{
  "alt": "Grouped column chart with four groups, the quartiles of county deprivation from least to most deprived, and a Black bar and a white bar in each. The Black bar is taller than the white bar in every group, both bars rise with deprivation, and the Black bar in the least deprived group is taller than the white bar in the most deprived group.",
  "caption": "Black bars are taller than white bars in every quartile, and the first Black bar is taller than the last white bar, marked by the dashed rule. Bars are pooled rates with 95% intervals from a bootstrap over counties; quartiles hold equal numbers of the {fact:counties_used} large counties.",
  "data": [
    {
      "conf_high": 12.76,
      "conf_low": 11.95,
      "counties": 133,
      "measure": "lbw",
      "n": 830778,
      "quartile": "Least deprived quartile",
      "race": "Black (non-Hispanic)",
      "rate": 12.37
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 6.34,
      "conf_low": 6.05,
      "counties": 144,
      "measure": "lbw",
      "n": 3597717,
      "quartile": "Least deprived quartile",
      "race": "White (non-Hispanic)",
      "rate": 6.18
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 14.02,
      "conf_low": 13.46,
      "counties": 137,
      "measure": "lbw",
      "n": 862783,
      "quartile": "Second quartile",
      "race": "Black (non-Hispanic)",
      "rate": 13.76
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 6.75,
      "conf_low": 6.53,
      "counties": 145,
      "measure": "lbw",
      "n": 2307987,
      "quartile": "Second quartile",
      "race": "White (non-Hispanic)",
      "rate": 6.64
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 14.78,
      "conf_low": 14.14,
      "counties": 139,
      "measure": "lbw",
      "n": 823241,
      "quartile": "Third quartile",
      "race": "Black (non-Hispanic)",
      "rate": 14.46
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 7.23,
      "conf_low": 7.05,
      "counties": 144,
      "measure": "lbw",
      "n": 2156968,
      "quartile": "Third quartile",
      "race": "White (non-Hispanic)",
      "rate": 7.14
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 15.8,
      "conf_low": 15.25,
      "counties": 140,
      "measure": "lbw",
      "n": 732585,
      "quartile": "Most deprived quartile",
      "race": "Black (non-Hispanic)",
      "rate": 15.53
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 7.7,
      "conf_low": 7.45,
      "counties": 145,
      "measure": "lbw",
      "n": 1551584,
      "quartile": "Most deprived quartile",
      "race": "White (non-Hispanic)",
      "rate": 7.58
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 9.29,
      "conf_low": 7.87,
      "counties": 65,
      "measure": "imr",
      "n": 229878,
      "quartile": "Least deprived quartile",
      "race": "Black (any ethnicity)",
      "rate": 8.55
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 4,
      "conf_low": 3.54,
      "counties": 95,
      "measure": "imr",
      "n": 1555633,
      "quartile": "Least deprived quartile",
      "race": "White (any ethnicity)",
      "rate": 3.76
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 10.73,
      "conf_low": 9.51,
      "counties": 43,
      "measure": "imr",
      "n": 214646,
      "quartile": "Second quartile",
      "race": "Black (any ethnicity)",
      "rate": 10.15
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 4.74,
      "conf_low": 4.19,
      "counties": 58,
      "measure": "imr",
      "n": 728879,
      "quartile": "Second quartile",
      "race": "White (any ethnicity)",
      "rate": 4.47
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 12.07,
      "conf_low": 10.68,
      "counties": 39,
      "measure": "imr",
      "n": 200671,
      "quartile": "Third quartile",
      "race": "Black (any ethnicity)",
      "rate": 11.33
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 5.42,
      "conf_low": 4.87,
      "counties": 50,
      "measure": "imr",
      "n": 602598,
      "quartile": "Third quartile",
      "race": "White (any ethnicity)",
      "rate": 5.12
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 13.24,
      "conf_low": 11.54,
      "counties": 33,
      "measure": "imr",
      "n": 148514,
      "quartile": "Most deprived quartile",
      "race": "Black (any ethnicity)",
      "rate": 12.45
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 5.67,
      "conf_low": 4.93,
      "counties": 39,
      "measure": "imr",
      "n": 338122,
      "quartile": "Most deprived quartile",
      "race": "White (any ethnicity)",
      "rate": 5.29
    }
  ],
  "id": "weathering",
  "notes": [
    "Counties are the {fact:counties_used} large counties, ranked by deprivation as in the gradient figure. The low-birthweight view pools County Health Rankings rates over the counties where each group's rate is published, for non-Hispanic Black and non-Hispanic white mothers; the counts of counties are in the data table.",
    "The infant mortality view covers counties of {fact:lbd_county_threshold} residents or more, where WONDER lists deaths by mother's race, for births in 2018 and 2019, with mothers counted by single race of any ethnicity (the white group includes Hispanic mothers). WONDER withholds a county-year with 1 to 9 deaths. Those county-years are left out of both deaths and births, which removes {fact:im_left_out_black} of Black births and {fact:im_left_out_white} of white births in these counties, so the bars describe the county-years with at least {fact:wonder_suppression_floor} infant deaths.",
    "Intervals are 95% intervals from a bootstrap that resamples whole counties, described in the methods note, with the same draws for both groups so that gaps have their own interval."
  ],
  "source": "County Health Rankings 2024, births in 2016-2022, and CDC WONDER linked birth and infant death, 2018-2019; rates pooled by births (population-weighted)",
  "spec": {
    "category": "quartile",
    "categoryLabel": "Quartile of counties by deprivation rank",
    "colors": {
      "Black (non-Hispanic)": "black",
      "White (non-Hispanic)": "white"
    },
    "domain": [
      0,
      18
    ],
    "format": {
      "digits": 1
    },
    "group": "race",
    "n": "n",
    "orientation": "v",
    "reference": 7.58,
    "referenceLabel": "White (non-Hispanic), most deprived quartile",
    "sort": "data",
    "value": "rate",
    "valueLabel": "Births under 2,500 grams (% of live births)"
  },
  "subtitle": "Low birthweight (share of live births under {fact:lbw_cutoff_grams} grams, births in 2016 to 2022) or infant mortality (deaths per 1,000 live births, 2018 and 2019) by quartile of county deprivation rank and mother's race",
  "title": "Low birthweight is more common for non-Hispanic Black mothers in the least deprived quartile of counties ({fact:lbw_black_q1}) than for non-Hispanic white mothers in the most deprived ({fact:lbw_white_q4})",
  "type": "bar",
  "views": [
    {
      "filter": {
        "measure": "lbw"
      },
      "id": "lbw",
      "label": "Low birthweight"
    },
    {
      "caption": "Black bars are taller than white bars in every quartile, and the first Black bar is taller than the last white bar. Bars are pooled rates for births in 2018 and 2019 in counties of {fact:lbd_county_threshold} residents or more that WONDER lists with mother's race, with 95% intervals from a bootstrap over counties.",
      "filter": {
        "measure": "imr"
      },
      "id": "imr",
      "label": "Infant mortality",
      "spec": {
        "colors": {
          "Black (any ethnicity)": "black",
          "White (any ethnicity)": "white"
        },
        "domain": [
          0,
          16
        ],
        "reference": 5.29,
        "referenceLabel": "White (any ethnicity), most deprived quartile",
        "valueLabel": "Infant deaths per 1,000 live births"
      },
      "title": "Infant mortality is higher for Black than for white infants in every quartile of the larger counties"
    }
  ],
  "width": "wide"
}