{
  "alt": "Dot plot of correlations with ZCTA modeled loneliness, two dots per characteristic. The married share is the most negative at {fact:lonely_married_r} when weighted, followed by median age and the share of older residents. Poverty is positive at {fact:lonely_poverty_r} when weighted, density is positive, and the Area Deprivation Index is near zero.",
  "caption": "The married share, median age and share of older residents sit left of zero, income sits left of it too, poverty and density sit right of it, and the Area Deprivation Index sits near zero. Each dot is a correlation across ZCTAs with a 95% interval from a bootstrap over counties, weighted by adult population and with each ZCTA counted once.",
  "data": [
    {
      "conf_high": -0.623,
      "conf_low": -0.695,
      "estimate": -0.653,
      "group": "Weighted by adult population",
      "label": "Married share, residents 15 and older",
      "n_units": 19681
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.61,
      "conf_low": -0.649,
      "estimate": -0.63,
      "group": "Each ZCTA counted once",
      "label": "Married share, residents 15 and older",
      "n_units": 19681
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.495,
      "conf_low": -0.573,
      "estimate": -0.53,
      "group": "Weighted by adult population",
      "label": "Median age",
      "n_units": 19679
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.468,
      "conf_low": -0.512,
      "estimate": -0.49,
      "group": "Each ZCTA counted once",
      "label": "Median age",
      "n_units": 19679
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.446,
      "conf_low": -0.509,
      "estimate": -0.476,
      "group": "Weighted by adult population",
      "label": "Share aged 65 and over",
      "n_units": 19681
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.409,
      "conf_low": -0.459,
      "estimate": -0.435,
      "group": "Each ZCTA counted once",
      "label": "Share aged 65 and over",
      "n_units": 19681
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.474,
      "conf_low": 0.303,
      "estimate": 0.396,
      "group": "Weighted by adult population",
      "label": "Population density (log)",
      "n_units": 19681
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.41,
      "conf_low": 0.271,
      "estimate": 0.341,
      "group": "Each ZCTA counted once",
      "label": "Population density (log)",
      "n_units": 19681
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.312,
      "conf_low": -0.474,
      "estimate": -0.384,
      "group": "Weighted by adult population",
      "label": "Median household income (log)",
      "n_units": 19335
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.303,
      "conf_low": -0.425,
      "estimate": -0.365,
      "group": "Each ZCTA counted once",
      "label": "Median household income (log)",
      "n_units": 19335
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.616,
      "conf_low": 0.514,
      "estimate": 0.557,
      "group": "Weighted by adult population",
      "label": "Poverty rate",
      "n_units": 19588
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.527,
      "conf_low": 0.468,
      "estimate": 0.496,
      "group": "Each ZCTA counted once",
      "label": "Poverty rate",
      "n_units": 19588
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.201,
      "conf_low": -0.128,
      "estimate": 0.025,
      "group": "Weighted by adult population",
      "label": "Area Deprivation Index",
      "n_units": 19622
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.266,
      "conf_low": 0.034,
      "estimate": 0.156,
      "group": "Each ZCTA counted once",
      "label": "Area Deprivation Index",
      "n_units": 19622
    }
  ],
  "id": "loneliness_correlates",
  "notes": [
    "PLACES estimates come from a model fed by age, sex, race and ethnicity, education and the county share of adults below a multiple of the poverty line, so a gradient against characteristics that move with those inputs, including age, poverty and income, is partly built in. Marital status and population density are not inputs.",
    "The ZCTA characteristics are ACS 2019-2023 five-year estimates for each ZCTA; the married share counts residents 15 and older who are now married, except separated. ZCTAs are not ZIP codes.",
    "The Area Deprivation Index at ZCTA grain is an area-weighted approximation and understates deprivation in high-cost cities."
  ],
  "source": "CDC PLACES 2025 release (BRFSS 2023), ZCTA modeled estimates, with ACS 2019-2023 ZCTA characteristics and the Area Deprivation Index 2023; modeled estimates, population-weighted by adults",
  "spec": {
    "colors": {
      "Each ZCTA counted once": "cat2",
      "Weighted by adult population": "cat1"
    },
    "group": "group",
    "hi": "conf_high",
    "lo": "conf_low",
    "n": "n_units",
    "reference": 0,
    "referenceLabel": "No correlation",
    "sort": "data",
    "x": "estimate",
    "xDomain": [
      -0.8,
      0.8
    ],
    "xFormat": {
      "digits": 2,
      "signed": true
    },
    "xLabel": "Correlation with ZCTA modeled loneliness",
    "y": "label"
  },
  "subtitle": "Correlation of CDC PLACES modeled loneliness (percent of adults, BRFSS 2023) with seven ZCTA characteristics, ZCTAs with an estimate and at least {fact:zcta_floor} residents",
  "title": "Modeled loneliness is lower in ZCTAs with more married adults, a correlation of {fact:lonely_married_r}, and higher where poverty is higher, {fact:lonely_poverty_r}",
  "type": "dot",
  "width": "wide"
}