{
  "alt_adi_least": {
    "ci": [
      70.4,
      73.6
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "72.0%",
    "estimand": "population-weighted mean of county voter turnout; 95% intervals from a bootstrap over counties",
    "n": 309,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "",
    "period": "2020 presidential election",
    "population": "the least deprived tenth of counties ranked by Area Deprivation Index, among the counties with all four rankings",
    "source": "chr",
    "unit": "Voter turnout, 2020 (% of citizens aged 18 and over)",
    "value": 71.9605,
    "weights": "2019-2023 county population"
  },
  "alt_adi_most": {
    "ci": [
      55.4,
      57.7
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "56.5%",
    "estimand": "population-weighted mean of county voter turnout; 95% intervals from a bootstrap over counties",
    "n": 310,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "",
    "period": "2020 presidential election",
    "population": "the most deprived tenth of counties ranked by Area Deprivation Index, among the counties with all four rankings",
    "source": "chr",
    "unit": "Voter turnout, 2020 (% of citizens aged 18 and over)",
    "value": 56.4898,
    "weights": "2019-2023 county population"
  },
  "alt_adi_rho": {
    "display": "−1.00",
    "estimand": "Spearman rank correlation between bin order and bin mean, each bin counted once",
    "note": "",
    "period": "2020 presidential election",
    "population": "the bins of counties ranked by Area Deprivation Index",
    "source": "chr",
    "unit": "rank correlation",
    "value": -1,
    "weights": "each bin counted once"
  },
  "alt_degree_least": {
    "ci": [
      72.5,
      75.2
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "73.8%",
    "estimand": "population-weighted mean of county voter turnout; 95% intervals from a bootstrap over counties",
    "n": 309,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "",
    "period": "2020 presidential election",
    "population": "the least deprived tenth of counties ranked by Bachelor's degree share, among the counties with all four rankings",
    "source": "chr",
    "unit": "Voter turnout, 2020 (% of citizens aged 18 and over)",
    "value": 73.8284,
    "weights": "2019-2023 county population"
  },
  "alt_degree_most": {
    "ci": [
      55.4,
      57.3
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "56.4%",
    "estimand": "population-weighted mean of county voter turnout; 95% intervals from a bootstrap over counties",
    "n": 310,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "",
    "period": "2020 presidential election",
    "population": "the most deprived tenth of counties ranked by Bachelor's degree share, among the counties with all four rankings",
    "source": "chr",
    "unit": "Voter turnout, 2020 (% of citizens aged 18 and over)",
    "value": 56.3637,
    "weights": "2019-2023 county population"
  },
  "alt_degree_rho": {
    "display": "−0.98",
    "estimand": "Spearman rank correlation between bin order and bin mean, each bin counted once",
    "note": "",
    "period": "2020 presidential election",
    "population": "the bins of counties ranked by Bachelor's degree share",
    "source": "chr",
    "unit": "rank correlation",
    "value": -0.975758,
    "weights": "each bin counted once"
  },
  "alt_income_least": {
    "ci": [
      72.1,
      75.2
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "73.7%",
    "estimand": "population-weighted mean of county voter turnout; 95% intervals from a bootstrap over counties",
    "n": 309,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "",
    "period": "2020 presidential election",
    "population": "the least deprived tenth of counties ranked by Median household income, among the counties with all four rankings",
    "source": "chr",
    "unit": "Voter turnout, 2020 (% of citizens aged 18 and over)",
    "value": 73.6735,
    "weights": "2019-2023 county population"
  },
  "alt_income_most": {
    "ci": [
      56.9,
      58.8
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "57.9%",
    "estimand": "population-weighted mean of county voter turnout; 95% intervals from a bootstrap over counties",
    "n": 310,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "",
    "period": "2020 presidential election",
    "population": "the most deprived tenth of counties ranked by Median household income, among the counties with all four rankings",
    "source": "chr",
    "unit": "Voter turnout, 2020 (% of citizens aged 18 and over)",
    "value": 57.8582,
    "weights": "2019-2023 county population"
  },
  "alt_income_rho": {
    "display": "−0.99",
    "estimand": "Spearman rank correlation between bin order and bin mean, each bin counted once",
    "note": "",
    "period": "2020 presidential election",
    "population": "the bins of counties ranked by Median household income",
    "source": "chr",
    "unit": "rank correlation",
    "value": -0.987879,
    "weights": "each bin counted once"
  },
  "alt_n_places": {
    "display": "3,096",
    "estimand": "count of counties in the common sample of the ranking comparison",
    "note": "",
    "period": "2020 presidential election",
    "population": "counties with the outcome and all four rankings",
    "source": "chr",
    "unit": "counties",
    "value": 3096,
    "weights": "none (full count)"
  },
  "alt_rho_cut": {
    "display": "0.9",
    "estimand": "threshold between a steady and an uneven gradient",
    "note": "",
    "period": "2020 presidential election",
    "population": "the rule for changed gradients (docs/RANKING_SWITCH_RULE.md)",
    "source": "chr",
    "unit": "absolute rank correlation",
    "value": 0.9,
    "weights": "none (a fixed rule)"
  },
  "alt_rho_margin": {
    "display": "0.1",
    "estimand": "smallest move in the rank correlation that counts as a change of shape",
    "note": "",
    "period": "2020 presidential election",
    "population": "the rule for changed gradients (docs/RANKING_SWITCH_RULE.md)",
    "source": "chr",
    "unit": "absolute rank correlation",
    "value": 0.1,
    "weights": "none (a fixed rule)"
  },
  "alt_std_least": {
    "ci": [
      74.9,
      77
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "75.9%",
    "estimand": "population-weighted mean of county voter turnout; 95% intervals from a bootstrap over counties",
    "n": 309,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "",
    "period": "2020 presidential election",
    "population": "the least deprived tenth of counties ranked by Standardized index, among the counties with all four rankings",
    "source": "chr",
    "unit": "Voter turnout, 2020 (% of citizens aged 18 and over)",
    "value": 75.9484,
    "weights": "2019-2023 county population"
  },
  "alt_std_most": {
    "ci": [
      54.3,
      57.3
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "55.7%",
    "estimand": "population-weighted mean of county voter turnout; 95% intervals from a bootstrap over counties",
    "n": 310,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "",
    "period": "2020 presidential election",
    "population": "the most deprived tenth of counties ranked by Standardized index, among the counties with all four rankings",
    "source": "chr",
    "unit": "Voter turnout, 2020 (% of citizens aged 18 and over)",
    "value": 55.6952,
    "weights": "2019-2023 county population"
  },
  "alt_std_rho": {
    "display": "−0.98",
    "estimand": "Spearman rank correlation between bin order and bin mean, each bin counted once",
    "note": "",
    "period": "2020 presidential election",
    "population": "the bins of counties ranked by Standardized index",
    "source": "chr",
    "unit": "rank correlation",
    "value": -0.975758,
    "weights": "each bin counted once"
  },
  "assoc_mobility_r": {
    "ci": [
      -0.12,
      0.02
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "−0.05",
    "estimand": "population-weighted correlation across counties of the measure with the mean adult household income rank, bootstrap interval over counties",
    "n": 2982,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "",
    "period": "county measure of membership associations in 2021 against mobility of children born 1978 to 1983",
    "population": "counties with the measure and a mobility estimate (children born 1978 to 1983 to parents at the 25th income percentile)",
    "source": "chr",
    "unit": "correlation coefficient",
    "value": -0.0523053,
    "weights": "2018 county population (Social Capital Atlas)"
  },
  "ce_mobility_r": {
    "ci": [
      0.43,
      0.58
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+0.51",
    "estimand": "population-weighted correlation across counties of the measure with the mean adult household income rank, bootstrap interval over counties",
    "n": 2885,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "",
    "period": "county measure of JEC collective efficacy (violent crime, FBI reports 2008 to 2014) against mobility of children born 1978 to 1983",
    "population": "counties with the measure and a mobility estimate (children born 1978 to 1983 to parents at the 25th income percentile)",
    "source": "jec-social-capital",
    "unit": "correlation coefficient",
    "value": 0.513899,
    "weights": "2018 county population (Social Capital Atlas)"
  },
  "census_beta_b": {
    "ci": [
      -0.21,
      0.05
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "−0.08",
    "estimand": "standardized coefficient on census self-response in model B (plus income, percent black and poverty) of county mobility, weighted least squares, errors clustered on state",
    "n": 2915,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "",
    "period": "county measure of census self-response against mobility of children born 1978 to 1983",
    "population": "counties with every measure in the model and a mobility estimate (Connecticut is absent)",
    "source": "chr",
    "unit": "standard deviations of county mobility per standard deviation of the measure",
    "value": -0.0825827,
    "weights": "2018 county population (Social Capital Atlas)"
  },
  "census_beta_c": {
    "ci": [
      -0.26,
      -0.05
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "−0.15",
    "estimand": "standardized coefficient on census self-response in model C (plus economic connectedness) of county mobility, weighted least squares, errors clustered on state",
    "n": 2915,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "",
    "period": "county measure of census self-response against mobility of children born 1978 to 1983",
    "population": "counties with every measure in the model and a mobility estimate (Connecticut is absent)",
    "source": "chr",
    "unit": "standard deviations of county mobility per standard deviation of the measure",
    "value": -0.154716,
    "weights": "2018 county population (Social Capital Atlas)"
  },
  "census_d1": {
    "ci": [
      67.4,
      69.9
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "68.6%",
    "estimand": "mean of county census self-response in a tenth of counties (equal numbers of counties, ranked by county Area Deprivation Index; county ADI is the mean of the county's tract Area Deprivation Index national ranks, weighted by 2019-2023 tract population), weighted by county population, bootstrap interval over counties",
    "n": 312,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "",
    "period": "2020 census",
    "population": "households in counties in the least deprived tenth of counties by Area Deprivation Index",
    "source": "chr",
    "unit": "percent of households that answered the census without a visit from a census taker",
    "value": 68.5957,
    "weights": "2019-2023 county population"
  },
  "census_d10": {
    "ci": [
      46.1,
      49.1
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "47.6%",
    "estimand": "mean of county census self-response in a tenth of counties (equal numbers of counties, ranked by county Area Deprivation Index; county ADI is the mean of the county's tract Area Deprivation Index national ranks, weighted by 2019-2023 tract population), weighted by county population, bootstrap interval over counties",
    "n": 312,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "",
    "period": "2020 census",
    "population": "households in counties in the most deprived tenth of counties by Area Deprivation Index",
    "source": "chr",
    "unit": "percent of households that answered the census without a visit from a census taker",
    "value": 47.6331,
    "weights": "2019-2023 county population"
  },
  "census_d10_unw": {
    "ci": [
      45.2,
      47.3
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "46.3%",
    "estimand": "unweighted mean of county census self-response in a tenth of counties (each county counted once), bootstrap interval over counties",
    "n": 312,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "",
    "period": "2020 census",
    "population": "households in counties in the most deprived tenth of counties by Area Deprivation Index",
    "source": "chr",
    "unit": "percent of households that answered the census without a visit from a census taker",
    "value": 46.259,
    "weights": "none (each county counts once)"
  },
  "census_d1_unw": {
    "ci": [
      63.7,
      66.3
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "65.0%",
    "estimand": "unweighted mean of county census self-response in a tenth of counties (each county counted once), bootstrap interval over counties",
    "n": 312,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "",
    "period": "2020 census",
    "population": "households in counties in the least deprived tenth of counties by Area Deprivation Index",
    "source": "chr",
    "unit": "percent of households that answered the census without a visit from a census taker",
    "value": 64.967,
    "weights": "none (each county counts once)"
  },
  "census_gap": {
    "ci": [
      19,
      22.9
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "21.0",
    "estimand": "difference between the population-weighted means of census self-response in the least and the most deprived tenth of counties, bootstrap interval over counties with shared draws",
    "n": 624,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "",
    "period": "2020 census",
    "population": "households in counties in the two extreme tenths of counties by Area Deprivation Index",
    "source": "chr",
    "unit": "percentage points, least deprived tenth minus most deprived tenth of counties",
    "value": 20.9626,
    "weights": "2019-2023 county population"
  },
  "census_mean": {
    "display": "66.0%",
    "estimand": "mean of county self-response rates weighted by county population",
    "n": 3140,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "",
    "period": "2020 census",
    "population": "households in counties with a published rate",
    "source": "chr",
    "unit": "percent of households that answered the census without a visit from a census taker",
    "value": 66.0223,
    "weights": "county population (County Health Rankings)"
  },
  "census_mobility_r": {
    "ci": [
      0.26,
      0.37
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+0.32",
    "estimand": "population-weighted correlation across counties of the measure with the mean adult household income rank, bootstrap interval over counties",
    "n": 2982,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "",
    "period": "county measure of census self-response in 2020 against mobility of children born 1978 to 1983",
    "population": "counties with the measure and a mobility estimate (children born 1978 to 1983 to parents at the 25th income percentile)",
    "source": "chr",
    "unit": "correlation coefficient",
    "value": 0.315776,
    "weights": "2018 county population (Social Capital Atlas)"
  },
  "census_nodata": {
    "display": "3",
    "estimand": "count of map units with no published self-response rate",
    "note": "",
    "period": "2020 census",
    "population": "counties and county equivalents on the map",
    "source": "chr",
    "unit": "counties",
    "value": 3,
    "weights": "none (full count)"
  },
  "census_p5": {
    "display": "51.8%",
    "estimand": "5th percentile of county self-response rates, counties weighted by population",
    "n": 3140,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "",
    "period": "2020 census",
    "population": "households in counties with a published rate",
    "source": "chr",
    "unit": "percent of households that answered the census without a visit from a census taker",
    "value": 51.8,
    "weights": "county population (County Health Rankings)"
  },
  "census_p95": {
    "display": "77.5%",
    "estimand": "95th percentile of county self-response rates, counties weighted by population",
    "n": 3140,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "",
    "period": "2020 census",
    "population": "households in counties with a published rate",
    "source": "chr",
    "unit": "percent of households that answered the census without a visit from a census taker",
    "value": 77.4718,
    "weights": "county population (County Health Rankings)"
  },
  "civorg_mobility_r": {
    "ci": [
      -0.01,
      0.14
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+0.06",
    "estimand": "population-weighted correlation across counties of the measure with the mean adult household income rank, bootstrap interval over counties",
    "n": 2983,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "",
    "period": "county measure of civic groups in 2022 against mobility of children born 1978 to 1983",
    "population": "counties with the measure and a mobility estimate (children born 1978 to 1983 to parents at the 25th income percentile)",
    "source": "social-capital-atlas",
    "unit": "correlation coefficient",
    "value": 0.062432,
    "weights": "2018 county population (Social Capital Atlas)"
  },
  "commhealth_mobility_r": {
    "ci": [
      0.1,
      0.28
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+0.19",
    "estimand": "population-weighted correlation across counties of the measure with the mean adult household income rank, bootstrap interval over counties",
    "n": 2983,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "",
    "period": "county measure of JEC community health, components from 2010 to 2015 against mobility of children born 1978 to 1983",
    "population": "counties with the measure and a mobility estimate (children born 1978 to 1983 to parents at the 25th income percentile)",
    "source": "jec-social-capital",
    "unit": "correlation coefficient",
    "value": 0.1857,
    "weights": "2018 county population (Social Capital Atlas)"
  },
  "comp_gap_hi": {
    "ci": [
      0.47,
      0.51
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "0.49",
    "estimand": "unweighted difference in mean ladder score between partnered and other adults within a tenth of interviews ranked by the JEC Social Capital Index, interval clustered by county",
    "n": 220209,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in 2009 to 2017",
    "population": "adults in counties in the highest tenth of interviews by the JEC Social Capital Index of the respondent's county",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "ladder points, partnered minus not partnered",
    "value": 0.49121,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "comp_gap_lo": {
    "ci": [
      0.43,
      0.48
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "0.45",
    "estimand": "unweighted difference in mean ladder score between partnered and other adults within a tenth of interviews ranked by the JEC Social Capital Index, interval clustered by county",
    "n": 218523,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in 2009 to 2017",
    "population": "adults in counties in the lowest tenth of interviews by the JEC Social Capital Index of the respondent's county",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "ladder points, partnered minus not partnered",
    "value": 0.453186,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "comp_gap_peak": {
    "ci": [
      0.51,
      0.55
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "0.53",
    "estimand": "the largest of the ten decile premiums, which is also the one most likely to be too high (selected for being largest)",
    "n": 213735,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in 2009 to 2017",
    "population": "adults in counties in the tenth of interviews with the largest premium",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "ladder points, partnered minus not partnered",
    "value": 0.52653,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "comp_other_hi": {
    "ci": [
      6.83,
      6.89
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "6.86",
    "estimand": "unweighted mean of the 0 to 10 ladder score, interval clustered by county",
    "n": 79202,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in 2009 to 2017",
    "population": "adults who are single, separated, divorced or widowed, in the highest tenth of interviews by the JEC Social Capital Index of the respondent's county",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "Cantril ladder score (0 worst possible life, 10 best possible life)",
    "value": 6.85872,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "comp_other_lo": {
    "ci": [
      6.75,
      6.84
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "6.80",
    "estimand": "unweighted mean of the 0 to 10 ladder score, interval clustered by county",
    "n": 106246,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in 2009 to 2017",
    "population": "adults who are single, separated, divorced or widowed, in the lowest tenth of interviews by the JEC Social Capital Index of the respondent's county",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "Cantril ladder score (0 worst possible life, 10 best possible life)",
    "value": 6.79781,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "comp_partnered_hi": {
    "ci": [
      7.33,
      7.37
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "7.35",
    "estimand": "unweighted mean of the 0 to 10 ladder score, interval clustered by county",
    "n": 141007,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in 2009 to 2017",
    "population": "adults who are married or in a domestic partnership, in the highest tenth of interviews by the JEC Social Capital Index of the respondent's county",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "Cantril ladder score (0 worst possible life, 10 best possible life)",
    "value": 7.34993,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "comp_partnered_lo": {
    "ci": [
      7.21,
      7.3
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "7.25",
    "estimand": "unweighted mean of the 0 to 10 ladder score, interval clustered by county",
    "n": 112277,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in 2009 to 2017",
    "population": "adults who are married or in a domestic partnership, in the lowest tenth of interviews by the JEC Social Capital Index of the respondent's county",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "Cantril ladder score (0 worst possible life, 10 best possible life)",
    "value": 7.251,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "dens_cut_high": {
    "display": "5,000",
    "estimand": "the higher cut between density classes (a definition of the groups)",
    "note": "",
    "period": "ACS 2019-2023 (5-year), ZCTA estimates",
    "population": "ZCTAs in the density comparison",
    "source": "places",
    "unit": "people per square mile",
    "value": 5000,
    "weights": "none (definition)"
  },
  "dens_cut_low": {
    "display": "100",
    "estimand": "the lower cut between density classes (a definition of the groups)",
    "note": "",
    "period": "ACS 2019-2023 (5-year), ZCTA estimates",
    "population": "ZCTAs in the density comparison",
    "source": "places",
    "unit": "people per square mile",
    "value": 100,
    "weights": "none (definition)"
  },
  "dep_dens_high": {
    "ci": [
      18.9,
      20.7
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "19.7%",
    "estimand": "mean of ZCTA modeled prevalence of depression weighted by adult population, bootstrap interval over counties; ZCTAs with both measures",
    "n": 1504,
    "nUnit": "ZCTAs",
    "note": "",
    "period": "BRFSS 2023 (PLACES 2025 release)",
    "population": "adults in ZCTAs with a population density at or above the higher density cut",
    "source": "places",
    "unit": "percent of adults ever told by a health professional that they have a depressive disorder",
    "value": 19.6539,
    "weights": "2020 census adult population of the ZCTA"
  },
  "dep_dens_low": {
    "ci": [
      23.4,
      23.7
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "23.6%",
    "estimand": "mean of ZCTA modeled prevalence of depression weighted by adult population, bootstrap interval over counties; ZCTAs with both measures",
    "n": 9893,
    "nUnit": "ZCTAs",
    "note": "",
    "period": "BRFSS 2023 (PLACES 2025 release)",
    "population": "adults in ZCTAs with a population density under the lower density cut",
    "source": "places",
    "unit": "percent of adults ever told by a health professional that they have a depressive disorder",
    "value": 23.5515,
    "weights": "2020 census adult population of the ZCTA"
  },
  "ec_beta_c": {
    "ci": [
      0.47,
      0.79
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "0.63",
    "estimand": "standardized coefficient on economic connectedness in model C (plus economic connectedness) of county mobility, weighted least squares, errors clustered on state",
    "n": 2915,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "",
    "period": "county measure of economic connectedness against mobility of children born 1978 to 1983",
    "population": "counties with every measure in the model and a mobility estimate (Connecticut is absent)",
    "source": "social-capital-atlas",
    "unit": "standard deviations of county mobility per standard deviation of the measure",
    "value": 0.628407,
    "weights": "2018 county population (Social Capital Atlas)"
  },
  "ec_mobility_r": {
    "ci": [
      0.64,
      0.74
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+0.69",
    "estimand": "population-weighted correlation across counties of the measure with the mean adult household income rank, bootstrap interval over counties",
    "n": 2942,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "",
    "period": "county measure of economic connectedness in 2022 against mobility of children born 1978 to 1983",
    "population": "counties with the measure and a mobility estimate (children born 1978 to 1983 to parents at the 25th income percentile)",
    "source": "social-capital-atlas",
    "unit": "correlation coefficient",
    "value": 0.692661,
    "weights": "2018 county population (Social Capital Atlas)"
  },
  "famunity_mobility_r": {
    "ci": [
      0.67,
      0.74
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+0.71",
    "estimand": "population-weighted correlation across counties of the measure with the mean adult household income rank, bootstrap interval over counties",
    "n": 2913,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "",
    "period": "county measure of JEC family unity, components from 2012 to 2016 against mobility of children born 1978 to 1983",
    "population": "counties with the measure and a mobility estimate (children born 1978 to 1983 to parents at the 25th income percentile)",
    "source": "jec-social-capital",
    "unit": "correlation coefficient",
    "value": 0.706242,
    "weights": "2018 county population (Social Capital Atlas)"
  },
  "insthealth_mobility_r": {
    "ci": [
      0.16,
      0.33
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+0.24",
    "estimand": "population-weighted correlation across counties of the measure with the mean adult household income rank, bootstrap interval over counties",
    "n": 2959,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "",
    "period": "county measure of JEC institutional health, components from 2010 to 2016 against mobility of children born 1978 to 1983",
    "population": "counties with the measure and a mobility estimate (children born 1978 to 1983 to parents at the 25th income percentile)",
    "source": "jec-social-capital",
    "unit": "correlation coefficient",
    "value": 0.244479,
    "weights": "2018 county population (Social Capital Atlas)"
  },
  "inter_max": {
    "ci": [
      0.019,
      0.051
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "0.035",
    "estimand": "the largest of the seven interaction coefficients (Volunteering group membership)",
    "n": 2185410,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in 2009 to 2017",
    "population": "adults interviewed in counties with the measure",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "ladder points of premium per standard deviation of the county measure",
    "value": 0.0347303,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "inter_min": {
    "ci": [
      -0.005,
      0.019
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "0.007",
    "estimand": "the smallest of the seven interaction coefficients (JEC institutional health)",
    "n": 2186233,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in 2009 to 2017",
    "population": "adults interviewed in counties with the measure",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "ladder points of premium per standard deviation of the county measure",
    "value": 0.00684327,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "inter_n_zero": {
    "display": "3",
    "estimand": "count of the seven 95% intervals (clustered by state) that include zero",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in 2009 to 2017",
    "population": "adults interviewed in counties with each of the seven county measures",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "of the seven interaction coefficients",
    "value": 3,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "inter_sci": {
    "ci": [
      0.012,
      0.034
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "0.023",
    "estimand": "coefficient on the interaction of partnership with the county measure (standardized across counties) in a regression of the ladder score, unweighted, errors clustered on the respondent's state because the JEC community-health and institutional-health subindexes include state-level inputs",
    "n": 2179890,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in 2009 to 2017",
    "population": "adults interviewed in counties with a JEC index",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "ladder points of premium per standard deviation of the JEC Social Capital Index",
    "value": 0.02307,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "ladder_never_married": {
    "ci": [
      6.76,
      6.79
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "6.77",
    "estimand": "unweighted mean of the 0 to 10 ladder score, interval clustered by the respondent's county",
    "n": 389678,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in 2009 to 2017",
    "population": "adults who are never married",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "Cantril ladder score (0 worst possible life, 10 best possible life)",
    "value": 6.77453,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "ladder_partnered": {
    "ci": [
      7.27,
      7.29
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "7.28",
    "estimand": "unweighted mean of the 0 to 10 ladder score, interval clustered by the respondent's county",
    "n": 1278658,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in 2009 to 2017",
    "population": "adults who are married or in a domestic partnership",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "Cantril ladder score (0 worst possible life, 10 best possible life)",
    "value": 7.27764,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "ladder_partnered_with2008": {
    "ci": [
      7.21,
      7.24
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "7.22",
    "estimand": "unweighted mean of the 0 to 10 ladder score including the 2008 interviews, interval clustered by the respondent's county",
    "n": 1489101,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "The 2008 ladder is lowered by a question-order artifact, so this comparison is not the chapter's estimate.",
    "period": "interviews in 2008 to 2017",
    "population": "adults who are married or in a domestic partnership",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "Cantril ladder score (0 worst possible life, 10 best possible life)",
    "value": 7.22453,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "ladder_sdw": {
    "ci": [
      6.77,
      6.8
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "6.78",
    "estimand": "unweighted mean of the 0 to 10 ladder score, interval clustered by the respondent's county",
    "n": 520865,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in 2009 to 2017",
    "population": "adults who are separated, divorced or widowed",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "Cantril ladder score (0 worst possible life, 10 best possible life)",
    "value": 6.78423,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "ladder_share_2009": {
    "display": "85%",
    "estimand": "share of the year's interviews with a ladder score (unweighted count, before any county or marital-status filter)",
    "n": 353849,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "2009",
    "population": "all Gallup interviews in 2009",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "percent of the year's interviews that carry a ladder score",
    "value": 85.3649,
    "weights": "none (unweighted count)"
  },
  "ladder_share_late": {
    "display": "49%",
    "estimand": "share of interviews with a ladder score (unweighted count, before any county or marital-status filter)",
    "n": 1761191,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "2013 to 2017",
    "population": "all Gallup interviews from 2013 to 2017",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "percent of interviews that carry a ladder score",
    "value": 49.1503,
    "weights": "none (unweighted count)"
  },
  "ladder_unpartnered": {
    "ci": [
      6.77,
      6.79
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "6.78",
    "estimand": "unweighted mean of the 0 to 10 ladder score, interval clustered by the respondent's county",
    "n": 910543,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in 2009 to 2017",
    "population": "adults who are never married, separated, divorced or widowed",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "Cantril ladder score (0 worst possible life, 10 best possible life)",
    "value": 6.78008,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "ladder_unpartnered_with2008": {
    "ci": [
      6.72,
      6.74
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "6.73",
    "estimand": "unweighted mean of the 0 to 10 ladder score including the 2008 interviews, interval clustered by the respondent's county",
    "n": 1050196,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "The 2008 ladder is lowered by a question-order artifact, so this comparison is not the chapter's estimate.",
    "period": "interviews in 2008 to 2017",
    "population": "adults who are never married, separated, divorced or widowed",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "Cantril ladder score (0 worst possible life, 10 best possible life)",
    "value": 6.72743,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "lonely_65_r": {
    "ci": [
      -0.51,
      -0.45
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "−0.48",
    "estimand": "correlation across ZCTAs of PLACES modeled loneliness with the share of residents aged 65 and over, weighted by adult population, bootstrap interval over counties",
    "n": 19681,
    "nUnit": "ZCTAs",
    "note": "PLACES estimates come from a model; the ZCTA covariate is an ACS 2019-2023 five-year estimate for the ZCTA.",
    "period": "BRFSS 2023 (PLACES 2025 release)",
    "population": "adults in ZCTAs with a loneliness estimate and at least 500 residents",
    "source": "places",
    "unit": "correlation coefficient",
    "value": -0.476106,
    "weights": "2020 census adult population of the ZCTA"
  },
  "lonely_adi_r": {
    "ci": [
      -0.13,
      0.2
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+0.02",
    "estimand": "correlation across ZCTAs of PLACES modeled loneliness with the Area Deprivation Index national rank, weighted by adult population, bootstrap interval over counties",
    "n": 19622,
    "nUnit": "ZCTAs",
    "note": "PLACES estimates come from a model; the ZCTA covariate is an ACS 2019-2023 five-year estimate for the ZCTA.",
    "period": "BRFSS 2023 (PLACES 2025 release)",
    "population": "adults in ZCTAs with a loneliness estimate and at least 500 residents",
    "source": "places",
    "unit": "correlation coefficient",
    "value": 0.0247267,
    "weights": "2020 census adult population of the ZCTA"
  },
  "lonely_adi_r_unw": {
    "ci": [
      0.03,
      0.27
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+0.16",
    "estimand": "correlation across ZCTAs of PLACES modeled loneliness with the Area Deprivation Index national rank, each ZCTA counted once, bootstrap interval over counties",
    "n": 19622,
    "nUnit": "ZCTAs",
    "note": "",
    "period": "BRFSS 2023 (PLACES 2025 release)",
    "population": "adults in ZCTAs with a loneliness estimate and at least 500 residents",
    "source": "places",
    "unit": "correlation coefficient",
    "value": 0.156048,
    "weights": "none (each ZCTA counts once)"
  },
  "lonely_age_d1": {
    "ci": [
      37.1,
      38.6
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "37.8%",
    "estimand": "mean of ZCTA modeled prevalence in a tenth of ZCTAs (equal numbers, ranked by median age) weighted by adult population, bootstrap interval over counties",
    "n": 1966,
    "nUnit": "ZCTAs",
    "note": "",
    "period": "BRFSS 2023 (PLACES 2025 release)",
    "population": "adults in the lowest tenth of ZCTAs by median age",
    "source": "places",
    "unit": "percent of adults who feel lonely always, usually or sometimes",
    "value": 37.8406,
    "weights": "2020 census adult population of the ZCTA"
  },
  "lonely_age_d10": {
    "ci": [
      29.1,
      30
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "29.6%",
    "estimand": "mean of ZCTA modeled prevalence in a tenth of ZCTAs (equal numbers, ranked by median age) weighted by adult population, bootstrap interval over counties",
    "n": 1967,
    "nUnit": "ZCTAs",
    "note": "",
    "period": "BRFSS 2023 (PLACES 2025 release)",
    "population": "adults in the highest tenth of ZCTAs by median age",
    "source": "places",
    "unit": "percent of adults who feel lonely always, usually or sometimes",
    "value": 29.5553,
    "weights": "2020 census adult population of the ZCTA"
  },
  "lonely_age_r": {
    "ci": [
      -0.57,
      -0.49
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "−0.53",
    "estimand": "correlation across ZCTAs of PLACES modeled loneliness with the median age, weighted by adult population, bootstrap interval over counties",
    "n": 19679,
    "nUnit": "ZCTAs",
    "note": "PLACES estimates come from a model; the ZCTA covariate is an ACS 2019-2023 five-year estimate for the ZCTA.",
    "period": "BRFSS 2023 (PLACES 2025 release)",
    "population": "adults in ZCTAs with a loneliness estimate and at least 500 residents",
    "source": "places",
    "unit": "correlation coefficient",
    "value": -0.530009,
    "weights": "2020 census adult population of the ZCTA"
  },
  "lonely_dens_high": {
    "ci": [
      36.6,
      38.9
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "37.8%",
    "estimand": "mean of ZCTA modeled prevalence of feeling lonely weighted by adult population, bootstrap interval over counties; ZCTAs with both measures",
    "n": 1504,
    "nUnit": "ZCTAs",
    "note": "",
    "period": "BRFSS 2023 (PLACES 2025 release)",
    "population": "adults in ZCTAs with a population density at or above the higher density cut",
    "source": "places",
    "unit": "percent of adults who feel lonely always, usually or sometimes",
    "value": 37.7519,
    "weights": "2020 census adult population of the ZCTA"
  },
  "lonely_dens_low": {
    "ci": [
      32.6,
      33
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "32.8%",
    "estimand": "mean of ZCTA modeled prevalence of feeling lonely weighted by adult population, bootstrap interval over counties; ZCTAs with both measures",
    "n": 9893,
    "nUnit": "ZCTAs",
    "note": "",
    "period": "BRFSS 2023 (PLACES 2025 release)",
    "population": "adults in ZCTAs with a population density under the lower density cut",
    "source": "places",
    "unit": "percent of adults who feel lonely always, usually or sometimes",
    "value": 32.8055,
    "weights": "2020 census adult population of the ZCTA"
  },
  "lonely_density_r": {
    "ci": [
      0.3,
      0.47
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+0.40",
    "estimand": "correlation across ZCTAs of PLACES modeled loneliness with the log of population density, weighted by adult population, bootstrap interval over counties",
    "n": 19681,
    "nUnit": "ZCTAs",
    "note": "PLACES estimates come from a model; the ZCTA covariate is an ACS 2019-2023 five-year estimate for the ZCTA.",
    "period": "BRFSS 2023 (PLACES 2025 release)",
    "population": "adults in ZCTAs with a loneliness estimate and at least 500 residents",
    "source": "places",
    "unit": "correlation coefficient",
    "value": 0.395632,
    "weights": "2020 census adult population of the ZCTA"
  },
  "lonely_income_r": {
    "ci": [
      -0.47,
      -0.31
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "−0.38",
    "estimand": "correlation across ZCTAs of PLACES modeled loneliness with the log of median household income, weighted by adult population, bootstrap interval over counties",
    "n": 19335,
    "nUnit": "ZCTAs",
    "note": "PLACES estimates come from a model; the ZCTA covariate is an ACS 2019-2023 five-year estimate for the ZCTA.",
    "period": "BRFSS 2023 (PLACES 2025 release)",
    "population": "adults in ZCTAs with a loneliness estimate and at least 500 residents",
    "source": "places",
    "unit": "correlation coefficient",
    "value": -0.384405,
    "weights": "2020 census adult population of the ZCTA"
  },
  "lonely_married_d1": {
    "ci": [
      38.2,
      39.4
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "38.8%",
    "estimand": "mean of ZCTA modeled prevalence in a tenth of ZCTAs (equal numbers, ranked by married share of residents 15 and older) weighted by adult population, bootstrap interval over counties",
    "n": 1968,
    "nUnit": "ZCTAs",
    "note": "",
    "period": "BRFSS 2023 (PLACES 2025 release)",
    "population": "adults in the lowest tenth of ZCTAs by married share of residents 15 and older",
    "source": "places",
    "unit": "percent of adults who feel lonely always, usually or sometimes",
    "value": 38.7937,
    "weights": "2020 census adult population of the ZCTA"
  },
  "lonely_married_d10": {
    "ci": [
      29.6,
      30.3
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "29.9%",
    "estimand": "mean of ZCTA modeled prevalence in a tenth of ZCTAs (equal numbers, ranked by married share of residents 15 and older) weighted by adult population, bootstrap interval over counties",
    "n": 1969,
    "nUnit": "ZCTAs",
    "note": "",
    "period": "BRFSS 2023 (PLACES 2025 release)",
    "population": "adults in the highest tenth of ZCTAs by married share of residents 15 and older",
    "source": "places",
    "unit": "percent of adults who feel lonely always, usually or sometimes",
    "value": 29.9281,
    "weights": "2020 census adult population of the ZCTA"
  },
  "lonely_married_r": {
    "ci": [
      -0.69,
      -0.62
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "−0.65",
    "estimand": "correlation across ZCTAs of PLACES modeled loneliness with the married share of residents 15 and older, weighted by adult population, bootstrap interval over counties",
    "n": 19681,
    "nUnit": "ZCTAs",
    "note": "PLACES estimates come from a model; the ZCTA covariate is an ACS 2019-2023 five-year estimate for the ZCTA.",
    "period": "BRFSS 2023 (PLACES 2025 release)",
    "population": "adults in ZCTAs with a loneliness estimate and at least 500 residents",
    "source": "places",
    "unit": "correlation coefficient",
    "value": -0.653442,
    "weights": "2020 census adult population of the ZCTA"
  },
  "lonely_married_r_nofloor": {
    "ci": [
      -0.69,
      -0.62
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "−0.65",
    "estimand": "correlation across ZCTAs of PLACES modeled loneliness with the married share of residents 15 and older, weighted by adult population, bootstrap interval over counties (no residents floor)",
    "n": 23770,
    "nUnit": "ZCTAs",
    "note": "",
    "period": "BRFSS 2023 (PLACES 2025 release)",
    "population": "adults in ZCTAs of the states with an estimate, with no minimum number of residents",
    "source": "places",
    "unit": "correlation coefficient",
    "value": -0.650845,
    "weights": "2020 census adult population of the ZCTA"
  },
  "lonely_married_r_unw": {
    "ci": [
      -0.65,
      -0.61
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "−0.63",
    "estimand": "correlation across ZCTAs of PLACES modeled loneliness with the married share of residents 15 and older, each ZCTA counted once, bootstrap interval over counties",
    "n": 19681,
    "nUnit": "ZCTAs",
    "note": "",
    "period": "BRFSS 2023 (PLACES 2025 release)",
    "population": "adults in ZCTAs with a loneliness estimate and at least 500 residents",
    "source": "places",
    "unit": "correlation coefficient",
    "value": -0.630201,
    "weights": "none (each ZCTA counts once)"
  },
  "lonely_married_r_unw_nofloor": {
    "ci": [
      -0.57,
      -0.52
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "−0.54",
    "estimand": "correlation across ZCTAs of PLACES modeled loneliness with the married share of residents 15 and older, each ZCTA counted once, bootstrap interval over counties (no residents floor)",
    "n": 23770,
    "nUnit": "ZCTAs",
    "note": "",
    "period": "BRFSS 2023 (PLACES 2025 release)",
    "population": "adults in ZCTAs of the states with an estimate, with no minimum number of residents",
    "source": "places",
    "unit": "correlation coefficient",
    "value": -0.54497,
    "weights": "none (each ZCTA counts once)"
  },
  "lonely_mean": {
    "display": "34.4%",
    "estimand": "mean of ZCTA modeled prevalence weighted by adult population",
    "n": 19684,
    "nUnit": "ZCTAs",
    "note": "",
    "period": "BRFSS 2023 (PLACES 2025 release)",
    "population": "adults in ZCTAs with a loneliness estimate and at least 500 residents",
    "source": "places",
    "unit": "percent of adults who feel lonely always, usually or sometimes",
    "value": 34.3657,
    "weights": "2020 census adult population of the ZCTA"
  },
  "lonely_poverty_r": {
    "ci": [
      0.51,
      0.62
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+0.56",
    "estimand": "correlation across ZCTAs of PLACES modeled loneliness with the poverty rate, weighted by adult population, bootstrap interval over counties",
    "n": 19588,
    "nUnit": "ZCTAs",
    "note": "PLACES estimates come from a model; the ZCTA covariate is an ACS 2019-2023 five-year estimate for the ZCTA.",
    "period": "BRFSS 2023 (PLACES 2025 release)",
    "population": "adults in ZCTAs with a loneliness estimate and at least 500 residents",
    "source": "places",
    "unit": "correlation coefficient",
    "value": 0.557366,
    "weights": "2020 census adult population of the ZCTA"
  },
  "lonely_poverty_r_unw": {
    "ci": [
      0.47,
      0.53
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+0.50",
    "estimand": "correlation across ZCTAs of PLACES modeled loneliness with the poverty rate, each ZCTA counted once, bootstrap interval over counties",
    "n": 19588,
    "nUnit": "ZCTAs",
    "note": "",
    "period": "BRFSS 2023 (PLACES 2025 release)",
    "population": "adults in ZCTAs with a loneliness estimate and at least 500 residents",
    "source": "places",
    "unit": "correlation coefficient",
    "value": 0.49605,
    "weights": "none (each ZCTA counts once)"
  },
  "married_share_d1": {
    "display": "28.2%",
    "estimand": "mean of the ZCTA married share of residents 15 and older in the tenth, weighted by adult population",
    "n": 1968,
    "nUnit": "ZCTAs",
    "note": "",
    "period": "ACS 2019-2023 (5-year), ZCTA estimates",
    "population": "residents 15 and older of the lowest tenth of ZCTAs by married share of residents 15 and older",
    "source": "places",
    "unit": "percent of residents 15 and older who are now married, except separated",
    "value": 28.224,
    "weights": "2020 census adult population of the ZCTA"
  },
  "married_share_d10": {
    "display": "67.4%",
    "estimand": "mean of the ZCTA married share of residents 15 and older in the tenth, weighted by adult population",
    "n": 1969,
    "nUnit": "ZCTAs",
    "note": "",
    "period": "ACS 2019-2023 (5-year), ZCTA estimates",
    "population": "residents 15 and older of the highest tenth of ZCTAs by married share of residents 15 and older",
    "source": "places",
    "unit": "percent of residents 15 and older who are now married, except separated",
    "value": 67.4479,
    "weights": "2020 census adult population of the ZCTA"
  },
  "median_age_d1": {
    "display": "30.2",
    "estimand": "mean of the ZCTA median age in the tenth, weighted by adult population",
    "n": 1966,
    "nUnit": "ZCTAs",
    "note": "",
    "period": "ACS 2019-2023 (5-year), ZCTA estimates",
    "population": "residents of the lowest tenth of ZCTAs by median age",
    "source": "places",
    "unit": "years of age",
    "value": 30.2324,
    "weights": "2020 census adult population of the ZCTA"
  },
  "median_age_d10": {
    "display": "57.8",
    "estimand": "mean of the ZCTA median age in the tenth, weighted by adult population",
    "n": 1967,
    "nUnit": "ZCTAs",
    "note": "",
    "period": "ACS 2019-2023 (5-year), ZCTA estimates",
    "population": "residents of the highest tenth of ZCTAs by median age",
    "source": "places",
    "unit": "years of age",
    "value": 57.7999,
    "weights": "2020 census adult population of the ZCTA"
  },
  "n_counties_adi": {
    "display": "3,128",
    "estimand": "count of counties ranked into tenths",
    "note": "",
    "period": "ADI 2023, population 2019-2023",
    "population": "counties and county equivalents with an Area Deprivation Index and a population (Puerto Rico excluded)",
    "source": "adi",
    "unit": "counties",
    "value": 3128,
    "weights": "none (full count)"
  },
  "n_gallup": {
    "display": "2,189,201",
    "estimand": "count of interviews with a ladder score, a marital status and a county",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in 2009 to 2017",
    "population": "adults interviewed with a ladder score, a marital status and a county",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "interviews",
    "value": 2189201,
    "weights": "none (unweighted count)"
  },
  "n_gallup_counties": {
    "display": "3,140",
    "estimand": "count of distinct counties assigned to respondents (county is derived from the ZIP code)",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in 2009 to 2017",
    "population": "counties of the respondents' ZIP codes in the analysis",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "counties",
    "value": 3140,
    "weights": "none (unweighted count)"
  },
  "n_states_lonely": {
    "display": "39",
    "estimand": "count of states with an estimate",
    "note": "",
    "period": "BRFSS 2023 (PLACES 2025 release)",
    "population": "states in which at least 90 percent of ZCTAs have a PLACES loneliness estimate",
    "source": "places",
    "unit": "states",
    "value": 39,
    "weights": "none (full count)"
  },
  "n_zcta_lonely": {
    "display": "19,684",
    "estimand": "count of ZCTAs in the analysis",
    "note": "",
    "period": "BRFSS 2023 (PLACES 2025 release)",
    "population": "ZCTAs with a loneliness estimate, a match in the ZCTA atlas and at least 500 residents",
    "source": "places",
    "unit": "ZCTAs",
    "value": 19684,
    "weights": "none (full count)"
  },
  "n_zcta_outside": {
    "display": "68",
    "estimand": "count of analysis ZCTAs whose primary state falls under the 90 percent rule",
    "note": "",
    "period": "BRFSS 2023 (PLACES 2025 release)",
    "population": "ZCTAs in the analysis assigned to a state with an estimate in fewer than 90 percent of its ZCTAs",
    "source": "places",
    "unit": "ZCTAs",
    "value": 68,
    "weights": "none (full count)"
  },
  "partner_premium": {
    "ci": [
      0.49,
      0.51
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "0.50",
    "estimand": "unweighted difference between the mean ladder score of adults who are married or in a domestic partnership and the mean of all others, interval clustered by county",
    "n": 2189201,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in 2009 to 2017",
    "population": "adults interviewed with a ladder score, a marital status and a county",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "ladder points, partnered minus not partnered",
    "value": 0.497562,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "partner_premium_from2010": {
    "ci": [
      0.49,
      0.51
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "0.50",
    "estimand": "unweighted difference between the mean ladder score of adults who are married or in a domestic partnership and the mean of all others, leaving out 2009 as well, interval clustered by county",
    "n": 1890860,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in 2010 to 2017",
    "population": "adults interviewed with a ladder score, a marital status and a county, from 2010 on",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "ladder points, partnered minus not partnered",
    "value": 0.50082,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "partner_premium_with2008": {
    "ci": [
      0.49,
      0.51
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "0.50",
    "estimand": "unweighted difference between the mean ladder score of adults who are married or in a domestic partnership and the mean of all others, including the 2008 interviews, interval clustered by county",
    "n": 2539297,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "The 2008 ladder is lowered by a question-order artifact, so this comparison is not the chapter's estimate.",
    "period": "interviews in 2008 to 2017",
    "population": "adults interviewed with a ladder score, a marital status and a county, including 2008",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "ladder points, partnered minus not partnered",
    "value": 0.49711,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "partner_premium_within": {
    "ci": [
      0.49,
      0.5
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "0.50",
    "estimand": "coefficient on being married or in a domestic partnership in a regression of the ladder score on county fixed effects, unweighted, errors clustered on the respondent's county",
    "n": 2189199,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in 2009 to 2017",
    "population": "adults interviewed with a ladder score, a marital status and a county",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "ladder points, partnered minus not partnered",
    "value": 0.496084,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "places_poverty_line": {
    "display": "150%",
    "estimand": "the county input of the PLACES model is the share of adults below this multiple of the poverty line (a definition)",
    "note": "",
    "period": "PLACES 2025 release",
    "population": "adults in the county input of the PLACES model",
    "source": "places",
    "unit": "percent of the federal poverty level",
    "value": 150,
    "weights": "none (definition)"
  },
  "premium_adj_age_sex": {
    "ci": [
      0.63,
      0.65
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "0.64",
    "estimand": "coefficient on being married or in a domestic partnership in a regression of the ladder score on county, year, single-year age and sex fixed effects, unweighted, errors clustered on the respondent's county",
    "n": 2163354,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in 2009 to 2017",
    "population": "adults interviewed with a ladder score, a marital status, an age and a sex",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "ladder points, partnered minus not partnered",
    "value": 0.639914,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "premium_adj_full": {
    "ci": [
      0.3,
      0.32
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "0.31",
    "estimand": "coefficient on being married or in a domestic partnership in a regression of the ladder score on county, year, single-year age, sex, household income and education fixed effects, unweighted, errors clustered on the respondent's county",
    "n": 1786303,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in 2009 to 2017",
    "population": "adults interviewed with a ladder score, a marital status, an age, a sex, a household income bracket and an education level",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "ladder points, partnered minus not partnered",
    "value": 0.309835,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "premium_age_old": {
    "ci": [
      0.33,
      0.37
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "0.35",
    "estimand": "coefficient on being married or in a domestic partnership in a regression of the ladder score on county, year, single-year age and sex fixed effects, estimated separately in the age band, unweighted, errors clustered on the respondent's county",
    "n": 286964,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "Estimated within the age band, with single-year age and sex fixed effects.",
    "period": "interviews in 2009 to 2017",
    "population": "adults aged 75 and over with a ladder score, a marital status, an age and a sex",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "ladder points, partnered minus not partnered",
    "value": 0.350018,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "premium_age_peak": {
    "ci": [
      0.78,
      0.82
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "0.80",
    "estimand": "coefficient on being married or in a domestic partnership in a regression of the ladder score on county, year, single-year age and sex fixed effects, estimated separately in the age band, unweighted, errors clustered on the respondent's county",
    "n": 377207,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "Estimated within the age band, with single-year age and sex fixed effects.",
    "period": "interviews in 2009 to 2017",
    "population": "adults aged 45 to 54 with a ladder score, a marital status, an age and a sex",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "ladder points, partnered minus not partnered",
    "value": 0.798329,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "premium_age_young": {
    "ci": [
      0.12,
      0.18
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "0.15",
    "estimand": "coefficient on being married or in a domestic partnership in a regression of the ladder score on county, year, single-year age and sex fixed effects, estimated separately in the age band, unweighted, errors clustered on the respondent's county",
    "n": 147891,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "Estimated within the age band, with single-year age and sex fixed effects.",
    "period": "interviews in 2009 to 2017",
    "population": "adults aged 18 to 24 with a ladder score, a marital status, an age and a sex",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "ladder points, partnered minus not partnered",
    "value": 0.152038,
    "weights": "none (unweighted)"
  },
  "r2_composition": {
    "ci": [
      62,
      69
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "65%",
    "estimand": "R-squared of a regression of ZCTA modeled loneliness on median age, share aged 65 and over, race and ethnicity shares and share with a bachelor's degree or more, weighted by adult population, bootstrap interval over counties",
    "n": 19659,
    "nUnit": "ZCTAs",
    "note": "",
    "period": "BRFSS 2023 (PLACES 2025 release)",
    "population": "adults in ZCTAs with a loneliness estimate and at least 500 residents",
    "source": "places",
    "unit": "percent of the weighted variance in ZCTA modeled loneliness",
    "value": 64.9062,
    "weights": "2020 census adult population of the ZCTA"
  },
  "r2_gain_married": {
    "ci": [
      3.7,
      6.8
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "5.2",
    "estimand": "increase in R-squared from adding the married share to the composition regression, bootstrap interval over counties",
    "n": 19659,
    "nUnit": "ZCTAs",
    "note": "",
    "period": "BRFSS 2023 (PLACES 2025 release)",
    "population": "adults in ZCTAs with a loneliness estimate and at least 500 residents",
    "source": "places",
    "unit": "percentage points of R-squared",
    "value": 5.17173,
    "weights": "2020 census adult population of the ZCTA"
  },
  "relig_mobility_r": {
    "ci": [
      -0.15,
      -0.04
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "−0.10",
    "estimand": "population-weighted correlation across counties of the measure with the mean adult household income rank, bootstrap interval over counties",
    "n": 2983,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "",
    "period": "county measure of religious congregations in 2010 against mobility of children born 1978 to 1983",
    "population": "counties with the measure and a mobility estimate (children born 1978 to 1983 to parents at the 25th income percentile)",
    "source": "jec-social-capital",
    "unit": "correlation coefficient",
    "value": -0.0973638,
    "weights": "2018 county population (Social Capital Atlas)"
  },
  "sci_mobility_r": {
    "ci": [
      0.53,
      0.68
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+0.61",
    "estimand": "population-weighted correlation across counties of the measure with the mean adult household income rank, bootstrap interval over counties",
    "n": 2889,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "",
    "period": "county measure of the JEC index, 2018 release with components from 2010 to 2016 against mobility of children born 1978 to 1983",
    "population": "counties with the measure and a mobility estimate (children born 1978 to 1983 to parents at the 25th income percentile)",
    "source": "jec-social-capital",
    "unit": "correlation coefficient",
    "value": 0.607995,
    "weights": "2018 county population (Social Capital Atlas)"
  },
  "share_interviews_early": {
    "display": "61%",
    "estimand": "share of the analysis interviews that were conducted in 2009 to 2012 (unweighted count)",
    "n": 2189201,
    "nUnit": "respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "interviews in 2009 to 2017",
    "population": "adults interviewed with a ladder score, a marital status and a county",
    "source": "gallup",
    "unit": "percent of the interviews in the analysis",
    "value": 61.164,
    "weights": "none (unweighted count)"
  },
  "share_pop_lonely": {
    "display": "75%",
    "estimand": "residents of ZCTAs with a loneliness estimate as a share of residents of all ZCTAs in the file",
    "note": "",
    "period": "2020 census population",
    "population": "residents of ZCTAs in the PLACES ZCTA file",
    "source": "places",
    "unit": "percent of the residents of ZCTAs in PLACES",
    "value": 75.4127,
    "weights": "none (full count)"
  },
  "state_coverage_cut": {
    "display": "90%",
    "estimand": "minimum share of a state's ZCTAs with a loneliness estimate for the state to count as covered (a definition)",
    "note": "",
    "period": "BRFSS 2023 (PLACES 2025 release)",
    "population": "states in the PLACES ZCTA file",
    "source": "places",
    "unit": "percent of a state's ZCTAs",
    "value": 90,
    "weights": "none (definition)"
  },
  "us_census_response": {
    "ci": [
      65.5,
      66.6
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "66.0%",
    "estimand": "mean of county census self-response over all the counties ranked into tenths (county ADI is the mean of the county's tract Area Deprivation Index national ranks, weighted by 2019-2023 tract population), weighted by county population, bootstrap interval over counties",
    "n": 3125,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "",
    "period": "2020 census",
    "population": "households in all the counties ranked into tenths by Area Deprivation Index (all ten tenths pooled)",
    "source": "chr",
    "unit": "percent of households that answered the census without a visit from a census taker",
    "value": 66.019,
    "weights": "2019-2023 county population"
  },
  "us_turnout": {
    "ci": [
      67.1,
      68.6
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "67.8%",
    "estimand": "mean of county voter turnout over all the counties ranked into tenths (county ADI is the mean of the county's tract Area Deprivation Index national ranks, weighted by 2019-2023 tract population), weighted by county population, bootstrap interval over counties",
    "n": 3098,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "",
    "period": "2020 presidential election",
    "population": "citizens aged 18 and over in all the counties ranked into tenths by Area Deprivation Index (all ten tenths pooled)",
    "source": "chr",
    "unit": "percent of citizens aged 18 and over who voted",
    "value": 67.8233,
    "weights": "2019-2023 county population"
  },
  "vol_beta_c": {
    "ci": [
      -0.22,
      -0.09
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "−0.16",
    "estimand": "standardized coefficient on volunteering group membership in model C (plus economic connectedness) of county mobility, weighted least squares, errors clustered on state",
    "n": 2915,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "",
    "period": "county measure of volunteering group membership against mobility of children born 1978 to 1983",
    "population": "counties with every measure in the model and a mobility estimate (Connecticut is absent)",
    "source": "social-capital-atlas",
    "unit": "standard deviations of county mobility per standard deviation of the measure",
    "value": -0.157152,
    "weights": "2018 county population (Social Capital Atlas)"
  },
  "vol_mobility_r": {
    "ci": [
      0.12,
      0.25
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+0.19",
    "estimand": "population-weighted correlation across counties of the measure with the mean adult household income rank, bootstrap interval over counties",
    "n": 2983,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "",
    "period": "county measure of volunteering group membership in 2022 against mobility of children born 1978 to 1983",
    "population": "counties with the measure and a mobility estimate (children born 1978 to 1983 to parents at the 25th income percentile)",
    "source": "social-capital-atlas",
    "unit": "correlation coefficient",
    "value": 0.187083,
    "weights": "2018 county population (Social Capital Atlas)"
  },
  "voter_beta_a": {
    "ci": [
      0.06,
      0.42
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "0.24",
    "estimand": "standardized coefficient on voter turnout in model A (civic measures only) of county mobility, weighted least squares, errors clustered on state",
    "n": 2915,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "",
    "period": "county measure of voter turnout against mobility of children born 1978 to 1983",
    "population": "counties with every measure in the model and a mobility estimate (Connecticut is absent)",
    "source": "chr",
    "unit": "standard deviations of county mobility per standard deviation of the measure",
    "value": 0.239055,
    "weights": "2018 county population (Social Capital Atlas)"
  },
  "voter_beta_b": {
    "ci": [
      -0.15,
      0.16
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "0.00",
    "estimand": "standardized coefficient on voter turnout in model B (plus income, percent black and poverty) of county mobility, weighted least squares, errors clustered on state",
    "n": 2915,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "",
    "period": "county measure of voter turnout against mobility of children born 1978 to 1983",
    "population": "counties with every measure in the model and a mobility estimate (Connecticut is absent)",
    "source": "chr",
    "unit": "standard deviations of county mobility per standard deviation of the measure",
    "value": 0.00448469,
    "weights": "2018 county population (Social Capital Atlas)"
  },
  "voter_d1": {
    "ci": [
      70.6,
      73.8
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "72.1%",
    "estimand": "mean of county voter turnout in a tenth of counties (equal numbers of counties, ranked by county Area Deprivation Index; county ADI is the mean of the county's tract Area Deprivation Index national ranks, weighted by 2019-2023 tract population), weighted by county population, bootstrap interval over counties",
    "n": 307,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "",
    "period": "2020 presidential election",
    "population": "citizens aged 18 and over in counties in the least deprived tenth of counties by Area Deprivation Index",
    "source": "chr",
    "unit": "percent of citizens aged 18 and over who voted",
    "value": 72.0608,
    "weights": "2019-2023 county population"
  },
  "voter_d10": {
    "ci": [
      55.4,
      57.6
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "56.4%",
    "estimand": "mean of county voter turnout in a tenth of counties (equal numbers of counties, ranked by county Area Deprivation Index; county ADI is the mean of the county's tract Area Deprivation Index national ranks, weighted by 2019-2023 tract population), weighted by county population, bootstrap interval over counties",
    "n": 310,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "",
    "period": "2020 presidential election",
    "population": "citizens aged 18 and over in counties in the most deprived tenth of counties by Area Deprivation Index",
    "source": "chr",
    "unit": "percent of citizens aged 18 and over who voted",
    "value": 56.4307,
    "weights": "2019-2023 county population"
  },
  "voter_d10_unw": {
    "ci": [
      57.7,
      59.9
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "58.8%",
    "estimand": "unweighted mean of county voter turnout in a tenth of counties (each county counted once), bootstrap interval over counties",
    "n": 310,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "",
    "period": "2020 presidential election",
    "population": "citizens aged 18 and over in counties in the most deprived tenth of counties by Area Deprivation Index",
    "source": "chr",
    "unit": "percent of citizens aged 18 and over who voted",
    "value": 58.7714,
    "weights": "none (each county counts once)"
  },
  "voter_d1_unw": {
    "ci": [
      76,
      77.9
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "76.9%",
    "estimand": "unweighted mean of county voter turnout in a tenth of counties (each county counted once), bootstrap interval over counties",
    "n": 307,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "",
    "period": "2020 presidential election",
    "population": "citizens aged 18 and over in counties in the least deprived tenth of counties by Area Deprivation Index",
    "source": "chr",
    "unit": "percent of citizens aged 18 and over who voted",
    "value": 76.9317,
    "weights": "none (each county counts once)"
  },
  "voter_gap": {
    "ci": [
      13.9,
      17.7
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "15.6",
    "estimand": "difference between the population-weighted means of voter turnout in the least and the most deprived tenth of counties, bootstrap interval over counties with shared draws",
    "n": 617,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "",
    "period": "2020 presidential election",
    "population": "citizens aged 18 and over in counties in the two extreme tenths of counties by Area Deprivation Index",
    "source": "chr",
    "unit": "percentage points, least deprived tenth minus most deprived tenth of counties",
    "value": 15.6301,
    "weights": "2019-2023 county population"
  },
  "voter_mobility_r": {
    "ci": [
      0.28,
      0.42
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+0.35",
    "estimand": "population-weighted correlation across counties of the measure with the mean adult household income rank, bootstrap interval over counties",
    "n": 2964,
    "nUnit": "counties",
    "note": "",
    "period": "county measure of voter turnout in 2020 against mobility of children born 1978 to 1983",
    "population": "counties with the measure and a mobility estimate (children born 1978 to 1983 to parents at the 25th income percentile)",
    "source": "chr",
    "unit": "correlation coefficient",
    "value": 0.35404,
    "weights": "2018 county population (Social Capital Atlas)"
  },
  "zcta_floor": {
    "display": "500",
    "estimand": "minimum number of residents for a ZCTA to enter (a definition of the sample)",
    "note": "",
    "period": "2020 census",
    "population": "ZCTAs in the loneliness analysis",
    "source": "places",
    "unit": "residents",
    "value": 500,
    "weights": "none (definition)"
  }
}