{
  "alt": "Dot plot of seven correlations with 95% intervals, sorted from largest to smallest. In the first view all seven dots lie to the right of zero, with premature mortality, child mortality and motor-vehicle crashes farthest right and the alcohol-impaired driving share closest to zero. The second view swaps in rural share, where the suicide and motor-vehicle dots lie far to the right and the homicide dot sits near zero. The last two views repeat both comparisons counting every county once, and the homicide dot against rural share then lies to the right of zero.",
  "caption": "Weighted by population, every estimate against deprivation is positive, and premature mortality, child mortality and motor-vehicle crashes sit farthest right; the interval for the alcohol-impaired driving share spans zero. Each dot is a correlation across counties with a 95% interval from a bootstrap over states. The other views show the rural share and the same correlations counting every county once.",
  "data": [
    {
      "conf_high": 0.584,
      "conf_low": 0.281,
      "estimate": 0.464,
      "group": "Suicide (age-adjusted rate)",
      "measure": "Suicide (age-adjusted rate)",
      "n_units": 2427,
      "view": "deprivation",
      "weighting": "population-weighted"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.317,
      "conf_low": 0.098,
      "estimate": 0.207,
      "group": "Suicide (age-adjusted rate)",
      "measure": "Suicide (age-adjusted rate)",
      "n_units": 2427,
      "view": "deprivation",
      "weighting": "unweighted"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.604,
      "conf_low": 0.446,
      "estimate": 0.527,
      "group": "Suicide (age-adjusted rate)",
      "measure": "Suicide (age-adjusted rate)",
      "n_units": 2427,
      "view": "rural",
      "weighting": "population-weighted"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.438,
      "conf_low": 0.323,
      "estimate": 0.374,
      "group": "Suicide (age-adjusted rate)",
      "measure": "Suicide (age-adjusted rate)",
      "n_units": 2427,
      "view": "rural",
      "weighting": "unweighted"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.225,
      "conf_low": -0.105,
      "estimate": 0.083,
      "group": "Alcohol-impaired driving (share of crash deaths)",
      "measure": "Alcohol-impaired driving (share of crash deaths)",
      "n_units": 3102,
      "view": "deprivation",
      "weighting": "population-weighted"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.005,
      "conf_low": -0.131,
      "estimate": -0.062,
      "group": "Alcohol-impaired driving (share of crash deaths)",
      "measure": "Alcohol-impaired driving (share of crash deaths)",
      "n_units": 3102,
      "view": "deprivation",
      "weighting": "unweighted"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.221,
      "conf_low": -0.029,
      "estimate": 0.104,
      "group": "Alcohol-impaired driving (share of crash deaths)",
      "measure": "Alcohol-impaired driving (share of crash deaths)",
      "n_units": 3116,
      "view": "rural",
      "weighting": "population-weighted"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.099,
      "conf_low": -0.029,
      "estimate": 0.032,
      "group": "Alcohol-impaired driving (share of crash deaths)",
      "measure": "Alcohol-impaired driving (share of crash deaths)",
      "n_units": 3116,
      "view": "rural",
      "weighting": "unweighted"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.677,
      "conf_low": 0.478,
      "estimate": 0.6,
      "group": "Firearm death, any intent (crude rate)",
      "measure": "Firearm death, any intent (crude rate)",
      "n_units": 2279,
      "view": "deprivation",
      "weighting": "population-weighted"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.516,
      "conf_low": 0.325,
      "estimate": 0.423,
      "group": "Firearm death, any intent (crude rate)",
      "measure": "Firearm death, any intent (crude rate)",
      "n_units": 2279,
      "view": "deprivation",
      "weighting": "unweighted"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.367,
      "conf_low": 0.129,
      "estimate": 0.265,
      "group": "Firearm death, any intent (crude rate)",
      "measure": "Firearm death, any intent (crude rate)",
      "n_units": 2279,
      "view": "rural",
      "weighting": "population-weighted"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.425,
      "conf_low": 0.294,
      "estimate": 0.359,
      "group": "Firearm death, any intent (crude rate)",
      "measure": "Firearm death, any intent (crude rate)",
      "n_units": 2279,
      "view": "rural",
      "weighting": "unweighted"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.482,
      "conf_low": 0.342,
      "estimate": 0.413,
      "group": "Homicide (crude rate)",
      "measure": "Homicide (crude rate)",
      "n_units": 1376,
      "view": "deprivation",
      "weighting": "population-weighted"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.554,
      "conf_low": 0.415,
      "estimate": 0.49,
      "group": "Homicide (crude rate)",
      "measure": "Homicide (crude rate)",
      "n_units": 1376,
      "view": "deprivation",
      "weighting": "unweighted"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.053,
      "conf_low": -0.175,
      "estimate": -0.055,
      "group": "Homicide (crude rate)",
      "measure": "Homicide (crude rate)",
      "n_units": 1376,
      "view": "rural",
      "weighting": "population-weighted"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.345,
      "conf_low": 0.121,
      "estimate": 0.246,
      "group": "Homicide (crude rate)",
      "measure": "Homicide (crude rate)",
      "n_units": 1376,
      "view": "rural",
      "weighting": "unweighted"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.705,
      "conf_low": 0.562,
      "estimate": 0.624,
      "group": "Motor-vehicle crash (crude rate)",
      "measure": "Motor-vehicle crash (crude rate)",
      "n_units": 2688,
      "view": "deprivation",
      "weighting": "population-weighted"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.621,
      "conf_low": 0.494,
      "estimate": 0.556,
      "group": "Motor-vehicle crash (crude rate)",
      "measure": "Motor-vehicle crash (crude rate)",
      "n_units": 2688,
      "view": "deprivation",
      "weighting": "unweighted"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.718,
      "conf_low": 0.585,
      "estimate": 0.655,
      "group": "Motor-vehicle crash (crude rate)",
      "measure": "Motor-vehicle crash (crude rate)",
      "n_units": 2688,
      "view": "rural",
      "weighting": "population-weighted"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.643,
      "conf_low": 0.566,
      "estimate": 0.602,
      "group": "Motor-vehicle crash (crude rate)",
      "measure": "Motor-vehicle crash (crude rate)",
      "n_units": 2688,
      "view": "rural",
      "weighting": "unweighted"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.756,
      "conf_low": 0.602,
      "estimate": 0.693,
      "group": "Child mortality (crude rate)",
      "measure": "Child mortality (crude rate)",
      "n_units": 2038,
      "view": "deprivation",
      "weighting": "population-weighted"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.61,
      "conf_low": 0.499,
      "estimate": 0.552,
      "group": "Child mortality (crude rate)",
      "measure": "Child mortality (crude rate)",
      "n_units": 2038,
      "view": "deprivation",
      "weighting": "unweighted"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.419,
      "conf_low": 0.201,
      "estimate": 0.324,
      "group": "Child mortality (crude rate)",
      "measure": "Child mortality (crude rate)",
      "n_units": 2038,
      "view": "rural",
      "weighting": "population-weighted"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.489,
      "conf_low": 0.352,
      "estimate": 0.423,
      "group": "Child mortality (crude rate)",
      "measure": "Child mortality (crude rate)",
      "n_units": 2038,
      "view": "rural",
      "weighting": "unweighted"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.827,
      "conf_low": 0.737,
      "estimate": 0.781,
      "group": "Premature mortality (age-adjusted rate)",
      "measure": "Premature mortality (age-adjusted rate)",
      "n_units": 3083,
      "view": "deprivation",
      "weighting": "population-weighted"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.722,
      "conf_low": 0.574,
      "estimate": 0.644,
      "group": "Premature mortality (age-adjusted rate)",
      "measure": "Premature mortality (age-adjusted rate)",
      "n_units": 3083,
      "view": "deprivation",
      "weighting": "unweighted"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.495,
      "conf_low": 0.317,
      "estimate": 0.417,
      "group": "Premature mortality (age-adjusted rate)",
      "measure": "Premature mortality (age-adjusted rate)",
      "n_units": 3088,
      "view": "rural",
      "weighting": "population-weighted"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.327,
      "conf_low": 0.183,
      "estimate": 0.251,
      "group": "Premature mortality (age-adjusted rate)",
      "measure": "Premature mortality (age-adjusted rate)",
      "n_units": 3088,
      "view": "rural",
      "weighting": "unweighted"
    }
  ],
  "id": "cause_correlations",
  "notes": [
    "Each correlation uses the counties with a published rate for that measure (County Health Rankings leaves out a county with fewer than {fact:chr_floor} deaths in the window, {fact:chr_floor_pmm} for premature mortality), so the counties differ across rows and the number is in the tooltip. The {fact:n_hom_pub} counties with a homicide rate are less rural than counties as a whole ({fact:hom_pub_rural} against {fact:all_rural} mean rural share), because a county with few homicides gets no rate, so the homicide rows describe the counties that report and not all counties. Alcohol-impaired driving is a share of motor-vehicle crash deaths, not a rate per resident. Correlations across counties describe places, not people.",
    "Intervals are 95% intervals from a bootstrap that draws whole states with replacement (replicates and seed are in the methods note). Rural share is the County Health Rankings measure of the share of residents living outside urban areas. County deprivation and rural share correlate at {fact:adi_rural_r} across counties, weighted by population."
  ],
  "source": "County Health Rankings 2024 release, NCHS death counts 2015-2021 in windows that differ by cause, crude rates for four measures, age-adjusted rates for two and a share of crash deaths for one, from full counts, population-weighted or unweighted as each view states; Area Deprivation Index 2023",
  "spec": {
    "colors": {
      "Alcohol-impaired driving (share of crash deaths)": "alcohol",
      "Child mortality (crude rate)": "cat2",
      "Firearm death, any intent (crude rate)": "cat3",
      "Homicide (crude rate)": "homicide",
      "Motor-vehicle crash (crude rate)": "cat1",
      "Premature mortality (age-adjusted rate)": "total",
      "Suicide (age-adjusted rate)": "suicide"
    },
    "group": "group",
    "hi": "conf_high",
    "legend": false,
    "lo": "conf_low",
    "n": "n_units",
    "reference": 0,
    "referenceLabel": "No correlation",
    "sort": "desc",
    "x": "estimate",
    "xDomain": [
      -0.4,
      1
    ],
    "xFormat": {
      "digits": 2,
      "signed": true
    },
    "xLabel": "Correlation across counties",
    "y": "measure"
  },
  "subtitle": "Correlation across counties of each death measure with the county Area Deprivation Index and with the rural share of residents, weighted by county population or counting every county once, County Health Rankings 2024 release",
  "title": "Homicide and other causes of early death are higher in more deprived counties, with a population-weighted correlation of {fact:hom_radi} for homicide",
  "type": "dot",
  "views": [
    {
      "filter": {
        "view": "deprivation",
        "weighting": "population-weighted"
      },
      "id": "deprivation",
      "label": "Deprivation, population-weighted"
    },
    {
      "caption": "Suicide, motor-vehicle and firearm death rates are higher where more residents live in rural areas, and the homicide estimate sits near zero with an interval that spans it. The counties that report a homicide rate are less rural than counties as a whole, so this row is not a statement about all counties. Each dot is a population-weighted correlation with a 95% interval from a bootstrap over states.",
      "filter": {
        "view": "rural",
        "weighting": "population-weighted"
      },
      "id": "rural",
      "label": "Rural share, population-weighted",
      "title": "Weighted by population, suicide and motor-vehicle death rates move with rural share ({fact:suic_rrural} and {fact:mv_rrural}) and the homicide rate among counties that report one does not ({fact:hom_rrural})"
    },
    {
      "caption": "Without population weights the estimates against deprivation are positive for every measure except the alcohol-impaired driving share, whose estimate is slightly below zero with an interval that spans it. Each dot is an unweighted correlation across counties with a 95% interval from a bootstrap over states.",
      "filter": {
        "view": "deprivation",
        "weighting": "unweighted"
      },
      "id": "deprivation-unweighted",
      "label": "Deprivation, unweighted",
      "title": "Counting every county once, homicide and most other death measures are higher in more deprived counties, with a correlation of {fact:hom_radi_unw} for homicide"
    },
    {
      "caption": "Without population weights the homicide estimate is positive and its interval excludes zero, and suicide ({fact:suic_rrural_unw}) and motor-vehicle ({fact:mv_rrural_unw}) rates still move with rural share. The homicide estimate depends on the weighting and on which counties report. Each dot is an unweighted correlation with a 95% interval from a bootstrap over states.",
      "filter": {
        "view": "rural",
        "weighting": "unweighted"
      },
      "id": "rural-unweighted",
      "label": "Rural share, unweighted",
      "title": "Counting every county once, the homicide rate among counties that report one moves with rural share ({fact:hom_rrural_unw}), unlike the population-weighted estimate"
    }
  ]
}