 2009 to 2017, feelings 2008 to 2017",
    "population": "counties in the county-level correlations",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "respondents",
    "value": 100,
    "weights": "none (definition)"
  },
  "expected_inc1": {
    "ci": [
      6.95,
      7.02
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "6.98",
    "estimand": "unweighted mean of the ladder score the respondent expects to have in the future, interval clustered by the respondent's county",
    "n": 348488,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in 2009 to 2017",
    "population": "respondents in the poorest household income bracket with an expected ladder score",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "expected ladder score (0 worst possible life, 10 best possible life)",
    "value": 6.98172,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "expected_inc6": {
    "ci": [
      8.1,
      8.12
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "8.11",
    "estimand": "unweighted mean of the ladder score the respondent expects to have in the future, interval clustered by the respondent's county",
    "n": 446942,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in 2009 to 2017",
    "population": "respondents in the richest household income bracket with an expected ladder score",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "expected ladder score (0 worst possible life, 10 best possible life)",
    "value": 8.11177,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "gap_adj_anger": {
    "ci": [
      -1.9,
      -0.6
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "−1.3",
    "estimand": "the same difference after comparing respondents within cells of five-year age band (age capped at 85), sex, race, three-level education and household income bracket, interval clustered by the respondent's county",
    "n": 326006,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in the years the item was asked",
    "population": "respondents with age, sex, race, education, household income and a county rent and an answer to the anger item in the two extreme county tenths",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "percentage points, most deprived tenth minus least deprived tenth",
    "value": -1.2888,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "gap_adj_enjoyment": {
    "ci": [
      1,
      2.2
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "1.6",
    "estimand": "the same difference after comparing respondents within cells of five-year age band (age capped at 85), sex, race, three-level education and household income bracket, interval clustered by the respondent's county",
    "n": 412511,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in the years the item was asked",
    "population": "respondents with age, sex, race, education, household income and a county rent and an answer to the enjoyment item in the two extreme county tenths",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "percentage points, most deprived tenth minus least deprived tenth",
    "value": 1.57534,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "gap_adj_happiness_yest": {
    "ci": [
      1.2,
      2.4
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "1.8",
    "estimand": "the same difference after comparing respondents within cells of five-year age band (age capped at 85), sex, race, three-level education and household income bracket, interval clustered by the respondent's county",
    "n": 385768,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in the years the item was asked",
    "population": "respondents with age, sex, race, education, household income and a county rent and an answer to the happiness item in the two extreme county tenths",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "percentage points, most deprived tenth minus least deprived tenth",
    "value": 1.76433,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "gap_adj_physical_pain": {
    "ci": [
      1.4,
      2.3
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "1.8",
    "estimand": "the same difference after comparing respondents within cells of five-year age band (age capped at 85), sex, race, three-level education and household income bracket, interval clustered by the respondent's county",
    "n": 412916,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in the years the item was asked",
    "population": "respondents with age, sex, race, education, household income and a county rent and an answer to the physical pain item in the two extreme county tenths",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "percentage points, most deprived tenth minus least deprived tenth",
    "value": 1.80517,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "gap_adj_sadness": {
    "ci": [
      -2.4,
      -1
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "−1.7",
    "estimand": "the same difference after comparing respondents within cells of five-year age band (age capped at 85), sex, race, three-level education and household income bracket, interval clustered by the respondent's county",
    "n": 386323,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in the years the item was asked",
    "population": "respondents with age, sex, race, education, household income and a county rent and an answer to the sadness item in the two extreme county tenths",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "percentage points, most deprived tenth minus least deprived tenth",
    "value": -1.7269,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "gap_adj_stress": {
    "ci": [
      -3,
      -1.6
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "−2.3",
    "estimand": "the same difference after comparing respondents within cells of five-year age band (age capped at 85), sex, race, three-level education and household income bracket, interval clustered by the respondent's county",
    "n": 412916,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in the years the item was asked",
    "population": "respondents with age, sex, race, education, household income and a county rent and an answer to the stress item in the two extreme county tenths",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "percentage points, most deprived tenth minus least deprived tenth",
    "value": -2.32542,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "gap_adj_worry": {
    "ci": [
      -4.6,
      -2.8
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "−3.7",
    "estimand": "the same difference after comparing respondents within cells of five-year age band (age capped at 85), sex, race, three-level education and household income bracket, interval clustered by the respondent's county",
    "n": 413010,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in the years the item was asked",
    "population": "respondents with age, sex, race, education, household income and a county rent and an answer to the worry item in the two extreme county tenths",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "percentage points, most deprived tenth minus least deprived tenth",
    "value": -3.71647,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "gap_anger": {
    "ci": [
      -1.7,
      0.3
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "−0.7",
    "estimand": "difference between the unweighted shares reporting the feeling a lot of the day yesterday in the most and the least deprived tenth of interviews, ranked by county ADI, interval clustered by the respondent's county",
    "n": 421120,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in the years the item was asked",
    "population": "respondents with an answer to the anger item in the two extreme county tenths",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "percentage points, most deprived tenth minus least deprived tenth",
    "value": -0.709626,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "gap_enjoyment": {
    "ci": [
      -2.1,
      -0.4
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "−1.2",
    "estimand": "difference between the unweighted shares reporting the feeling a lot of the day yesterday in the most and the least deprived tenth of interviews, ranked by county ADI, interval clustered by the respondent's county",
    "n": 525461,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in the years the item was asked",
    "population": "respondents with an answer to the enjoyment item in the two extreme county tenths",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "percentage points, most deprived tenth minus least deprived tenth",
    "value": -1.22721,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "gap_happiness_yest": {
    "ci": [
      -1.4,
      0.2
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "−0.6",
    "estimand": "difference between the unweighted shares reporting the feeling a lot of the day yesterday in the most and the least deprived tenth of interviews, ranked by county ADI, interval clustered by the respondent's county",
    "n": 493755,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in the years the item was asked",
    "population": "respondents with an answer to the happiness item in the two extreme county tenths",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "percentage points, most deprived tenth minus least deprived tenth",
    "value": -0.605691,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "gap_physical_pain": {
    "ci": [
      7.9,
      9.7
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "8.8",
    "estimand": "difference between the unweighted shares reporting the feeling a lot of the day yesterday in the most and the least deprived tenth of interviews, ranked by county ADI, interval clustered by the respondent's county",
    "n": 526330,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in the years the item was asked",
    "population": "respondents with an answer to the physical pain item in the two extreme county tenths",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "percentage points, most deprived tenth minus least deprived tenth",
    "value": 8.77347,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "gap_rent_anger": {
    "ci": [
      -0.2,
      1.1
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "0.4",
    "estimand": "the same difference after comparing respondents within cells of five-year age band (age capped at 85), sex, race, three-level education and household income bracket and a quintile of county rent, interval clustered by the respondent's county",
    "n": 326006,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in the years the item was asked",
    "population": "respondents with age, sex, race, education, household income, a county rent and an answer to the anger item in the two extreme county tenths",
    "source": "hud-fmr",
    "unit": "percentage points, most deprived tenth minus least deprived tenth",
    "value": 0.397312,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "gap_rent_enjoyment": {
    "ci": [
      -1.2,
      -0.1
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "−0.7",
    "estimand": "the same difference after comparing respondents within cells of five-year age band (age capped at 85), sex, race, three-level education and household income bracket and a quintile of county rent, interval clustered by the respondent's county",
    "n": 412511,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in the years the item was asked",
    "population": "respondents with age, sex, race, education, household income, a county rent and an answer to the enjoyment item in the two extreme county tenths",
    "source": "hud-fmr",
    "unit": "percentage points, most deprived tenth minus least deprived tenth",
    "value": -0.656258,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "gap_rent_happiness_yest": {
    "ci": [
      -1.1,
      0.2
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "−0.5",
    "estimand": "the same difference after comparing respondents within cells of five-year age band (age capped at 85), sex, race, three-level education and household income bracket and a quintile of county rent, interval clustered by the respondent's county",
    "n": 385768,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in the years the item was asked",
    "population": "respondents with age, sex, race, education, household income, a county rent and an answer to the happiness item in the two extreme county tenths",
    "source": "hud-fmr",
    "unit": "percentage points, most deprived tenth minus least deprived tenth",
    "value": -0.492468,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "gap_rent_physical_pain": {
    "ci": [
      0.8,
      1.7
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "1.2",
    "estimand": "the same difference after comparing respondents within cells of five-year age band (age capped at 85), sex, race, three-level education and household income bracket and a quintile of county rent, interval clustered by the respondent's county",
    "n": 412916,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in the years the item was asked",
    "population": "respondents with age, sex, race, education, household income, a county rent and an answer to the physical pain item in the two extreme county tenths",
    "source": "hud-fmr",
    "unit": "percentage points, most deprived tenth minus least deprived tenth",
    "value": 1.23451,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "gap_rent_sadness": {
    "ci": [
      -0.2,
      1.2
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "0.5",
    "estimand": "the same difference after comparing respondents within cells of five-year age band (age capped at 85), sex, race, three-level education and household income bracket and a quintile of county rent, interval clustered by the respondent's county",
    "n": 386323,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in the years the item was asked",
    "population": "respondents with age, sex, race, education, household income, a county rent and an answer to the sadness item in the two extreme county tenths",
    "source": "hud-fmr",
    "unit": "percentage points, most deprived tenth minus least deprived tenth",
    "value": 0.481843,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "gap_rent_stress": {
    "ci": [
      -0.3,
      1.2
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "0.4",
    "estimand": "the same difference after comparing respondents within cells of five-year age band (age capped at 85), sex, race, three-level education and household income bracket and a quintile of county rent, interval clustered by the respondent's county",
    "n": 412916,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in the years the item was asked",
    "population": "respondents with age, sex, race, education, household income, a county rent and an answer to the stress item in the two extreme county tenths",
    "source": "hud-fmr",
    "unit": "percentage points, most deprived tenth minus least deprived tenth",
    "value": 0.37395,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "gap_rent_worry": {
    "ci": [
      -0.4,
      1.5
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "0.5",
    "estimand": "the same difference after comparing respondents within cells of five-year age band (age capped at 85), sex, race, three-level education and household income bracket and a quintile of county rent, interval clustered by the respondent's county",
    "n": 413010,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in the years the item was asked",
    "population": "respondents with age, sex, race, education, household income, a county rent and an answer to the worry item in the two extreme county tenths",
    "source": "hud-fmr",
    "unit": "percentage points, most deprived tenth minus least deprived tenth",
    "value": 0.523166,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "gap_sadness": {
    "ci": [
      0.7,
      3.2
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "1.9",
    "estimand": "difference between the unweighted shares reporting the feeling a lot of the day yesterday in the most and the least deprived tenth of interviews, ranked by county ADI, interval clustered by the respondent's county",
    "n": 494753,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in the years the item was asked",
    "population": "respondents with an answer to the sadness item in the two extreme county tenths",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "percentage points, most deprived tenth minus least deprived tenth",
    "value": 1.92551,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "gap_stress": {
    "ci": [
      -3.1,
      -1.2
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "−2.1",
    "estimand": "difference between the unweighted shares reporting the feeling a lot of the day yesterday in the most and the least deprived tenth of interviews, ranked by county ADI, interval clustered by the respondent's county",
    "n": 526330,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in the years the item was asked",
    "population": "respondents with an answer to the stress item in the two extreme county tenths",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "percentage points, most deprived tenth minus least deprived tenth",
    "value": -2.13378,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "gap_worry": {
    "ci": [
      -2.3,
      0.2
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "−1.1",
    "estimand": "difference between the unweighted shares reporting the feeling a lot of the day yesterday in the most and the least deprived tenth of interviews, ranked by county ADI, interval clustered by the respondent's county",
    "n": 526425,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in the years the item was asked",
    "population": "respondents with an answer to the worry item in the two extreme county tenths",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "percentage points, most deprived tenth minus least deprived tenth",
    "value": -1.07191,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "gap_zip_physical_pain": {
    "ci": [
      10.3,
      11.7
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "11.0",
    "estimand": "difference between the unweighted shares reporting physical pain in the most and the least deprived tenth of interviews, ranked by ZIP-area ADI, interval clustered by the respondent's county",
    "n": 513469,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews 2008 to 2017",
    "population": "respondents with an answer to the pain item in the two extreme ZIP-area tenths",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "percentage points, most deprived tenth minus least deprived tenth",
    "value": 11.0172,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "icc_ladder": {
    "ci": [
      0.46,
      0.56
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "0.51%",
    "estimand": "intraclass correlation of the ladder score by county (one-way ANOVA estimator), bootstrap over counties",
    "n": 3141,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in 2009 to 2017",
    "population": "interviews with a ladder score and a county",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "percent of the variance of the ladder score",
    "value": 0.509044,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "inc_gap_enjoyment": {
    "ci": [
      0.37,
      0.38
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "0.37",
    "estimand": "difference between the unweighted means of the item in the richest and the poorest household income bracket, in standard deviations of the item over all respondents, interval clustered by the respondent's county",
    "n": 968222,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in 2008 to 2017",
    "population": "respondents with a household income bracket and an answer to the enjoyment item, in the poorest and the richest bracket",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "standard deviations, richest bracket minus poorest bracket",
    "value": 0.374314,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "inc_gap_ladder": {
    "ci": [
      0.67,
      0.69
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "0.68",
    "estimand": "difference between the unweighted means of the item in the richest and the poorest household income bracket, in standard deviations of the item over all respondents, interval clustered by the respondent's county",
    "n": 827090,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in 2009 to 2017",
    "population": "respondents with a household income bracket and an answer to the ladder score item, in the poorest and the richest bracket",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "standard deviations, richest bracket minus poorest bracket",
    "value": 0.680264,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "inc_gap_physical_pain": {
    "ci": [
      -0.52,
      -0.5
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "−0.51",
    "estimand": "difference between the unweighted means of the item in the richest and the poorest household income bracket, in standard deviations of the item over all respondents, interval clustered by the respondent's county",
    "n": 969411,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in 2008 to 2017",
    "population": "respondents with a household income bracket and an answer to the physical pain item, in the poorest and the richest bracket",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "standard deviations, richest bracket minus poorest bracket",
    "value": -0.508131,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "inc_gap_sadness": {
    "ci": [
      -0.49,
      -0.48
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "−0.48",
    "estimand": "difference between the unweighted means of the item in the richest and the poorest household income bracket, in standard deviations of the item over all respondents, interval clustered by the respondent's county",
    "n": 899077,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in 2008 to 2017",
    "population": "respondents with a household income bracket and an answer to the sadness item, in the poorest and the richest bracket",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "standard deviations, richest bracket minus poorest bracket",
    "value": -0.483902,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "inc_gap_stress": {
    "ci": [
      -0.13,
      -0.11
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "−0.12",
    "estimand": "difference between the unweighted means of the item in the richest and the poorest household income bracket, in standard deviations of the item over all respondents, interval clustered by the respondent's county",
    "n": 969402,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in 2008 to 2017",
    "population": "respondents with a household income bracket and an answer to the stress item, in the poorest and the richest bracket",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "standard deviations, richest bracket minus poorest bracket",
    "value": -0.124006,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "inc_gap_worry": {
    "ci": [
      -0.35,
      -0.33
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "−0.34",
    "estimand": "difference between the unweighted means of the item in the richest and the poorest household income bracket, in standard deviations of the item over all respondents, interval clustered by the respondent's county",
    "n": 969564,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in 2008 to 2017",
    "population": "respondents with a household income bracket and an answer to the worry item, in the poorest and the richest bracket",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "standard deviations, richest bracket minus poorest bracket",
    "value": -0.336791,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "income_top_cut": {
    "display": "$90,000",
    "estimand": "the lower limit of the top household income bracket (a definition of the bracket)",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in 2008 to 2017",
    "population": "the richest household income bracket in the Gallup extract (this amount and over)",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "dollars of annual household income",
    "value": 90000,
    "weights": "none (definition)"
  },
  "kd_threshold": {
    "display": "$75,000",
    "estimand": "annual income above which a measure of emotional well-being stopped rising with log income in Kahneman and Deaton (2010); copied from the paper",
    "note": "A published figure from the paper, not a result of this build.",
    "period": "2008 to 2009",
    "population": "respondents in the Gallup-Healthways Well-Being Index analyzed by Kahneman and Deaton",
    "source": "published-estimates",
    "unit": "dollars of annual household income",
    "value": 75000,
    "weights": "as in the paper"
  },
  "kw_threshold": {
    "display": "$100,000",
    "estimand": "annual income above which well-being flattened for an unhappy minority in Killingsworth, Kahneman and Mellers (2023); copied from the paper",
    "note": "A published figure from the paper, not a result of this build.",
    "period": "2009 to 2022",
    "population": "the unhappiest fifth of respondents in the experience-sampling data analyzed by Killingsworth, Kahneman and Mellers",
    "source": "published-estimates",
    "unit": "dollars of annual household income",
    "value": 100000,
    "weights": "as in the paper"
  },
  "ladder_adj_d10_county": {
    "ci": [
      7.08,
      7.11
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "7.10",
    "estimand": "mean ladder score after subtracting the mean of the respondent's cell (five-year age band (age capped at 85), sex, race, three-level education and household income bracket) and adding the grand mean, interval clustered by the respondent's county",
    "n": 177139,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in 2009 to 2017",
    "population": "respondents with age, sex, race, education, household income and a county rent in the most deprived tenth of interviews by county deprivation",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "Cantril ladder score (0 worst possible life, 10 best possible life)",
    "value": 7.09668,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "ladder_adj_d1_county": {
    "ci": [
      6.94,
      7
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "6.97",
    "estimand": "mean ladder score after subtracting the mean of the respondent's cell (five-year age band (age capped at 85), sex, race, three-level education and household income bracket) and adding the grand mean, interval clustered by the respondent's county",
    "n": 173060,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in 2009 to 2017",
    "population": "respondents with age, sex, race, education, household income and a county rent in the least deprived tenth of interviews by county deprivation",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "Cantril ladder score (0 worst possible life, 10 best possible life)",
    "value": 6.96894,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "ladder_d10_county": {
    "ci": [
      6.91,
      6.94
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "6.93",
    "estimand": "unweighted mean ladder score in a tenth of interviews ranked by the deprivation of the respondent's county (county ADI is the mean of its tracts' ADI 2023 national ranks weighted by 2019-2023 tract population), interval clustered by the respondent's county",
    "n": 223260,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in 2009 to 2017",
    "population": "respondents in the most deprived tenth of interviews, ranked by the Area Deprivation Index of the respondent's county",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "Cantril ladder score (0 worst possible life, 10 best possible life)",
    "value": 6.92797,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "ladder_d10_zip": {
    "ci": [
      6.85,
      6.88
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "6.87",
    "estimand": "unweighted mean ladder score in a tenth of interviews ranked by the deprivation of the respondent's ZIP area (ZIP-area ADI is the 2023 national rank of the ZCTA with the ZIP code's number, an area-weighted approximation), interval clustered by the respondent's county",
    "n": 217263,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in 2009 to 2017",
    "population": "respondents in the most deprived tenth of interviews, ranked by the Area Deprivation Index of the respondent's ZIP area",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "Cantril ladder score (0 worst possible life, 10 best possible life)",
    "value": 6.86538,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "ladder_d1_county": {
    "ci": [
      7.11,
      7.23
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "7.17",
    "estimand": "unweighted mean ladder score in a tenth of interviews ranked by the deprivation of the respondent's county (county ADI is the mean of its tracts' ADI 2023 national ranks weighted by 2019-2023 tract population), interval clustered by the respondent's county",
    "n": 218776,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in 2009 to 2017",
    "population": "respondents in the least deprived tenth of interviews, ranked by the Area Deprivation Index of the respondent's county",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "Cantril ladder score (0 worst possible life, 10 best possible life)",
    "value": 7.17045,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "ladder_d1_zip": {
    "ci": [
      7.24,
      7.34
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "7.29",
    "estimand": "unweighted mean ladder score in a tenth of interviews ranked by the deprivation of the respondent's ZIP area (ZIP-area ADI is the 2023 national rank of the ZCTA with the ZIP code's number, an area-weighted approximation), interval clustered by the respondent's county",
    "n": 213516,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in 2009 to 2017",
    "population": "respondents in the least deprived tenth of interviews, ranked by the Area Deprivation Index of the respondent's ZIP area",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "Cantril ladder score (0 worst possible life, 10 best possible life)",
    "value": 7.28825,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "ladder_drop_county": {
    "ci": [
      0.18,
      0.31
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "0.24",
    "estimand": "difference between the unweighted mean ladder scores of the least and the most deprived tenth (county ADI is the mean of its tracts' ADI 2023 national ranks weighted by 2019-2023 tract population), interval clustered by the respondent's county",
    "n": 442036,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in 2009 to 2017",
    "population": "respondents in the two extreme tenths of interviews, ranked by the Area Deprivation Index of the respondent's county",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "ladder points, least deprived tenth minus most deprived tenth",
    "value": 0.242485,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "ladder_drop_county_with08": {
    "ci": [
      0.19,
      0.33
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "0.26",
    "estimand": "the county drop of the chapter's main comparison recomputed with the 2008 ladder answers left in, interval clustered by the respondent's county",
    "n": 513776,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in 2008 to 2017 including the 2008 ladder, which carries a question-order artifact",
    "population": "respondents in the two extreme tenths of interviews, ranked by the Area Deprivation Index of the respondent's county, including 2008",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "ladder points, least deprived tenth minus most deprived tenth",
    "value": 0.259966,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "ladder_drop_zip": {
    "ci": [
      0.37,
      0.48
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "0.42",
    "estimand": "difference between the unweighted mean ladder scores of the least and the most deprived tenth (ZIP-area ADI is the 2023 national rank of the ZCTA with the ZIP code's number, an area-weighted approximation), interval clustered by the respondent's county",
    "n": 430779,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in 2009 to 2017",
    "population": "respondents in the two extreme tenths of interviews, ranked by the Area Deprivation Index of the respondent's ZIP area",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "ladder points, least deprived tenth minus most deprived tenth",
    "value": 0.42287,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "ladder_gap_adj_county": {
    "ci": [
      0.1,
      0.16
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "0.13",
    "estimand": "gap between the extreme tenths after comparing respondents within cells of five-year age band (age capped at 85), sex, race, three-level education and household income bracket, interval clustered by the respondent's county",
    "n": 350199,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in 2009 to 2017",
    "population": "respondents with age, sex, race, education, household income and a county rent in the two extreme county tenths",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "ladder points, most deprived tenth minus least deprived tenth",
    "value": 0.127741,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "ladder_gap_adj_county_with08": {
    "ci": [
      0.09,
      0.15
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+0.12",
    "estimand": "the nominal-income gap of the chapter's main comparison recomputed with the 2008 ladder answers left in, interval clustered by the respondent's county",
    "n": 403911,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in 2008 to 2017 including the 2008 ladder, which carries a question-order artifact",
    "population": "respondents with age, sex, race, education, household income and a county rent in the two extreme county tenths, including 2008",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "ladder points, most deprived tenth minus least deprived tenth",
    "value": 0.122726,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "ladder_gap_adj_zip": {
    "ci": [
      0.04,
      0.1
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "0.07",
    "estimand": "gap between the extreme tenths after comparing respondents within cells of five-year age band (age capped at 85), sex, race, three-level education and household income bracket, interval clustered by the respondent's county",
    "n": 343365,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in 2009 to 2017",
    "population": "respondents with age, sex, race, education, household income and a county rent in the two extreme ZIP area tenths",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "ladder points, most deprived tenth minus least deprived tenth",
    "value": 0.0712372,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "ladder_gap_edu6": {
    "ci": [
      0.1,
      0.16
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "0.13",
    "estimand": "the nominal-income gap with the six-level education item in the cells in place of the three-level one, interval clustered by the respondent's county",
    "n": 350199,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in 2009 to 2017",
    "population": "respondents with age, sex, race, six-level education, household income and a county rent in the two extreme county tenths",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "ladder points, most deprived tenth minus least deprived tenth",
    "value": 0.133223,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "ladder_gap_eqc": {
    "ci": [
      -0.03,
      0.07
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+0.02",
    "estimand": "gap between the extreme tenths after comparing respondents within cells of five-year age band (age capped at 85), sex, race, three-level education and household income bracket, with each county counted once (counties with at least the survey floor of interviews with the item), bootstrap over counties",
    "n": 347376,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in 2009 to 2017",
    "population": "respondents with age, sex, race, education, household income and a county rent in the two extreme county tenths",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "ladder points, most deprived tenth minus least deprived tenth",
    "value": 0.0198313,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "ladder_gap_lnrent": {
    "ci": [
      -0.07,
      -0.01
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "−0.04",
    "estimand": "gap between the extreme tenths after comparing respondents within cells of five-year age band (age capped at 85), sex, race, three-level education and household income bracket, with the logarithm of county rent also a linear control, interval clustered by the respondent's county",
    "n": 350199,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in 2009 to 2017",
    "population": "respondents with age, sex, race, education, household income and a county rent in the two extreme county tenths",
    "source": "hud-fmr",
    "unit": "ladder points, most deprived tenth minus least deprived tenth",
    "value": -0.0391765,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "ladder_gap_rentq": {
    "ci": [
      -0.05,
      0
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "−0.02",
    "estimand": "gap between the extreme tenths after comparing respondents within cells of five-year age band (age capped at 85), sex, race, three-level education and household income bracket, with a quintile of county rent also in the cells, interval clustered by the respondent's county",
    "n": 350199,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in 2009 to 2017",
    "population": "respondents with age, sex, race, education, household income and a county rent in the two extreme county tenths",
    "source": "hud-fmr",
    "unit": "ladder points, most deprived tenth minus least deprived tenth",
    "value": -0.0248818,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "ladder_gap_rentq_with08": {
    "ci": [
      -0.06,
      0
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "−0.03",
    "estimand": "the rent-quintile gap of the chapter's main comparison recomputed with the 2008 ladder answers left in, interval clustered by the respondent's county",
    "n": 403911,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in 2008 to 2017 including the 2008 ladder, which carries a question-order artifact",
    "population": "respondents with age, sex, race, education, household income and a county rent in the two extreme county tenths, including 2008",
    "source": "hud-fmr",
    "unit": "ladder points, most deprived tenth minus least deprived tenth",
    "value": -0.0254853,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "ladder_gap_rentq_zip": {
    "ci": [
      -0.09,
      -0.03
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "−0.06",
    "estimand": "gap between the extreme ZIP-area tenths after comparing respondents within cells of five-year age band (age capped at 85), sex, race, three-level education and household income bracket and a quintile of county rent, interval clustered by the respondent's county",
    "n": 343365,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in 2009 to 2017",
    "population": "respondents with age, sex, race, education, household income and a county rent in the two extreme ZIP-area tenths",
    "source": "hud-fmr",
    "unit": "ladder points, most deprived tenth minus least deprived tenth",
    "value": -0.0630165,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "ladder_inc1": {
    "ci": [
      6.26,
      6.29
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "6.28",
    "estimand": "unweighted mean ladder score, interval clustered by the respondent's county",
    "n": 373989,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in 2009 to 2017",
    "population": "respondents in the poorest household income bracket",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "Cantril ladder score (0 worst possible life, 10 best possible life)",
    "value": 6.27822,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "ladder_inc6": {
    "ci": [
      7.59,
      7.61
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "7.60",
    "estimand": "unweighted mean ladder score, interval clustered by the respondent's county",
    "n": 453101,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in 2009 to 2017",
    "population": "respondents in the richest household income bracket",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "Cantril ladder score (0 worst possible life, 10 best possible life)",
    "value": 7.60193,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "ladder_q1": {
    "ci": [
      7.12,
      7.18
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "7.15",
    "estimand": "unweighted mean ladder score, interval clustered by the respondent's county",
    "n": 392393,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews 2009 to 2017; deaths of despair 2015",
    "population": "respondents in the lowest fifth of interviews, ranked by the deaths-of-despair rate of the respondent's county",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "Cantril ladder score (0 worst possible life, 10 best possible life)",
    "value": 7.15135,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "ladder_q5": {
    "ci": [
      6.98,
      7.02
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "7.00",
    "estimand": "unweighted mean ladder score, interval clustered by the respondent's county",
    "n": 399284,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews 2009 to 2017; deaths of despair 2015",
    "population": "respondents in the highest fifth of interviews, ranked by the deaths-of-despair rate of the respondent's county",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "Cantril ladder score (0 worst possible life, 10 best possible life)",
    "value": 7.00299,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "ladder_share_2009": {
    "display": "85%",
    "estimand": "share of the year's interviews with a ladder score (unweighted count)",
    "n": 353849,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "2009",
    "population": "interviews with a county in 2009",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "percent of the year's interviews that carry a ladder score",
    "value": 85.3649,
    "weights": "none (unweighted count)"
  },
  "ladder_share_late": {
    "display": "49%",
    "estimand": "share of interviews with a ladder score (unweighted count)",
    "n": 1750460,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "2013 to 2017",
    "population": "interviews with a county from 2013 to 2017",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "percent of interviews that carry a ladder score",
    "value": 49.1644,
    "weights": "none (unweighted count)"
  },
  "lf_enjoy": {
    "ci": [
      1.44,
      1.47
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "1.46",
    "estimand": "difference between the unweighted mean ladder scores of respondents who did and did not report the feeling a lot of the day yesterday, interval clustered by the respondent's county",
    "n": 2211300,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in the years the ladder (2009 to 2017) and the feeling were both asked",
    "population": "respondents with a ladder score and an answer to the enjoyment item",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "ladder points higher among respondents who reported the feeling",
    "value": 1.45524,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "lf_happy": {
    "ci": [
      1.55,
      1.59
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "1.57",
    "estimand": "difference between the unweighted mean ladder scores of respondents who did and did not report the feeling a lot of the day yesterday, interval clustered by the respondent's county",
    "n": 2051189,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in the years the ladder (2009 to 2017) and the feeling were both asked",
    "population": "respondents with a ladder score and an answer to the happiness item",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "ladder points higher among respondents who reported the feeling",
    "value": 1.57032,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "lf_pain": {
    "ci": [
      0.9,
      0.93
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "0.91",
    "estimand": "difference between the unweighted mean ladder scores of respondents who did and did not report the feeling a lot of the day yesterday, interval clustered by the respondent's county",
    "n": 2213777,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in the years the ladder (2009 to 2017) and the feeling were both asked",
    "population": "respondents with a ladder score and an answer to the physical pain item",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "ladder points lower among respondents who reported the feeling",
    "value": 0.914804,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "lf_sad": {
    "ci": [
      1.32,
      1.35
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "1.33",
    "estimand": "difference between the unweighted mean ladder scores of respondents who did and did not report the feeling a lot of the day yesterday, interval clustered by the respondent's county",
    "n": 2054693,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in the years the ladder (2009 to 2017) and the feeling were both asked",
    "population": "respondents with a ladder score and an answer to the sadness item",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "ladder points lower among respondents who reported the feeling",
    "value": 1.33463,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "mto_swb": {
    "ci": [
      0.022,
      0.174
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "0.098",
    "estimand": "intention-to-treat effect of the offer to move to a less disadvantaged area on a standardized answer to 'how would you say things are these days: very happy, pretty happy, not too happy' in the Moving to Opportunity experiment (Ludwig and coauthors 2012); the estimate and standard error (0.039) are copied from the paper and the interval is the estimate plus or minus 1.96 standard errors",
    "note": "A published estimate for the study's adult sample, not a result of this build.",
    "period": "long-term follow-up survey, 10 to 15 years after random assignment",
    "population": "low-income adults in public housing in five cities (Baltimore, Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles, New York) who were offered a housing voucher to move to a lower-poverty neighborhood or an unrestricted voucher, or stayed, by random assignment",
    "source": "published-estimates",
    "unit": "standard deviations of a three-point happiness question",
    "value": 0.098,
    "weights": "as in the paper"
  },
  "n_cell_sample": {
    "display": "1,759,964",
    "estimand": "count of interviews in the one sample used for every comparison within cells (the cell means come from these interviews at every step)",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in 2009 to 2017",
    "population": "interviews with a county, a ladder score, an age, a sex, a race, an education level, a household income bracket and a county rent",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "interviews",
    "value": 1759964,
    "weights": "none (unweighted count)"
  },
  "n_counties": {
    "display": "3,142",
    "estimand": "count of distinct county codes assigned to respondents (derived from the ZIP code)",
    "note": "",
    "period": "2008 to 2017",
    "population": "counties of the interviews in the analysis",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "counties",
    "value": 3142,
    "weights": "none (unweighted count)"
  },
  "n_counties_d1": {
    "display": "45",
    "estimand": "count of distinct counties among the interviews in the tenth (a tenth holds about a tenth of interviews, not of counties)",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in 2009 to 2017",
    "population": "counties of the interviews in the least deprived tenth of interviews by county deprivation",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "counties",
    "value": 45,
    "weights": "none (unweighted count)"
  },
  "n_counties_d10": {
    "display": "1,205",
    "estimand": "count of distinct counties among the interviews in the tenth (a tenth holds about a tenth of interviews, not of counties)",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in 2009 to 2017",
    "population": "counties of the interviews in the most deprived tenth of interviews by county deprivation",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "counties",
    "value": 1205,
    "weights": "none (unweighted count)"
  },
  "n_despair_counties": {
    "display": "1,337",
    "estimand": "count of counties in the correlations with the deaths-of-despair rate",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews: ladder 2009 to 2017, feelings 2008 to 2017; deaths of despair 2015",
    "population": "counties with a deaths-of-despair rate and at least 100 respondents with each item",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "counties",
    "value": 1337,
    "weights": "none (full count)"
  },
  "n_interviews": {
    "display": "3,519,539",
    "estimand": "count of interviews with a county code (derived from the ZIP code); the others are dropped",
    "note": "",
    "period": "2008 to 2017",
    "population": "interviews with a county",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "interviews",
    "value": 3519539,
    "weights": "none (unweighted count)"
  },
  "n_interviews_all": {
    "display": "3,530,270",
    "estimand": "count of interviews in the extract (unweighted)",
    "note": "",
    "period": "2008 to 2017",
    "population": "all interviews in the Gallup U.S. Daily extract",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "interviews",
    "value": 3530270,
    "weights": "none (unweighted count)"
  },
  "n_ladder": {
    "display": "2,217,485",
    "estimand": "count of interviews with a ladder score",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in 2009 to 2017",
    "population": "interviews with a county and a ladder score",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "interviews",
    "value": 2217485,
    "weights": "none (unweighted count)"
  },
  "n_no_county": {
    "display": "10,731",
    "estimand": "count of interviews dropped because the extract has no county for them",
    "note": "",
    "period": "2008 to 2017",
    "population": "interviews with no county code",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "interviews",
    "value": 10731,
    "weights": "none (unweighted count)"
  },
  "n_no_county_adi": {
    "display": "784",
    "estimand": "count of interviews left out of the county deprivation comparisons because the county has no index or is a split county",
    "note": "",
    "period": "ADI 2023",
    "population": "interviews with a county whose county has no Area Deprivation Index",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "interviews",
    "value": 784,
    "weights": "none (unweighted count)"
  },
  "n_wonder_counties": {
    "display": "534",
    "estimand": "count of counties whose drug, alcohol and suicide counts are published in every year 2018 to 2023 (complete counties, as in the chapter on overdose, alcohol and suicide) and that have a JEC rate and enough respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews: ladder 2009 to 2017, feelings 2008 to 2017; JEC deaths of despair 2015; WONDER deaths 2018 to 2023",
    "population": "counties with a JEC rate, a complete WONDER rate and at least 100 respondents with each of the ladder, pain and stress items",
    "source": "wonder-ucd",
    "unit": "counties",
    "value": 534,
    "weights": "none (full count)"
  },
  "other_gap_max": {
    "display": "2.1",
    "estimand": "the largest absolute difference between the most and the least deprived county tenth among the six feelings other than physical pain",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in the years each item was asked",
    "population": "respondents in the two extreme county tenths",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "percentage points (absolute value)",
    "value": 2.13378,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "pain_d10_county": {
    "ci": [
      29.2,
      30
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "29.6%",
    "estimand": "unweighted share in a tenth of interviews ranked by county ADI, interval clustered by the respondent's county",
    "n": 264787,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews 2008 to 2017",
    "population": "respondents in the most deprived tenth of interviews, ranked by the Area Deprivation Index of the respondent's county",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "percent reporting physical pain a lot of the day yesterday",
    "value": 29.6113,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "pain_d1_county": {
    "ci": [
      20,
      21.7
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "20.8%",
    "estimand": "unweighted share in a tenth of interviews ranked by county ADI, interval clustered by the respondent's county",
    "n": 261543,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews 2008 to 2017",
    "population": "respondents in the least deprived tenth of interviews, ranked by the Area Deprivation Index of the respondent's county",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "percent reporting physical pain a lot of the day yesterday",
    "value": 20.8379,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "pain_gap_eqc": {
    "ci": [
      1.1,
      2.3
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "1.7",
    "estimand": "the pain gap after comparing respondents within cells of five-year age band (age capped at 85), sex, race, three-level education and household income bracket, with each county counted once (counties with at least the survey floor of interviews with the item), bootstrap over counties",
    "n": 410598,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews 2008 to 2017",
    "population": "respondents with age, sex, race, education, household income, a county rent and an answer to the pain item in the two extreme county tenths",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "percentage points, most deprived tenth minus least deprived tenth",
    "value": 1.70304,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "pain_gap_explained": {
    "ci": [
      77,
      84
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "80%",
    "estimand": "share of the gap in the pain share between the extreme county tenths that disappears when respondents are compared within cells, bootstrap over counties with shared draws",
    "n": 412916,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews 2008 to 2017",
    "population": "respondents with age, sex, race, education, household income and a county rent and an answer to the pain item in the two extreme county tenths",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "percent of the raw gap",
    "value": 80.4222,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "pain_gap_lnrent": {
    "ci": [
      0.6,
      1.5
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "1.1",
    "estimand": "the pain gap after comparing respondents within cells of five-year age band (age capped at 85), sex, race, three-level education and household income bracket, with the logarithm of county rent also a linear control, interval clustered by the respondent's county",
    "n": 412916,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews 2008 to 2017",
    "population": "respondents with age, sex, race, education, household income, a county rent and an answer to the pain item in the two extreme county tenths",
    "source": "hud-fmr",
    "unit": "percentage points, most deprived tenth minus least deprived tenth",
    "value": 1.06331,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "pain_gap_rentq": {
    "ci": [
      0.8,
      1.7
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "1.2",
    "estimand": "the pain gap after comparing respondents within cells of five-year age band (age capped at 85), sex, race, three-level education and household income bracket, with a quintile of county rent also in the cells, interval clustered by the respondent's county",
    "n": 412916,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews 2008 to 2017",
    "population": "respondents with age, sex, race, education, household income, a county rent and an answer to the pain item in the two extreme county tenths",
    "source": "hud-fmr",
    "unit": "percentage points, most deprived tenth minus least deprived tenth",
    "value": 1.23451,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "pain_inc1": {
    "ci": [
      37.4,
      38.3
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "37.8%",
    "estimand": "unweighted share, interval clustered by the respondent's county",
    "n": 441363,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in 2008 to 2017",
    "population": "respondents in the poorest household income bracket",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "percent reporting physical pain a lot of the day yesterday",
    "value": 37.8215,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "pain_inc6": {
    "ci": [
      15.9,
      16.3
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "16.1%",
    "estimand": "unweighted share, interval clustered by the respondent's county",
    "n": 528048,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in 2008 to 2017",
    "population": "respondents in the richest household income bracket",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "percent reporting physical pain a lot of the day yesterday",
    "value": 16.1116,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "pain_q1": {
    "ci": [
      19.8,
      20.6
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "20.2%",
    "estimand": "unweighted share, interval clustered by the respondent's county",
    "n": 465440,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews 2008 to 2017; deaths of despair 2015",
    "population": "respondents in the lowest fifth of interviews, ranked by the deaths-of-despair rate of the respondent's county",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "percent reporting physical pain a lot of the day yesterday",
    "value": 20.1646,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "pain_q5": {
    "ci": [
      26.3,
      27.3
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "26.8%",
    "estimand": "unweighted share, interval clustered by the respondent's county",
    "n": 474232,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews 2008 to 2017; deaths of despair 2015",
    "population": "respondents in the highest fifth of interviews, ranked by the deaths-of-despair rate of the respondent's county",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "percent reporting physical pain a lot of the day yesterday",
    "value": 26.7951,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "pain_q_gap": {
    "ci": [
      6,
      7.3
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "6.6",
    "estimand": "difference between the unweighted shares reporting physical pain, interval clustered by the respondent's county",
    "n": 939672,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews 2008 to 2017; deaths of despair 2015",
    "population": "respondents in the two extreme fifths of interviews by county deaths-of-despair rate",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "percentage points, highest fifth minus lowest fifth",
    "value": 6.63054,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "place_spread_ladder": {
    "display": "0.12",
    "estimand": "largest, over the six household income brackets, of the difference between the highest and the lowest of the three band means",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in 2009 to 2017",
    "population": "respondents in each household income bracket, in the least, middle and most deprived county bands",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "ladder points (largest spread over the six brackets)",
    "value": 0.121024,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "placegap_ladder_inc1": {
    "ci": [
      -0.13,
      -0.05
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "−0.09",
    "estimand": "difference between the unweighted means (shares for pain) in the most and the least deprived band of counties (tenths 8 to 10 and 1 to 3 of interviews by county ADI), interval clustered by the respondent's county",
    "n": 234087,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in 2009 to 2017",
    "population": "respondents in the poorest household income bracket, in the two extreme county bands",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "ladder points, most deprived three tenths minus least deprived three tenths",
    "value": -0.0923619,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "placegap_ladder_inc6": {
    "ci": [
      0.01,
      0.05
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "0.03",
    "estimand": "difference between the unweighted means (shares for pain) in the most and the least deprived band of counties (tenths 8 to 10 and 1 to 3 of interviews by county ADI), interval clustered by the respondent's county",
    "n": 274335,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in 2009 to 2017",
    "population": "respondents in the richest household income bracket, in the two extreme county bands",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "ladder points, most deprived three tenths minus least deprived three tenths",
    "value": 0.0318447,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "placegap_pain_inc1": {
    "ci": [
      5.7,
      7.5
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "6.6",
    "estimand": "difference between the unweighted means (shares for pain) in the most and the least deprived band of counties (tenths 8 to 10 and 1 to 3 of interviews by county ADI), interval clustered by the respondent's county",
    "n": 276809,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in 2008 to 2017",
    "population": "respondents in the poorest household income bracket, in the two extreme county bands",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "percentage points, most deprived three tenths minus least deprived three tenths",
    "value": 6.6024,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "placegap_pain_inc6": {
    "ci": [
      1.2,
      2.1
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "1.7",
    "estimand": "difference between the unweighted means (shares for pain) in the most and the least deprived band of counties (tenths 8 to 10 and 1 to 3 of interviews by county ADI), interval clustered by the respondent's county",
    "n": 320286,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in 2008 to 2017",
    "population": "respondents in the richest household income bracket, in the two extreme county bands",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "percentage points, most deprived three tenths minus least deprived three tenths",
    "value": 1.66228,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "r_county_enjoy": {
    "ci": [
      0.56,
      0.63
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+0.59",
    "estimand": "correlation across counties between the county mean ladder score and the county share reporting the feeling, counties weighted by their respondents, bootstrap over counties",
    "n": 2356,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in the years the ladder (2009 to 2017) and the feeling were both asked",
    "population": "counties with at least 100 respondents with a ladder score and an answer to the enjoyment item",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "correlation coefficient",
    "value": 0.594658,
    "weights": "respondents with the item in each county"
  },
  "r_county_pain": {
    "ci": [
      -0.66,
      -0.58
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "−0.62",
    "estimand": "correlation across counties between the county mean ladder score and the county share reporting the feeling, counties weighted by their respondents, bootstrap over counties",
    "n": 2356,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in the years the ladder (2009 to 2017) and the feeling were both asked",
    "population": "counties with at least 100 respondents with a ladder score and an answer to the physical pain item",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "correlation coefficient",
    "value": -0.622586,
    "weights": "respondents with the item in each county"
  },
  "r_county_sad": {
    "ci": [
      -0.61,
      -0.53
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "−0.57",
    "estimand": "correlation across counties between the county mean ladder score and the county share reporting the feeling, counties weighted by their respondents, bootstrap over counties",
    "n": 2355,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in the years the ladder (2009 to 2017) and the feeling were both asked",
    "population": "counties with at least 100 respondents with a ladder score and an answer to the sadness item",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "correlation coefficient",
    "value": -0.571862,
    "weights": "respondents with the item in each county"
  },
  "r_county_stress": {
    "ci": [
      -0.26,
      -0.14
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "−0.20",
    "estimand": "correlation across counties between the county mean ladder score and the county share reporting the feeling, counties weighted by their respondents, bootstrap over counties",
    "n": 2356,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in the years the ladder (2009 to 2017) and the feeling were both asked",
    "population": "counties with at least 100 respondents with a ladder score and an answer to the stress item",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "correlation coefficient",
    "value": -0.201385,
    "weights": "respondents with the item in each county"
  },
  "r_des_ladder": {
    "ci": [
      -0.47,
      -0.33
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "−0.40",
    "estimand": "correlation across counties between the county mean of the item and the JEC county rate of deaths of despair (CDC multiple cause of death, 2015), counties weighted by their respondents with the item, bootstrap over counties",
    "n": 1337,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews 2009 to 2017; deaths of despair 2015",
    "population": "counties with a deaths-of-despair rate and at least 100 respondents with each item",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "correlation coefficient",
    "value": -0.404994,
    "weights": "respondents with the item in each county"
  },
  "r_des_ladder5": {
    "ci": [
      -0.6,
      -0.49
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "−0.54",
    "estimand": "correlation across counties between the county mean of the item and the JEC county rate of deaths of despair (CDC multiple cause of death, 2015), counties weighted by their respondents with the item, bootstrap over counties",
    "n": 1337,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews 2009 to 2017; deaths of despair 2015",
    "population": "counties with a deaths-of-despair rate and at least 100 respondents with each item",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "correlation coefficient",
    "value": -0.542017,
    "weights": "respondents with the item in each county"
  },
  "r_des_ladder_adj": {
    "ci": [
      0.07,
      0.22
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+0.14",
    "estimand": "correlation across counties between the county mean of the cell-adjusted item (five-year age band (age capped at 85), sex, race, three-level education and household income bracket) and the JEC county rate of deaths of despair, counties weighted by their respondents, bootstrap over counties",
    "n": 1331,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews 2009 to 2017; deaths of despair 2015",
    "population": "counties with a deaths-of-despair rate and at least 100 respondents with each item (respondents with age, sex, race, education, household income and a county rent)",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "correlation coefficient",
    "value": 0.143284,
    "weights": "respondents with the item in each county"
  },
  "r_des_ladder_agesex": {
    "ci": [
      -0.53,
      -0.4
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "−0.47",
    "estimand": "correlation across counties between the county mean ladder score after comparing respondents within cells of five-year age band and sex and the JEC county rate of deaths of despair, counties weighted by their respondents, bootstrap over counties",
    "n": 1331,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews 2009 to 2017; deaths of despair 2015",
    "population": "counties with a deaths-of-despair rate and at least 100 respondents with each item (respondents with age and sex)",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "correlation coefficient",
    "value": -0.470348,
    "weights": "respondents with the item in each county"
  },
  "r_des_pain": {
    "ci": [
      0.61,
      0.69
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+0.65",
    "estimand": "correlation across counties between the county mean of the item and the JEC county rate of deaths of despair (CDC multiple cause of death, 2015), counties weighted by their respondents with the item, bootstrap over counties",
    "n": 1337,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews 2008 to 2017; deaths of despair 2015",
    "population": "counties with a deaths-of-despair rate and at least 100 respondents with each item",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "correlation coefficient",
    "value": 0.653775,
    "weights": "respondents with the item in each county"
  },
  "r_des_pain_adj": {
    "ci": [
      0.38,
      0.48
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+0.43",
    "estimand": "correlation across counties between the county mean of the cell-adjusted item (five-year age band (age capped at 85), sex, race, three-level education and household income bracket) and the JEC county rate of deaths of despair, counties weighted by their respondents, bootstrap over counties",
    "n": 1331,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews 2008 to 2017; deaths of despair 2015",
    "population": "counties with a deaths-of-despair rate and at least 100 respondents with each item (respondents with age, sex, race, education, household income and a county rent)",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "correlation coefficient",
    "value": 0.432762,
    "weights": "respondents with the item in each county"
  },
  "r_des_pain_agesex": {
    "ci": [
      0.58,
      0.66
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+0.62",
    "estimand": "correlation across counties between the county mean of the item after comparing respondents within cells of five-year age band and sex and the JEC county rate of deaths of despair, counties weighted by their respondents, bootstrap over counties",
    "n": 1331,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews 2008 to 2017; deaths of despair 2015",
    "population": "counties with a deaths-of-despair rate and at least 100 respondents with each item (respondents with age and sex)",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "correlation coefficient",
    "value": 0.623786,
    "weights": "respondents with the item in each county"
  },
  "r_des_pain_unw": {
    "ci": [
      0.54,
      0.63
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+0.58",
    "estimand": "correlation across counties between the county mean of the item and the JEC county rate of deaths of despair (CDC multiple cause of death, 2015), each county counted once, bootstrap over counties",
    "n": 1337,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews 2008 to 2017; deaths of despair 2015",
    "population": "counties with a deaths-of-despair rate and at least 100 respondents with each item",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "correlation coefficient",
    "value": 0.581747,
    "weights": "none (each county counts once)"
  },
  "r_des_sad": {
    "ci": [
      0.2,
      0.41
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+0.31",
    "estimand": "correlation across counties between the county mean of the item and the JEC county rate of deaths of despair (CDC multiple cause of death, 2015), counties weighted by their respondents with the item, bootstrap over counties",
    "n": 1337,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews 2008 to 2017; deaths of despair 2015",
    "population": "counties with a deaths-of-despair rate and at least 100 respondents with each item",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "correlation coefficient",
    "value": 0.308065,
    "weights": "respondents with the item in each county"
  },
  "r_des_sad_unw": {
    "ci": [
      0.39,
      0.52
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+0.45",
    "estimand": "correlation across counties between the county mean of the item and the JEC county rate of deaths of despair (CDC multiple cause of death, 2015), each county counted once, bootstrap over counties",
    "n": 1337,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews 2008 to 2017; deaths of despair 2015",
    "population": "counties with a deaths-of-despair rate and at least 100 respondents with each item",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "correlation coefficient",
    "value": 0.452526,
    "weights": "none (each county counts once)"
  },
  "r_des_stress": {
    "ci": [
      -0.17,
      -0.01
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "−0.09",
    "estimand": "correlation across counties between the county mean of the item and the JEC county rate of deaths of despair (CDC multiple cause of death, 2015), counties weighted by their respondents with the item, bootstrap over counties",
    "n": 1337,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews 2008 to 2017; deaths of despair 2015",
    "population": "counties with a deaths-of-despair rate and at least 100 respondents with each item",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "correlation coefficient",
    "value": -0.0880749,
    "weights": "respondents with the item in each county"
  },
  "r_des_stress_unw": {
    "ci": [
      0.11,
      0.28
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+0.19",
    "estimand": "correlation across counties between the county mean of the item and the JEC county rate of deaths of despair (CDC multiple cause of death, 2015), each county counted once, bootstrap over counties",
    "n": 1337,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews 2008 to 2017; deaths of despair 2015",
    "population": "counties with a deaths-of-despair rate and at least 100 respondents with each item",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "correlation coefficient",
    "value": 0.194374,
    "weights": "none (each county counts once)"
  },
  "r_des_worry": {
    "ci": [
      -0.05,
      0.17
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+0.06",
    "estimand": "correlation across counties between the county mean of the item and the JEC county rate of deaths of despair (CDC multiple cause of death, 2015), counties weighted by their respondents with the item, bootstrap over counties",
    "n": 1337,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews 2008 to 2017; deaths of despair 2015",
    "population": "counties with a deaths-of-despair rate and at least 100 respondents with each item",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "correlation coefficient",
    "value": 0.0588588,
    "weights": "respondents with the item in each county"
  },
  "r_des_worry_unw": {
    "ci": [
      0.29,
      0.45
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+0.36",
    "estimand": "correlation across counties between the county mean of the item and the JEC county rate of deaths of despair (CDC multiple cause of death, 2015), each county counted once, bootstrap over counties",
    "n": 1337,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews 2008 to 2017; deaths of despair 2015",
    "population": "counties with a deaths-of-despair rate and at least 100 respondents with each item",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "correlation coefficient",
    "value": 0.364465,
    "weights": "none (each county counts once)"
  },
  "r_jec_wonder": {
    "ci": [
      0.77,
      0.84
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+0.81",
    "estimand": "correlation across these counties between the JEC 2015 rate of deaths of despair and the WONDER rate, counties weighted by their respondents with the pain item, bootstrap over counties; the WONDER rate is the sum of the county crude rates of drug, alcohol and suicide deaths per 100,000, 2018 to 2023, which includes suicides by drug poisoning in both the drug and the suicide rate",
    "n": 534,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews: ladder 2009 to 2017, feelings 2008 to 2017; JEC deaths of despair 2015; WONDER deaths 2018 to 2023",
    "population": "counties with a JEC rate, a complete WONDER rate and at least 100 respondents with each of the ladder, pain and stress items",
    "source": "wonder-ucd",
    "unit": "correlation coefficient",
    "value": 0.807556,
    "weights": "respondents with the pain item in each county"
  },
  "r_pain_jec_same": {
    "ci": [
      0.64,
      0.74
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+0.69",
    "estimand": "correlation across these counties between the county share reporting physical pain and the JEC 2015 rate, counties weighted by their respondents with the pain item, bootstrap over counties; the WONDER rate is the sum of the county crude rates of drug, alcohol and suicide deaths per 100,000, 2018 to 2023, which includes suicides by drug poisoning in both the drug and the suicide rate",
    "n": 534,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews: ladder 2009 to 2017, feelings 2008 to 2017; JEC deaths of despair 2015; WONDER deaths 2018 to 2023",
    "population": "counties with a JEC rate, a complete WONDER rate and at least 100 respondents with each of the ladder, pain and stress items",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "correlation coefficient",
    "value": 0.692462,
    "weights": "respondents with the pain item in each county"
  },
  "r_pain_wonder": {
    "ci": [
      0.51,
      0.64
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+0.58",
    "estimand": "correlation across these counties between the county share reporting physical pain and the WONDER rate, counties weighted by their respondents with the pain item, bootstrap over counties; the WONDER rate is the sum of the county crude rates of drug, alcohol and suicide deaths per 100,000, 2018 to 2023, which includes suicides by drug poisoning in both the drug and the suicide rate",
    "n": 534,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews: ladder 2009 to 2017, feelings 2008 to 2017; JEC deaths of despair 2015; WONDER deaths 2018 to 2023",
    "population": "counties with a JEC rate, a complete WONDER rate and at least 100 respondents with each of the ladder, pain and stress items",
    "source": "wonder-ucd",
    "unit": "correlation coefficient",
    "value": 0.580442,
    "weights": "respondents with the pain item in each county"
  },
  "r_person_anger": {
    "ci": [
      -0.182,
      -0.178
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "−0.18",
    "estimand": "correlation between the ladder score and the 0/1 answer across respondents, unweighted, bootstrap over counties",
    "n": 1686646,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in the years the ladder (2009 to 2017) and the feeling were both asked",
    "population": "respondents with a ladder score and an answer to the anger item",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "correlation coefficient",
    "value": -0.180061,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "r_person_enjoy": {
    "ci": [
      0.258,
      0.262
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+0.26",
    "estimand": "correlation between the ladder score and the 0/1 answer across respondents, unweighted, bootstrap over counties",
    "n": 2211300,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in the years the ladder (2009 to 2017) and the feeling were both asked",
    "population": "respondents with a ladder score and an answer to the enjoyment item",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "correlation coefficient",
    "value": 0.260136,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "r_person_pain": {
    "ci": [
      -0.204,
      -0.199
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "−0.20",
    "estimand": "correlation between the ladder score and the 0/1 answer across respondents, unweighted, bootstrap over counties",
    "n": 2213777,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in the years the ladder (2009 to 2017) and the feeling were both asked",
    "population": "respondents with a ladder score and an answer to the physical pain item",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "correlation coefficient",
    "value": -0.201497,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "r_person_worry": {
    "ci": [
      -0.282,
      -0.277
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "−0.28",
    "estimand": "correlation between the ladder score and the 0/1 answer across respondents, unweighted, bootstrap over counties",
    "n": 2214180,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in the years the ladder (2009 to 2017) and the feeling were both asked",
    "population": "respondents with a ladder score and an answer to the worry item",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "correlation coefficient",
    "value": -0.279456,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "r_stress_wonder": {
    "ci": [
      -0.23,
      -0.05
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "−0.14",
    "estimand": "correlation across these counties between the county share reporting stress and the WONDER rate, counties weighted by their respondents with the pain item, bootstrap over counties; the WONDER rate is the sum of the county crude rates of drug, alcohol and suicide deaths per 100,000, 2018 to 2023, which includes suicides by drug poisoning in both the drug and the suicide rate",
    "n": 534,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews: ladder 2009 to 2017, feelings 2008 to 2017; JEC deaths of despair 2015; WONDER deaths 2018 to 2023",
    "population": "counties with a JEC rate, a complete WONDER rate and at least 100 respondents with each of the ladder, pain and stress items",
    "source": "wonder-ucd",
    "unit": "correlation coefficient",
    "value": -0.14294,
    "weights": "respondents with the pain item in each county"
  },
  "rent_d1": {
    "ci": [
      2594,
      2800
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "$2,697",
    "estimand": "unweighted mean over interviews of the FY2025 two-bedroom Fair Market Rent of the respondent's county (a stand-in for relative price levels in the interview years), interval clustered by the respondent's county",
    "n": 353555,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "The rent is an FY2025 area standard, shared by the counties of a metro, used here only as a proxy for relative price levels.",
    "period": "HUD fiscal year 2025",
    "population": "respondents in the least deprived tenth of interviews, ranked by the Area Deprivation Index of the respondent's county",
    "source": "hud-fmr",
    "unit": "dollars per month, HUD two-bedroom Fair Market Rent",
    "value": 2696.94,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "rent_d10": {
    "ci": [
      932,
      953
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "$943",
    "estimand": "unweighted mean over interviews of the FY2025 two-bedroom Fair Market Rent of the respondent's county (a stand-in for relative price levels in the interview years), interval clustered by the respondent's county",
    "n": 351962,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "The rent is an FY2025 area standard, shared by the counties of a metro, used here only as a proxy for relative price levels.",
    "period": "HUD fiscal year 2025",
    "population": "respondents in the most deprived tenth of interviews, ranked by the Area Deprivation Index of the respondent's county",
    "source": "hud-fmr",
    "unit": "dollars per month, HUD two-bedroom Fair Market Rent",
    "value": 942.72,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "share_enjoy": {
    "display": "86%",
    "estimand": "unweighted share of respondents who reported the feeling",
    "n": 2211300,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in the years the item was asked",
    "population": "respondents with a ladder score and an answer to the enjoyment item",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "percent reporting enjoyment a lot of the day yesterday",
    "value": 85.9406,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "share_income_reported": {
    "display": "81%",
    "estimand": "share of interviews with a household income bracket (unweighted count)",
    "n": 3519539,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "2008 to 2017",
    "population": "interviews with a county",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "percent of interviews that report a household income bracket",
    "value": 81.0206,
    "weights": "none (unweighted count)"
  },
  "share_sad": {
    "display": "17%",
    "estimand": "unweighted share of respondents who reported the feeling",
    "n": 2054693,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in the years the item was asked",
    "population": "respondents with a ladder score and an answer to the sadness item",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "percent reporting sadness a lot of the day yesterday",
    "value": 16.6017,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "share_zip_adi": {
    "display": "97.6%",
    "estimand": "share of interviews that take a ZIP-area deprivation rank (the ZIP code is treated as the ZCTA of the same number)",
    "n": 3519539,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "ADI 2023",
    "population": "interviews with a county",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "percent of interviews with a county whose ZIP code has a ZCTA Area Deprivation Index",
    "value": 97.6249,
    "weights": "none (unweighted count)"
  },
  "slope_pooled": {
    "ci": [
      0.246,
      0.253
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "0.250",
    "estimand": "coefficient on the household income bracket (1 to 6) in a regression of the ladder score with no other terms, unweighted, errors clustered on county",
    "n": 1806805,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in 2009 to 2017",
    "population": "respondents with a household income bracket and a ladder score",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "ladder points per household income bracket step",
    "value": 0.249705,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "slope_pooled_with08": {
    "ci": [
      0.252,
      0.259
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "0.256",
    "estimand": "the pooled income slope of the ladder recomputed with the 2008 ladder answers left in, unweighted, errors clustered on county",
    "n": 2074160,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in 2008 to 2017 including the 2008 ladder, which carries a question-order artifact",
    "population": "respondents with a household income bracket and a ladder score, including 2008",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "ladder points per household income bracket step",
    "value": 0.255751,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "slope_within": {
    "ci": [
      0.247,
      0.255
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "0.251",
    "estimand": "coefficient on the household income bracket (1 to 6) in a regression of the ladder score with county fixed effects, unweighted, errors clustered on county",
    "n": 1806803,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in 2009 to 2017",
    "population": "respondents with a household income bracket and a ladder score",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "ladder points per household income bracket step",
    "value": 0.250946,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "step_age_sex_county": {
    "ci": [
      -0.36,
      -0.23
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "−0.30",
    "estimand": "gap between the extreme tenths after comparing respondents within cells of five-year age band and sex, interval clustered by the respondent's county",
    "n": 350199,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in 2009 to 2017",
    "population": "respondents with age, sex, race, education, household income and a county rent in the two extreme county tenths",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "ladder points, most deprived tenth minus least deprived tenth",
    "value": -0.296968,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "step_edu_county": {
    "ci": [
      -0.15,
      -0.07
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "−0.11",
    "estimand": "gap between the extreme tenths after comparing respondents within cells of five-year age band (age capped at 85), sex and three-level education, interval clustered by the respondent's county",
    "n": 350199,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in 2009 to 2017",
    "population": "respondents with age, sex, race, education, household income and a county rent in the two extreme county tenths",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "ladder points, most deprived tenth minus least deprived tenth",
    "value": -0.110167,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "step_edu_zip": {
    "ci": [
      -0.25,
      -0.17
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "−0.21",
    "estimand": "gap between the extreme tenths after comparing respondents within cells of five-year age band (age capped at 85), sex and three-level education, interval clustered by the respondent's county",
    "n": 343365,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in 2009 to 2017",
    "population": "respondents with age, sex, race, education, household income and a county rent in the two extreme ZIP area tenths",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "ladder points, most deprived tenth minus least deprived tenth",
    "value": -0.207986,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "step_income_county": {
    "ci": [
      0.1,
      0.16
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+0.13",
    "estimand": "gap between the extreme tenths after comparing respondents within cells of five-year age band (age capped at 85), sex, race, three-level education and household income bracket, interval clustered by the respondent's county",
    "n": 350199,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in 2009 to 2017",
    "population": "respondents with age, sex, race, education, household income and a county rent in the two extreme county tenths",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "ladder points, most deprived tenth minus least deprived tenth",
    "value": 0.127741,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "step_none_county": {
    "ci": [
      -0.34,
      -0.21
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "−0.27",
    "estimand": "gap between the extreme tenths on the interviews that report every characteristic, before any adjustment, interval clustered by the respondent's county",
    "n": 350199,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in 2009 to 2017",
    "population": "respondents with age, sex, race, education, household income and a county rent in the two extreme county tenths",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "ladder points, most deprived tenth minus least deprived tenth",
    "value": -0.270161,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "stress_inc1": {
    "ci": [
      43.4,
      43.9
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "43.6%",
    "estimand": "unweighted share, interval clustered by the respondent's county",
    "n": 441398,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in 2008 to 2017",
    "population": "respondents in the poorest household income bracket",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "percent reporting stress a lot of the day yesterday",
    "value": 43.6375,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "stress_inc6": {
    "ci": [
      37.3,
      38
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "37.7%",
    "estimand": "unweighted share, interval clustered by the respondent's county",
    "n": 528004,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in 2008 to 2017",
    "population": "respondents in the richest household income bracket",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "percent reporting stress a lot of the day yesterday",
    "value": 37.6741,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "stress_q1": {
    "ci": [
      36.9,
      37.9
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "37.4%",
    "estimand": "unweighted share, interval clustered by the respondent's county",
    "n": 465362,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews 2008 to 2017; deaths of despair 2015",
    "population": "respondents in the lowest fifth of interviews, ranked by the deaths-of-despair rate of the respondent's county",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "percent reporting stress a lot of the day yesterday",
    "value": 37.3963,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "stress_q5": {
    "ci": [
      36.1,
      36.8
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "36.4%",
    "estimand": "unweighted share, interval clustered by the respondent's county",
    "n": 474370,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews 2008 to 2017; deaths of despair 2015",
    "population": "respondents in the highest fifth of interviews, ranked by the deaths-of-despair rate of the respondent's county",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "percent reporting stress a lot of the day yesterday",
    "value": 36.4486,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "stress_range_2to6": {
    "display": "2.3",
    "estimand": "the highest minus the lowest unweighted share reporting stress among the second to sixth household income brackets",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in 2008 to 2017",
    "population": "respondents in the five household income brackets above the poorest",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "percentage points (highest minus lowest bracket)",
    "value": 2.31183,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "vsplit_between": {
    "display": "29.7",
    "estimand": "share of the population-weighted variance of tract life expectancy at birth between counties, counting states and counties within states together (the sum of the two canonical shares from b2.canon.variance_split)",
    "n": 78008,
    "nUnit": "tracts",
    "note": "",
    "period": "deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, area-weighted onto 2020 tracts)",
    "population": "residents of non-institutional tracts with a life expectancy estimate (50 states and DC)",
    "source": "usaleep",
    "unit": "percent of the variance of tract life expectancy",
    "value": 29.6654,
    "weights": "ACS 2019-2023 tract population"
  },
  "vsplit_county": {
    "display": "15.9",
    "estimand": "share of the population-weighted variance of tract life expectancy at birth between counties within states (sum-of-squares decomposition)",
    "n": 78008,
    "nUnit": "tracts",
    "note": "Connecticut's nine planning regions stand in for its counties. The tract estimates are modeled; their mean squared standard error equals 26.7 percent of the total variance and sits inside the within-county share.",
    "period": "deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, area-weighted onto 2020 tracts)",
    "population": "residents of non-institutional tracts with a life expectancy estimate (50 states and DC)",
    "source": "usaleep",
    "unit": "percent of the variance of tract life expectancy",
    "value": 15.9192,
    "weights": "ACS 2019-2023 tract population"
  },
  "vsplit_state": {
    "display": "13.7",
    "estimand": "share of the population-weighted variance of tract life expectancy at birth between states (sum-of-squares decomposition)",
    "n": 78008,
    "nUnit": "tracts",
    "note": "Connecticut's nine planning regions stand in for its counties. The tract estimates are modeled; their mean squared standard error equals 26.7 percent of the total variance and sits inside the within-county share.",
    "period": "deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, area-weighted onto 2020 tracts)",
    "population": "residents of non-institutional tracts with a life expectancy estimate (50 states and DC)",
    "source": "usaleep",
    "unit": "percent of the variance of tract life expectancy",
    "value": 13.7462,
    "weights": "ACS 2019-2023 tract population"
  }
}