{
  "alt": "Two tabs of dot plots with one row for each of the four families. In the first tab, life expectancy and adult income rank are highest for the high-income family and lowest for the high-poverty family, and the crowded-renter and mid-range families sit close together. In the second tab, diabetes, smoking and fair or poor health are lowest for the high-income family and highest for the high-poverty family, with the crowded renters above the mid-range family on diabetes and fair or poor health.",
  "caption": "In both tabs the high-income family has the most favorable mean and the high-poverty family the least favorable. The crowded-renter and mid-range families show no detectable difference in life expectancy, and the crowded renters are no better on any other measure, although the ADI ranks them as less deprived. Dots are family means and bars are 95% intervals; rows follow the family numbering, not the size of the value.",
  "data": [],
  "id": "held_out_outcomes",
  "notes": [
    "Life expectancy is for deaths in 2010 to 2015 on tracts of 2020 (area-weighted from 2010 tracts), with institutional tracts left out. The adult income rank is for children born in 1978 to 1983, interpolated by land area from 2010 tracts to 2020 tracts, and tract population stands in for the number of children. Both describe the past, while the families are built on measures for 2019 to 2023.",
    "PLACES values are modeled estimates. The model combines each survey respondent's age, sex, race and education with the poverty rate of the respondent's county and applies the result to the age, race and sex counts of each tract, so differences among the families in the second tab reflect county effects and the demographic make-up of tracts, not tract-level inputs of the families. Intervals describe how the means would vary with the sample of counties, given the families, and not the choice of families."
  ],
  "source": "USALEEP 2010-2015, Opportunity Atlas (children born 1978 to 1983) and PLACES 2024 release; families from ACS 2019-2023; population-weighted, modeled estimates for PLACES",
  "spec": {
    "panels": [
      {
        "figure": {
          "alt": "Two panels of dots, life expectancy and adult income rank, one dot for each family. The high-income family is highest and the high-poverty family lowest in both panels.",
          "caption": "The order of the families is the same on both measures except that the crowded renters are below the mid-range family on income rank and not detectably different on life expectancy.",
          "data": [
            {
              "conf_high": 81.815,
              "conf_low": 81.4956,
              "estimate": 81.6646,
              "family": "High income",
              "label": "High income",
              "n": 16221,
              "panel": "Life expectancy at birth (years)"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 78.9942,
              "conf_low": 78.0936,
              "estimate": 78.5833,
              "family": "Crowded renters",
              "label": "Crowded renters",
              "n": 6587,
              "panel": "Life expectancy at birth (years)"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 78.6733,
              "conf_low": 78.5031,
              "estimate": 78.5869,
              "family": "Mid-range",
              "label": "Mid-range",
              "n": 36163,
              "panel": "Life expectancy at birth (years)"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 74.9357,
              "conf_low": 74.5486,
              "estimate": 74.7376,
              "family": "High poverty",
              "label": "High poverty",
              "n": 12903,
              "panel": "Life expectancy at birth (years)"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 48.5724,
              "conf_low": 47.709,
              "estimate": 48.1263,
              "family": "High income",
              "label": "High income",
              "n": 17256,
              "panel": "Adult income rank, children from low-income families (percentile)"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 42.071,
              "conf_low": 40.512,
              "estimate": 41.2991,
              "family": "Crowded renters",
              "label": "Crowded renters",
              "n": 6869,
              "panel": "Adult income rank, children from low-income families (percentile)"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 43.4124,
              "conf_low": 42.9828,
              "estimate": 43.196,
              "family": "Mid-range",
              "label": "Mid-range",
              "n": 37728,
              "panel": "Adult income rank, children from low-income families (percentile)"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 37.5836,
              "conf_low": 36.8976,
              "estimate": 37.2346,
              "family": "High poverty",
              "label": "High poverty",
              "n": 13814,
              "panel": "Adult income rank, children from low-income families (percentile)"
            }
          ],
          "id": "held_out_measured",
          "spec": {
            "colors": {
              "Crowded renters": "cat2",
              "High income": "cat1",
              "High poverty": "cat4",
              "Mid-range": "cat3"
            },
            "facet": "panel",
            "facetColumns": 2,
            "group": "family",
            "hi": "conf_high",
            "legend": false,
            "lo": "conf_low",
            "n": "n",
            "sort": "data",
            "valueLabels": true,
            "x": "estimate",
            "xDomain": [
              0,
              100
            ],
            "xDomains": {
              "Adult income rank, children from low-income families (percentile)": [
                35,
                50
              ],
              "Life expectancy at birth (years)": [
                73.5,
                83
              ]
            },
            "xFormat": {
              "digits": 1
            },
            "xLabel": "Population-weighted mean of tract values (units in each panel title)",
            "y": "label"
          },
          "subtitle": "Life expectancy at birth for deaths in 2010 to 2015 and adult income rank of children born 1978 to 1983, population-weighted family means with 95% intervals",
          "title": "Life expectancy and adult income rank are highest in the high-income family and lowest in the high-poverty family",
          "type": "dot"
        },
        "label": "Measured outcomes"
      },
      {
        "figure": {
          "alt": "Three panels of dots, diabetes, smoking and fair or poor health, one dot for each family. The high-income family is lowest and the high-poverty family highest in each panel.",
          "caption": "The crowded renters are above the mid-range family on diabetes and fair or poor health and close to it on smoking.",
          "data": [
            {
              "conf_high": 9.65515,
              "conf_low": 9.18765,
              "estimate": 9.42707,
              "family": "High income",
              "label": "High income",
              "n": 17284,
              "panel": "Diabetes among adults (%)"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 14.226,
              "conf_low": 13.3514,
              "estimate": 13.7833,
              "family": "Crowded renters",
              "label": "Crowded renters",
              "n": 6870,
              "panel": "Diabetes among adults (%)"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 12.0751,
              "conf_low": 11.8529,
              "estimate": 11.9658,
              "family": "Mid-range",
              "label": "Mid-range",
              "n": 37746,
              "panel": "Diabetes among adults (%)"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 16.0941,
              "conf_low": 15.6021,
              "estimate": 15.857,
              "family": "High poverty",
              "label": "High poverty",
              "n": 13817,
              "panel": "Diabetes among adults (%)"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 9.70171,
              "conf_low": 9.3288,
              "estimate": 9.50965,
              "family": "High income",
              "label": "High income",
              "n": 17284,
              "panel": "Smoking among adults (%)"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 16.5257,
              "conf_low": 15.3256,
              "estimate": 15.8342,
              "family": "Crowded renters",
              "label": "Crowded renters",
              "n": 6870,
              "panel": "Smoking among adults (%)"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 15.14,
              "conf_low": 14.8342,
              "estimate": 14.9905,
              "family": "Mid-range",
              "label": "Mid-range",
              "n": 37746,
              "panel": "Smoking among adults (%)"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 21.0892,
              "conf_low": 20.5463,
              "estimate": 20.8185,
              "family": "High poverty",
              "label": "High poverty",
              "n": 13817,
              "panel": "Smoking among adults (%)"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 13.09,
              "conf_low": 12.4646,
              "estimate": 12.782,
              "family": "High income",
              "label": "High income",
              "n": 17284,
              "panel": "Fair or poor health among adults (%)"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 27.354,
              "conf_low": 25.2727,
              "estimate": 26.3853,
              "family": "Crowded renters",
              "label": "Crowded renters",
              "n": 6870,
              "panel": "Fair or poor health among adults (%)"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 18.3119,
              "conf_low": 17.9972,
              "estimate": 18.1611,
              "family": "Mid-range",
              "label": "Mid-range",
              "n": 37746,
              "panel": "Fair or poor health among adults (%)"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 27.9188,
              "conf_low": 27.2357,
              "estimate": 27.5879,
              "family": "High poverty",
              "label": "High poverty",
              "n": 13817,
              "panel": "Fair or poor health among adults (%)"
            }
          ],
          "id": "held_out_modeled",
          "spec": {
            "colors": {
              "Crowded renters": "cat2",
              "High income": "cat1",
              "High poverty": "cat4",
              "Mid-range": "cat3"
            },
            "facet": "panel",
            "facetColumns": 3,
            "group": "family",
            "hi": "conf_high",
            "legend": false,
            "lo": "conf_low",
            "n": "n",
            "sort": "data",
            "valueLabels": true,
            "x": "estimate",
            "xDomain": [
              0,
              100
            ],
            "xDomains": {
              "Diabetes among adults (%)": [
                8,
                17
              ],
              "Fair or poor health among adults (%)": [
                10,
                30
              ],
              "Smoking among adults (%)": [
                7,
                23
              ]
            },
            "xFormat": {
              "digits": 1
            },
            "xLabel": "Population-weighted mean of tract values (units in each panel title)",
            "y": "label"
          },
          "subtitle": "PLACES modeled prevalence among adults, population-weighted family means with 95% intervals",
          "title": "Diabetes, smoking and fair or poor health are lowest in the high-income family and highest in the high-poverty family",
          "type": "dot"
        },
        "label": "Modeled health measures"
      }
    ]
  },
  "subtitle": "Population-weighted mean of tract values by family with 95% intervals from a bootstrap over counties; none of these measures was used to form the families",
  "title": "Life expectancy runs from {fact:f1_le} years in the high-income family to {fact:f4_le} years in the high-poverty family, and the crowded-renter and mid-range families do not differ detectably",
  "type": "tabs",
  "width": "wide"
}