{
  "alt": "Two stacked density curves of the male minus female score gap across school districts, with a vertical rule at zero. The reading curve lies almost entirely to the left of the rule, with its peak well on the girls' side. The math curve is narrower and centered just left of the rule, with tails running onto both sides.",
  "caption": "The reading ridge lies left of the zero rule almost everywhere, and the math ridge is narrower, centered close to zero, with more of its area on the girls' side. Each ridge is a kernel density of district gaps, each district counted once, drawn on one area scale; a negative gap means girls scored higher.",
  "data": [
    {
      "density": 0,
      "gap": -1.9,
      "subject": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "density": 1,
      "gap": -1.85,
      "subject": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "density": 1,
      "gap": -1.8,
      "subject": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "density": 3,
      "gap": -1.75,
      "subject": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "density": 4,
      "gap": -1.7,
      "subject": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "density": 9,
      "gap": -1.65,
      "subject": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "density": 16,
      "gap": -1.6,
      "subject": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "density": 24,
      "gap": -1.55,
      "subject": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "density": 32,
      "gap": -1.5,
      "subject": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "density": 49,
      "gap": -1.45,
      "subject": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "density": 89,
      "gap": -1.4,
      "subject": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "density": 117,
      "gap": -1.35,
      "subject": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "density": 153,
      "gap": -1.3,
      "subject": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "density": 226,
      "gap": -1.25,
      "subject": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "density": 329,
      "gap": -1.2,
      "subject": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "density": 446,
      "gap": -1.15,
      "subject": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "density": 593,
      "gap": -1.1,
      "subject": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "density": 778,
      "gap": -1.05,
      "subject": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "density": 1035,
      "gap": -1,
      "subject": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "density": 1247,
      "gap": -0.95,
      "subject": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "density": 1375,
      "gap": -0.9,
      "subject": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "density": 1510,
      "gap": -0.85,
      "subject": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "density": 1588,
      "gap": -0.8,
      "subject": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "density": 1578,
      "gap": -0.75,
      "subject": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "density": 1525,
      "gap": -0.7,
      "subject": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "density": 1406,
      "gap": -0.65,
      "subject": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "density": 1290,
      "gap": -0.6,
      "subject": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "density": 1139,
      "gap": -0.55,
      "subject": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "density": 928,
      "gap": -0.5,
      "subject": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "density": 727,
      "gap": -0.45,
      "subject": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "density": 567,
      "gap": -0.4,
      "subject": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "density": 421,
      "gap": -0.35,
      "subject": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "density": 297,
      "gap": -0.3,
      "subject": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "density": 195,
      "gap": -0.25,
      "subject": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "density": 129,
      "gap": -0.2,
      "subject": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "density": 71,
      "gap": -0.15,
      "subject": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "density": 44,
      "gap": -0.1,
      "subject": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "density": 29,
      "gap": -0.05,
      "subject": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "density": 10,
      "gap": 0,
      "subject": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "density": 6,
      "gap": 0.05,
      "subject": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "density": 5,
      "gap": 0.1,
      "subject": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "density": 2,
      "gap": 0.15,
      "subject": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "density": 2,
      "gap": 0.2,
      "subject": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "density": 1,
      "gap": 0.25,
      "subject": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "density": 0,
      "gap": 0.3,
      "subject": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "density": 0,
      "gap": 0.35,
      "subject": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "density": 0,
      "gap": 0.4,
      "subject": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "density": 0,
      "gap": 0.45,
      "subject": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "density": 0,
      "gap": 0.5,
      "subject": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "density": 0,
      "gap": 0.55,
      "subject": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "density": 0,
      "gap": 0.6,
      "subject": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "density": 0,
      "gap": 0.65,
      "subject": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "density": 0,
      "gap": 0.7,
      "subject": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "density": 0,
      "gap": 0.75,
      "subject": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "density": 0,
      "gap": 0.8,
      "subject": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "density": 0,
      "gap": 0.85,
      "subject": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "density": 0,
      "gap": 0.9,
      "subject": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "density": 0,
      "gap": 0.95,
      "subject": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "density": 0,
      "gap": 1,
      "subject": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "density": 0,
      "gap": 1.05,
      "subject": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "density": 0,
      "gap": 1.1,
      "subject": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "density": 0,
      "gap": 1.15,
      "subject": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "density": 1,
      "gap": 1.2,
      "subject": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "density": 1,
      "gap": 1.25,
      "subject": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "density": 0,
      "gap": 1.3,
      "subject": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "density": 0,
      "gap": -1.9,
      "subject": "Math"
    },
    {
      "density": 0,
      "gap": -1.85,
      "subject": "Math"
    },
    {
      "density": 0,
      "gap": -1.8,
      "subject": "Math"
    },
    {
      "density": 0,
      "gap": -1.75,
      "subject": "Math"
    },
    {
      "density": 0,
      "gap": -1.7,
      "subject": "Math"
    },
    {
      "density": 0,
      "gap": -1.65,
      "subject": "Math"
    },
    {
      "density": 0,
      "gap": -1.6,
      "subject": "Math"
    },
    {
      "density": 0,
      "gap": -1.55,
      "subject": "Math"
    },
    {
      "density": 0,
      "gap": -1.5,
      "subject": "Math"
    },
    {
      "density": 0,
      "gap": -1.45,
      "subject": "Math"
    },
    {
      "density": 0,
      "gap": -1.4,
      "subject": "Math"
    },
    {
      "density": 0,
      "gap": -1.35,
      "subject": "Math"
    },
    {
      "density": 0,
      "gap": -1.3,
      "subject": "Math"
    },
    {
      "density": 0,
      "gap": -1.25,
      "subject": "Math"
    },
    {
      "density": 1,
      "gap": -1.2,
      "subject": "Math"
    },
    {
      "density": 0,
      "gap": -1.15,
      "subject": "Math"
    },
    {
      "density": 0,
      "gap": -1.1,
      "subject": "Math"
    },
    {
      "density": 0,
      "gap": -1.05,
      "subject": "Math"
    },
    {
      "density": 0,
      "gap": -1,
      "subject": "Math"
    },
    {
      "density": 0,
      "gap": -0.95,
      "subject": "Math"
    },
    {
      "density": 0,
      "gap": -0.9,
      "subject": "Math"
    },
    {
      "density": 1,
      "gap": -0.85,
      "subject": "Math"
    },
    {
      "density": 7,
      "gap": -0.8,
      "subject": "Math"
    },
    {
      "density": 13,
      "gap": -0.75,
      "subject": "Math"
    },
    {
      "density": 15,
      "gap": -0.7,
      "subject": "Math"
    },
    {
      "density": 24,
      "gap": -0.65,
      "subject": "Math"
    },
    {
      "density": 55,
      "gap": -0.6,
      "subject": "Math"
    },
    {
      "density": 94,
      "gap": -0.55,
      "subject": "Math"
    },
    {
      "density": 119,
      "gap": -0.5,
      "subject": "Math"
    },
    {
      "density": 185,
      "gap": -0.45,
      "subject": "Math"
    },
    {
      "density": 313,
      "gap": -0.4,
      "subject": "Math"
    },
    {
      "density": 507,
      "gap": -0.35,
      "subject": "Math"
    },
    {
      "density": 748,
      "gap": -0.3,
      "subject": "Math"
    },
    {
      "density": 1021,
      "gap": -0.25,
      "subject": "Math"
    },
    {
      "density": 1354,
      "gap": -0.2,
      "subject": "Math"
    },
    {
      "density": 1700,
      "gap": -0.15,
      "subject": "Math"
    },
    {
      "density": 1931,
      "gap": -0.1,
      "subject": "Math"
    },
    {
      "density": 2095,
      "gap": -0.05,
      "subject": "Math"
    },
    {
      "density": 2058,
      "gap": 0,
      "subject": "Math"
    },
    {
      "density": 1955,
      "gap": 0.05,
      "subject": "Math"
    },
    {
      "density": 1662,
      "gap": 0.1,
      "subject": "Math"
    },
    {
      "density": 1278,
      "gap": 0.15,
      "subject": "Math"
    },
    {
      "density": 1007,
      "gap": 0.2,
      "subject": "Math"
    },
    {
      "density": 708,
      "gap": 0.25,
      "subject": "Math"
    },
    {
      "density": 485,
      "gap": 0.3,
      "subject": "Math"
    },
    {
      "density": 274,
      "gap": 0.35,
      "subject": "Math"
    },
    {
      "density": 182,
      "gap": 0.4,
      "subject": "Math"
    },
    {
      "density": 100,
      "gap": 0.45,
      "subject": "Math"
    },
    {
      "density": 52,
      "gap": 0.5,
      "subject": "Math"
    },
    {
      "density": 21,
      "gap": 0.55,
      "subject": "Math"
    },
    {
      "density": 19,
      "gap": 0.6,
      "subject": "Math"
    },
    {
      "density": 6,
      "gap": 0.65,
      "subject": "Math"
    },
    {
      "density": 4,
      "gap": 0.7,
      "subject": "Math"
    },
    {
      "density": 1,
      "gap": 0.75,
      "subject": "Math"
    },
    {
      "density": 1,
      "gap": 0.8,
      "subject": "Math"
    },
    {
      "density": 0,
      "gap": 0.85,
      "subject": "Math"
    },
    {
      "density": 0,
      "gap": 0.9,
      "subject": "Math"
    },
    {
      "density": 0,
      "gap": 0.95,
      "subject": "Math"
    },
    {
      "density": 0,
      "gap": 1,
      "subject": "Math"
    },
    {
      "density": 1,
      "gap": 1.05,
      "subject": "Math"
    },
    {
      "density": 0,
      "gap": 1.1,
      "subject": "Math"
    },
    {
      "density": 0,
      "gap": 1.15,
      "subject": "Math"
    },
    {
      "density": 0,
      "gap": 1.2,
      "subject": "Math"
    },
    {
      "density": 0,
      "gap": 1.25,
      "subject": "Math"
    },
    {
      "density": 0,
      "gap": 1.3,
      "subject": "Math"
    }
  ],
  "id": "gap_distributions",
  "notes": [
    "Each gap is the mean score of boys minus the mean score of girls in the district, in grade levels, where one grade level is the learning of an average school year. A negative gap means girls scored higher. Scores pool third through eighth grade over 2009 to 2019, and the estimates are empirical-Bayes estimates, which pull the noisiest districts toward the average.",
    "The curves are Gaussian kernel densities with the bandwidth that Silverman's rule gives for each subject. Reading includes Virginia, which has no math estimates, so the two curves rest on different sets of districts."
  ],
  "source": "Stanford Education Data Archive 6.0, 2009-2019; unweighted district estimates (each district counted once), modeled estimates",
  "spec": {
    "curve": "smooth",
    "fillBy": "sign",
    "group": "subject",
    "groupOrder": [
      "Reading",
      "Math"
    ],
    "reference": 0,
    "referenceLabel": "Equal scores",
    "signColors": {
      "negative": "female",
      "positive": "male"
    },
    "x": "gap",
    "xLabel": "Male minus female score gap (grade levels; negative means girls scored higher)",
    "y": "density"
  },
  "subtitle": "Distribution across school districts of the male minus female mean test score gap in grade levels, reading and math, third through eighth grade pooled over 2009 to 2019",
  "title": "Girls scored higher than boys in reading in {fact:pct_girls_rla} of districts, while math gaps fall on both sides of zero",
  "type": "ridgeline",
  "width": "wide"
}