{
  "alt": "Two tabs of dot plots, one panel per outcome and one row per neighborhood type. In the first tab, life expectancy and adult income rank are lowest and teen births and incarceration highest in the high-poverty, single-parent type, and the reverse holds among high-income owners. In the second tab, diabetes, smoking, mental distress and obesity are highest in the high-poverty, single-parent type and lowest among high-income owners, except diabetes, which is lowest among dense, college-educated renters.",
  "caption": "None of the eight outcomes is an input to the types. The high-poverty, single-parent type has the least favorable value in every panel, and high-income owners have the most favorable in every panel except diabetes, where dense, college-educated renters are lower. Dots are type means and bars are 95% intervals, which are short next to the gaps between the extreme types. Rows follow the type numbering, not the size of the value.",
  "data": [],
  "id": "type_outcomes",
  "notes": [
    "No outcome is an input to the typology. PLACES estimates are modeled partly from ACS covariates such as poverty and education, so the agreement between the types and the adult health measures is partly mechanical. The Opportunity Atlas measures share no file with any input.",
    "Opportunity Atlas measures are for children born 1978 to 1983 raised in families at the 25th income percentile, interpolated from 2010 to 2020 tracts by land area, and tract population stands in for the number of children. Life expectancy is for deaths in 2010 to 2015 and covers {fact:n_le} of the typed tracts. PLACES values are modeled crude prevalence for adults, with BRFSS 2022 data. Each panel uses the typed tracts that have the measure.",
    "Intervals show how the means would vary with the sample of counties, given the types; they do not include uncertainty about the typology itself (a bootstrap over counties; replicates and seed in the methods note)."
  ],
  "source": "ACS 2019-2023, USALEEP life expectancy 2010-2015, Opportunity Atlas (children born 1978 to 1983), PLACES 2024 release and ADI 2023; tract values weighted by ACS population; population-weighted, modeled estimates for the PLACES measures",
  "spec": {
    "panels": [
      {
        "figure": {
          "alt": "Four panels of dots for life expectancy, adult income rank, teen births and incarceration, one dot per neighborhood type. High-income owners sit at the favorable end and the high-poverty, single-parent type at the unfavorable end of each panel.",
          "caption": "Life expectancy and adult income rank are highest and teen births and incarceration lowest among high-income owners, and the reverse holds in the high-poverty, single-parent type. The order across the other types differs by outcome.",
          "data": [
            {
              "conf_high": 82.2988,
              "conf_low": 81.9334,
              "estimate": 82.1319,
              "label": "High-income owners",
              "n": 10184,
              "panel": "Life expectancy at birth (years)",
              "type": "High-income owners"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 80.6363,
              "conf_low": 80.0972,
              "estimate": 80.3621,
              "label": "Older owners",
              "n": 3221,
              "panel": "Life expectancy at birth (years)",
              "type": "Older owners"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 79.7294,
              "conf_low": 79.4697,
              "estimate": 79.5982,
              "label": "Middle-income owners",
              "n": 16921,
              "panel": "Life expectancy at birth (years)",
              "type": "Middle-income owners"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 77.9201,
              "conf_low": 77.7103,
              "estimate": 77.8136,
              "label": "Low-density owners",
              "n": 15201,
              "panel": "Life expectancy at birth (years)",
              "type": "Low-density owners"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 80.6203,
              "conf_low": 79.9205,
              "estimate": 80.305,
              "label": "Dense, college-educated renters",
              "n": 6980,
              "panel": "Life expectancy at birth (years)",
              "type": "Dense, college-educated renters"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 77.5805,
              "conf_low": 77.0821,
              "estimate": 77.328,
              "label": "Moderate-income, mixed-tenure",
              "n": 14393,
              "panel": "Life expectancy at birth (years)",
              "type": "Moderate-income, mixed-tenure"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 75.8222,
              "conf_low": 74.8816,
              "estimate": 75.3408,
              "label": "Lower-income renters",
              "n": 6268,
              "panel": "Life expectancy at birth (years)",
              "type": "Lower-income renters"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 75.1218,
              "conf_low": 74.2173,
              "estimate": 74.6691,
              "label": "High-poverty, single-parent",
              "n": 4595,
              "panel": "Life expectancy at birth (years)",
              "type": "High-poverty, single-parent"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 50.1241,
              "conf_low": 49.2333,
              "estimate": 49.6766,
              "label": "High-income owners",
              "n": 10651,
              "panel": "Adult income rank of children from low-income families (percentile)",
              "type": "High-income owners"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 45.4416,
              "conf_low": 44.4436,
              "estimate": 44.939,
              "label": "Older owners",
              "n": 3543,
              "panel": "Adult income rank of children from low-income families (percentile)",
              "type": "Older owners"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 45.0028,
              "conf_low": 44.4217,
              "estimate": 44.7126,
              "label": "Middle-income owners",
              "n": 17392,
              "panel": "Adult income rank of children from low-income families (percentile)",
              "type": "Middle-income owners"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 42.7711,
              "conf_low": 42.3698,
              "estimate": 42.5699,
              "label": "Low-density owners",
              "n": 15490,
              "panel": "Adult income rank of children from low-income families (percentile)",
              "type": "Low-density owners"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 45.0753,
              "conf_low": 43.7314,
              "estimate": 44.437,
              "label": "Dense, college-educated renters",
              "n": 7706,
              "panel": "Adult income rank of children from low-income families (percentile)",
              "type": "Dense, college-educated renters"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 40.9133,
              "conf_low": 40.3418,
              "estimate": 40.6363,
              "label": "Moderate-income, mixed-tenure",
              "n": 14860,
              "panel": "Adult income rank of children from low-income families (percentile)",
              "type": "Moderate-income, mixed-tenure"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 38.4347,
              "conf_low": 37.3615,
              "estimate": 37.8907,
              "label": "Lower-income renters",
              "n": 6757,
              "panel": "Adult income rank of children from low-income families (percentile)",
              "type": "Lower-income renters"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 36.4152,
              "conf_low": 35.1814,
              "estimate": 35.8107,
              "label": "High-poverty, single-parent",
              "n": 4884,
              "panel": "Adult income rank of children from low-income families (percentile)",
              "type": "High-poverty, single-parent"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 14.6745,
              "conf_low": 13.1048,
              "estimate": 13.8561,
              "label": "High-income owners",
              "n": 10629,
              "panel": "Teen births among daughters of low-income parents (%)",
              "type": "High-income owners"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 19.9709,
              "conf_low": 18.3105,
              "estimate": 19.1213,
              "label": "Older owners",
              "n": 3504,
              "panel": "Teen births among daughters of low-income parents (%)",
              "type": "Older owners"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 22.928,
              "conf_low": 21.8362,
              "estimate": 22.3835,
              "label": "Middle-income owners",
              "n": 17382,
              "panel": "Teen births among daughters of low-income parents (%)",
              "type": "Middle-income owners"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 27.8821,
              "conf_low": 27.2058,
              "estimate": 27.5357,
              "label": "Low-density owners",
              "n": 15474,
              "panel": "Teen births among daughters of low-income parents (%)",
              "type": "Low-density owners"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 22.1021,
              "conf_low": 19.137,
              "estimate": 20.5117,
              "label": "Dense, college-educated renters",
              "n": 7685,
              "panel": "Teen births among daughters of low-income parents (%)",
              "type": "Dense, college-educated renters"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 30.4336,
              "conf_low": 29.151,
              "estimate": 29.7725,
              "label": "Moderate-income, mixed-tenure",
              "n": 14852,
              "panel": "Teen births among daughters of low-income parents (%)",
              "type": "Moderate-income, mixed-tenure"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 35.0438,
              "conf_low": 32.4558,
              "estimate": 33.7647,
              "label": "Lower-income renters",
              "n": 6745,
              "panel": "Teen births among daughters of low-income parents (%)",
              "type": "Lower-income renters"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 39.9825,
              "conf_low": 37.7658,
              "estimate": 38.8648,
              "label": "High-poverty, single-parent",
              "n": 4883,
              "panel": "Teen births among daughters of low-income parents (%)",
              "type": "High-poverty, single-parent"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 1.3534,
              "conf_low": 1.17715,
              "estimate": 1.26384,
              "label": "High-income owners",
              "n": 10648,
              "panel": "Incarcerated on Census Day 2010, children of low-income parents (%)",
              "type": "High-income owners"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 1.85967,
              "conf_low": 1.6263,
              "estimate": 1.74527,
              "label": "Older owners",
              "n": 3533,
              "panel": "Incarcerated on Census Day 2010, children of low-income parents (%)",
              "type": "Older owners"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 1.90252,
              "conf_low": 1.76116,
              "estimate": 1.82987,
              "label": "Middle-income owners",
              "n": 17390,
              "panel": "Incarcerated on Census Day 2010, children of low-income parents (%)",
              "type": "Middle-income owners"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 1.97612,
              "conf_low": 1.89334,
              "estimate": 1.93518,
              "label": "Low-density owners",
              "n": 15488,
              "panel": "Incarcerated on Census Day 2010, children of low-income parents (%)",
              "type": "Low-density owners"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 2.13941,
              "conf_low": 1.68923,
              "estimate": 1.8968,
              "label": "Dense, college-educated renters",
              "n": 7695,
              "panel": "Incarcerated on Census Day 2010, children of low-income parents (%)",
              "type": "Dense, college-educated renters"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 2.59035,
              "conf_low": 2.36465,
              "estimate": 2.47563,
              "label": "Moderate-income, mixed-tenure",
              "n": 14858,
              "panel": "Incarcerated on Census Day 2010, children of low-income parents (%)",
              "type": "Moderate-income, mixed-tenure"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 3.25433,
              "conf_low": 2.83289,
              "estimate": 3.0442,
              "label": "Lower-income renters",
              "n": 6754,
              "panel": "Incarcerated on Census Day 2010, children of low-income parents (%)",
              "type": "Lower-income renters"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 3.80836,
              "conf_low": 3.28316,
              "estimate": 3.54209,
              "label": "High-poverty, single-parent",
              "n": 4884,
              "panel": "Incarcerated on Census Day 2010, children of low-income parents (%)",
              "type": "High-poverty, single-parent"
            }
          ],
          "id": "type_outcomes_life",
          "spec": {
            "colors": {
              "Dense, college-educated renters": "cat5",
              "High-income owners": "cat1",
              "High-poverty, single-parent": "cat8",
              "Low-density owners": "cat4",
              "Lower-income renters": "cat7",
              "Middle-income owners": "cat3",
              "Moderate-income, mixed-tenure": "cat6",
              "Older owners": "cat2"
            },
            "facet": "panel",
            "facetColumns": 2,
            "group": "type",
            "hi": "conf_high",
            "legend": false,
            "lo": "conf_low",
            "n": "n",
            "sort": "data",
            "valueLabels": true,
            "x": "estimate",
            "xDomain": [
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            "xDomains": {
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              "Incarcerated on Census Day 2010, children of low-income parents (%)": [
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              "Life expectancy at birth (years)": [
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              "Teen births among daughters of low-income parents (%)": [
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            },
            "xFormat": {
              "digits": 1
            },
            "xLabel": "Population-weighted mean of tract values (units in each panel title)",
            "y": "label"
          },
          "subtitle": "Life expectancy, the adult income rank, teen births and incarceration, population-weighted type means with 95% intervals",
          "title": "Life expectancy and adult income rank are highest and teen births and incarceration lowest among high-income owners, and the reverse holds in the high-poverty, single-parent type",
          "type": "dot"
        },
        "label": "Life expectancy, mobility and justice"
      },
      {
        "figure": {
          "alt": "Four panels of dots for diabetes, smoking, mental distress and obesity, one dot per neighborhood type. The high-poverty, single-parent type sits at the high end of each panel, high-income owners at the low end of the last three, and dense, college-educated renters at the low end of the diabetes panel.",
          "caption": "Diabetes, smoking, mental distress and obesity are highest in the high-poverty, single-parent type. High-income owners have the lowest smoking, mental distress and obesity, and dense, college-educated renters the lowest diabetes.",
          "data": [
            {
              "conf_high": 9.51276,
              "conf_low": 9.17954,
              "estimate": 9.35008,
              "label": "High-income owners",
              "n": 10660,
              "panel": "Diabetes among adults (%)",
              "type": "High-income owners"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 13.916,
              "conf_low": 13.3525,
              "estimate": 13.6373,
              "label": "Older owners",
              "n": 3560,
              "panel": "Diabetes among adults (%)",
              "type": "Older owners"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 11.2374,
              "conf_low": 10.9465,
              "estimate": 11.0854,
              "label": "Middle-income owners",
              "n": 17400,
              "panel": "Diabetes among adults (%)",
              "type": "Middle-income owners"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 13.8961,
              "conf_low": 13.7191,
              "estimate": 13.8082,
              "label": "Low-density owners",
              "n": 15491,
              "panel": "Diabetes among adults (%)",
              "type": "Low-density owners"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 9.01821,
              "conf_low": 8.43953,
              "estimate": 8.73947,
              "label": "Dense, college-educated renters",
              "n": 7719,
              "panel": "Diabetes among adults (%)",
              "type": "Dense, college-educated renters"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 13.3205,
              "conf_low": 12.8966,
              "estimate": 13.1139,
              "label": "Moderate-income, mixed-tenure",
              "n": 14865,
              "panel": "Diabetes among adults (%)",
              "type": "Moderate-income, mixed-tenure"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 15.6858,
              "conf_low": 14.8919,
              "estimate": 15.2994,
              "label": "Lower-income renters",
              "n": 6759,
              "panel": "Diabetes among adults (%)",
              "type": "Lower-income renters"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 17.2622,
              "conf_low": 16.6256,
              "estimate": 16.9407,
              "label": "High-poverty, single-parent",
              "n": 4887,
              "panel": "Diabetes among adults (%)",
              "type": "High-poverty, single-parent"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 9.23635,
              "conf_low": 8.86041,
              "estimate": 9.03478,
              "label": "High-income owners",
              "n": 10660,
              "panel": "Smoking among adults (%)",
              "type": "High-income owners"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 11.5694,
              "conf_low": 10.9808,
              "estimate": 11.2764,
              "label": "Older owners",
              "n": 3560,
              "panel": "Smoking among adults (%)",
              "type": "Older owners"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 13.3287,
              "conf_low": 12.9396,
              "estimate": 13.1274,
              "label": "Middle-income owners",
              "n": 17400,
              "panel": "Smoking among adults (%)",
              "type": "Middle-income owners"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 18.2448,
              "conf_low": 18.0186,
              "estimate": 18.1348,
              "label": "Low-density owners",
              "n": 15491,
              "panel": "Smoking among adults (%)",
              "type": "Low-density owners"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 10.8172,
              "conf_low": 10.2737,
              "estimate": 10.5256,
              "label": "Dense, college-educated renters",
              "n": 7719,
              "panel": "Smoking among adults (%)",
              "type": "Dense, college-educated renters"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 16.6806,
              "conf_low": 16.0371,
              "estimate": 16.3585,
              "label": "Moderate-income, mixed-tenure",
              "n": 14865,
              "panel": "Smoking among adults (%)",
              "type": "Moderate-income, mixed-tenure"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 20.1268,
              "conf_low": 19.1143,
              "estimate": 19.5983,
              "label": "Lower-income renters",
              "n": 6759,
              "panel": "Smoking among adults (%)",
              "type": "Lower-income renters"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 22.6526,
              "conf_low": 21.3904,
              "estimate": 21.9985,
              "label": "High-poverty, single-parent",
              "n": 4887,
              "panel": "Smoking among adults (%)",
              "type": "High-poverty, single-parent"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 13.267,
              "conf_low": 12.9894,
              "estimate": 13.1226,
              "label": "High-income owners",
              "n": 10660,
              "panel": "Frequent mental distress among adults (%)",
              "type": "High-income owners"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 13.3938,
              "conf_low": 12.9501,
              "estimate": 13.176,
              "label": "Older owners",
              "n": 3560,
              "panel": "Frequent mental distress among adults (%)",
              "type": "Older owners"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 16.0499,
              "conf_low": 15.8558,
              "estimate": 15.9515,
              "label": "Middle-income owners",
              "n": 17400,
              "panel": "Frequent mental distress among adults (%)",
              "type": "Middle-income owners"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 17.7016,
              "conf_low": 17.5472,
              "estimate": 17.6248,
              "label": "Low-density owners",
              "n": 15491,
              "panel": "Frequent mental distress among adults (%)",
              "type": "Low-density owners"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 16.0257,
              "conf_low": 15.5288,
              "estimate": 15.7544,
              "label": "Dense, college-educated renters",
              "n": 7719,
              "panel": "Frequent mental distress among adults (%)",
              "type": "Dense, college-educated renters"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 18.7308,
              "conf_low": 18.4574,
              "estimate": 18.5993,
              "label": "Moderate-income, mixed-tenure",
              "n": 14865,
              "panel": "Frequent mental distress among adults (%)",
              "type": "Moderate-income, mixed-tenure"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 21.2894,
              "conf_low": 20.76,
              "estimate": 21.0152,
              "label": "Lower-income renters",
              "n": 6759,
              "panel": "Frequent mental distress among adults (%)",
              "type": "Lower-income renters"
            },
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              "conf_high": 22.3642,
              "conf_low": 21.9137,
              "estimate": 22.1387,
              "label": "High-poverty, single-parent",
              "n": 4887,
              "panel": "Frequent mental distress among adults (%)",
              "type": "High-poverty, single-parent"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 27.8893,
              "conf_low": 26.4846,
              "estimate": 27.124,
              "label": "High-income owners",
              "n": 10660,
              "panel": "Obesity among adults (%)",
              "type": "High-income owners"
            },
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              "conf_high": 30.4158,
              "conf_low": 29.2667,
              "estimate": 29.8347,
              "label": "Older owners",
              "n": 3560,
              "panel": "Obesity among adults (%)",
              "type": "Older owners"
            },
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              "conf_high": 33.3123,
              "conf_low": 32.3393,
              "estimate": 32.8366,
              "label": "Middle-income owners",
              "n": 17400,
              "panel": "Obesity among adults (%)",
              "type": "Middle-income owners"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 38.1117,
              "conf_low": 37.7685,
              "estimate": 37.9452,
              "label": "Low-density owners",
              "n": 15491,
              "panel": "Obesity among adults (%)",
              "type": "Low-density owners"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 28.451,
              "conf_low": 26.3925,
              "estimate": 27.3032,
              "label": "Dense, college-educated renters",
              "n": 7719,
              "panel": "Obesity among adults (%)",
              "type": "Dense, college-educated renters"
            },
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              "conf_high": 37.3048,
              "conf_low": 35.9105,
              "estimate": 36.634,
              "label": "Moderate-income, mixed-tenure",
              "n": 14865,
              "panel": "Obesity among adults (%)",
              "type": "Moderate-income, mixed-tenure"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 40.3042,
              "conf_low": 38.1937,
              "estimate": 39.2612,
              "label": "Lower-income renters",
              "n": 6759,
              "panel": "Obesity among adults (%)",
              "type": "Lower-income renters"
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 43.8365,
              "conf_low": 41.8658,
              "estimate": 42.8926,
              "label": "High-poverty, single-parent",
              "n": 4887,
              "panel": "Obesity among adults (%)",
              "type": "High-poverty, single-parent"
            }
          ],
          "id": "type_outcomes_health",
          "spec": {
            "colors": {
              "Dense, college-educated renters": "cat5",
              "High-income owners": "cat1",
              "High-poverty, single-parent": "cat8",
              "Low-density owners": "cat4",
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              "Middle-income owners": "cat3",
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            "facet": "panel",
            "facetColumns": 2,
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            "sort": "data",
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            "xDomain": [
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            "xDomains": {
              "Diabetes among adults (%)": [
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              ],
              "Frequent mental distress among adults (%)": [
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              "Obesity among adults (%)": [
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              ],
              "Smoking among adults (%)": [
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              ]
            },
            "xFormat": {
              "digits": 1
            },
            "xLabel": "Population-weighted mean of tract values (units in each panel title)",
            "y": "label"
          },
          "subtitle": "Modeled PLACES prevalence among adults, population-weighted type means with 95% intervals",
          "title": "Diabetes, smoking, mental distress and obesity are highest in the high-poverty, single-parent type and lowest among high-income owners, except diabetes, which is lowest among dense, college-educated renters",
          "type": "dot"
        },
        "label": "Adult health"
      }
    ]
  },
  "subtitle": "Population-weighted mean of tract values by neighborhood type with 95% intervals from a bootstrap over counties, each panel in its own units",
  "title": "The high-poverty, single-parent type has the least favorable mean on all eight outcomes, and high-income owners the most favorable on every outcome except diabetes",
  "type": "tabs",
  "width": "wide"
}