{
  "alt": "Slope chart with six lines joining a population-weighted tract correlation on the left to a county correlation on the right. Most lines move away from zero, and the line for homeownership and poverty moves toward zero. The other views join county to state and repeat both with each unit counted once, where the unemployment and college share and life expectancy lines change direction.",
  "caption": "Weighted by population, {fact:maup_n_larger} of {fact:maup_n_pairs} correlations are larger in absolute value across states than across tracts, and counting each unit once {fact:maup_n_larger_u} are, but not the same pairs. Homeownership with poverty falls toward zero under both weightings. Each view joins two grains, tracts to counties or counties to states, weighted first and then counting each unit once; hover a line for its interval and the number of units.",
  "data": [
    {
      "county": 0.785,
      "county_hi": 0.818,
      "county_lo": 0.759,
      "county_n": 3112,
      "county_u": 0.713,
      "county_u_hi": 0.753,
      "county_u_lo": 0.672,
      "county_u_n": 3112,
      "kind": "Census measures only",
      "pair": "College share and income",
      "state": 0.835,
      "state_hi": 0.94,
      "state_lo": 0.73,
      "state_n": 51,
      "state_u": 0.808,
      "state_u_hi": 0.906,
      "state_u_lo": 0.727,
      "state_u_n": 51,
      "tract": 0.726,
      "tract_hi": 0.74,
      "tract_lo": 0.71,
      "tract_n": 77775,
      "tract_u": 0.717,
      "tract_u_hi": 0.731,
      "tract_u_lo": 0.702,
      "tract_u_n": 77775
    },
    {
      "county": -0.562,
      "county_hi": -0.492,
      "county_lo": -0.622,
      "county_n": 3112,
      "county_u": -0.496,
      "county_u_hi": -0.445,
      "county_u_lo": -0.55,
      "county_u_n": 3112,
      "kind": "Census measures only",
      "pair": "Poverty rate and college share",
      "state": -0.694,
      "state_hi": -0.501,
      "state_lo": -0.838,
      "state_n": 51,
      "state_u": -0.517,
      "state_u_hi": -0.2,
      "state_u_lo": -0.808,
      "state_u_n": 51,
      "tract": -0.5,
      "tract_hi": -0.485,
      "tract_lo": -0.514,
      "tract_n": 77775,
      "tract_u": -0.494,
      "tract_u_hi": -0.48,
      "tract_u_lo": -0.508,
      "tract_u_n": 77775
    },
    {
      "county": -0.396,
      "county_hi": -0.259,
      "county_lo": -0.528,
      "county_n": 3112,
      "county_u": -0.359,
      "county_u_hi": -0.284,
      "county_u_lo": -0.428,
      "county_u_n": 3112,
      "kind": "Census measures only",
      "pair": "Homeownership and poverty rate",
      "state": -0.052,
      "state_hi": 0.172,
      "state_lo": -0.303,
      "state_n": 51,
      "state_u": -0.112,
      "state_u_hi": 0.115,
      "state_u_lo": -0.321,
      "state_u_n": 51,
      "tract": -0.529,
      "tract_hi": -0.509,
      "tract_lo": -0.551,
      "tract_n": 77775,
      "tract_u": -0.517,
      "tract_u_hi": -0.498,
      "tract_u_lo": -0.539,
      "tract_u_n": 77775
    },
    {
      "county": 0.585,
      "county_hi": 0.66,
      "county_lo": 0.522,
      "county_n": 3112,
      "county_u": 0.531,
      "county_u_hi": 0.612,
      "county_u_lo": 0.442,
      "county_u_n": 3112,
      "kind": "Census measures only",
      "pair": "Unemployment and poverty rate",
      "state": 0.325,
      "state_hi": 0.585,
      "state_lo": 0.076,
      "state_n": 51,
      "state_u": 0.504,
      "state_u_hi": 0.647,
      "state_u_lo": 0.318,
      "state_u_n": 51,
      "tract": 0.433,
      "tract_hi": 0.458,
      "tract_lo": 0.409,
      "tract_n": 77775,
      "tract_u": 0.446,
      "tract_u_hi": 0.47,
      "tract_u_lo": 0.422,
      "tract_u_n": 77775
    },
    {
      "county": 0.64,
      "county_hi": 0.69,
      "county_lo": 0.592,
      "county_n": 3112,
      "county_u": 0.509,
      "county_u_hi": 0.576,
      "county_u_lo": 0.449,
      "county_u_n": 3112,
      "kind": "Includes life expectancy",
      "pair": "College share and life expectancy",
      "state": 0.705,
      "state_hi": 0.834,
      "state_lo": 0.553,
      "state_n": 51,
      "state_u": 0.482,
      "state_u_hi": 0.815,
      "state_u_lo": 0.132,
      "state_u_n": 51,
      "tract": 0.557,
      "tract_hi": 0.576,
      "tract_lo": 0.538,
      "tract_n": 77775,
      "tract_u": 0.549,
      "tract_u_hi": 0.567,
      "tract_u_lo": 0.531,
      "tract_u_n": 77775
    },
    {
      "county": -0.599,
      "county_hi": -0.504,
      "county_lo": -0.721,
      "county_n": 3112,
      "county_u": -0.571,
      "county_u_hi": -0.483,
      "county_u_lo": -0.65,
      "county_u_n": 3112,
      "kind": "Includes life expectancy",
      "pair": "Poverty rate and life expectancy",
      "state": -0.66,
      "state_hi": -0.446,
      "state_lo": -0.876,
      "state_n": 51,
      "state_u": -0.782,
      "state_u_hi": -0.646,
      "state_u_lo": -0.89,
      "state_u_n": 51,
      "tract": -0.503,
      "tract_hi": -0.48,
      "tract_lo": -0.528,
      "tract_n": 77775,
      "tract_u": -0.523,
      "tract_u_hi": -0.5,
      "tract_u_lo": -0.547,
      "tract_u_n": 77775
    }
  ],
  "id": "maup_correlations",
  "notes": [
    "Every correlation uses the same {fact:maup_n_tracts} tracts. County and state values are population-weighted means of the tract values; the weighted views weight each correlation by the population of its unit and the others count each unit once. The county correlations rest on {fact:maup_n_counties} counties and the state correlations on {fact:maup_n_states} states, so the state intervals are wide.",
    "The correlation with life expectancy is between tract life expectancy, a modeled estimate, and census measures.",
    "ACS tract values are survey estimates with sampling error, and the staged file has no margins of error, so they are treated as exact."
  ],
  "source": "ACS 2019-2023 tracts and USALEEP life expectancy, 2010-2015; correlations of tract values and of population-weighted county and state means, population-weighted and unweighted",
  "spec": {
    "colorBy": "kind",
    "colors": {
      "Census measures only": "cat1",
      "Includes life expectancy": "cat2"
    },
    "left": "tract",
    "leftHi": "tract_hi",
    "leftLabel": "Tracts",
    "leftLo": "tract_lo",
    "leftN": "tract_n",
    "right": "county",
    "rightHi": "county_hi",
    "rightLabel": "Counties",
    "rightLo": "county_lo",
    "rightN": "county_n",
    "row": "pair",
    "yDomain": [
      -1,
      1
    ],
    "yFormat": {
      "digits": 2,
      "signed": true
    },
    "yLabel": "Correlation coefficient"
  },
  "subtitle": "Correlation of six pairs of tract measures across tracts, across counties and across states, weighted by population or counting each unit once, with 95% intervals from a bootstrap over counties or states, 2019-2023",
  "table": {
    "columns": [
      {
        "key": "pair",
        "label": "Pair of measures"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 2,
          "signed": true
        },
        "key": "tract",
        "label": "Tracts, weighted"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 2,
          "signed": true
        },
        "key": "county",
        "label": "Counties, weighted"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 2,
          "signed": true
        },
        "key": "state",
        "label": "States, weighted"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 2,
          "signed": true
        },
        "key": "tract_u",
        "label": "Tracts, each once"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 2,
          "signed": true
        },
        "key": "county_u",
        "label": "Counties, each once"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 2,
          "signed": true
        },
        "key": "state_u",
        "label": "States, each once"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 2,
          "signed": true
        },
        "key": "state_lo",
        "label": "States, weighted, lower limit"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 2,
          "signed": true
        },
        "key": "state_hi",
        "label": "States, weighted, upper limit"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 2,
          "signed": true
        },
        "key": "state_u_lo",
        "label": "States, each once, lower limit"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 2,
          "signed": true
        },
        "key": "state_u_hi",
        "label": "States, each once, upper limit"
      }
    ]
  },
  "title": "Weighted by population, the same pair of measures has a different correlation at each grain, and homeownership and poverty go from {fact:maup_own_tract} across tracts to {fact:maup_own_state} across states",
  "type": "slope",
  "views": [
    {
      "id": "w-tract-county",
      "label": "Weighted, tracts to counties"
    },
    {
      "id": "w-county-state",
      "label": "Weighted, counties to states",
      "spec": {
        "left": "county",
        "leftHi": "county_hi",
        "leftLabel": "Counties",
        "leftLo": "county_lo",
        "leftN": "county_n",
        "right": "state",
        "rightHi": "state_hi",
        "rightLabel": "States",
        "rightLo": "state_lo",
        "rightN": "state_n"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "u-tract-county",
      "label": "Each unit once, tracts to counties",
      "spec": {
        "left": "tract_u",
        "leftHi": "tract_u_hi",
        "leftLabel": "Tracts",
        "leftLo": "tract_u_lo",
        "leftN": "tract_u_n",
        "right": "county_u",
        "rightHi": "county_u_hi",
        "rightLabel": "Counties",
        "rightLo": "county_u_lo",
        "rightN": "county_u_n"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "u-county-state",
      "label": "Each unit once, counties to states",
      "spec": {
        "left": "county_u",
        "leftHi": "county_u_hi",
        "leftLabel": "Counties",
        "leftLo": "county_u_lo",
        "leftN": "county_u_n",
        "right": "state_u",
        "rightHi": "state_u_hi",
        "rightLabel": "States",
        "rightLo": "state_u_lo",
        "rightN": "state_u_n"
      }
    }
  ],
  "width": "body"
}