{
  "alt": "Line chart with two lines across ten tenths of district income, from the lowest on the left to the highest on the right, and a horizontal rule at zero. The reading line runs well below the rule at every tenth, with small changes. The math line starts below the rule at the lowest tenth, rises across the tenths and ends above the rule at the highest.",
  "caption": "The math line climbs and crosses the zero rule in the upper tenths, and the reading line stays below the rule in every tenth, within a narrow band. Each point is the mean gap in a tenth of districts with a 95% interval from a bootstrap over states; a negative gap means girls scored higher.",
  "data": [
    {
      "conf_high": -0.714,
      "conf_low": -0.885,
      "decile": 1,
      "estimate": -0.791,
      "income_median": 46464,
      "n_units": 1213,
      "series": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.718,
      "conf_low": -0.88,
      "decile": 2,
      "estimate": -0.795,
      "income_median": 54714,
      "n_units": 1214,
      "series": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.704,
      "conf_low": -0.861,
      "decile": 3,
      "estimate": -0.78,
      "income_median": 60094,
      "n_units": 1213,
      "series": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.701,
      "conf_low": -0.855,
      "decile": 4,
      "estimate": -0.782,
      "income_median": 64792,
      "n_units": 1214,
      "series": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.678,
      "conf_low": -0.805,
      "decile": 5,
      "estimate": -0.737,
      "income_median": 69421,
      "n_units": 1214,
      "series": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.692,
      "conf_low": -0.841,
      "decile": 6,
      "estimate": -0.76,
      "income_median": 74142,
      "n_units": 1213,
      "series": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.687,
      "conf_low": -0.858,
      "decile": 7,
      "estimate": -0.767,
      "income_median": 80405,
      "n_units": 1214,
      "series": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.725,
      "conf_low": -0.854,
      "decile": 8,
      "estimate": -0.799,
      "income_median": 88948,
      "n_units": 1213,
      "series": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.735,
      "conf_low": -0.881,
      "decile": 9,
      "estimate": -0.806,
      "income_median": 102837,
      "n_units": 1214,
      "series": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.781,
      "conf_low": -0.971,
      "decile": 10,
      "estimate": -0.867,
      "income_median": 136556,
      "n_units": 1214,
      "series": "Reading"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.153,
      "conf_low": -0.259,
      "decile": 1,
      "estimate": -0.203,
      "income_median": 46464,
      "n_units": 1213,
      "series": "Math"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.102,
      "conf_low": -0.19,
      "decile": 2,
      "estimate": -0.145,
      "income_median": 54714,
      "n_units": 1214,
      "series": "Math"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.093,
      "conf_low": -0.196,
      "decile": 3,
      "estimate": -0.143,
      "income_median": 60094,
      "n_units": 1213,
      "series": "Math"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.049,
      "conf_low": -0.154,
      "decile": 4,
      "estimate": -0.102,
      "income_median": 64792,
      "n_units": 1214,
      "series": "Math"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.013,
      "conf_low": -0.086,
      "decile": 5,
      "estimate": -0.051,
      "income_median": 69421,
      "n_units": 1214,
      "series": "Math"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.032,
      "conf_low": -0.111,
      "decile": 6,
      "estimate": -0.071,
      "income_median": 74142,
      "n_units": 1213,
      "series": "Math"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.017,
      "conf_low": -0.114,
      "decile": 7,
      "estimate": -0.063,
      "income_median": 80405,
      "n_units": 1214,
      "series": "Math"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.001,
      "conf_low": -0.101,
      "decile": 8,
      "estimate": -0.061,
      "income_median": 88948,
      "n_units": 1213,
      "series": "Math"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.063,
      "conf_low": -0.032,
      "decile": 9,
      "estimate": 0.008,
      "income_median": 102837,
      "n_units": 1214,
      "series": "Math"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.119,
      "conf_low": 0.038,
      "decile": 10,
      "estimate": 0.08,
      "income_median": 136556,
      "n_units": 1214,
      "series": "Math"
    }
  ],
  "id": "gap_by_income_decile",
  "notes": [
    "Each gap is the mean score of boys minus the mean score of girls in the district, in grade levels, where one grade level is the learning of an average school year. A negative gap means girls scored higher. Scores pool third through eighth grade over 2009 to 2019, and the estimates are empirical-Bayes estimates, which pull the noisiest districts toward the average.",
    "District income is the mean of tract median household incomes in the district, weighted by households, from the American Community Survey for 2019 to 2023. The test scores pool 2009 to 2019, so income is measured after the scores, and districts are the boundaries of the 2021 to 2022 school year matched to SEDA by district code. It is not the median income of the district's households, and it is capped where the survey caps the highest incomes.",
    "Deciles, the tenths of districts ranked by income, hold equal numbers of districts. Each mean weights a district by its number of test scores, and the 95% intervals come from a bootstrap that resamples whole states."
  ],
  "source": "Stanford Education Data Archive 6.0, 2009-2019 and American Community Survey 2019-2023; test-weighted district estimates, modeled estimates",
  "spec": {
    "annotations": [
      {
        "label": "Equal scores",
        "type": "y-rule",
        "y": 0
      }
    ],
    "colors": {
      "Math": "cat2",
      "Reading": "cat1"
    },
    "hi": "conf_high",
    "lo": "conf_low",
    "n": "n_units",
    "series": "series",
    "x": "decile",
    "xDomain": [
      1,
      10
    ],
    "xLabel": "Tenth of districts by median household income (1 = lowest, 10 = highest)",
    "xTicks": "data",
    "y": "estimate",
    "yDomain": [
      -1.1,
      0.2
    ],
    "yFormat": {
      "digits": 1,
      "signed": true
    },
    "yLabel": "Mean male minus female gap (grade levels)"
  },
  "subtitle": "Test-weighted mean male minus female gap in grade levels by tenth of district median household income, reading and math, third through eighth grade pooled over 2009 to 2019",
  "table": {
    "columns": [
      {
        "key": "series",
        "label": "Subject"
      },
      {
        "key": "decile",
        "label": "Income tenth"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "thousands": true
        },
        "key": "income_median",
        "label": "Median district income (dollars)"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 2,
          "signed": true
        },
        "key": "estimate",
        "label": "Mean gap (grade levels)"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 2,
          "signed": true
        },
        "key": "conf_low",
        "label": "Lower limit of the 95% interval"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 2,
          "signed": true
        },
        "key": "conf_high",
        "label": "Upper limit of the 95% interval"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "thousands": true
        },
        "key": "n_units",
        "label": "Districts"
      }
    ]
  },
  "title": "The math gap rises from {fact:mgap_inc_d1} grade levels in the lowest-income tenth of districts to {fact:mgap_inc_d10} in the highest, while the reading gap stays below zero",
  "type": "line",
  "width": "wide"
}