{
  "alt": "Dot plot with three rows, all tracts, within states and within counties, each holding two dots with 95% intervals. The dots lie further right in each row down the chart, from the all-tracts slope to the within-county slope, and the two dots in a row are close together. The within-county interval lies entirely right of the all-tracts interval.",
  "caption": "The within-county dots lie right of the all-tracts dots, with the within-state dots between them and a wider interval. Each dot is a regression slope with a 95% interval; the two dots in a row weight tracts by population or count each tract once, as the key above the chart says.",
  "data": [
    {
      "clusters": 51,
      "conf_high": 0.920676,
      "conf_low": 0.749556,
      "estimate": 0.835116,
      "n": 77936,
      "rung": "All tracts",
      "weighting": "Population-weighted"
    },
    {
      "clusters": 51,
      "conf_high": 0.934615,
      "conf_low": 0.75495,
      "estimate": 0.844782,
      "n": 77936,
      "rung": "All tracts",
      "weighting": "Each tract once"
    },
    {
      "clusters": 51,
      "conf_high": 1.05201,
      "conf_low": 0.78008,
      "estimate": 0.916044,
      "n": 77936,
      "rung": "Within states",
      "weighting": "Population-weighted"
    },
    {
      "clusters": 51,
      "conf_high": 1.05075,
      "conf_low": 0.769777,
      "estimate": 0.910261,
      "n": 77936,
      "rung": "Within states",
      "weighting": "Each tract once"
    },
    {
      "clusters": 2890,
      "conf_high": 1.15608,
      "conf_low": 1.07396,
      "estimate": 1.11502,
      "n": 77722,
      "rung": "Within counties",
      "weighting": "Population-weighted"
    },
    {
      "clusters": 2890,
      "conf_high": 1.17078,
      "conf_low": 1.08871,
      "estimate": 1.12975,
      "n": 77722,
      "rung": "Within counties",
      "weighting": "Each tract once"
    }
  ],
  "id": "fe_ladder",
  "notes": [
    "Intervals use cluster-robust errors, clustered on states for the first two rows and on counties for the third, with t intervals on one fewer degree of freedom than there are clusters. The county fit leaves out tracts that are alone in their county, so it uses {fact:n_ladder_county_tracts} of {fact:n_ladder_tracts} tracts.",
    "Institutional tracts, such as prisons and dormitories, are dropped. USALEEP covers deaths in 2010 to 2015 and the 2020-tract file is area-weighted from 2010 tracts."
  ],
  "source": "USALEEP life expectancy, 2010-2015; Area Deprivation Index, 2023; ACS 2019-2023; population-weighted and unweighted regression slopes, modeled estimates",
  "spec": {
    "colors": {
      "Each tract once": "muted",
      "Population-weighted": "accent"
    },
    "group": "weighting",
    "hi": "conf_high",
    "lo": "conf_low",
    "n": "n",
    "reference": 0,
    "referenceLabel": "No slope",
    "x": "estimate",
    "xDomain": [
      0,
      1.4
    ],
    "xFormat": {
      "digits": 2
    },
    "xLabel": "Years of life expectancy lower per ten-point step in the ADI",
    "y": "rung"
  },
  "subtitle": "Slope of tract life expectancy at birth on the Area Deprivation Index national percentile, years lower per ten-point step, three specifications, deaths in 2010 to 2015",
  "table": {
    "columns": [
      {
        "key": "rung",
        "label": "Specification"
      },
      {
        "key": "weighting",
        "label": "Weights"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 2
        },
        "key": "estimate",
        "label": "Years lower per ten points"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 2
        },
        "key": "conf_low",
        "label": "Lower limit of the 95% interval"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 2
        },
        "key": "conf_high",
        "label": "Upper limit of the 95% interval"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "thousands": true
        },
        "key": "clusters",
        "label": "Clusters"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "thousands": true
        },
        "key": "n",
        "label": "Tracts"
      }
    ]
  },
  "title": "Life expectancy is {fact:ladder_county} years lower per ten-point step of the ADI within counties, against {fact:ladder_raw} years across all tracts",
  "type": "dot",
  "width": "body"
}