{
  "alt": "Dot plot with one row for each state and the District of Columbia and a horizontal axis in percentage points. For binge drinking all the dots and their intervals lie to the right of zero, from the smallest gaps in Utah, Hawaii and Arkansas to the largest in the District of Columbia. The smoking view shows every dot left of zero.",
  "caption": "For binge drinking every dot lies right of zero and every interval does too; the second view shows smoking, where every dot lies left of zero. Each dot is the weighted rate in the highest of the five income bands minus the weighted rate in the lowest, with a 95% confidence interval; rows are sorted by the estimate.",
  "data": [
    {
      "conf_high": 6.45754,
      "conf_low": 3.81318,
      "estimate": 5.13536,
      "measure": "Binge drinking",
      "n": 22132,
      "state": "Alabama"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 7.07481,
      "conf_low": 2.31986,
      "estimate": 4.69733,
      "measure": "Binge drinking",
      "n": 18795,
      "state": "Alaska"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 6.57548,
      "conf_low": 3.8554,
      "estimate": 5.21544,
      "measure": "Binge drinking",
      "n": 37600,
      "state": "Arizona"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 6.07821,
      "conf_low": 2.46885,
      "estimate": 4.27353,
      "measure": "Binge drinking",
      "n": 17920,
      "state": "Arkansas"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 6.97331,
      "conf_low": 4.94711,
      "estimate": 5.96021,
      "measure": "Binge drinking",
      "n": 45940,
      "state": "California"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 7.92719,
      "conf_low": 5.52538,
      "estimate": 6.72629,
      "measure": "Binge drinking",
      "n": 44591,
      "state": "Colorado"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 7.49636,
      "conf_low": 4.858,
      "estimate": 6.17718,
      "measure": "Binge drinking",
      "n": 43306,
      "state": "Connecticut"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 8.84413,
      "conf_low": 5.17898,
      "estimate": 7.01155,
      "measure": "Binge drinking",
      "n": 15780,
      "state": "Delaware"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 15.5151,
      "conf_low": 10.7487,
      "estimate": 13.1319,
      "measure": "Binge drinking",
      "n": 18026,
      "state": "District of Columbia"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 8.8589,
      "conf_low": 6.11486,
      "estimate": 7.48688,
      "measure": "Binge drinking",
      "n": 52789,
      "state": "Florida"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 6.62324,
      "conf_low": 3.84708,
      "estimate": 5.23516,
      "measure": "Binge drinking",
      "n": 27715,
      "state": "Georgia"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 5.00595,
      "conf_low": 2.11091,
      "estimate": 3.55843,
      "measure": "Binge drinking",
      "n": 34030,
      "state": "Hawaii"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 7.99127,
      "conf_low": 4.72695,
      "estimate": 6.35911,
      "measure": "Binge drinking",
      "n": 19584,
      "state": "Idaho"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 8.14743,
      "conf_low": 5.18374,
      "estimate": 6.66559,
      "measure": "Binge drinking",
      "n": 25131,
      "state": "Illinois"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 9.68024,
      "conf_low": 7.3363,
      "estimate": 8.50827,
      "measure": "Binge drinking",
      "n": 36284,
      "state": "Indiana"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 12.6042,
      "conf_low": 9.87346,
      "estimate": 11.2388,
      "measure": "Binge drinking",
      "n": 33575,
      "state": "Iowa"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 7.6456,
      "conf_low": 5.44239,
      "estimate": 6.544,
      "measure": "Binge drinking",
      "n": 51800,
      "state": "Kansas"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 11.7598,
      "conf_low": 8.72039,
      "estimate": 10.2401,
      "measure": "Binge drinking",
      "n": 22343,
      "state": "Kentucky"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 12.0402,
      "conf_low": 9.06051,
      "estimate": 10.5504,
      "measure": "Binge drinking",
      "n": 19904,
      "state": "Louisiana"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 7.75059,
      "conf_low": 4.91965,
      "estimate": 6.33512,
      "measure": "Binge drinking",
      "n": 39103,
      "state": "Maine"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 6.94917,
      "conf_low": 4.41391,
      "estimate": 5.68154,
      "measure": "Binge drinking",
      "n": 68318,
      "state": "Maryland"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 9.74734,
      "conf_low": 6.96104,
      "estimate": 8.35419,
      "measure": "Binge drinking",
      "n": 36575,
      "state": "Massachusetts"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 9.26901,
      "conf_low": 6.96355,
      "estimate": 8.11628,
      "measure": "Binge drinking",
      "n": 38454,
      "state": "Michigan"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 9.37462,
      "conf_low": 7.41779,
      "estimate": 8.3962,
      "measure": "Binge drinking",
      "n": 67343,
      "state": "Minnesota"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 9.16574,
      "conf_low": 6.16316,
      "estimate": 7.66445,
      "measure": "Binge drinking",
      "n": 18082,
      "state": "Mississippi"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 11.047,
      "conf_low": 8.14322,
      "estimate": 9.5951,
      "measure": "Binge drinking",
      "n": 29469,
      "state": "Missouri"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 7.66342,
      "conf_low": 4.55048,
      "estimate": 6.10695,
      "measure": "Binge drinking",
      "n": 23613,
      "state": "Montana"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 11.7168,
      "conf_low": 9.41789,
      "estimate": 10.5674,
      "measure": "Binge drinking",
      "n": 53614,
      "state": "Nebraska"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 10.1196,
      "conf_low": 5.60719,
      "estimate": 7.8634,
      "measure": "Binge drinking",
      "n": 11971,
      "state": "Nevada"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 11.3705,
      "conf_low": 7.84426,
      "estimate": 9.60738,
      "measure": "Binge drinking",
      "n": 25428,
      "state": "New Hampshire"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 7.97295,
      "conf_low": 4.81119,
      "estimate": 6.39207,
      "measure": "Binge drinking",
      "n": 34305,
      "state": "New Jersey"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 6.05352,
      "conf_low": 3.05953,
      "estimate": 4.55652,
      "measure": "Binge drinking",
      "n": 22177,
      "state": "New Mexico"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 8.43772,
      "conf_low": 6.65985,
      "estimate": 7.54878,
      "measure": "Binge drinking",
      "n": 95165,
      "state": "New York"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 8.34357,
      "conf_low": 5.61544,
      "estimate": 6.9795,
      "measure": "Binge drinking",
      "n": 18903,
      "state": "North Carolina"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 9.60738,
      "conf_low": 5.56332,
      "estimate": 7.58535,
      "measure": "Binge drinking",
      "n": 22318,
      "state": "North Dakota"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 8.82228,
      "conf_low": 6.26503,
      "estimate": 7.54366,
      "measure": "Binge drinking",
      "n": 47777,
      "state": "Ohio"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 8.01107,
      "conf_low": 5.36874,
      "estimate": 6.68991,
      "measure": "Binge drinking",
      "n": 21765,
      "state": "Oklahoma"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 7.12622,
      "conf_low": 4.40097,
      "estimate": 5.76359,
      "measure": "Binge drinking",
      "n": 22172,
      "state": "Oregon"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 9.72654,
      "conf_low": 6.72928,
      "estimate": 8.22791,
      "measure": "Binge drinking",
      "n": 21333,
      "state": "Pennsylvania"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 8.87278,
      "conf_low": 5.4204,
      "estimate": 7.14659,
      "measure": "Binge drinking",
      "n": 23732,
      "state": "Rhode Island"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 10.6552,
      "conf_low": 8.16249,
      "estimate": 9.40884,
      "measure": "Binge drinking",
      "n": 34360,
      "state": "South Carolina"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 7.83754,
      "conf_low": 2.60879,
      "estimate": 5.22316,
      "measure": "Binge drinking",
      "n": 23776,
      "state": "South Dakota"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 9.65349,
      "conf_low": 6.5583,
      "estimate": 8.1059,
      "measure": "Binge drinking",
      "n": 18485,
      "state": "Tennessee"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 8.82389,
      "conf_low": 5.88533,
      "estimate": 7.35461,
      "measure": "Binge drinking",
      "n": 47898,
      "state": "Texas"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 3.7283,
      "conf_low": 1.59794,
      "estimate": 2.66312,
      "measure": "Binge drinking",
      "n": 46474,
      "state": "Utah"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 7.8994,
      "conf_low": 4.29311,
      "estimate": 6.09625,
      "measure": "Binge drinking",
      "n": 27137,
      "state": "Vermont"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 6.63954,
      "conf_low": 4.1298,
      "estimate": 5.38467,
      "measure": "Binge drinking",
      "n": 38022,
      "state": "Virginia"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 6.82064,
      "conf_low": 4.9279,
      "estimate": 5.87427,
      "measure": "Binge drinking",
      "n": 74985,
      "state": "Washington"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 9.2048,
      "conf_low": 6.67504,
      "estimate": 7.93992,
      "measure": "Binge drinking",
      "n": 21040,
      "state": "West Virginia"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 9.51231,
      "conf_low": 5.90683,
      "estimate": 7.70957,
      "measure": "Binge drinking",
      "n": 27748,
      "state": "Wisconsin"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 6.84643,
      "conf_low": 2.54452,
      "estimate": 4.69547,
      "measure": "Binge drinking",
      "n": 16577,
      "state": "Wyoming"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -21.6809,
      "conf_low": -24.5613,
      "estimate": -23.1211,
      "measure": "Current smoking",
      "n": 25862,
      "state": "Alabama"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -27.2139,
      "conf_low": -32.5765,
      "estimate": -29.8952,
      "measure": "Current smoking",
      "n": 21314,
      "state": "Alaska"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -14.1271,
      "conf_low": -16.7035,
      "estimate": -15.4153,
      "measure": "Current smoking",
      "n": 43911,
      "state": "Arizona"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -24.5986,
      "conf_low": -28.3261,
      "estimate": -26.4623,
      "measure": "Current smoking",
      "n": 20251,
      "state": "Arkansas"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -8.22465,
      "conf_low": -9.91962,
      "estimate": -9.07213,
      "measure": "Current smoking",
      "n": 51083,
      "state": "California"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -17.4768,
      "conf_low": -19.8286,
      "estimate": -18.6527,
      "measure": "Current smoking",
      "n": 50721,
      "state": "Colorado"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -15.6379,
      "conf_low": -18.34,
      "estimate": -16.9889,
      "measure": "Current smoking",
      "n": 47952,
      "state": "Connecticut"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -15.8775,
      "conf_low": -19.7925,
      "estimate": -17.835,
      "measure": "Current smoking",
      "n": 17868,
      "state": "Delaware"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -20.4964,
      "conf_low": -24.86,
      "estimate": -22.6782,
      "measure": "Current smoking",
      "n": 20541,
      "state": "District of Columbia"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -13.5641,
      "conf_low": -16.1672,
      "estimate": -14.8656,
      "measure": "Current smoking",
      "n": 58131,
      "state": "Florida"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -17.1116,
      "conf_low": -19.9309,
      "estimate": -18.5213,
      "measure": "Current smoking",
      "n": 31002,
      "state": "Georgia"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -12.992,
      "conf_low": -15.6079,
      "estimate": -14.2999,
      "measure": "Current smoking",
      "n": 37541,
      "state": "Hawaii"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -16.8913,
      "conf_low": -20.103,
      "estimate": -18.4972,
      "measure": "Current smoking",
      "n": 21900,
      "state": "Idaho"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -13.8271,
      "conf_low": -16.8096,
      "estimate": -15.3183,
      "measure": "Current smoking",
      "n": 27952,
      "state": "Illinois"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -21.8022,
      "conf_low": -24.339,
      "estimate": -23.0706,
      "measure": "Current smoking",
      "n": 41592,
      "state": "Indiana"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -19.1794,
      "conf_low": -21.9151,
      "estimate": -20.5472,
      "measure": "Current smoking",
      "n": 37013,
      "state": "Iowa"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -22.971,
      "conf_low": -25.3218,
      "estimate": -24.1464,
      "measure": "Current smoking",
      "n": 57589,
      "state": "Kansas"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -25.7508,
      "conf_low": -29.1639,
      "estimate": -27.4573,
      "measure": "Current smoking",
      "n": 26966,
      "state": "Kentucky"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -17.5926,
      "conf_low": -20.6839,
      "estimate": -19.1383,
      "measure": "Current smoking",
      "n": 23376,
      "state": "Louisiana"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -25.357,
      "conf_low": -28.2077,
      "estimate": -26.7824,
      "measure": "Current smoking",
      "n": 43531,
      "state": "Maine"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -15.7794,
      "conf_low": -18.5715,
      "estimate": -17.1755,
      "measure": "Current smoking",
      "n": 76105,
      "state": "Maryland"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -14.8948,
      "conf_low": -17.6917,
      "estimate": -16.2933,
      "measure": "Current smoking",
      "n": 43965,
      "state": "Massachusetts"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -23.8576,
      "conf_low": -26.4455,
      "estimate": -25.1516,
      "measure": "Current smoking",
      "n": 42477,
      "state": "Michigan"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -17.8691,
      "conf_low": -19.9137,
      "estimate": -18.8914,
      "measure": "Current smoking",
      "n": 75694,
      "state": "Minnesota"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -17.4777,
      "conf_low": -20.7407,
      "estimate": -19.1092,
      "measure": "Current smoking",
      "n": 20273,
      "state": "Mississippi"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -24.5888,
      "conf_low": -27.6376,
      "estimate": -26.1132,
      "measure": "Current smoking",
      "n": 32584,
      "state": "Missouri"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -24.7906,
      "conf_low": -27.8726,
      "estimate": -26.3316,
      "measure": "Current smoking",
      "n": 26674,
      "state": "Montana"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -17.5902,
      "conf_low": -19.8435,
      "estimate": -18.7168,
      "measure": "Current smoking",
      "n": 62552,
      "state": "Nebraska"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -13.434,
      "conf_low": -18.0556,
      "estimate": -15.7448,
      "measure": "Current smoking",
      "n": 13704,
      "state": "Nevada"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -24.4283,
      "conf_low": -28.5812,
      "estimate": -26.5047,
      "measure": "Current smoking",
      "n": 28302,
      "state": "New Hampshire"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -10.3289,
      "conf_low": -13.6277,
      "estimate": -11.9783,
      "measure": "Current smoking",
      "n": 41041,
      "state": "New Jersey"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -14.293,
      "conf_low": -17.0417,
      "estimate": -15.6673,
      "measure": "Current smoking",
      "n": 26116,
      "state": "New Mexico"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -11.1761,
      "conf_low": -12.9452,
      "estimate": -12.0607,
      "measure": "Current smoking",
      "n": 101119,
      "state": "New York"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -17.9376,
      "conf_low": -21.0753,
      "estimate": -19.5065,
      "measure": "Current smoking",
      "n": 22204,
      "state": "North Carolina"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -15.2014,
      "conf_low": -19.0404,
      "estimate": -17.1209,
      "measure": "Current smoking",
      "n": 25970,
      "state": "North Dakota"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -25.2601,
      "conf_low": -27.9177,
      "estimate": -26.5889,
      "measure": "Current smoking",
      "n": 52993,
      "state": "Ohio"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -22.3822,
      "conf_low": -25.3291,
      "estimate": -23.8556,
      "measure": "Current smoking",
      "n": 25772,
      "state": "Oklahoma"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -19.8648,
      "conf_low": -22.813,
      "estimate": -21.3389,
      "measure": "Current smoking",
      "n": 24599,
      "state": "Oregon"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -18.5936,
      "conf_low": -21.7991,
      "estimate": -20.1964,
      "measure": "Current smoking",
      "n": 26060,
      "state": "Pennsylvania"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -14.3784,
      "conf_low": -17.67,
      "estimate": -16.0242,
      "measure": "Current smoking",
      "n": 27026,
      "state": "Rhode Island"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -19.3426,
      "conf_low": -21.8666,
      "estimate": -20.6046,
      "measure": "Current smoking",
      "n": 39654,
      "state": "South Carolina"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -18.3542,
      "conf_low": -23.3683,
      "estimate": -20.8612,
      "measure": "Current smoking",
      "n": 26826,
      "state": "South Dakota"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -23.5196,
      "conf_low": -26.9337,
      "estimate": -25.2266,
      "measure": "Current smoking",
      "n": 20741,
      "state": "Tennessee"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -9.99983,
      "conf_low": -12.4934,
      "estimate": -11.2466,
      "measure": "Current smoking",
      "n": 55625,
      "state": "Texas"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -12.2251,
      "conf_low": -14.383,
      "estimate": -13.3041,
      "measure": "Current smoking",
      "n": 53042,
      "state": "Utah"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -21.2594,
      "conf_low": -24.5867,
      "estimate": -22.923,
      "measure": "Current smoking",
      "n": 30207,
      "state": "Vermont"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -17.8559,
      "conf_low": -20.54,
      "estimate": -19.198,
      "measure": "Current smoking",
      "n": 42791,
      "state": "Virginia"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -18.0991,
      "conf_low": -20.2736,
      "estimate": -19.1864,
      "measure": "Current smoking",
      "n": 80378,
      "state": "Washington"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -27.0632,
      "conf_low": -29.9426,
      "estimate": -28.5029,
      "measure": "Current smoking",
      "n": 23595,
      "state": "West Virginia"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -18.4643,
      "conf_low": -21.8753,
      "estimate": -20.1698,
      "measure": "Current smoking",
      "n": 31091,
      "state": "Wisconsin"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -17.7733,
      "conf_low": -22.0761,
      "estimate": -19.9247,
      "measure": "Current smoking",
      "n": 19130,
      "state": "Wyoming"
    }
  ],
  "id": "gradient_by_state",
  "notes": [
    "Respondents who did not know their household income or declined to give it are left out of the bands, {fact:inc_missing} of adults. The five bands group the income categories that BRFSS used in every year. The categories are in nominal dollars, so the highest band holds {fact:top_share_14} of respondents who gave an income in 2014 and {fact:top_share_24} in 2024, and part of that shift is a step at the 2021 change in the income question.",
    "Intervals are 95% confidence intervals from the survey's stratum and primary sampling unit (design-based, Taylor linearization). No cell rests on fewer than {fact:cell_floor} respondents. The survey is a repeated cross-section of adults in the states and the District of Columbia; Guam, Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands are not included."
  ],
  "source": "BRFSS 2014-2024 public-use files (binge drinking from 2015), weighted (BRFSS final weight) with design-based intervals",
  "spec": {
    "hi": "conf_high",
    "legend": false,
    "lo": "conf_low",
    "n": "n",
    "reference": 0,
    "referenceLabel": "No difference",
    "sort": "desc",
    "x": "estimate",
    "xDomain": [
      -2,
      18
    ],
    "xFormat": {
      "digits": 1
    },
    "xLabel": "Rate in the highest income band minus rate in the lowest (percentage points)",
    "y": "state"
  },
  "subtitle": "Rate in the highest household income band minus the rate in the lowest, percentage points of adults, by state and the District of Columbia, BRFSS 2015 to 2024 for binge drinking and 2014 to 2024 for smoking",
  "table": {
    "columns": [
      {
        "key": "measure",
        "label": "Measure"
      },
      {
        "key": "state",
        "label": "State"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1
        },
        "key": "estimate",
        "label": "Difference (points)"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1
        },
        "key": "conf_low",
        "label": "Lower limit of the 95% interval"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1
        },
        "key": "conf_high",
        "label": "Upper limit of the 95% interval"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "thousands": true
        },
        "key": "n",
        "label": "Respondents in the two bands"
      }
    ]
  },
  "title": "Binge drinking is higher in the highest income band than in the lowest in all {fact:n_jur} jurisdictions, and smoking is lower in all {fact:n_jur}",
  "type": "dot",
  "views": [
    {
      "filter": {
        "measure": "Binge drinking"
      },
      "id": "binge",
      "label": "Binge drinking"
    },
    {
      "filter": {
        "measure": "Current smoking"
      },
      "id": "smoke",
      "label": "Current smoking",
      "spec": {
        "sort": "asc",
        "xDomain": [
          -36,
          4
        ]
      },
      "title": "Smoking is lower in the highest income band than in the lowest by {fact:state_smoke_lo} to {fact:state_smoke_hi} points across the jurisdictions"
    }
  ]
}