{
  "alt": "Three tabs of line charts of the binge drinking rate across household income bands: within age groups, within education levels and within race and ethnicity groups. Binge drinking rises with income in every age group and education level, and in some race and ethnicity groups but not in others.",
  "caption": "The age and education panels show the highest band above the lowest in every group, and the race panel shows the rise in some groups and not in others. Each tab plots weighted shares of adults with 95% confidence intervals.",
  "data": [],
  "id": "binge_within_groups",
  "notes": [
    "Respondents who did not know their household income or declined to give it are left out of the bands, {fact:inc_missing} of adults. The five bands group the income categories that BRFSS used in every year. The categories are in nominal dollars, so the highest band holds {fact:top_share_14} of respondents who gave an income in 2014 and {fact:top_share_24} in 2024, and part of that shift is a step at the 2021 change in the income question.",
    "Intervals are 95% confidence intervals from the survey's stratum and primary sampling unit (design-based, Taylor linearization). No cell rests on fewer than {fact:cell_floor} respondents. The survey is a repeated cross-section of adults in the states and the District of Columbia; Guam, Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands are not included.",
    "Age groups, education levels and race and ethnicity groups are the BRFSS calculated categories. The four education levels are no high school diploma, a high school diploma, some college or technical school, and a college or technical school degree. Race and ethnicity has five groups; the Hispanic group may be of any race."
  ],
  "source": "BRFSS 2015-2024 public-use files, weighted (BRFSS final weight) with design-based intervals",
  "spec": {
    "panels": [
      {
        "figure": {
          "alt": "Four small line charts, one per age group, each with household income band on the horizontal axis and the binge drinking rate on a shared vertical axis. Every line rises from the lowest band to the highest. The lines for the two younger groups sit highest and rise most, and the line for the oldest group sits lowest.",
          "caption": "Every panel rises from left to right, and the rise is steepest in the two younger groups. Each line plots the weighted share of adults in the age group who binged, with 95% confidence intervals; all panels share one vertical scale, so the oldest group looks flat although it too rises, from {fact:binge_old_poor} to {fact:binge_old_rich}.",
          "data": [
            {
              "band": "Under $20K",
              "conf_high": 22.9517,
              "conf_low": 21.6846,
              "estimate": 22.3118,
              "group": "18 to 29",
              "n": 53527,
              "x": 1
            },
            {
              "band": "$20K to $35K",
              "conf_high": 25.2051,
              "conf_low": 24.1066,
              "estimate": 24.6517,
              "group": "18 to 29",
              "n": 75758,
              "x": 2
            },
            {
              "band": "$35K to $50K",
              "conf_high": 27.2996,
              "conf_low": 25.993,
              "estimate": 26.6412,
              "group": "18 to 29",
              "n": 55347,
              "x": 3
            },
            {
              "band": "$50K to $75K",
              "conf_high": 29.1964,
              "conf_low": 27.9097,
              "estimate": 28.5487,
              "group": "18 to 29",
              "n": 58025,
              "x": 4
            },
            {
              "band": "$75K or more",
              "conf_high": 33.0176,
              "conf_low": 31.9683,
              "estimate": 32.4908,
              "group": "18 to 29",
              "n": 98374,
              "x": 5
            },
            {
              "band": "Under $20K",
              "conf_high": 16.2139,
              "conf_low": 15.1573,
              "estimate": 15.6783,
              "group": "30 to 44",
              "n": 68510,
              "x": 1
            },
            {
              "band": "$20K to $35K",
              "conf_high": 18.8778,
              "conf_low": 17.9108,
              "estimate": 18.3894,
              "group": "30 to 44",
              "n": 93637,
              "x": 2
            },
            {
              "band": "$35K to $50K",
              "conf_high": 21.599,
              "conf_low": 20.4949,
              "estimate": 21.0416,
              "group": "30 to 44",
              "n": 74973,
              "x": 3
            },
            {
              "band": "$50K to $75K",
              "conf_high": 23.7072,
              "conf_low": 22.7003,
              "estimate": 23.2,
              "group": "30 to 44",
              "n": 102182,
              "x": 4
            },
            {
              "band": "$75K or more",
              "conf_high": 26.174,
              "conf_low": 25.574,
              "estimate": 25.8729,
              "group": "30 to 44",
              "n": 294181,
              "x": 5
            },
            {
              "band": "Under $20K",
              "conf_high": 11.6756,
              "conf_low": 10.9734,
              "estimate": 11.3198,
              "group": "45 to 64",
              "n": 162187,
              "x": 1
            },
            {
              "band": "$20K to $35K",
              "conf_high": 12.9805,
              "conf_low": 12.248,
              "estimate": 12.6097,
              "group": "45 to 64",
              "n": 170206,
              "x": 2
            },
            {
              "band": "$35K to $50K",
              "conf_high": 14.5268,
              "conf_low": 13.6363,
              "estimate": 14.0757,
              "group": "45 to 64",
              "n": 134364,
              "x": 3
            },
            {
              "band": "$50K to $75K",
              "conf_high": 14.8608,
              "conf_low": 14.1456,
              "estimate": 14.4996,
              "group": "45 to 64",
              "n": 186248,
              "x": 4
            },
            {
              "band": "$75K or more",
              "conf_high": 17.0958,
              "conf_low": 16.6749,
              "estimate": 16.8843,
              "group": "45 to 64",
              "n": 540009,
              "x": 5
            },
            {
              "band": "Under $20K",
              "conf_high": 4.61372,
              "conf_low": 4.15962,
              "estimate": 4.38106,
              "group": "65 and older",
              "n": 163483,
              "x": 1
            },
            {
              "band": "$20K to $35K",
              "conf_high": 5.08893,
              "conf_low": 4.69328,
              "estimate": 4.88731,
              "group": "65 and older",
              "n": 270018,
              "x": 2
            },
            {
              "band": "$35K to $50K",
              "conf_high": 5.47683,
              "conf_low": 5.01895,
              "estimate": 5.24317,
              "group": "65 and older",
              "n": 195888,
              "x": 3
            },
            {
              "band": "$50K to $75K",
              "conf_high": 6.29382,
              "conf_low": 5.81465,
              "estimate": 6.0498,
              "group": "65 and older",
              "n": 202563,
              "x": 4
            },
            {
              "band": "$75K or more",
              "conf_high": 7.1402,
              "conf_low": 6.74001,
              "estimate": 6.93744,
              "group": "65 and older",
              "n": 311719,
              "x": 5
            }
          ],
          "id": "binge_by_age",
          "source": "BRFSS 2015-2024 public-use files, weighted (BRFSS final weight) with design-based intervals",
          "spec": {
            "facet": "group",
            "facetColumns": 2,
            "hi": "conf_high",
            "lo": "conf_low",
            "n": "n",
            "x": "x",
            "xDomain": [
              1,
              5
            ],
            "xLabel": "Household income band",
            "xTicks": [
              {
                "label": "Under $20K",
                "value": 1
              },
              {
                "label": "$20K to $35K",
                "value": 2
              },
              {
                "label": "$35K to $50K",
                "value": 3
              },
              {
                "label": "$50K to $75K",
                "value": 4
              },
              {
                "label": "$75K or more",
                "value": 5
              }
            ],
            "y": "estimate",
            "yDomain": [
              0,
              40
            ],
            "yFormat": {
              "digits": 1
            },
            "yLabel": "Adults who binged in the past month (%)"
          },
          "subtitle": "Percent of adults who binged in the past month by household income band, four age groups, BRFSS 2015 to 2024",
          "table": {
            "columns": [
              {
                "key": "group",
                "label": "Age group"
              },
              {
                "key": "band",
                "label": "Income band"
              },
              {
                "format": {
                  "digits": 1
                },
                "key": "estimate",
                "label": "Percent of adults"
              },
              {
                "format": {
                  "digits": 1
                },
                "key": "conf_low",
                "label": "Lower limit of the 95% interval"
              },
              {
                "format": {
                  "digits": 1
                },
                "key": "conf_high",
                "label": "Upper limit of the 95% interval"
              },
              {
                "format": {
                  "thousands": true
                },
                "key": "n",
                "label": "Respondents"
              }
            ]
          },
          "title": "In each age group binge drinking is higher in the highest income band than in the lowest, by {fact:age_gap_young} points at ages {fact:age_young_lo} to {fact:age_young_hi} and {fact:age_old} and older",
          "type": "line"
        },
        "label": "By age group"
      },
      {
        "figure": {
          "alt": "One line chart with four lines, one per education level, over the five household income bands. All four lines end higher than they start. The line for adults who did not finish high school starts below the line for college graduates in the lowest band and ends above it in the highest band, so those two lines cross.",
          "caption": "All four lines end higher than they start, and they cross: in the lowest band college graduates binge more often than adults who did not finish high school ({fact:binge_coll_poor} against {fact:binge_nohs_poor}), and in the highest band less often ({fact:binge_coll_rich} against {fact:binge_nohs_rich}). Each line plots the weighted share of adults at the education level, with 95% confidence intervals.",
          "data": [
            {
              "band": "Under $20K",
              "conf_high": 12.1943,
              "conf_low": 11.3042,
              "estimate": 11.7419,
              "group": "Did not finish high school",
              "n": 89482,
              "x": 1
            },
            {
              "band": "$20K to $35K",
              "conf_high": 15.3366,
              "conf_low": 14.1391,
              "estimate": 14.7278,
              "group": "Did not finish high school",
              "n": 59975,
              "x": 2
            },
            {
              "band": "$35K to $50K",
              "conf_high": 18.3736,
              "conf_low": 16.2517,
              "estimate": 17.2869,
              "group": "Did not finish high school",
              "n": 20704,
              "x": 3
            },
            {
              "band": "$50K to $75K",
              "conf_high": 21.4628,
              "conf_low": 18.6961,
              "estimate": 20.0437,
              "group": "Did not finish high school",
              "n": 12176,
              "x": 4
            },
            {
              "band": "$75K or more",
              "conf_high": 25.9508,
              "conf_low": 22.9523,
              "estimate": 24.4204,
              "group": "Did not finish high school",
              "n": 13268,
              "x": 5
            },
            {
              "band": "Under $20K",
              "conf_high": 13.0638,
              "conf_low": 12.3198,
              "estimate": 12.6872,
              "group": "High school graduate",
              "n": 176340,
              "x": 1
            },
            {
              "band": "$20K to $35K",
              "conf_high": 14.5928,
              "conf_low": 13.957,
              "estimate": 14.272,
              "group": "High school graduate",
              "n": 231398,
              "x": 2
            },
            {
              "band": "$35K to $50K",
              "conf_high": 17.0373,
              "conf_low": 16.1752,
              "estimate": 16.6018,
              "group": "High school graduate",
              "n": 141970,
              "x": 3
            },
            {
              "band": "$50K to $75K",
              "conf_high": 19.0393,
              "conf_low": 18.1339,
              "estimate": 18.5823,
              "group": "High school graduate",
              "n": 126631,
              "x": 4
            },
            {
              "band": "$75K or more",
              "conf_high": 23.7748,
              "conf_low": 22.9058,
              "estimate": 23.3375,
              "group": "High school graduate",
              "n": 162563,
              "x": 5
            },
            {
              "band": "Under $20K",
              "conf_high": 15.8767,
              "conf_low": 14.9747,
              "estimate": 15.4203,
              "group": "Some college",
              "n": 123117,
              "x": 1
            },
            {
              "band": "$20K to $35K",
              "conf_high": 15.1552,
              "conf_low": 14.4459,
              "estimate": 14.7971,
              "group": "Some college",
              "n": 195972,
              "x": 2
            },
            {
              "band": "$35K to $50K",
              "conf_high": 16.3289,
              "conf_low": 15.5363,
              "estimate": 15.9286,
              "group": "Some college",
              "n": 153035,
              "x": 3
            },
            {
              "band": "$50K to $75K",
              "conf_high": 17.8457,
              "conf_low": 17.0772,
              "estimate": 17.4581,
              "group": "Some college",
              "n": 172120,
              "x": 4
            },
            {
              "band": "$75K or more",
              "conf_high": 21.9714,
              "conf_low": 21.3326,
              "estimate": 21.6503,
              "group": "Some college",
              "n": 278348,
              "x": 5
            },
            {
              "band": "Under $20K",
              "conf_high": 15.7856,
              "conf_low": 14.6081,
              "estimate": 15.1875,
              "group": "College graduate",
              "n": 60504,
              "x": 1
            },
            {
              "band": "$20K to $35K",
              "conf_high": 15.7153,
              "conf_low": 14.83,
              "estimate": 15.2674,
              "group": "College graduate",
              "n": 125543,
              "x": 2
            },
            {
              "band": "$35K to $50K",
              "conf_high": 15.7975,
              "conf_low": 15.0319,
              "estimate": 15.4108,
              "group": "College graduate",
              "n": 147709,
              "x": 3
            },
            {
              "band": "$50K to $75K",
              "conf_high": 16.9129,
              "conf_low": 16.2807,
              "estimate": 16.5944,
              "group": "College graduate",
              "n": 241590,
              "x": 4
            },
            {
              "band": "$75K or more",
              "conf_high": 18.8203,
              "conf_low": 18.4849,
              "estimate": 18.6521,
              "group": "College graduate",
              "n": 799249,
              "x": 5
            }
          ],
          "id": "binge_by_education",
          "source": "BRFSS 2015-2024 public-use files, weighted (BRFSS final weight) with design-based intervals",
          "spec": {
            "bandSeries": [
              "Did not finish high school",
              "High school graduate",
              "Some college",
              "College graduate"
            ],
            "colors": {
              "College graduate": "cat5",
              "Did not finish high school": "cat1",
              "High school graduate": "cat2",
              "Some college": "cat4"
            },
            "hi": "conf_high",
            "lo": "conf_low",
            "n": "n",
            "series": "group",
            "x": "x",
            "xDomain": [
              1,
              5
            ],
            "xLabel": "Household income band",
            "xTicks": [
              {
                "label": "Under $20K",
                "value": 1
              },
              {
                "label": "$20K to $35K",
                "value": 2
              },
              {
                "label": "$35K to $50K",
                "value": 3
              },
              {
                "label": "$50K to $75K",
                "value": 4
              },
              {
                "label": "$75K or more",
                "value": 5
              }
            ],
            "y": "estimate",
            "yDomain": [
              0,
              30
            ],
            "yFormat": {
              "digits": 1
            },
            "yLabel": "Adults who binged in the past month (%)"
          },
          "subtitle": "Percent of adults who binged in the past month by household income band, four education levels, BRFSS 2015 to 2024",
          "table": {
            "columns": [
              {
                "key": "group",
                "label": "Education level"
              },
              {
                "key": "band",
                "label": "Income band"
              },
              {
                "format": {
                  "digits": 1
                },
                "key": "estimate",
                "label": "Percent of adults"
              },
              {
                "format": {
                  "digits": 1
                },
                "key": "conf_low",
                "label": "Lower limit of the 95% interval"
              },
              {
                "format": {
                  "digits": 1
                },
                "key": "conf_high",
                "label": "Upper limit of the 95% interval"
              },
              {
                "format": {
                  "thousands": true
                },
                "key": "n",
                "label": "Respondents"
              }
            ]
          },
          "title": "Within each education level binge drinking is higher in the highest income band, by {fact:edu_gap_nohs} points for adults who did not finish high school and {fact:edu_gap_coll} for college graduates",
          "type": "line"
        },
        "label": "By education"
      },
      {
        "figure": {
          "alt": "Five small line charts, one per race and ethnicity group, with household income band on the horizontal axis and the binge drinking rate on the vertical axis. The lines for non-Hispanic White and Hispanic adults rise strongly, the line for multiracial adults rises less, and the lines for non-Hispanic Black adults and adults of another race are close to flat.",
          "caption": "The lines for non-Hispanic White and Hispanic adults rise steeply and the line for non-Hispanic Black adults is flat; the line for adults of another race is nearly flat and the multiracial line rises less steeply. Each line plots the weighted share of adults in the group who binged, with 95% confidence intervals; groups are non-Hispanic except the Hispanic group.",
          "data": [
            {
              "band": "Under $20K",
              "conf_high": 13.3045,
              "conf_low": 12.7768,
              "estimate": 13.0384,
              "group": "White, non-Hispanic",
              "n": 275676,
              "x": 1
            },
            {
              "band": "$20K to $35K",
              "conf_high": 13.8965,
              "conf_low": 13.461,
              "estimate": 13.6773,
              "group": "White, non-Hispanic",
              "n": 433459,
              "x": 2
            },
            {
              "band": "$35K to $50K",
              "conf_high": 16.0115,
              "conf_low": 15.5049,
              "estimate": 15.7566,
              "group": "White, non-Hispanic",
              "n": 356207,
              "x": 3
            },
            {
              "band": "$50K to $75K",
              "conf_high": 17.9868,
              "conf_low": 17.5226,
              "estimate": 17.7535,
              "group": "White, non-Hispanic",
              "n": 446702,
              "x": 4
            },
            {
              "band": "$75K or more",
              "conf_high": 21.8164,
              "conf_low": 21.4988,
              "estimate": 21.6572,
              "group": "White, non-Hispanic",
              "n": 1043464,
              "x": 5
            },
            {
              "band": "Under $20K",
              "conf_high": 13.8039,
              "conf_low": 12.7675,
              "estimate": 13.2771,
              "group": "Black, non-Hispanic",
              "n": 61641,
              "x": 1
            },
            {
              "band": "$20K to $35K",
              "conf_high": 14.0572,
              "conf_low": 12.964,
              "estimate": 13.5013,
              "group": "Black, non-Hispanic",
              "n": 58764,
              "x": 2
            },
            {
              "band": "$35K to $50K",
              "conf_high": 15.6079,
              "conf_low": 14.1407,
              "estimate": 14.8594,
              "group": "Black, non-Hispanic",
              "n": 36009,
              "x": 3
            },
            {
              "band": "$50K to $75K",
              "conf_high": 14.6661,
              "conf_low": 13.1949,
              "estimate": 13.9142,
              "group": "Black, non-Hispanic",
              "n": 35243,
              "x": 4
            },
            {
              "band": "$75K or more",
              "conf_high": 14.3014,
              "conf_low": 13.2257,
              "estimate": 13.7547,
              "group": "Black, non-Hispanic",
              "n": 59333,
              "x": 5
            },
            {
              "band": "Under $20K",
              "conf_high": 12.5949,
              "conf_low": 10.8643,
              "estimate": 11.7018,
              "group": "Other race, non-Hispanic",
              "n": 28856,
              "x": 1
            },
            {
              "band": "$20K to $35K",
              "conf_high": 13.0309,
              "conf_low": 11.3112,
              "estimate": 12.1449,
              "group": "Other race, non-Hispanic",
              "n": 30152,
              "x": 2
            },
            {
              "band": "$35K to $50K",
              "conf_high": 13.0814,
              "conf_low": 11.1555,
              "estimate": 12.0854,
              "group": "Other race, non-Hispanic",
              "n": 20159,
              "x": 3
            },
            {
              "band": "$50K to $75K",
              "conf_high": 14.0022,
              "conf_low": 11.9878,
              "estimate": 12.9617,
              "group": "Other race, non-Hispanic",
              "n": 22237,
              "x": 4
            },
            {
              "band": "$75K or more",
              "conf_high": 13.3267,
              "conf_low": 12.1519,
              "estimate": 12.7278,
              "group": "Other race, non-Hispanic",
              "n": 57224,
              "x": 5
            },
            {
              "band": "Under $20K",
              "conf_high": 17.118,
              "conf_low": 14.251,
              "estimate": 15.631,
              "group": "Multiracial, non-Hispanic",
              "n": 12949,
              "x": 1
            },
            {
              "band": "$20K to $35K",
              "conf_high": 18.5272,
              "conf_low": 15.9751,
              "estimate": 17.2137,
              "group": "Multiracial, non-Hispanic",
              "n": 14072,
              "x": 2
            },
            {
              "band": "$35K to $50K",
              "conf_high": 21.7083,
              "conf_low": 18.5077,
              "estimate": 20.0603,
              "group": "Multiracial, non-Hispanic",
              "n": 9793,
              "x": 3
            },
            {
              "band": "$50K to $75K",
              "conf_high": 20.4287,
              "conf_low": 17.5793,
              "estimate": 18.963,
              "group": "Multiracial, non-Hispanic",
              "n": 10918,
              "x": 4
            },
            {
              "band": "$75K or more",
              "conf_high": 22.2975,
              "conf_low": 20.0812,
              "estimate": 21.1681,
              "group": "Multiracial, non-Hispanic",
              "n": 22847,
              "x": 5
            },
            {
              "band": "Under $20K",
              "conf_high": 14.4169,
              "conf_low": 13.3022,
              "estimate": 13.8501,
              "group": "Hispanic",
              "n": 63202,
              "x": 1
            },
            {
              "band": "$20K to $35K",
              "conf_high": 18.6162,
              "conf_low": 17.4403,
              "estimate": 18.0208,
              "group": "Hispanic",
              "n": 67969,
              "x": 2
            },
            {
              "band": "$35K to $50K",
              "conf_high": 20.8872,
              "conf_low": 19.1587,
              "estimate": 20.009,
              "group": "Hispanic",
              "n": 35225,
              "x": 3
            },
            {
              "band": "$50K to $75K",
              "conf_high": 23.2159,
              "conf_low": 21.3192,
              "estimate": 22.2531,
              "group": "Hispanic",
              "n": 30905,
              "x": 4
            },
            {
              "band": "$75K or more",
              "conf_high": 24.8863,
              "conf_low": 23.3572,
              "estimate": 24.1135,
              "group": "Hispanic",
              "n": 56142,
              "x": 5
            }
          ],
          "id": "binge_by_race",
          "source": "BRFSS 2015-2024 public-use files, weighted (BRFSS final weight) with design-based intervals",
          "spec": {
            "facet": "group",
            "facetColumns": 3,
            "hi": "conf_high",
            "lo": "conf_low",
            "n": "n",
            "x": "x",
            "xDomain": [
              1,
              5
            ],
            "xLabel": "Household income band",
            "xTicks": [
              {
                "label": "Under $20K",
                "value": 1
              },
              {
                "label": "$20K to $35K",
                "value": 2
              },
              {
                "label": "$35K to $50K",
                "value": 3
              },
              {
                "label": "$50K to $75K",
                "value": 4
              },
              {
                "label": "$75K or more",
                "value": 5
              }
            ],
            "y": "estimate",
            "yDomain": [
              0,
              35
            ],
            "yFormat": {
              "digits": 1
            },
            "yLabel": "Adults who binged in the past month (%)"
          },
          "subtitle": "Percent of adults who binged in the past month by household income band, five race and ethnicity groups as BRFSS defines them, BRFSS 2015 to 2024",
          "table": {
            "columns": [
              {
                "key": "group",
                "label": "Race and ethnicity"
              },
              {
                "key": "band",
                "label": "Income band"
              },
              {
                "format": {
                  "digits": 1
                },
                "key": "estimate",
                "label": "Percent of adults"
              },
              {
                "format": {
                  "digits": 1
                },
                "key": "conf_low",
                "label": "Lower limit of the 95% interval"
              },
              {
                "format": {
                  "digits": 1
                },
                "key": "conf_high",
                "label": "Upper limit of the 95% interval"
              },
              {
                "format": {
                  "thousands": true
                },
                "key": "n",
                "label": "Respondents"
              }
            ]
          },
          "title": "Binge drinking is higher in the highest income band by {fact:race_gap_white} points among non-Hispanic White adults and {fact:race_gap_hisp} among Hispanic adults, and by {fact:race_gap_black} among non-Hispanic Black adults",
          "type": "line"
        },
        "label": "By race and ethnicity"
      }
    ]
  },
  "subtitle": "Percent of adults who binged in the past month by household income band within age group, education level, and race and ethnicity, BRFSS 2015 to 2024",
  "title": "The rise in binge drinking with income holds within age groups and education levels and differs by race and ethnicity",
  "type": "tabs",
  "width": "wide"
}