{
  "alt": "A figure with two tabs. The first is a line chart of voter turnout and census self-response across ten deciles of county deprivation, both falling from the least to the most deprived. The second is a dot plot of correlations of county measures with upward mobility, largest for family unity and economic connectedness and near zero for most organization measures.",
  "caption": "The first tab shows participation by deprivation decile, and the second ranks county measures by their correlation with upward mobility. Counties are the unit in both tabs, so the patterns describe places and not the people who live in them.",
  "data": [],
  "id": "civic_gradient",
  "notes": [
    "Deciles hold equal numbers of counties. County deprivation is the mean of the tract Area Deprivation Index national ranks (1 = least deprived), weighted by tract population. Turnout counts only citizens and depends on state voting laws; self-response is low where census takers counted households in person.",
    "Across all the counties in the first tab, population-weighted voter turnout is {fact:us_turnout} and census self-response is {fact:us_census_response}.",
    "Intervals resample whole counties. Resampling whole states gives wider intervals for every point, and the decile intervals still separate the first from the last decile.",
    "Counties with a missing measure drop out of that point only, so the number of counties differs by measure. The JEC collective-efficacy subindex is measured at the county level by violent-crime rates, and the JEC institutional-health and community-health subindexes include state-level inputs."
  ],
  "source": "County Health Rankings 2024 (voter turnout and census participation, 2020), Area Deprivation Index 2023 and ACS 2019-2023 county population, population-weighted; second tab adds Social Capital Atlas 2022, JEC Social Capital Index 2018 release and Opportunity Atlas county outcomes (1978-1983 birth cohorts), population-weighted by 2018 county population",
  "spec": {
    "panels": [
      {
        "figure": {
          "alt": "Line chart of two measures across ten deciles of county deprivation. Voter turnout starts at {fact:voter_d1} and census self-response at {fact:census_d1} in the least deprived decile on the left and both fall to {fact:voter_d10} and {fact:census_d10} in the most deprived decile on the right, where self-response is lower than turnout.",
          "caption": "Both lines fall from the least to the most deprived tenth, their point estimates fall at every step, and the self-response line falls further. Each point is a population-weighted mean over about a tenth of counties, with a 95% interval from a bootstrap over counties.",
          "data": [
            {
              "conf_high": 73.8,
              "conf_low": 70.58,
              "decile": 1,
              "estimate": 72.06,
              "measure": "Voter turnout, 2020",
              "n_units": 307
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 71,
              "conf_low": 67.93,
              "decile": 2,
              "estimate": 69.33,
              "measure": "Voter turnout, 2020",
              "n_units": 304
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 68.58,
              "conf_low": 64.62,
              "decile": 3,
              "estimate": 66.59,
              "measure": "Voter turnout, 2020",
              "n_units": 309
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 65.57,
              "conf_low": 62.07,
              "decile": 4,
              "estimate": 63.95,
              "measure": "Voter turnout, 2020",
              "n_units": 309
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 64.15,
              "conf_low": 61.43,
              "decile": 5,
              "estimate": 62.84,
              "measure": "Voter turnout, 2020",
              "n_units": 310
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 62.08,
              "conf_low": 59.1,
              "decile": 6,
              "estimate": 60.63,
              "measure": "Voter turnout, 2020",
              "n_units": 310
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 60.94,
              "conf_low": 58.84,
              "decile": 7,
              "estimate": 59.85,
              "measure": "Voter turnout, 2020",
              "n_units": 313
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 60.52,
              "conf_low": 56.9,
              "decile": 8,
              "estimate": 58.66,
              "measure": "Voter turnout, 2020",
              "n_units": 315
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 59.01,
              "conf_low": 57.18,
              "decile": 9,
              "estimate": 58.06,
              "measure": "Voter turnout, 2020",
              "n_units": 311
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 57.59,
              "conf_low": 55.37,
              "decile": 10,
              "estimate": 56.43,
              "measure": "Voter turnout, 2020",
              "n_units": 310
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 69.94,
              "conf_low": 67.39,
              "decile": 1,
              "estimate": 68.6,
              "measure": "Census self-response, 2020",
              "n_units": 312
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 68.15,
              "conf_low": 65.91,
              "decile": 2,
              "estimate": 66.97,
              "measure": "Census self-response, 2020",
              "n_units": 312
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 68.04,
              "conf_low": 65,
              "decile": 3,
              "estimate": 66.45,
              "measure": "Census self-response, 2020",
              "n_units": 312
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 66.25,
              "conf_low": 63.61,
              "decile": 4,
              "estimate": 64.94,
              "measure": "Census self-response, 2020",
              "n_units": 312
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 64.8,
              "conf_low": 62.56,
              "decile": 5,
              "estimate": 63.8,
              "measure": "Census self-response, 2020",
              "n_units": 314
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 62.88,
              "conf_low": 60.24,
              "decile": 6,
              "estimate": 61.63,
              "measure": "Census self-response, 2020",
              "n_units": 311
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 61.85,
              "conf_low": 59.72,
              "decile": 7,
              "estimate": 60.76,
              "measure": "Census self-response, 2020",
              "n_units": 313
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 58.76,
              "conf_low": 55.75,
              "decile": 8,
              "estimate": 57.15,
              "measure": "Census self-response, 2020",
              "n_units": 315
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 55.21,
              "conf_low": 53.18,
              "decile": 9,
              "estimate": 54.2,
              "measure": "Census self-response, 2020",
              "n_units": 312
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 49.12,
              "conf_low": 46.11,
              "decile": 10,
              "estimate": 47.63,
              "measure": "Census self-response, 2020",
              "n_units": 312
            }
          ],
          "id": "participation_by_deprivation",
          "spec": {
            "colors": {
              "Census self-response, 2020": "highlight",
              "Voter turnout, 2020": "accent"
            },
            "hi": "conf_high",
            "lo": "conf_low",
            "n": "n_units",
            "series": "measure",
            "x": "decile",
            "xDomain": [
              1,
              10
            ],
            "xLabel": "Decile of county deprivation (1 = least deprived tenth of counties, 10 = most deprived)",
            "xTicks": "data",
            "y": "estimate",
            "yDomain": [
              40,
              80
            ],
            "yFormat": {
              "digits": 0
            },
            "yLabel": "Turnout or self-response (%)"
          },
          "subtitle": "Population-weighted mean voter turnout (citizens aged 18 and over, 2020 election) and census self-response (households, 2020 census) by decile of county deprivation",
          "title": "Voter turnout fell from {fact:voter_d1} to {fact:voter_d10} and census self-response from {fact:census_d1} to {fact:census_d10} across deciles of county deprivation",
          "type": "line"
        },
        "label": "Participation by deprivation"
      },
      {
        "figure": {
          "alt": "Dot plot of correlations of county measures with upward mobility, sorted from largest to smallest and grouped into four kinds of measure. Family unity ({fact:famunity_mobility_r}) and economic connectedness ({fact:ec_mobility_r}) are largest, the JEC index and its violent-crime part follow, voter turnout ({fact:voter_mobility_r}) and census self-response ({fact:census_mobility_r}) come next, and civic groups, membership associations and religious congregations are near zero or below.",
          "caption": "The two measures nearest one are the JEC family-unity subindex and economic connectedness, voting and census response sit between them and zero, and the organization measures sit nearer zero, with volunteering the only one clearly above it. Each dot is a correlation across counties weighted by the Atlas's 2018 county population, with a 95% interval from a bootstrap over counties; the number of counties is in the tooltip.",
          "data": [
            {
              "conf_high": 0.744,
              "conf_low": 0.666,
              "estimate": 0.706,
              "group": "JEC index and its parts",
              "measure": "JEC family unity",
              "n_units": 2913
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 0.741,
              "conf_low": 0.644,
              "estimate": 0.693,
              "group": "Contact across incomes",
              "measure": "Economic connectedness",
              "n_units": 2942
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 0.676,
              "conf_low": 0.535,
              "estimate": 0.608,
              "group": "JEC index and its parts",
              "measure": "JEC Social Capital Index",
              "n_units": 2889
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 0.584,
              "conf_low": 0.431,
              "estimate": 0.514,
              "group": "JEC index and its parts",
              "measure": "JEC collective efficacy (low violent crime)",
              "n_units": 2885
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 0.417,
              "conf_low": 0.283,
              "estimate": 0.354,
              "group": "Voting and census response",
              "measure": "Voter turnout, 2020",
              "n_units": 2964
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 0.368,
              "conf_low": 0.258,
              "estimate": 0.316,
              "group": "Voting and census response",
              "measure": "Census self-response, 2020",
              "n_units": 2982
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 0.327,
              "conf_low": 0.163,
              "estimate": 0.244,
              "group": "JEC index and its parts",
              "measure": "JEC institutional health",
              "n_units": 2959
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 0.253,
              "conf_low": 0.121,
              "estimate": 0.187,
              "group": "Organizations and membership",
              "measure": "Volunteering group membership",
              "n_units": 2983
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 0.278,
              "conf_low": 0.096,
              "estimate": 0.186,
              "group": "JEC index and its parts",
              "measure": "JEC community health",
              "n_units": 2983
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 0.138,
              "conf_low": -0.011,
              "estimate": 0.062,
              "group": "Organizations and membership",
              "measure": "Civic groups per capita",
              "n_units": 2983
            },
            {
              "conf_high": 0.02,
              "conf_low": -0.122,
              "estimate": -0.052,
              "group": "Organizations and membership",
              "measure": "Membership associations per 10,000 residents",
              "n_units": 2982
            },
            {
              "conf_high": -0.036,
              "conf_low": -0.155,
              "estimate": -0.097,
              "group": "Organizations and membership",
              "measure": "Religious congregations per 1,000 residents",
              "n_units": 2983
            }
          ],
          "id": "civic_measures_vs_mobility",
          "spec": {
            "colors": {
              "Contact across incomes": "cat4",
              "JEC index and its parts": "cat3",
              "Organizations and membership": "cat2",
              "Voting and census response": "cat1"
            },
            "group": "group",
            "hi": "conf_high",
            "lo": "conf_low",
            "n": "n_units",
            "reference": 0,
            "referenceLabel": "No correlation",
            "sort": "desc",
            "x": "estimate",
            "xDomain": [
              -0.3,
              1
            ],
            "xFormat": {
              "digits": 2,
              "signed": true
            },
            "xLabel": "Correlation with county upward mobility",
            "y": "measure"
          },
          "subtitle": "Population-weighted correlation of each county measure with the mean adult income rank of children from low-income families, county measures dated 2010 to 2022",
          "title": "Across counties, family unity and economic connectedness correlate about {fact:famunity_mobility_r} and {fact:ec_mobility_r} with upward mobility, voter turnout {fact:voter_mobility_r} and civic groups {fact:civorg_mobility_r}",
          "type": "dot"
        },
        "label": "Correlation with mobility"
      }
    ]
  },
  "subtitle": "County Health Rankings 2024 participation measures by decile of county deprivation, and county measures of civic life against the adult income rank of children born 1978 to 1983 to parents at the 25th percentile",
  "title": "Voter turnout and census self-response fall with county deprivation, and across counties they correlate less with upward mobility than family structure and friendship across incomes do",
  "type": "tabs",
  "width": "wide"
}