{ "alt": "A figure with three tabs. The first is a scatter plot of the low-birthweight share of births in large counties against county deprivation rank, rising from lower left to upper right with a line of decile means. The second is a line chart of preterm birth and low birthweight across deprivation deciles, both rising. The third is a line chart of the low-birthweight share across deciles of all counties.", "caption": "Each tab is a different view of the same gradient. The first tab shows the counties behind the decile means, the second compares preterm birth with low birthweight, and the third repeats the low-birthweight gradient for all counties from a second source.", "data": [], "id": "lbw_by_deprivation", "notes": [ "The counties are the {fact:counties_used} that WONDER natality names individually (at least {fact:wonder_threshold} residents), which hold {fact:births_share_covered} of births. WONDER pools the births of every other county in each state, so those counties are not in this figure.", "A county's deprivation rank is the population-weighted mean of the Area Deprivation Index national ranks of its census tracts (1 is least deprived, 100 most), weighted by 2019-2023 tract population. Deciles hold equal numbers of these counties, so the most deprived tenth is relative to large counties and not to the nation.", "WONDER withholds cells of 1 to 9 births. A withheld cell is missing: it is left out of both the count and the denominator. The birthweight cut has {fact:lbw_withheld_cells} withheld cells in these counties; at 9 births each they could hold at most {fact:lbw_withheld_max_share} of births, so a pooled share could move by at most that many percentage points.", "Decile means are births-weighted. Intervals are 95% intervals from a bootstrap over counties, described in the methods note. The rates pool births in 2018 to 2024.", "The third tab uses County Health Rankings rates for every county with a published rate, not the WONDER counts, and deciles of all counties, so its most deprived tenth is made up of small counties." ], "source": "CDC WONDER natality, births in 2018-2024, and Area Deprivation Index 2023; full counts of births, county shares weighted by births (population-weighted); third tab: County Health Rankings 2024, births in 2016-2022, births-weighted (population-weighted)", "spec": { "panels": [ { "figure": { "alt": "Scatter plot of the low-birthweight share of births in each large county against its deprivation rank. The cloud slopes up from the lower left to the upper right, and a line of ten decile means with short whiskers rises from the least deprived tenth to the most deprived.", "caption": "Dots drift up from left to right and the decile means follow them. Each dot is a county, with area in proportion to its births; the line plots the births-weighted share in each tenth of counties with a 95% interval from a bootstrap over counties.", "data": [ { "adi": 27.27, "births": 35153, "county": "Ada County, ID", "lbw": 6.35 }, { "adi": 31.5, "births": 43865, "county": "Adams County, CO", "lbw": 9.34 }, { "adi": 53.02, "births": 6346, "county": "Adams County, PA", "lbw": 5.23 }, { "adi": 67.21, "births": 13354, "county": "Aiken County, SC", "lbw": 9.03 }, { "adi": 57.27, "births": 18344, "county": "Alachua County, FL", "lbw": 10.4 }, { "adi": 65.57, "births": 13473, "county": "Alamance County, NC", "lbw": 9.47 }, { "adi": 7.82, "births": 119533, "county": "Alameda County, CA", "lbw": 7.49 }, { "adi": 52.09, "births": 19652, "county": "Albany County, NY", "lbw": 8.64 }, { "adi": 18.67, "births": 16409, "county": "Alexandria city, VA", "lbw": 6.56 }, { "adi": 57.15, "births": 8760, "county": "Allegan County, MI", "lbw": 5.82 }, { "adi": 60.06, "births": 85018, "county": "Allegheny County, PA", "lbw": 8.94 }, { "adi": 67.85, "births": 36535, "county": "Allen County, IN", "lbw": 9.01 }, { "adi": 77.54, "births": 8561, "county": "Allen County, OH", "lbw": 8.92 }, { "adi": 37.23, "births": 25918, "county": "Anchorage Borough, AK", "lbw": 6.89 }, { "adi": 66.51, "births": 15986, "county": "Anderson County, SC", "lbw": 9.33 }, { "adi": 61.55, "births": 8066, "county": "Androscoggin County, ME", "lbw": 8.12 }, { "adi": 26.31, "births": 47568, "county": "Anne Arundel County, MD", "lbw": 7.57 }, { "adi": 41.11, "births": 28547, "county": "Anoka County, MN", "lbw": 6.93 }, { "adi": 25.25, "births": 52722, "county": "Arapahoe County, CO", "lbw": 10.1 }, { "adi": 11.96, "births": 17788, "county": "Arlington County, VA", "lbw": 6.18 }, { "adi": 49.71, "births": 11589, "county": "Ascension Parish, LA", "lbw": 9.58 }, { "adi": 80.5, "births": 7231, "county": "Ashtabula County, OH", "lbw": 6.37 }, { "adi": 54.06, "births": 19373, "county": "Atlantic County, NJ", "lbw": 7.89 }, { "adi": 50.2, "births": 17176, "county": "Baldwin County, AL", "lbw": 7.93 }, { "adi": 42.28, "births": 65464, "county": "Baltimore County, MD", "lbw": 9.32 }, { "adi": 64.94, "births": 50993, "county": "Baltimore city, MD", "lbw": 12.02 }, { "adi": 20.78, "births": 10379, "county": "Barnstable County, MA", "lbw": 5.43 }, { "adi": 54.23, "births": 9308, "county": "Bartow County, GA", "lbw": 6.77 }, { "adi": 55.85, "births": 14687, "county": "Bay County, FL", "lbw": 8.26 }, { "adi": 80.21, "births": 6392, "county": "Bay County, MI", "lbw": 7.58 }, { "adi": 37.13, "births": 13141, "county": "Beaufort County, SC", "lbw": 8.11 }, { "adi": 69.45, "births": 10623, "county": "Beaver County, PA", "lbw": 6.79 }, { "adi": 64.57, "births": 42199, "county": "Bell County, TX", "lbw": 9.12 }, { "adi": 48.22, "births": 26503, "county": "Benton County, AR", "lbw": 7.35 }, { "adi": 40.98, "births": 17730, "county": "Benton County, WA", "lbw": 6.27 }, { "adi": 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67.65, "births": 20605, "county": "Elkhart County, IN", "lbw": 6.82 }, { "adi": 45.56, "births": 18052, "county": "Ellis County, TX", "lbw": 7.3 }, { "adi": 62.29, "births": 65100, "county": "Erie County, NY", "lbw": 8.98 }, { "adi": 74.57, "births": 18441, "county": "Erie County, PA", "lbw": 9.13 }, { "adi": 62.76, "births": 26111, "county": "Escambia County, FL", "lbw": 10.78 }, { "adi": 21.97, "births": 59384, "county": "Essex County, MA", "lbw": 7.26 }, { "adi": 33.03, "births": 69651, "county": "Essex County, NJ", "lbw": 9.26 }, { "adi": 79.3, "births": 8297, "county": "Etowah County, AL", "lbw": 8.03 }, { "adi": 14.29, "births": 89085, "county": "Fairfax County, VA", "lbw": 7.05 }, { "adi": 26.85, "births": 69289, "county": "Fairfield County, CT", "lbw": 7.22 }, { "adi": 53.08, "births": 11758, "county": "Fairfield County, OH", "lbw": 7.21 }, { "adi": 64.89, "births": 10394, "county": "Faulkner County, AR", "lbw": 7.65 }, { "adi": 31.83, "births": 6286, "county": "Fayette County, GA", "lbw": 9.46 }, { "adi": 55.11, "births": 26238, "county": "Fayette County, KY", "lbw": 9.23 }, { "adi": 82.19, "births": 8340, "county": "Fayette County, PA", "lbw": 8.56 }, { "adi": 77.03, "births": 11123, "county": "Florence County, SC", "lbw": 13.09 }, { "adi": 64.43, "births": 7111, "county": "Fond du Lac County, WI", "lbw": 6.31 }, { "adi": 22.24, "births": 16062, "county": "Forsyth County, GA", "lbw": 6.84 }, { "adi": 62.43, "births": 30894, "county": "Forsyth County, NC", "lbw": 10.4 }, { "adi": 37.63, "births": 64832, "county": "Fort Bend County, TX", "lbw": 8.77 }, { "adi": 62.33, "births": 8030, "county": "Franklin County, MO", "lbw": 7.42 }, { "adi": 55.13, "births": 123800, "county": "Franklin County, OH", "lbw": 9.29 }, { "adi": 58.84, "births": 11941, "county": "Franklin County, PA", "lbw": 6.9 }, { "adi": 27.94, "births": 21568, "county": "Frederick County, MD", "lbw": 6.61 }, { "adi": 46.34, "births": 96600, "county": "Fresno County, CA", "lbw": 7.76 }, { "adi": 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42.99, "y": 8.29 }, { "hi": 8.65, "lo": 7.97, "n": 1922260, "x": 48.51, "y": 8.37 }, { "hi": 8.98, "lo": 8.29, "n": 2195346, "x": 54.27, "y": 8.69 }, { "hi": 9.5, "lo": 8.57, "n": 1519471, "x": 60.13, "y": 9.05 }, { "hi": 9.85, "lo": 8.89, "n": 1468025, "x": 65.07, "y": 9.4 }, { "hi": 10.18, "lo": 9, "n": 1268228, "x": 70.62, "y": 9.63 }, { "hi": 10.26, "lo": 9.19, "n": 890018, "x": 78.41, "y": 9.68 } ], "x": "x", "y": "y" } ], "size": "births", "sizeFormat": { "digits": 0, "thousands": true }, "sizeLabel": "births, 2018 to 2024", "x": "adi", "xDomain": [ 0, 100 ], "xLabel": "County deprivation rank (1 = least deprived, 100 = most deprived)", "y": "lbw", "yDomain": [ 4, 16 ], "yFormat": { "digits": 1 }, "yLabel": "Births under 2,500 grams (% of live births)" }, "subtitle": "Share of live births under {fact:lbw_cutoff_grams} grams against the county deprivation rank, one dot per county, 2018 to 2024, with births-weighted decile means", "title": "Across {fact:counties_used} large counties the low-birthweight share moves with the deprivation rank, a correlation of {fact:lbw_adi_corr}", "type": "scatter" }, "label": "Low birthweight, large counties" }, { "figure": { "alt": "Line chart with two rising lines across ten deprivation deciles. The preterm line is the upper line at every decile and climbs more steeply; the low-birthweight line sits below it throughout. Both are lowest in the least deprived decile and highest in the most deprived.", "caption": "Both lines rise at every step. The bands are 95% intervals from a bootstrap over counties.", "data": [ { "conf_high": 9.012, "conf_low": 8.589, "decile": 1, "estimate": 8.819, "measure": "Preterm birth", "n": 4151203 }, { "conf_high": 7.678, "conf_low": 7.183, "decile": 1, "estimate": 7.43, "measure": "Low birthweight", "n": 4150007 }, { "conf_high": 9.482, "conf_low": 9.078, "decile": 2, "estimate": 9.276, "measure": "Preterm birth", "n": 2647866 }, { "conf_high": 7.998, "conf_low": 7.318, "decile": 2, "estimate": 7.631, "measure": "Low birthweight", "n": 2646210 }, { "conf_high": 10.121, "conf_low": 9.475, "decile": 3, "estimate": 9.818, "measure": "Preterm birth", "n": 2523259 }, { "conf_high": 8.362, "conf_low": 7.548, "decile": 3, "estimate": 7.963, "measure": "Low birthweight", "n": 2522181 }, { "conf_high": 10.293, "conf_low": 9.798, "decile": 4, "estimate": 10.053, "measure": "Preterm birth", "n": 1825582 }, { "conf_high": 8.669, "conf_low": 7.84, "decile": 4, "estimate": 8.293, "measure": "Low birthweight", "n": 1824679 }, { "conf_high": 10.527, "conf_low": 9.982, "decile": 5, "estimate": 10.273, "measure": "Preterm birth", "n": 1923159 }, { "conf_high": 8.652, "conf_low": 7.968, "decile": 5, "estimate": 8.368, "measure": "Low birthweight", "n": 1922260 }, { "conf_high": 11.282, "conf_low": 10.258, "decile": 6, "estimate": 10.798, "measure": "Preterm birth", "n": 2196492 }, { "conf_high": 8.98, "conf_low": 8.287, "decile": 6, "estimate": 8.687, "measure": "Low birthweight", "n": 2195346 }, { "conf_high": 11.217, "conf_low": 10.559, "decile": 7, "estimate": 10.917, "measure": "Preterm birth", "n": 1520420 }, { "conf_high": 9.501, "conf_low": 8.572, "decile": 7, "estimate": 9.051, "measure": "Low birthweight", "n": 1519471 }, { "conf_high": 11.588, "conf_low": 10.917, "decile": 8, "estimate": 11.273, "measure": "Preterm birth", "n": 1469109 }, { "conf_high": 9.846, "conf_low": 8.886, "decile": 8, "estimate": 9.402, "measure": "Low birthweight", "n": 1468025 }, { "conf_high": 11.818, "conf_low": 11.011, "decile": 9, "estimate": 11.423, "measure": "Preterm birth", "n": 1269566 }, { "conf_high": 10.175, "conf_low": 8.997, "decile": 9, "estimate": 9.626, "measure": "Low birthweight", "n": 1268228 }, { "conf_high": 12.663, "conf_low": 11.319, "decile": 10, "estimate": 12.054, "measure": "Preterm birth", "n": 891594 }, { "conf_high": 10.257, "conf_low": 9.195, "decile": 10, "estimate": 9.682, "measure": "Low birthweight", "n": 890018 } ], "id": "preterm_vs_lbw", "spec": { "colors": { "Low birthweight": "accent", "Preterm birth": "highlight" }, "hi": "conf_high", "lo": "conf_low", "n": "n", "series": "measure", "x": "decile", "xDomain": [ 1, 10 ], "xLabel": "Decile of county deprivation rank (1 = least deprived tenth of counties, 10 = most deprived)", "xTicks": "data", "y": "estimate", "yDomain": [ 6, 14 ], "yFormat": { "digits": 1 }, "yLabel": "Share of live births (%)" }, "subtitle": "Births-weighted share of live births before {fact:preterm_cutoff_weeks} weeks and under {fact:lbw_cutoff_grams} grams by decile of county deprivation, 2018 to 2024", "title": "Preterm birth is more common than low birthweight in every decile and rises more, from {fact:preterm_lo} to {fact:preterm_hi}", "type": "line" }, "label": "Preterm and low birthweight" }, { "figure": { "alt": "Line chart of the low-birthweight share across ten deprivation deciles of all counties. The line rises over the first few deciles, stays level through the middle deciles and climbs again to its highest point in the most deprived decile.", "caption": "The line rises over the first deciles, is flat across the middle ones and rises again at the top, so the pattern in large counties is smoother than in the whole country.", "data": [ { "conf_high": 7.768, "conf_low": 7.406, "decile": 1, "estimate": 7.576, "n": 10018514 }, { "conf_high": 8.439, "conf_low": 7.995, "decile": 2, "estimate": 8.243, "n": 4922587 }, { "conf_high": 8.812, "conf_low": 8.359, "decile": 3, "estimate": 8.624, "n": 3381491 }, { "conf_high": 9.499, "conf_low": 8.737, "decile": 4, "estimate": 9.145, "n": 2597848 }, { "conf_high": 9.651, "conf_low": 8.703, "decile": 5, "estimate": 9.193, "n": 1741523 }, { "conf_high": 9.563, "conf_low": 8.798, "decile": 6, "estimate": 9.174, "n": 1216083 }, { "conf_high": 9.287, "conf_low": 8.561, "decile": 7, "estimate": 8.894, "n": 846209 }, { "conf_high": 9.43, "conf_low": 8.951, "decile": 8, "estimate": 9.172, "n": 752806 }, { "conf_high": 10.232, "conf_low": 9.525, "decile": 9, "estimate": 9.876, "n": 447237 }, { "conf_high": 11.3, "conf_low": 10.56, "decile": 10, "estimate": 10.928, "n": 327359 } ], "id": "lbw_all_counties", "spec": { "hi": "conf_high", "lo": "conf_low", "n": "n", "x": "decile", "xDomain": [ 1, 10 ], "xLabel": "Decile of county deprivation rank (1 = least deprived tenth of counties, 10 = most deprived)", "xTicks": "data", "y": "estimate", "yDomain": [ 6, 12 ], "yFormat": { "digits": 1 }, "yLabel": "Births under 2,500 grams (% of live births)" }, "subtitle": "Births-weighted low-birthweight share by decile of county deprivation rank, {fact:counties_all_gradient} counties, County Health Rankings, births in 2016 to 2022", "title": "Across all counties with a published rate the share is {fact:lbw_all_d1} in the least deprived tenth and {fact:lbw_all_d10} in the most deprived, and levels off in between", "type": "line" }, "label": "All counties" } ] }, "subtitle": "Share of live births under {fact:lbw_cutoff_grams} grams (and before {fact:preterm_cutoff_weeks} weeks in the second tab) by county deprivation, 2018 to 2024", "title": "Low birthweight rises from {fact:lbw_d1} of births in the least deprived tenth of large counties to {fact:lbw_d10} in the most deprived", "type": "tabs", "width": "wide" }