{
  "barbell_min_pop": {
    "display": "150,000",
    "estimand": "minimum county population for the comparison with the national shares",
    "note": "",
    "period": "tax year 2022",
    "population": "counties compared with the national shares",
    "source": "irs-soi",
    "unit": "residents",
    "value": 150000,
    "weights": "none (inclusion rule)"
  },
  "beta_eitc": {
    "ci": [
      -0.75,
      -0.23
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "−0.49",
    "estimand": "standardized coefficient on the EITC share with the other share and the Area Deprivation Index in the model; coefficient in a county-population-weighted regression of standardized variables, errors clustered on state",
    "n": 3116,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "",
    "period": "tax year 2022; mobility for children born 1978 to 1983",
    "population": "counties with an income-tax shape, an Area Deprivation Index and an Opportunity Atlas rank (Connecticut left out)",
    "source": "irs-soi",
    "unit": "standard deviations of the county mobility rank per standard deviation of the EITC share",
    "value": -0.489416,
    "weights": "county population (ACS 2019-2023 tract population summed to the county)"
  },
  "beta_top": {
    "ci": [
      -0.27,
      0.2
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "−0.03",
    "estimand": "standardized coefficient on the top-bracket share with the other share and the Area Deprivation Index in the model; coefficient in a county-population-weighted regression of standardized variables, errors clustered on state",
    "n": 3116,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "",
    "period": "tax year 2022; mobility for children born 1978 to 1983",
    "population": "counties with an income-tax shape, an Area Deprivation Index and an Opportunity Atlas rank (Connecticut left out)",
    "source": "irs-soi",
    "unit": "standard deviations of the county mobility rank per standard deviation of the top-bracket share",
    "value": -0.0327959,
    "weights": "county population (ACS 2019-2023 tract population summed to the county)"
  },
  "bracket_low_line": {
    "display": "$25,000",
    "estimand": "upper limit of the lowest of the five income groups shown (returns with adjusted gross income under this amount; agi_stub 1 to 3)",
    "note": "",
    "period": "tax year 2022",
    "population": "individual income tax returns",
    "source": "irs-soi",
    "unit": "dollars of adjusted gross income",
    "value": 25000,
    "weights": "none (definition)"
  },
  "eitc_hi": {
    "ci": [
      26.4,
      31.2
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "28.9%",
    "estimand": "county-population-weighted mean of the county share of returns, interval from a bootstrap over states",
    "n": 312,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "",
    "period": "tax year 2022",
    "population": "returns in the most deprived tenth of counties by Area Deprivation Index (tenths hold equal numbers of counties)",
    "source": "irs-soi",
    "unit": "percent of individual returns that claim the earned income tax credit",
    "value": 28.9305,
    "weights": "county population (ACS 2019-2023 tract population summed to the county)"
  },
  "eitc_lo": {
    "ci": [
      10.4,
      13.2
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "12.0%",
    "estimand": "county-population-weighted mean of the county share of returns, interval from a bootstrap over states",
    "n": 312,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "",
    "period": "tax year 2022",
    "population": "returns in the least deprived tenth of counties by Area Deprivation Index (tenths hold equal numbers of counties)",
    "source": "irs-soi",
    "unit": "percent of individual returns that claim the earned income tax credit",
    "value": 12.03,
    "weights": "county population (ACS 2019-2023 tract population summed to the county)"
  },
  "eitc_nat": {
    "display": "14.9%",
    "estimand": "returns claiming the credit divided by all returns, all counties pooled",
    "n": 158707990,
    "nUnit": "returns",
    "note": "",
    "period": "tax year 2022",
    "population": "all individual income tax returns in the IRS county file",
    "source": "irs-soi",
    "unit": "percent of individual returns that claim the earned income tax credit",
    "value": 14.9338,
    "weights": "none (full count of returns)"
  },
  "eitc_top_r": {
    "ci": [
      -0.7,
      -0.6
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "−0.65",
    "estimand": "county-population-weighted correlation of the county EITC share with the county top-bracket share, bootstrap interval over states",
    "n": 3129,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "",
    "period": "tax year 2022",
    "population": "counties in the gradient",
    "source": "irs-soi",
    "unit": "correlation coefficient",
    "value": -0.646823,
    "weights": "county population (ACS 2019-2023 tract population summed to the county)"
  },
  "holc_adi_b": {
    "ci": [
      33,
      49
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "41",
    "estimand": "Area Deprivation Index 2023 national rank, population-weighted mean over tracts of the tract value, grade assigned by the largest area overlap, bootstrap interval over counties",
    "n": 2241,
    "nUnit": "tracts",
    "note": "",
    "period": "maps drawn 1935 to 1940; outcomes: life expectancy for deaths in 2010 to 2015, income and homeownership 2019 to 2023, mobility for children born 1978 to 1983",
    "population": "residents of tracts at least 50 percent covered by graded HOLC polygons that are graded B and have an Area Deprivation Index value",
    "source": "holc",
    "unit": "national percentile (100 = most deprived)",
    "value": 40.7822,
    "weights": "ACS 2019-2023 tract population"
  },
  "holc_adi_c": {
    "ci": [
      33,
      53
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "42",
    "estimand": "Area Deprivation Index 2023 national rank, population-weighted mean over tracts of the tract value, grade assigned by the largest area overlap, bootstrap interval over counties",
    "n": 5040,
    "nUnit": "tracts",
    "note": "",
    "period": "maps drawn 1935 to 1940; outcomes: life expectancy for deaths in 2010 to 2015, income and homeownership 2019 to 2023, mobility for children born 1978 to 1983",
    "population": "residents of tracts at least 50 percent covered by graded HOLC polygons that are graded C and have an Area Deprivation Index value",
    "source": "holc",
    "unit": "national percentile (100 = most deprived)",
    "value": 41.7668,
    "weights": "ACS 2019-2023 tract population"
  },
  "holc_adi_d": {
    "ci": [
      32,
      53
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "41",
    "estimand": "Area Deprivation Index 2023 national rank, population-weighted mean over tracts of the tract value, grade assigned by the largest area overlap, bootstrap interval over counties",
    "n": 2953,
    "nUnit": "tracts",
    "note": "",
    "period": "maps drawn 1935 to 1940; outcomes: life expectancy for deaths in 2010 to 2015, income and homeownership 2019 to 2023, mobility for children born 1978 to 1983",
    "population": "residents of tracts at least 50 percent covered by graded HOLC polygons that are graded D and have an Area Deprivation Index value",
    "source": "holc",
    "unit": "national percentile (100 = most deprived)",
    "value": 40.643,
    "weights": "ACS 2019-2023 tract population"
  },
  "holc_city_median": {
    "display": "5.7",
    "estimand": "median over cities of the city's gap between the population-weighted mean life expectancy of its grade A tracts and of its grade D tracts",
    "n": 27,
    "nUnit": "cities",
    "note": "",
    "period": "maps drawn 1935 to 1940; outcomes: life expectancy for deaths in 2010 to 2015, income and homeownership 2019 to 2023, mobility for children born 1978 to 1983",
    "population": "HOLC cities in the city-by-city comparison",
    "source": "holc",
    "unit": "years of life expectancy at birth, grade A minus grade D",
    "value": 5.67583,
    "weights": "none (each city counts once)"
  },
  "holc_city_n": {
    "display": "27",
    "estimand": "count of cities in the city-by-city comparison",
    "note": "",
    "period": "maps drawn 1935 to 1940; outcomes: life expectancy for deaths in 2010 to 2015, income and homeownership 2019 to 2023, mobility for children born 1978 to 1983",
    "population": "HOLC cities with enough grade A and grade D tracts",
    "source": "holc",
    "unit": "HOLC cities and city areas",
    "value": 27,
    "weights": "none (full count)"
  },
  "holc_city_p5": {
    "display": "3.4",
    "estimand": "5th percentile over cities of the city's gap between the population-weighted mean life expectancy of its grade A tracts and of its grade D tracts",
    "n": 27,
    "nUnit": "cities",
    "note": "",
    "period": "maps drawn 1935 to 1940; outcomes: life expectancy for deaths in 2010 to 2015, income and homeownership 2019 to 2023, mobility for children born 1978 to 1983",
    "population": "HOLC cities in the city-by-city comparison",
    "source": "holc",
    "unit": "years of life expectancy at birth, grade A minus grade D",
    "value": 3.44746,
    "weights": "none (each city counts once)"
  },
  "holc_city_p95": {
    "display": "10.1",
    "estimand": "95th percentile over cities of the city's gap between the population-weighted mean life expectancy of its grade A tracts and of its grade D tracts",
    "n": 27,
    "nUnit": "cities",
    "note": "",
    "period": "maps drawn 1935 to 1940; outcomes: life expectancy for deaths in 2010 to 2015, income and homeownership 2019 to 2023, mobility for children born 1978 to 1983",
    "population": "HOLC cities in the city-by-city comparison",
    "source": "holc",
    "unit": "years of life expectancy at birth, grade A minus grade D",
    "value": 10.1208,
    "weights": "none (each city counts once)"
  },
  "holc_cover_min": {
    "display": "50%",
    "estimand": "minimum share of a tract covered by graded polygons for the tract to enter",
    "note": "",
    "period": "maps drawn 1935 to 1940; outcomes: life expectancy for deaths in 2010 to 2015, income and homeownership 2019 to 2023, mobility for children born 1978 to 1983",
    "population": "tracts in the comparison",
    "source": "holc",
    "unit": "percent of a tract's area",
    "value": 50,
    "weights": "none (inclusion rule)"
  },
  "holc_cover_strict": {
    "display": "90%",
    "estimand": "stricter minimum share of a tract covered by graded polygons",
    "note": "",
    "period": "maps drawn 1935 to 1940; outcomes: life expectancy for deaths in 2010 to 2015, income and homeownership 2019 to 2023, mobility for children born 1978 to 1983",
    "population": "tracts in the stricter comparison",
    "source": "holc",
    "unit": "percent of a tract's area",
    "value": 90,
    "weights": "none (inclusion rule)"
  },
  "holc_inc_a": {
    "ci": [
      115,
      138
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "$127 thousand",
    "estimand": "ACS 2019-2023 tract median household income, population-weighted mean over tracts of the tract value, grade assigned by the largest area overlap, bootstrap interval over counties; a mean of tract medians, not a median of households",
    "n": 669,
    "nUnit": "tracts",
    "note": "",
    "period": "maps drawn 1935 to 1940; outcomes: life expectancy for deaths in 2010 to 2015, income and homeownership 2019 to 2023, mobility for children born 1978 to 1983",
    "population": "residents of tracts at least 50 percent covered by graded HOLC polygons that are graded A and have a median household income",
    "source": "holc",
    "unit": "thousands of dollars",
    "value": 127.437,
    "weights": "ACS 2019-2023 tract population"
  },
  "holc_inc_d": {
    "ci": [
      63,
      78
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "$71 thousand",
    "estimand": "ACS 2019-2023 tract median household income, population-weighted mean over tracts of the tract value, grade assigned by the largest area overlap, bootstrap interval over counties; a mean of tract medians, not a median of households",
    "n": 2920,
    "nUnit": "tracts",
    "note": "",
    "period": "maps drawn 1935 to 1940; outcomes: life expectancy for deaths in 2010 to 2015, income and homeownership 2019 to 2023, mobility for children born 1978 to 1983",
    "population": "residents of tracts at least 50 percent covered by graded HOLC polygons that are graded D and have a median household income",
    "source": "holc",
    "unit": "thousands of dollars",
    "value": 71.1171,
    "weights": "ACS 2019-2023 tract population"
  },
  "holc_kfr_a": {
    "ci": [
      45.3,
      47.1
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "46.3",
    "estimand": "mean adult household income rank (Opportunity Atlas, children born 1978 to 1983 to parents at the 25th income percentile), population-weighted mean over tracts of the tract value, grade assigned by the largest area overlap, bootstrap interval over counties",
    "n": 672,
    "nUnit": "tracts",
    "note": "",
    "period": "maps drawn 1935 to 1940; outcomes: life expectancy for deaths in 2010 to 2015, income and homeownership 2019 to 2023, mobility for children born 1978 to 1983",
    "population": "residents of tracts at least 50 percent covered by graded HOLC polygons that are graded A and have an adult income rank of children from low-income families",
    "source": "holc",
    "unit": "percentile points of national household income rank",
    "value": 46.2593,
    "weights": "ACS 2019-2023 tract population"
  },
  "holc_kfr_d": {
    "ci": [
      36.3,
      39.2
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "37.9",
    "estimand": "mean adult household income rank (Opportunity Atlas, children born 1978 to 1983 to parents at the 25th income percentile), population-weighted mean over tracts of the tract value, grade assigned by the largest area overlap, bootstrap interval over counties",
    "n": 2974,
    "nUnit": "tracts",
    "note": "",
    "period": "maps drawn 1935 to 1940; outcomes: life expectancy for deaths in 2010 to 2015, income and homeownership 2019 to 2023, mobility for children born 1978 to 1983",
    "population": "residents of tracts at least 50 percent covered by graded HOLC polygons that are graded D and have an adult income rank of children from low-income families",
    "source": "holc",
    "unit": "percentile points of national household income rank",
    "value": 37.9281,
    "weights": "ACS 2019-2023 tract population"
  },
  "holc_le_a": {
    "ci": [
      80.1,
      81.6
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "80.9",
    "estimand": "population-weighted mean over tracts of the tract value, grade assigned by the largest area overlap, bootstrap interval over counties",
    "n": 629,
    "nUnit": "tracts",
    "note": "",
    "period": "maps drawn 1935 to 1940; outcomes: life expectancy for deaths in 2010 to 2015, income and homeownership 2019 to 2023, mobility for children born 1978 to 1983",
    "population": "residents of tracts at least 50 percent covered by graded HOLC polygons that are graded A",
    "source": "holc",
    "unit": "years of life expectancy at birth",
    "value": 80.9291,
    "weights": "ACS 2019-2023 tract population"
  },
  "holc_le_d": {
    "ci": [
      75.5,
      77.8
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "76.8",
    "estimand": "population-weighted mean over tracts of the tract value, grade assigned by the largest area overlap, bootstrap interval over counties",
    "n": 2671,
    "nUnit": "tracts",
    "note": "",
    "period": "maps drawn 1935 to 1940; outcomes: life expectancy for deaths in 2010 to 2015, income and homeownership 2019 to 2023, mobility for children born 1978 to 1983",
    "population": "residents of tracts at least 50 percent covered by graded HOLC polygons that are graded D",
    "source": "holc",
    "unit": "years of life expectancy at birth",
    "value": 76.8355,
    "weights": "ACS 2019-2023 tract population"
  },
  "holc_le_gap": {
    "ci": [
      3.3,
      5.1
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "4.1",
    "estimand": "difference between the population-weighted mean over grade A tracts and over grade D tracts, bootstrap interval over counties",
    "n": 3300,
    "nUnit": "tracts",
    "note": "",
    "period": "maps drawn 1935 to 1940; outcomes: life expectancy for deaths in 2010 to 2015, income and homeownership 2019 to 2023, mobility for children born 1978 to 1983",
    "population": "residents of tracts at least 50 percent covered by graded HOLC polygons",
    "source": "holc",
    "unit": "years of life expectancy at birth, grade A minus grade D",
    "value": 4.09366,
    "weights": "ACS 2019-2023 tract population"
  },
  "holc_le_gap_90": {
    "ci": [
      2.6,
      4.9
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "3.6",
    "estimand": "difference between the population-weighted mean over grade A tracts and over grade D tracts under the stricter coverage rule, bootstrap interval over counties",
    "n": 1864,
    "nUnit": "tracts",
    "note": "",
    "period": "maps drawn 1935 to 1940; outcomes: life expectancy for deaths in 2010 to 2015, income and homeownership 2019 to 2023, mobility for children born 1978 to 1983",
    "population": "residents of tracts at least 90 percent covered by graded HOLC polygons",
    "source": "holc",
    "unit": "years of life expectancy at birth, grade A minus grade D",
    "value": 3.55585,
    "weights": "ACS 2019-2023 tract population"
  },
  "holc_le_gap_fe": {
    "ci": [
      5.3,
      6.4
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "5.8",
    "estimand": "coefficient of grade D relative to grade A (sign reversed) in a population-weighted regression of tract life expectancy on grade with a separate baseline for each city, errors clustered on county",
    "n": 10143,
    "nUnit": "tracts",
    "note": "",
    "period": "maps drawn 1935 to 1940; outcomes: life expectancy for deaths in 2010 to 2015, income and homeownership 2019 to 2023, mobility for children born 1978 to 1983",
    "population": "residents of tracts at least 50 percent covered by graded HOLC polygons and a life expectancy, in 222 HOLC cities",
    "source": "holc",
    "unit": "years of life expectancy at birth, grade A minus grade D, within the same city",
    "value": 5.82307,
    "weights": "ACS 2019-2023 tract population"
  },
  "holc_min_a": {
    "display": "5",
    "estimand": "minimum number of grade A tracts with a life expectancy for a city to enter",
    "note": "",
    "period": "maps drawn 1935 to 1940; outcomes: life expectancy for deaths in 2010 to 2015, income and homeownership 2019 to 2023, mobility for children born 1978 to 1983",
    "population": "HOLC cities in the city-by-city comparison",
    "source": "holc",
    "unit": "tracts",
    "value": 5,
    "weights": "none (inclusion rule)"
  },
  "holc_min_d": {
    "display": "10",
    "estimand": "minimum number of grade D tracts with a life expectancy for a city to enter",
    "note": "",
    "period": "maps drawn 1935 to 1940; outcomes: life expectancy for deaths in 2010 to 2015, income and homeownership 2019 to 2023, mobility for children born 1978 to 1983",
    "population": "HOLC cities in the city-by-city comparison",
    "source": "holc",
    "unit": "tracts",
    "value": 10,
    "weights": "none (inclusion rule)"
  },
  "holc_n_cities": {
    "display": "222",
    "estimand": "count of distinct (city, state) names of the HOLC polygon covering the largest part of a tract",
    "note": "",
    "period": "maps drawn 1935 to 1940; outcomes: life expectancy for deaths in 2010 to 2015, income and homeownership 2019 to 2023, mobility for children born 1978 to 1983",
    "population": "tracts in the comparison",
    "source": "holc",
    "unit": "HOLC cities and city areas",
    "value": 222,
    "weights": "none (full count)"
  },
  "holc_n_tracts": {
    "display": "10,952",
    "estimand": "count of tracts in the comparison",
    "note": "",
    "period": "maps drawn 1935 to 1940; outcomes: life expectancy for deaths in 2010 to 2015, income and homeownership 2019 to 2023, mobility for children born 1978 to 1983",
    "population": "2020 census tracts with a population and at least half of their area under graded HOLC polygons",
    "source": "holc",
    "unit": "tracts",
    "value": 10952,
    "weights": "none (full count)"
  },
  "holc_own_a": {
    "ci": [
      65,
      70.6
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "67.8%",
    "estimand": "ACS 2019-2023 homeownership rate, population-weighted mean over tracts of the tract value, grade assigned by the largest area overlap, bootstrap interval over counties",
    "n": 672,
    "nUnit": "tracts",
    "note": "",
    "period": "maps drawn 1935 to 1940; outcomes: life expectancy for deaths in 2010 to 2015, income and homeownership 2019 to 2023, mobility for children born 1978 to 1983",
    "population": "residents of tracts at least 50 percent covered by graded HOLC polygons that are graded A and have a homeownership rate",
    "source": "holc",
    "unit": "percent of households",
    "value": 67.8101,
    "weights": "ACS 2019-2023 tract population"
  },
  "holc_own_d": {
    "ci": [
      31.7,
      39.7
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "35.3%",
    "estimand": "ACS 2019-2023 homeownership rate, population-weighted mean over tracts of the tract value, grade assigned by the largest area overlap, bootstrap interval over counties",
    "n": 2973,
    "nUnit": "tracts",
    "note": "",
    "period": "maps drawn 1935 to 1940; outcomes: life expectancy for deaths in 2010 to 2015, income and homeownership 2019 to 2023, mobility for children born 1978 to 1983",
    "population": "residents of tracts at least 50 percent covered by graded HOLC polygons that are graded D and have a homeownership rate",
    "source": "holc",
    "unit": "percent of households",
    "value": 35.3199,
    "weights": "ACS 2019-2023 tract population"
  },
  "holc_pair_share": {
    "display": "75%",
    "estimand": "probability that the grade A tract of a random pair has the higher life expectancy",
    "n": 3300,
    "nUnit": "tracts",
    "note": "",
    "period": "maps drawn 1935 to 1940; outcomes: life expectancy for deaths in 2010 to 2015, income and homeownership 2019 to 2023, mobility for children born 1978 to 1983",
    "population": "pairs of one grade A tract and one grade D tract with a life expectancy, each drawn in proportion to its population",
    "source": "holc",
    "unit": "percent of random pairs",
    "value": 75.1613,
    "weights": "ACS 2019-2023 tract population"
  },
  "n_barbell_pool": {
    "display": "447",
    "estimand": "count of counties with at least the minimum population",
    "note": "",
    "period": "tax year 2022",
    "population": "counties with returns and an Area Deprivation Index",
    "source": "irs-soi",
    "unit": "counties",
    "value": 447,
    "weights": "none (full count)"
  },
  "n_both_tails": {
    "display": "15",
    "estimand": "count of counties whose EITC share and top-bracket share both exceed the national shares",
    "n": 447,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "",
    "period": "tax year 2022",
    "population": "counties with at least 150,000 residents (ACS 2019-2023 tract population)",
    "source": "irs-soi",
    "unit": "counties",
    "value": 15,
    "weights": "none (full count)"
  },
  "n_counties": {
    "display": "3,129",
    "estimand": "count of counties in the gradient",
    "note": "",
    "period": "tax year 2022",
    "population": "counties (Connecticut's planning regions stand in for its counties) in the IRS Statistics of Income county file with returns and an Area Deprivation Index",
    "source": "irs-soi",
    "unit": "counties and Connecticut planning regions",
    "value": 3129,
    "weights": "none (full count)"
  },
  "pop_d1": {
    "display": "130.1 million",
    "estimand": "sum of the ACS 2019-2023 tract population over the counties of the tenth",
    "n": 312,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "",
    "period": "ACS 2019-2023",
    "population": "residents of counties in the least deprived tenth of counties by Area Deprivation Index",
    "source": "acs",
    "unit": "people",
    "value": 130071686,
    "weights": "none (full count)"
  },
  "pop_d10": {
    "display": "3.8 million",
    "estimand": "sum of the ACS 2019-2023 tract population over the counties of the tenth",
    "n": 312,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "",
    "period": "ACS 2019-2023",
    "population": "residents of counties in the most deprived tenth of counties by Area Deprivation Index",
    "source": "acs",
    "unit": "people",
    "value": 3797858,
    "weights": "none (full count)"
  },
  "price_cheap_usd": {
    "ci": [
      30,
      38
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "$33 thousand",
    "estimand": "median of the metro's tract median home values divided by the slope of tract life expectancy on the natural log of home value across the metro's tracts (each tract once), interval from a bootstrap over tracts within the metro",
    "n": 514,
    "nUnit": "tracts",
    "note": "",
    "period": "deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, area-weighted onto 2020 tracts); home values ACS 2019-2023 (tract medians)",
    "population": "tracts of the metro in the canonical tract sample (each tract takes the core-based statistical area of its county), Cincinnati metro",
    "source": "usaleep",
    "unit": "thousands of dollars of median home value per year of life expectancy",
    "value": 33.4993,
    "weights": "none (each tract counts once)"
  },
  "price_dear_usd": {
    "ci": [
      482,
      947
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "$658 thousand",
    "estimand": "median of the metro's tract median home values divided by the slope of tract life expectancy on the natural log of home value across the metro's tracts (each tract once), interval from a bootstrap over tracts within the metro",
    "n": 400,
    "nUnit": "tracts",
    "note": "",
    "period": "deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, area-weighted onto 2020 tracts); home values ACS 2019-2023 (tract medians)",
    "population": "tracts of the metro in the canonical tract sample (each tract takes the core-based statistical area of its county), San Jose metro",
    "source": "usaleep",
    "unit": "thousands of dollars of median home value per year of life expectancy",
    "value": 657.799,
    "weights": "none (each tract counts once)"
  },
  "price_doubling_weighted": {
    "ci": [
      2.1,
      2.3
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "2.2",
    "estimand": "slope of tract life expectancy on log2 tract median home value, weighted by tract population, county-cluster bootstrap interval",
    "n": 76702,
    "nUnit": "tracts",
    "note": "Tract life expectancy is paired with the tract's own ACS 2019-2023 median home value (top-coded at $2,000,001). Connecticut's nine planning regions stand in for its counties. Interval: bootstrap over counties.",
    "period": "deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, area-weighted onto 2020 tracts); home values ACS 2019-2023 (tract medians)",
    "population": "non-institutional 2020 census tracts with a life expectancy estimate and an ACS median home value above $10,000 (50 states and DC)",
    "source": "usaleep",
    "unit": "years of life expectancy at birth per doubling of median home value",
    "value": 2.20126,
    "weights": "ACS 2019-2023 tract population"
  },
  "price_doubling_yrs": {
    "ci": [
      2.1,
      2.3
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "2.2",
    "estimand": "slope of tract life expectancy on log2 tract median home value, each tract counted once, county-cluster bootstrap interval",
    "n": 76702,
    "nUnit": "tracts",
    "note": "Tract life expectancy is paired with the tract's own ACS 2019-2023 median home value (top-coded at $2,000,001). Connecticut's nine planning regions stand in for its counties. Interval: bootstrap over counties.",
    "period": "deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, area-weighted onto 2020 tracts); home values ACS 2019-2023 (tract medians)",
    "population": "non-institutional 2020 census tracts with a life expectancy estimate and an ACS median home value above $10,000 (50 states and DC)",
    "source": "usaleep",
    "unit": "years of life expectancy at birth per doubling of median home value",
    "value": 2.20039,
    "weights": "none (each tract counts once)"
  },
  "price_le_hi": {
    "ci": [
      82.5,
      83.2
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "82.8",
    "estimand": "population-weighted mean of tract life expectancy in a twentieth of tracts ranked by median home value (equal numbers of tracts), county-cluster bootstrap interval",
    "n": 3836,
    "nUnit": "tracts",
    "note": "",
    "period": "deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, area-weighted onto 2020 tracts); home values ACS 2019-2023 (tract medians)",
    "population": "residents of tracts in the highest twentieth of tracts by median home value",
    "source": "usaleep",
    "unit": "years of life expectancy at birth",
    "value": 82.8426,
    "weights": "ACS 2019-2023 tract population"
  },
  "price_le_lo": {
    "ci": [
      73.1,
      73.9
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "73.5",
    "estimand": "population-weighted mean of tract life expectancy in a twentieth of tracts ranked by median home value (equal numbers of tracts), county-cluster bootstrap interval",
    "n": 3835,
    "nUnit": "tracts",
    "note": "",
    "period": "deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, area-weighted onto 2020 tracts); home values ACS 2019-2023 (tract medians)",
    "population": "residents of tracts in the lowest twentieth of tracts by median home value",
    "source": "usaleep",
    "unit": "years of life expectancy at birth",
    "value": 73.5086,
    "weights": "ACS 2019-2023 tract population"
  },
  "price_le_span": {
    "ci": [
      8.8,
      9.8
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "9.3",
    "estimand": "difference between the population-weighted mean life expectancy of the highest and the lowest twentieth of tracts by median home value, county-cluster bootstrap interval",
    "n": 7671,
    "nUnit": "tracts",
    "note": "",
    "period": "deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, area-weighted onto 2020 tracts); home values ACS 2019-2023 (tract medians)",
    "population": "residents of tracts in the highest and the lowest twentieth of tracts by median home value",
    "source": "usaleep",
    "unit": "years of life expectancy at birth, highest minus lowest twentieth",
    "value": 9.33397,
    "weights": "ACS 2019-2023 tract population"
  },
  "price_maxr_r": {
    "ci": [
      0.75,
      0.8
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+0.78",
    "estimand": "correlation of tract life expectancy with the natural log of median home value within the metro, bootstrap interval over tracts",
    "n": 1214,
    "nUnit": "tracts",
    "note": "",
    "period": "deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, area-weighted onto 2020 tracts); home values ACS 2019-2023 (tract medians)",
    "population": "tracts of the metro in the canonical tract sample (each tract takes the core-based statistical area of its county), Detroit metro",
    "source": "usaleep",
    "unit": "correlation coefficient",
    "value": 0.77778,
    "weights": "none (each tract counts once)"
  },
  "price_maxr_usd": {
    "ci": [
      42,
      47
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "$44 thousand",
    "estimand": "median of the metro's tract median home values divided by the slope of tract life expectancy on the natural log of home value across the metro's tracts (each tract once), interval from a bootstrap over tracts within the metro",
    "n": 1214,
    "nUnit": "tracts",
    "note": "",
    "period": "deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, area-weighted onto 2020 tracts); home values ACS 2019-2023 (tract medians)",
    "population": "tracts of the metro in the canonical tract sample (each tract takes the core-based statistical area of its county), Detroit metro",
    "source": "usaleep",
    "unit": "thousands of dollars of median home value per year of life expectancy",
    "value": 44.4226,
    "weights": "none (each tract counts once)"
  },
  "price_metro_level_r": {
    "ci": [
      0.82,
      0.96
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+0.89",
    "estimand": "correlation across metros of dollars per year of life with the metro's median tract home value, bootstrap interval over metros",
    "n": 39,
    "nUnit": "metros",
    "note": "",
    "period": "deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, area-weighted onto 2020 tracts); home values ACS 2019-2023 (tract medians)",
    "population": "metros in the price-of-a-year comparison",
    "source": "usaleep",
    "unit": "correlation coefficient",
    "value": 0.886633,
    "weights": "none (each metro counts once)"
  },
  "price_metro_min_pop": {
    "display": "1.5 million",
    "estimand": "minimum population of the metro's tracts in the sample for a metro to enter",
    "note": "",
    "period": "deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, area-weighted onto 2020 tracts); home values ACS 2019-2023 (tract medians)",
    "population": "metros in the price-of-a-year comparison",
    "source": "usaleep",
    "unit": "residents",
    "value": 1500000,
    "weights": "none (inclusion rule)"
  },
  "price_metro_min_tracts": {
    "display": "250",
    "estimand": "minimum number of tracts in the sample for a metro to enter",
    "note": "",
    "period": "deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, area-weighted onto 2020 tracts); home values ACS 2019-2023 (tract medians)",
    "population": "metros in the price-of-a-year comparison",
    "source": "usaleep",
    "unit": "tracts",
    "value": 250,
    "weights": "none (inclusion rule)"
  },
  "price_n_metros": {
    "display": "39",
    "estimand": "count of metros with the minimum number of tracts and residents and a positive slope",
    "note": "",
    "period": "deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, area-weighted onto 2020 tracts); home values ACS 2019-2023 (tract medians)",
    "population": "core-based statistical areas with a tract in the canonical tract sample (929 areas)",
    "source": "usaleep",
    "unit": "metros",
    "value": 39,
    "weights": "none (full count)"
  },
  "price_n_outside": {
    "display": "21",
    "estimand": "count of tracts outside the plotted rectangle (life expectancy 60 to 92 years, home value 10 thousand to 2.1 million dollars)",
    "note": "",
    "period": "deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, area-weighted onto 2020 tracts); home values ACS 2019-2023 (tract medians)",
    "population": "non-institutional 2020 census tracts with a life expectancy estimate and an ACS median home value above $10,000 (50 states and DC)",
    "source": "usaleep",
    "unit": "tracts",
    "value": 21,
    "weights": "none (full count)"
  },
  "price_n_sample": {
    "display": "5,000",
    "estimand": "size of a random sample drawn with a fixed seed for the scatter plot",
    "n": 76702,
    "nUnit": "tracts",
    "note": "",
    "period": "deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, area-weighted onto 2020 tracts); home values ACS 2019-2023 (tract medians)",
    "population": "non-institutional 2020 census tracts with a life expectancy estimate and an ACS median home value above $10,000 (50 states and DC)",
    "source": "usaleep",
    "unit": "tracts",
    "value": 5000,
    "weights": "none (sample size)"
  },
  "price_n_six_figure": {
    "display": "16",
    "estimand": "count of metros where the point estimate of dollars per year of life exceeds the threshold (the interval of some of them includes the threshold)",
    "note": "",
    "period": "deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, area-weighted onto 2020 tracts); home values ACS 2019-2023 (tract medians)",
    "population": "metros in the price-of-a-year comparison",
    "source": "usaleep",
    "unit": "metros",
    "value": 16,
    "weights": "none (full count)"
  },
  "price_n_tracts": {
    "display": "76,702",
    "estimand": "count of tracts in the regression",
    "note": "",
    "period": "deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, area-weighted onto 2020 tracts); home values ACS 2019-2023 (tract medians)",
    "population": "non-institutional 2020 census tracts with a life expectancy estimate and an ACS median home value above $10,000 (50 states and DC)",
    "source": "usaleep",
    "unit": "tracts",
    "value": 76702,
    "weights": "none (full count)"
  },
  "price_r": {
    "ci": [
      0.56,
      0.61
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+0.59",
    "estimand": "correlation of tract life expectancy with log2 tract median home value, county-cluster bootstrap interval",
    "n": 76702,
    "nUnit": "tracts",
    "note": "Tract life expectancy is paired with the tract's own ACS 2019-2023 median home value (top-coded at $2,000,001). Connecticut's nine planning regions stand in for its counties. Interval: bootstrap over counties.",
    "period": "deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, area-weighted onto 2020 tracts); home values ACS 2019-2023 (tract medians)",
    "population": "non-institutional 2020 census tracts with a life expectancy estimate and an ACS median home value above $10,000 (50 states and DC)",
    "source": "usaleep",
    "unit": "correlation coefficient",
    "value": 0.586122,
    "weights": "none (each tract counts once)"
  },
  "price_r_linear": {
    "ci": [
      0.48,
      0.52
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+0.50",
    "estimand": "correlation of tract life expectancy with the tract median home value in dollars (not logged), each tract counted once, county-cluster bootstrap interval",
    "n": 76702,
    "nUnit": "tracts",
    "note": "",
    "period": "deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, area-weighted onto 2020 tracts); home values ACS 2019-2023 (tract medians)",
    "population": "non-institutional 2020 census tracts with a life expectancy estimate and an ACS median home value above $10,000 (50 states and DC)",
    "source": "usaleep",
    "unit": "correlation coefficient",
    "value": 0.49598,
    "weights": "none (each tract counts once)"
  },
  "price_ratio": {
    "ci": [
      14.1,
      28.7
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "19.6",
    "estimand": "dollars per year of life at the highest point estimate among the metros divided by that at the lowest point estimate; the interval comes from paired bootstrap replicates that hold those metros fixed, so it understates how far apart the extremes of 39 noisy estimates are",
    "note": "",
    "period": "deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, area-weighted onto 2020 tracts); home values ACS 2019-2023 (tract medians)",
    "population": "the metros with the highest and the lowest point estimates of dollars per year of life among the 39 metros that pass the size rule",
    "source": "usaleep",
    "unit": "ratio of dollars per year of life",
    "value": 19.6362,
    "weights": "none (each tract counts once)"
  },
  "price_threshold": {
    "display": "$100 thousand",
    "estimand": "threshold that defines a six-figure year of life",
    "note": "",
    "period": "deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, area-weighted onto 2020 tracts); home values ACS 2019-2023 (tract medians)",
    "population": "metros in the price-of-a-year comparison",
    "source": "usaleep",
    "unit": "thousands of dollars of median home value per year of life",
    "value": 100,
    "weights": "none (definition)"
  },
  "r_eitc_adi": {
    "ci": [
      0.43,
      0.72
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+0.57",
    "estimand": "county-population-weighted correlation of the county EITC share with the Area Deprivation Index national rank, bootstrap interval over states",
    "n": 3129,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "",
    "period": "tax year 2022; Area Deprivation Index 2023",
    "population": "counties in the gradient",
    "source": "irs-soi",
    "unit": "correlation coefficient",
    "value": 0.572182,
    "weights": "county population (ACS 2019-2023 tract population summed to the county)"
  },
  "r_top_adi": {
    "ci": [
      -0.82,
      -0.69
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "−0.74",
    "estimand": "county-population-weighted correlation of the county top-bracket share with the Area Deprivation Index national rank, bootstrap interval over states",
    "n": 3129,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "",
    "period": "tax year 2022; Area Deprivation Index 2023",
    "population": "counties in the gradient",
    "source": "irs-soi",
    "unit": "correlation coefficient",
    "value": -0.74013,
    "weights": "county population (ACS 2019-2023 tract population summed to the county)"
  },
  "shape_top_q1": {
    "display": "10.0%",
    "estimand": "share of all returns in the counties of the group (pooled, so weighted by returns)",
    "n": 625,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "",
    "period": "tax year 2022",
    "population": "returns in the least deprived fifth of counties (fifths of counties by Area Deprivation Index hold equal numbers of counties)",
    "source": "irs-soi",
    "unit": "percent of returns with adjusted gross income $200,000 or more",
    "value": 9.97,
    "weights": "none (full count of returns)"
  },
  "shape_top_q5": {
    "display": "2.3%",
    "estimand": "share of all returns in the counties of the group (pooled, so weighted by returns)",
    "n": 624,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "",
    "period": "tax year 2022",
    "population": "returns in the most deprived fifth of counties (fifths of counties by Area Deprivation Index hold equal numbers of counties)",
    "source": "irs-soi",
    "unit": "percent of returns with adjusted gross income $200,000 or more",
    "value": 2.25,
    "weights": "none (full count of returns)"
  },
  "shape_under25_q1": {
    "display": "26.7%",
    "estimand": "share of all returns in the counties of the group (pooled, so weighted by returns)",
    "n": 625,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "",
    "period": "tax year 2022",
    "population": "returns in the least deprived fifth of counties (fifths of counties by Area Deprivation Index hold equal numbers of counties)",
    "source": "irs-soi",
    "unit": "percent of returns with adjusted gross income under $25,000",
    "value": 26.66,
    "weights": "none (full count of returns)"
  },
  "shape_under25_q5": {
    "display": "37.6%",
    "estimand": "share of all returns in the counties of the group (pooled, so weighted by returns)",
    "n": 624,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "",
    "period": "tax year 2022",
    "population": "returns in the most deprived fifth of counties (fifths of counties by Area Deprivation Index hold equal numbers of counties)",
    "source": "irs-soi",
    "unit": "percent of returns with adjusted gross income under $25,000",
    "value": 37.64,
    "weights": "none (full count of returns)"
  },
  "top_bracket_line": {
    "display": "$200,000",
    "estimand": "lower limit of the top adjusted-gross-income bracket (agi_stub 8) of the IRS county file",
    "note": "",
    "period": "tax year 2022",
    "population": "individual income tax returns",
    "source": "irs-soi",
    "unit": "dollars of adjusted gross income",
    "value": 200000,
    "weights": "none (definition)"
  },
  "top_hi": {
    "ci": [
      1.7,
      2.1
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "1.9%",
    "estimand": "county-population-weighted mean of the county share of returns, interval from a bootstrap over states",
    "n": 312,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "",
    "period": "tax year 2022",
    "population": "returns in the most deprived tenth of counties by Area Deprivation Index (tenths hold equal numbers of counties)",
    "source": "irs-soi",
    "unit": "percent of individual returns that report adjusted gross income of $200,000 or more",
    "value": 1.92086,
    "weights": "county population (ACS 2019-2023 tract population summed to the county)"
  },
  "top_lo": {
    "ci": [
      10.3,
      11.9
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "11.1%",
    "estimand": "county-population-weighted mean of the county share of returns, interval from a bootstrap over states",
    "n": 312,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "",
    "period": "tax year 2022",
    "population": "returns in the least deprived tenth of counties by Area Deprivation Index (tenths hold equal numbers of counties)",
    "source": "irs-soi",
    "unit": "percent of individual returns that report adjusted gross income of $200,000 or more",
    "value": 11.0633,
    "weights": "county population (ACS 2019-2023 tract population summed to the county)"
  },
  "top_nat": {
    "display": "7.8%",
    "estimand": "returns in the top bracket divided by all returns, all counties pooled",
    "n": 158707990,
    "nUnit": "returns",
    "note": "",
    "period": "tax year 2022",
    "population": "all individual income tax returns in the IRS county file",
    "source": "irs-soi",
    "unit": "percent of individual returns that report adjusted gross income of $200,000 or more",
    "value": 7.77721,
    "weights": "none (full count of returns)"
  },
  "wls_top_beta": {
    "ci": [
      0.33,
      0.5
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "0.41",
    "estimand": "standardized coefficient on the top-bracket share alone; coefficient in a county-population-weighted regression of standardized variables, errors clustered on state",
    "n": 3116,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "",
    "period": "tax year 2022; mobility for children born 1978 to 1983",
    "population": "counties with an income-tax shape, an Area Deprivation Index and an Opportunity Atlas rank (Connecticut left out)",
    "source": "irs-soi",
    "unit": "standard deviations of the county mobility rank per standard deviation of the top-bracket share",
    "value": 0.413589,
    "weights": "county population (ACS 2019-2023 tract population summed to the county)"
  }
}