{
  "alt": "A dot plot with five rows, each a slope of the county infant mortality rate on county deprivation rank with a whisker. All five dots sit to the right of the zero line. The three rows for all births are close together, the dot for white mothers lies to their left, and the dot for Black mothers lies furthest right with the widest whisker.",
  "caption": "Every dot lies to the right of zero, and the three rows for all births are close together. The slope for births to white mothers is smaller than the slope for all births, and the dot for Black mothers lies furthest right. The first row is the slope of the main figure; the others change the period, add state fixed effects, or restrict to births to white or to Black mothers.",
  "data": [
    {
      "conf_high": 0.715,
      "conf_low": 0.544,
      "group": "All births",
      "label": "All births, 2018 to 2022 (240 counties)",
      "n": 240,
      "slope": 0.631
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.84,
      "conf_low": 0.467,
      "group": "All births",
      "label": "All births, 2018 to 2022, within states (44 states)",
      "n": 240,
      "slope": 0.624
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.709,
      "conf_low": 0.518,
      "group": "All births",
      "label": "All births, 2018 and 2019 (240 counties)",
      "n": 240,
      "slope": 0.619
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.44,
      "conf_low": 0.289,
      "group": "White",
      "label": "White mothers, 2018 and 2019 (203 counties)",
      "n": 203,
      "slope": 0.362
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 1.006,
      "conf_low": 0.617,
      "group": "Black",
      "label": "Black mothers, 2018 and 2019 (115 counties)",
      "n": 115,
      "slope": 0.817
    }
  ],
  "id": "imr_gradient_checks",
  "notes": [
    "The slope is the births-weighted regression slope of the county rate on the county deprivation rank, multiplied by ten. Intervals come from a bootstrap over counties, except the within-states row, which resamples whole states because the fixed effects pool counties within a state.",
    "Race rows use WONDER's single-race groups of any ethnicity and the {fact:counties_used} counties, restricted to the counties that publish the group in both 2018 and 2019: {fact:race_counties_white} counties for white mothers ({fact:race_births_share_white} of their births in the counties used) and {fact:race_counties_black} for Black mothers ({fact:race_births_share_black}).",
    "Counties with a higher deprivation rank also have a larger share of births to Black mothers, {fact:black_share_q1} of births in the least deprived quartile and {fact:black_share_q4} in the most deprived (2018 and 2019), so the slope for all births mixes the rise within each group with the shift in the mix of mothers. A county slope describes places, not individual mothers."
  ],
  "source": "CDC WONDER linked birth and infant death, 2018-2022 (mother's race 2018-2019), and Area Deprivation Index 2023; crude rates from full counts, births-weighted (population-weighted)",
  "spec": {
    "colors": {
      "All births": "total",
      "Black": "black",
      "White": "white"
    },
    "group": "group",
    "hi": "conf_high",
    "legend": false,
    "lo": "conf_low",
    "n": "n",
    "reference": 0,
    "sort": "data",
    "valueLabels": true,
    "x": "slope",
    "xDomain": [
      0,
      1.2
    ],
    "xFormat": {
      "digits": 2
    },
    "xLabel": "Infant deaths per 1,000 live births for each ten points of county deprivation rank",
    "y": "label"
  },
  "subtitle": "Change in infant deaths per {fact:per_1000} for each {fact:rank_step}-point rise in county deprivation rank (births-weighted slope) with 95% intervals, counties of {fact:lbd_county_threshold} residents or more",
  "title": "The rise with county deprivation holds within states and for births to white mothers and to Black mothers, at {fact:imr_slope_per_10} deaths per {fact:per_1000} for each {fact:rank_step}-point step across all births",
  "type": "dot",
  "width": "wide"
}