{
  "alt": "Dot plot with one row per state and two dots in each row, one for the reading gap and one for the math gap, around a vertical rule at zero. Every reading dot is well to the left of the rule and the dots span a wide range of values. The math dots span the rule, with girls ahead in the states at the bottom and boys ahead in the states at the top.",
  "caption": "Reading dots sit left of the zero rule in every state, and math dots run from the girls' side in the Deep South to the boys' side in the Plains, the Great Lakes states and the Mountain West. Each dot is the test-weighted mean of district gaps in a state with a 95% interval; states are ordered by the math gap, and the number of districts is in the tooltip.",
  "data": [
    {
      "conf_high": 0.299,
      "conf_low": 0.228,
      "estimate": 0.263,
      "n": 326,
      "state": "Iowa",
      "subject": "Math"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.424,
      "conf_low": -0.499,
      "estimate": -0.461,
      "n": 326,
      "state": "Iowa",
      "subject": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.219,
      "conf_low": 0.095,
      "estimate": 0.157,
      "n": 41,
      "state": "Utah",
      "subject": "Math"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.722,
      "conf_low": -0.799,
      "estimate": -0.76,
      "n": 41,
      "state": "Utah",
      "subject": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.164,
      "conf_low": 0.055,
      "estimate": 0.109,
      "n": 110,
      "state": "Idaho",
      "subject": "Math"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.618,
      "conf_low": -0.727,
      "estimate": -0.672,
      "n": 110,
      "state": "Idaho",
      "subject": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.144,
      "conf_low": 0.068,
      "estimate": 0.106,
      "n": 323,
      "state": "Minnesota",
      "subject": "Math"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.573,
      "conf_low": -0.641,
      "estimate": -0.607,
      "n": 323,
      "state": "Minnesota",
      "subject": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.135,
      "conf_low": 0.073,
      "estimate": 0.104,
      "n": 509,
      "state": "Oklahoma",
      "subject": "Math"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.495,
      "conf_low": -0.563,
      "estimate": -0.529,
      "n": 509,
      "state": "Oklahoma",
      "subject": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.132,
      "conf_low": 0.07,
      "estimate": 0.101,
      "n": 513,
      "state": "Michigan",
      "subject": "Math"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.692,
      "conf_low": -0.742,
      "estimate": -0.717,
      "n": 513,
      "state": "Michigan",
      "subject": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.134,
      "conf_low": 0.06,
      "estimate": 0.097,
      "n": 172,
      "state": "Oregon",
      "subject": "Math"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.66,
      "conf_low": -0.737,
      "estimate": -0.698,
      "n": 172,
      "state": "Oregon",
      "subject": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.151,
      "conf_low": 0.02,
      "estimate": 0.085,
      "n": 150,
      "state": "North Dakota",
      "subject": "Math"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.685,
      "conf_low": -0.834,
      "estimate": -0.76,
      "n": 150,
      "state": "North Dakota",
      "subject": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.156,
      "conf_low": 0.011,
      "estimate": 0.084,
      "n": 240,
      "state": "Nebraska",
      "subject": "Math"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.438,
      "conf_low": -0.572,
      "estimate": -0.505,
      "n": 240,
      "state": "Nebraska",
      "subject": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.108,
      "conf_low": 0.054,
      "estimate": 0.081,
      "n": 288,
      "state": "Indiana",
      "subject": "Math"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.901,
      "conf_low": -0.947,
      "estimate": -0.924,
      "n": 288,
      "state": "Indiana",
      "subject": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.127,
      "conf_low": 0.028,
      "estimate": 0.077,
      "n": 284,
      "state": "Kansas",
      "subject": "Math"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.479,
      "conf_low": -0.566,
      "estimate": -0.523,
      "n": 284,
      "state": "Kansas",
      "subject": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.13,
      "conf_low": 0.006,
      "estimate": 0.068,
      "n": 48,
      "state": "Wyoming",
      "subject": "Math"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.531,
      "conf_low": -0.651,
      "estimate": -0.591,
      "n": 48,
      "state": "Wyoming",
      "subject": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.1,
      "conf_low": 0.023,
      "estimate": 0.061,
      "n": 410,
      "state": "Wisconsin",
      "subject": "Math"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.676,
      "conf_low": -0.749,
      "estimate": -0.712,
      "n": 410,
      "state": "Wisconsin",
      "subject": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.089,
      "conf_low": -0.017,
      "estimate": 0.036,
      "n": 210,
      "state": "Montana",
      "subject": "Math"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.747,
      "conf_low": -0.866,
      "estimate": -0.806,
      "n": 210,
      "state": "Montana",
      "subject": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.064,
      "conf_low": -0.009,
      "estimate": 0.027,
      "n": 141,
      "state": "New Hampshire",
      "subject": "Math"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.937,
      "conf_low": -1.008,
      "estimate": -0.973,
      "n": 141,
      "state": "New Hampshire",
      "subject": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.055,
      "conf_low": -0.008,
      "estimate": 0.024,
      "n": 174,
      "state": "Maine",
      "subject": "Math"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.968,
      "conf_low": -1.046,
      "estimate": -1.007,
      "n": 174,
      "state": "Maine",
      "subject": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.095,
      "conf_low": -0.063,
      "estimate": 0.016,
      "n": 147,
      "state": "South Dakota",
      "subject": "Math"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.621,
      "conf_low": -0.774,
      "estimate": -0.698,
      "n": 147,
      "state": "South Dakota",
      "subject": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.057,
      "conf_low": -0.028,
      "estimate": 0.014,
      "n": 158,
      "state": "Connecticut",
      "subject": "Math"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.595,
      "conf_low": -0.654,
      "estimate": -0.625,
      "n": 158,
      "state": "Connecticut",
      "subject": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.067,
      "conf_low": -0.048,
      "estimate": 0.009,
      "n": 16,
      "state": "Delaware",
      "subject": "Math"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.705,
      "conf_low": -0.872,
      "estimate": -0.788,
      "n": 16,
      "state": "Delaware",
      "subject": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.069,
      "conf_low": -0.059,
      "estimate": 0.005,
      "n": 166,
      "state": "Colorado",
      "subject": "Math"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.899,
      "conf_low": -0.992,
      "estimate": -0.945,
      "n": 166,
      "state": "Colorado",
      "subject": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.02,
      "conf_low": -0.047,
      "estimate": -0.014,
      "n": 67,
      "state": "Florida",
      "subject": "Math"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.558,
      "conf_low": -0.607,
      "estimate": -0.583,
      "n": 67,
      "state": "Florida",
      "subject": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.004,
      "conf_low": -0.041,
      "estimate": -0.019,
      "n": 607,
      "state": "Ohio",
      "subject": "Math"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.696,
      "conf_low": -0.734,
      "estimate": -0.715,
      "n": 607,
      "state": "Ohio",
      "subject": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.018,
      "conf_low": -0.055,
      "estimate": -0.037,
      "n": 1004,
      "state": "Texas",
      "subject": "Math"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.556,
      "conf_low": -0.59,
      "estimate": -0.573,
      "n": 1004,
      "state": "Texas",
      "subject": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.006,
      "conf_low": -0.089,
      "estimate": -0.041,
      "n": 499,
      "state": "Pennsylvania",
      "subject": "Math"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.897,
      "conf_low": -0.961,
      "estimate": -0.929,
      "n": 499,
      "state": "Pennsylvania",
      "subject": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.059,
      "conf_low": -0.144,
      "estimate": -0.043,
      "n": 16,
      "state": "Nevada",
      "subject": "Math"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.776,
      "conf_low": -1.065,
      "estimate": -0.92,
      "n": 16,
      "state": "Nevada",
      "subject": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.015,
      "conf_low": -0.077,
      "estimate": -0.046,
      "n": 492,
      "state": "New Jersey",
      "subject": "Math"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.971,
      "conf_low": -1.012,
      "estimate": -0.992,
      "n": 492,
      "state": "New Jersey",
      "subject": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.003,
      "conf_low": -0.089,
      "estimate": -0.046,
      "n": 51,
      "state": "Vermont",
      "subject": "Math"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -1.02,
      "conf_low": -1.13,
      "estimate": -1.075,
      "n": 51,
      "state": "Vermont",
      "subject": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.056,
      "conf_low": -0.15,
      "estimate": -0.047,
      "n": 652,
      "state": "New York",
      "subject": "Math"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.699,
      "conf_low": -0.899,
      "estimate": -0.799,
      "n": 652,
      "state": "New York",
      "subject": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.021,
      "conf_low": -0.075,
      "estimate": -0.048,
      "n": 276,
      "state": "Washington",
      "subject": "Math"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.916,
      "conf_low": -0.971,
      "estimate": -0.943,
      "n": 276,
      "state": "Washington",
      "subject": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.016,
      "conf_low": -0.084,
      "estimate": -0.05,
      "n": 512,
      "state": "Missouri",
      "subject": "Math"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.776,
      "conf_low": -0.836,
      "estimate": -0.806,
      "n": 512,
      "state": "Missouri",
      "subject": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.025,
      "conf_low": -0.096,
      "estimate": -0.06,
      "n": 826,
      "state": "California",
      "subject": "Math"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.81,
      "conf_low": -0.858,
      "estimate": -0.834,
      "n": 826,
      "state": "California",
      "subject": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.014,
      "conf_low": -0.193,
      "estimate": -0.09,
      "n": 47,
      "state": "Alaska",
      "subject": "Math"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.739,
      "conf_low": -0.964,
      "estimate": -0.851,
      "n": 47,
      "state": "Alaska",
      "subject": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.056,
      "conf_low": -0.15,
      "estimate": -0.103,
      "n": 55,
      "state": "West Virginia",
      "subject": "Math"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -1.162,
      "conf_low": -1.258,
      "estimate": -1.21,
      "n": 55,
      "state": "West Virginia",
      "subject": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.046,
      "conf_low": -0.179,
      "estimate": -0.113,
      "n": 35,
      "state": "Rhode Island",
      "subject": "Math"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -1.084,
      "conf_low": -1.24,
      "estimate": -1.162,
      "n": 35,
      "state": "Rhode Island",
      "subject": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.081,
      "conf_low": -0.151,
      "estimate": -0.116,
      "n": 268,
      "state": "Massachusetts",
      "subject": "Math"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -1.117,
      "conf_low": -1.166,
      "estimate": -1.142,
      "n": 268,
      "state": "Massachusetts",
      "subject": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.074,
      "conf_low": -0.167,
      "estimate": -0.12,
      "n": 182,
      "state": "Arizona",
      "subject": "Math"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.802,
      "conf_low": -0.867,
      "estimate": -0.834,
      "n": 182,
      "state": "Arizona",
      "subject": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.091,
      "conf_low": -0.165,
      "estimate": -0.128,
      "n": 115,
      "state": "North Carolina",
      "subject": "Math"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.48,
      "conf_low": -0.542,
      "estimate": -0.511,
      "n": 115,
      "state": "North Carolina",
      "subject": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.062,
      "conf_low": -0.197,
      "estimate": -0.129,
      "n": 754,
      "state": "Illinois",
      "subject": "Math"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.901,
      "conf_low": -0.994,
      "estimate": -0.948,
      "n": 754,
      "state": "Illinois",
      "subject": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.125,
      "conf_low": -0.215,
      "estimate": -0.17,
      "n": 180,
      "state": "Georgia",
      "subject": "Math"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.868,
      "conf_low": -0.941,
      "estimate": -0.904,
      "n": 180,
      "state": "Georgia",
      "subject": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.131,
      "conf_low": -0.231,
      "estimate": -0.181,
      "n": 140,
      "state": "Tennessee",
      "subject": "Math"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.806,
      "conf_low": -0.879,
      "estimate": -0.843,
      "n": 140,
      "state": "Tennessee",
      "subject": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.141,
      "conf_low": -0.238,
      "estimate": -0.189,
      "n": 172,
      "state": "Kentucky",
      "subject": "Math"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.737,
      "conf_low": -0.853,
      "estimate": -0.795,
      "n": 172,
      "state": "Kentucky",
      "subject": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.127,
      "conf_low": -0.265,
      "estimate": -0.196,
      "n": 83,
      "state": "New Mexico",
      "subject": "Math"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.957,
      "conf_low": -1.134,
      "estimate": -1.045,
      "n": 83,
      "state": "New Mexico",
      "subject": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.156,
      "conf_low": -0.247,
      "estimate": -0.202,
      "n": 78,
      "state": "South Carolina",
      "subject": "Math"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.805,
      "conf_low": -0.878,
      "estimate": -0.841,
      "n": 78,
      "state": "South Carolina",
      "subject": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.173,
      "conf_low": -0.258,
      "estimate": -0.215,
      "n": 69,
      "state": "Louisiana",
      "subject": "Math"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.986,
      "conf_low": -1.055,
      "estimate": -1.02,
      "n": 69,
      "state": "Louisiana",
      "subject": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.198,
      "conf_low": -0.287,
      "estimate": -0.243,
      "n": 234,
      "state": "Arkansas",
      "subject": "Math"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -1.249,
      "conf_low": -1.319,
      "estimate": -1.284,
      "n": 234,
      "state": "Arkansas",
      "subject": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.153,
      "conf_low": -0.35,
      "estimate": -0.252,
      "n": 24,
      "state": "Maryland",
      "subject": "Math"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -1.111,
      "conf_low": -1.212,
      "estimate": -1.161,
      "n": 24,
      "state": "Maryland",
      "subject": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.244,
      "conf_low": -0.351,
      "estimate": -0.298,
      "n": 137,
      "state": "Alabama",
      "subject": "Math"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.764,
      "conf_low": -0.854,
      "estimate": -0.809,
      "n": 137,
      "state": "Alabama",
      "subject": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.301,
      "conf_low": -0.376,
      "estimate": -0.339,
      "n": 135,
      "state": "Mississippi",
      "subject": "Math"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.819,
      "conf_low": -0.884,
      "estimate": -0.852,
      "n": 135,
      "state": "Mississippi",
      "subject": "Reading"
    }
  ],
  "id": "state_gap_means",
  "notes": [
    "Each gap is the mean score of boys minus the mean score of girls in the district, in grade levels, where one grade level is the learning of an average school year. A negative gap means girls scored higher. Scores pool third through eighth grade over 2009 to 2019, and the estimates are empirical-Bayes estimates, which pull the noisiest districts toward the average. Means weight a district by its number of math and reading test scores.",
    "The intervals treat the districts of a state as independent draws, so they are narrower than the intervals in the income figures, which resample whole states. Virginia (no math estimates), Hawaii (no districts) and the District of Columbia (no rows) are not shown."
  ],
  "source": "Stanford Education Data Archive 6.0, 2009-2019; test-weighted district estimates, modeled estimates",
  "spec": {
    "colors": {
      "Math": "cat2",
      "Reading": "cat1"
    },
    "group": "subject",
    "hi": "conf_high",
    "lo": "conf_low",
    "n": "n",
    "reference": 0,
    "referenceLabel": "Equal scores",
    "sort": "data",
    "x": "estimate",
    "xDomain": [
      -1.5,
      0.5
    ],
    "xFormat": {
      "digits": 1,
      "signed": true
    },
    "xLabel": "Mean male minus female gap (grade levels; negative means girls scored higher)",
    "y": "state"
  },
  "subtitle": "Test-weighted mean male minus female gap in grade levels by state, reading and math, districts with both gaps and an income, third through eighth grade pooled over 2009 to 2019",
  "title": "The reading gap is below zero in all {fact:n_states} states, while the math gap is above zero in {fact:n_states_boys} of them",
  "type": "dot",
  "width": "wide"
}