{
  "alt": "Dot plot with one row for each of {fact:n_covariates} county measures and two dots per row, the poorest and the richest quartile, each with an interval. The county ADI, obesity and smoking have the most negative correlations with the poorest quartile's expected age at death and median household income the most positive; the uninsured share is near zero for the poorest quartile, with an interval that includes zero.",
  "caption": "The poorest quartile's dots are furthest from zero for the county ADI, obesity, smoking and median household income, and the uninsured share is close to zero with an interval that includes it. The richest quartile's smoking dot is closer to zero and its physical inactivity dot further from it. Intervals come from a bootstrap over states. The first view weights counties by residents and the second counts each county once.",
  "data": [
    {
      "conf_high": 0.547,
      "conf_low": 0.376,
      "estimate": 0.478,
      "measure": "Median household income",
      "n": 1559,
      "quartile": "Poorest quartile",
      "weighting": "Population-weighted"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.366,
      "conf_low": 0.197,
      "estimate": 0.29,
      "measure": "Median household income",
      "n": 1559,
      "quartile": "Poorest quartile",
      "weighting": "Each county once"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.382,
      "conf_low": 0.171,
      "estimate": 0.266,
      "measure": "Median household income",
      "n": 1559,
      "quartile": "Richest quartile",
      "weighting": "Population-weighted"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.355,
      "conf_low": 0.255,
      "estimate": 0.308,
      "measure": "Median household income",
      "n": 1559,
      "quartile": "Richest quartile",
      "weighting": "Each county once"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.403,
      "conf_low": 0.247,
      "estimate": 0.324,
      "measure": "Adults with some college",
      "n": 1559,
      "quartile": "Poorest quartile",
      "weighting": "Population-weighted"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.305,
      "conf_low": 0.156,
      "estimate": 0.235,
      "measure": "Adults with some college",
      "n": 1559,
      "quartile": "Poorest quartile",
      "weighting": "Each county once"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.527,
      "conf_low": 0.38,
      "estimate": 0.456,
      "measure": "Adults with some college",
      "n": 1559,
      "quartile": "Richest quartile",
      "weighting": "Population-weighted"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.453,
      "conf_low": 0.356,
      "estimate": 0.407,
      "measure": "Adults with some college",
      "n": 1559,
      "quartile": "Richest quartile",
      "weighting": "Each county once"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.346,
      "conf_low": 0.205,
      "estimate": 0.277,
      "measure": "Primary care physicians per 100,000 residents",
      "n": 1559,
      "quartile": "Poorest quartile",
      "weighting": "Population-weighted"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.33,
      "conf_low": 0.199,
      "estimate": 0.264,
      "measure": "Primary care physicians per 100,000 residents",
      "n": 1559,
      "quartile": "Poorest quartile",
      "weighting": "Each county once"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.491,
      "conf_low": 0.339,
      "estimate": 0.418,
      "measure": "Primary care physicians per 100,000 residents",
      "n": 1559,
      "quartile": "Richest quartile",
      "weighting": "Population-weighted"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.407,
      "conf_low": 0.317,
      "estimate": 0.363,
      "measure": "Primary care physicians per 100,000 residents",
      "n": 1559,
      "quartile": "Richest quartile",
      "weighting": "Each county once"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.468,
      "conf_low": 0.025,
      "estimate": 0.273,
      "measure": "Residents who are Hispanic",
      "n": 1559,
      "quartile": "Poorest quartile",
      "weighting": "Population-weighted"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.25,
      "conf_low": -0.138,
      "estimate": 0.032,
      "measure": "Residents who are Hispanic",
      "n": 1559,
      "quartile": "Poorest quartile",
      "weighting": "Each county once"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.117,
      "conf_low": -0.404,
      "estimate": -0.3,
      "measure": "Residents who are Hispanic",
      "n": 1559,
      "quartile": "Richest quartile",
      "weighting": "Population-weighted"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.04,
      "conf_low": -0.27,
      "estimate": -0.125,
      "measure": "Residents who are Hispanic",
      "n": 1559,
      "quartile": "Richest quartile",
      "weighting": "Each county once"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.321,
      "conf_low": -0.01,
      "estimate": 0.195,
      "measure": "Ratio of 80th to 20th percentile household income",
      "n": 1545,
      "quartile": "Poorest quartile",
      "weighting": "Population-weighted"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.098,
      "conf_low": -0.094,
      "estimate": 0,
      "measure": "Ratio of 80th to 20th percentile household income",
      "n": 1545,
      "quartile": "Poorest quartile",
      "weighting": "Each county once"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.008,
      "conf_low": -0.216,
      "estimate": -0.125,
      "measure": "Ratio of 80th to 20th percentile household income",
      "n": 1545,
      "quartile": "Richest quartile",
      "weighting": "Population-weighted"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.051,
      "conf_low": -0.222,
      "estimate": -0.145,
      "measure": "Ratio of 80th to 20th percentile household income",
      "n": 1545,
      "quartile": "Richest quartile",
      "weighting": "Each county once"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.169,
      "conf_low": -0.198,
      "estimate": 0.025,
      "measure": "Unemployment rate",
      "n": 1559,
      "quartile": "Poorest quartile",
      "weighting": "Population-weighted"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.086,
      "conf_low": -0.147,
      "estimate": -0.023,
      "measure": "Unemployment rate",
      "n": 1559,
      "quartile": "Poorest quartile",
      "weighting": "Each county once"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.232,
      "conf_low": -0.443,
      "estimate": -0.343,
      "measure": "Unemployment rate",
      "n": 1559,
      "quartile": "Richest quartile",
      "weighting": "Population-weighted"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.135,
      "conf_low": -0.366,
      "estimate": -0.249,
      "measure": "Unemployment rate",
      "n": 1559,
      "quartile": "Richest quartile",
      "weighting": "Each county once"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.026,
      "conf_low": -0.271,
      "estimate": -0.126,
      "measure": "Residents who are non-Hispanic Black",
      "n": 1559,
      "quartile": "Poorest quartile",
      "weighting": "Population-weighted"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.005,
      "conf_low": -0.179,
      "estimate": -0.084,
      "measure": "Residents who are non-Hispanic Black",
      "n": 1559,
      "quartile": "Poorest quartile",
      "weighting": "Each county once"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.038,
      "conf_low": -0.248,
      "estimate": -0.13,
      "measure": "Residents who are non-Hispanic Black",
      "n": 1559,
      "quartile": "Richest quartile",
      "weighting": "Population-weighted"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.075,
      "conf_low": -0.255,
      "estimate": -0.162,
      "measure": "Residents who are non-Hispanic Black",
      "n": 1559,
      "quartile": "Richest quartile",
      "weighting": "Each county once"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.057,
      "conf_low": -0.28,
      "estimate": -0.151,
      "measure": "People under 65 without health insurance",
      "n": 1559,
      "quartile": "Poorest quartile",
      "weighting": "Population-weighted"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.011,
      "conf_low": -0.29,
      "estimate": -0.157,
      "measure": "People under 65 without health insurance",
      "n": 1559,
      "quartile": "Poorest quartile",
      "weighting": "Each county once"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.179,
      "conf_low": -0.369,
      "estimate": -0.272,
      "measure": "People under 65 without health insurance",
      "n": 1559,
      "quartile": "Richest quartile",
      "weighting": "Population-weighted"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.165,
      "conf_low": -0.363,
      "estimate": -0.271,
      "measure": "People under 65 without health insurance",
      "n": 1559,
      "quartile": "Richest quartile",
      "weighting": "Each county once"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.05,
      "conf_low": -0.316,
      "estimate": -0.218,
      "measure": "Residents living in rural areas",
      "n": 1559,
      "quartile": "Poorest quartile",
      "weighting": "Population-weighted"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.133,
      "conf_low": -0.076,
      "estimate": 0.023,
      "measure": "Residents living in rural areas",
      "n": 1559,
      "quartile": "Poorest quartile",
      "weighting": "Each county once"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.06,
      "conf_low": -0.158,
      "estimate": -0.046,
      "measure": "Residents living in rural areas",
      "n": 1559,
      "quartile": "Richest quartile",
      "weighting": "Population-weighted"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.068,
      "conf_low": -0.204,
      "estimate": -0.136,
      "measure": "Residents living in rural areas",
      "n": 1559,
      "quartile": "Richest quartile",
      "weighting": "Each county once"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.122,
      "conf_low": -0.358,
      "estimate": -0.241,
      "measure": "Children in poverty",
      "n": 1559,
      "quartile": "Poorest quartile",
      "weighting": "Population-weighted"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.138,
      "conf_low": -0.287,
      "estimate": -0.211,
      "measure": "Children in poverty",
      "n": 1559,
      "quartile": "Poorest quartile",
      "weighting": "Each county once"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.309,
      "conf_low": -0.454,
      "estimate": -0.383,
      "measure": "Children in poverty",
      "n": 1559,
      "quartile": "Richest quartile",
      "weighting": "Population-weighted"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.335,
      "conf_low": -0.45,
      "estimate": -0.395,
      "measure": "Children in poverty",
      "n": 1559,
      "quartile": "Richest quartile",
      "weighting": "Each county once"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.155,
      "conf_low": -0.532,
      "estimate": -0.355,
      "measure": "Adults with no leisure-time physical activity",
      "n": 1559,
      "quartile": "Poorest quartile",
      "weighting": "Population-weighted"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.311,
      "conf_low": -0.478,
      "estimate": -0.401,
      "measure": "Adults with no leisure-time physical activity",
      "n": 1559,
      "quartile": "Poorest quartile",
      "weighting": "Each county once"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.412,
      "conf_low": -0.603,
      "estimate": -0.504,
      "measure": "Adults with no leisure-time physical activity",
      "n": 1559,
      "quartile": "Richest quartile",
      "weighting": "Population-weighted"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.428,
      "conf_low": -0.533,
      "estimate": -0.485,
      "measure": "Adults with no leisure-time physical activity",
      "n": 1559,
      "quartile": "Richest quartile",
      "weighting": "Each county once"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.223,
      "conf_low": -0.511,
      "estimate": -0.379,
      "measure": "Preventable hospital stays per 100,000 Medicare enrollees",
      "n": 1557,
      "quartile": "Poorest quartile",
      "weighting": "Population-weighted"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.281,
      "conf_low": -0.439,
      "estimate": -0.36,
      "measure": "Preventable hospital stays per 100,000 Medicare enrollees",
      "n": 1557,
      "quartile": "Poorest quartile",
      "weighting": "Each county once"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.279,
      "conf_low": -0.485,
      "estimate": -0.375,
      "measure": "Preventable hospital stays per 100,000 Medicare enrollees",
      "n": 1557,
      "quartile": "Richest quartile",
      "weighting": "Population-weighted"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.274,
      "conf_low": -0.387,
      "estimate": -0.333,
      "measure": "Preventable hospital stays per 100,000 Medicare enrollees",
      "n": 1557,
      "quartile": "Richest quartile",
      "weighting": "Each county once"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.451,
      "conf_low": -0.67,
      "estimate": -0.576,
      "measure": "Adults who smoke",
      "n": 1559,
      "quartile": "Poorest quartile",
      "weighting": "Population-weighted"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.243,
      "conf_low": -0.436,
      "estimate": -0.343,
      "measure": "Adults who smoke",
      "n": 1559,
      "quartile": "Poorest quartile",
      "weighting": "Each county once"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.137,
      "conf_low": -0.453,
      "estimate": -0.273,
      "measure": "Adults who smoke",
      "n": 1559,
      "quartile": "Richest quartile",
      "weighting": "Population-weighted"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.298,
      "conf_low": -0.442,
      "estimate": -0.372,
      "measure": "Adults who smoke",
      "n": 1559,
      "quartile": "Richest quartile",
      "weighting": "Each county once"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.51,
      "conf_low": -0.707,
      "estimate": -0.642,
      "measure": "Adults with obesity",
      "n": 1559,
      "quartile": "Poorest quartile",
      "weighting": "Population-weighted"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.34,
      "conf_low": -0.536,
      "estimate": -0.446,
      "measure": "Adults with obesity",
      "n": 1559,
      "quartile": "Poorest quartile",
      "weighting": "Each county once"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.204,
      "conf_low": -0.476,
      "estimate": -0.32,
      "measure": "Adults with obesity",
      "n": 1559,
      "quartile": "Richest quartile",
      "weighting": "Population-weighted"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.32,
      "conf_low": -0.449,
      "estimate": -0.388,
      "measure": "Adults with obesity",
      "n": 1559,
      "quartile": "Richest quartile",
      "weighting": "Each county once"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.51,
      "conf_low": -0.744,
      "estimate": -0.67,
      "measure": "Area Deprivation Index of the county (national rank)",
      "n": 1559,
      "quartile": "Poorest quartile",
      "weighting": "Population-weighted"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.338,
      "conf_low": -0.532,
      "estimate": -0.442,
      "measure": "Area Deprivation Index of the county (national rank)",
      "n": 1559,
      "quartile": "Poorest quartile",
      "weighting": "Each county once"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.075,
      "conf_low": -0.427,
      "estimate": -0.218,
      "measure": "Area Deprivation Index of the county (national rank)",
      "n": 1559,
      "quartile": "Richest quartile",
      "weighting": "Population-weighted"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.277,
      "conf_low": -0.414,
      "estimate": -0.35,
      "measure": "Area Deprivation Index of the county (national rank)",
      "n": 1559,
      "quartile": "Richest quartile",
      "weighting": "Each county once"
    }
  ],
  "id": "poor_le_correlates",
  "notes": [
    "The measures are for 2018 to 2023, after the 2001 to 2014 window of the life-expectancy estimates, and smoking, obesity and physical inactivity are County Health Rankings' modeled estimates for all adults, not for the poorest quartile. The county ADI is the mean of its tracts' ranks (2023), and part of the other measures overlaps its inputs. A correlation across counties does not say that smoking or obesity shortens the lives of the poor.",
    "Expected age at death is adjusted to the national racial composition and averaged over women and men. The two views use the same {fact:n_hip} counties wherever a measure exists."
  ],
  "source": "Health Inequality Project county expected age at death, 2001-2014 (Online Data Table 11); modeled estimates, race-adjusted, average of women and men; county measures from County Health Rankings 2024; population-weighted or unweighted as labeled",
  "spec": {
    "colors": {
      "Poorest quartile": "cat1",
      "Richest quartile": "cat2"
    },
    "group": "quartile",
    "hi": "conf_high",
    "lo": "conf_low",
    "n": "n",
    "reference": 0,
    "referenceLabel": "No correlation",
    "sort": "data",
    "x": "estimate",
    "xDomain": [
      -1,
      1
    ],
    "xFormat": {
      "digits": 2,
      "signed": true
    },
    "xLabel": "Correlation with expected age at death at age 40",
    "y": "measure"
  },
  "subtitle": "Correlation across counties of expected age at death at age 40 in the poorest and the richest income quartile with {fact:n_covariates} county measures, 2001 to 2014 deaths and 2018 to 2023 measures, with 95% intervals",
  "title": "Across counties weighted by residents, the poorest quartile's expected age at death correlates {fact:corr_adi} with the county ADI, {fact:corr_obese} with obesity and {fact:corr_smoke} with smoking, and {fact:corr_uninsured} with the uninsured share",
  "type": "dot",
  "views": [
    {
      "caption": "The poorest quartile's dots are furthest from zero for the county ADI, obesity, smoking and median household income, and the uninsured share is close to zero with an interval that includes it. The richest quartile's smoking dot is closer to zero and its physical inactivity dot further from it. Intervals come from a bootstrap over states.",
      "filter": {
        "weighting": "Population-weighted"
      },
      "id": "weighted",
      "label": "Weighted by county residents",
      "title": "Across counties weighted by residents, the poorest quartile's expected age at death correlates {fact:corr_adi} with the county ADI, {fact:corr_obese} with obesity and {fact:corr_smoke} with smoking, and {fact:corr_uninsured} with the uninsured share"
    },
    {
      "caption": "Counting each county once lowers the poorest quartile's correlations with the ADI, obesity and smoking, and the uninsured share is {fact:corr_uninsured_unw}, with an interval that includes zero. Intervals come from a bootstrap over states.",
      "filter": {
        "weighting": "Each county once"
      },
      "id": "unweighted",
      "label": "Each county once",
      "title": "Counting each county once, the poorest quartile's expected age at death correlates {fact:corr_adi_unw} with the county ADI, {fact:corr_obese_unw} with obesity and {fact:corr_smoke_unw} with smoking, and {fact:corr_uninsured_unw} with the uninsured share"
    }
  ],
  "width": "wide"
}