{
  "alt": "Two dot plots side by side. In the low-birthweight panel, the dot for non-Hispanic Black mothers lies far to the right of the dots for Hispanic and non-Hispanic white mothers, which are close together with white mothers lowest. In the infant mortality panel, the dot for Black mothers lies well to the right of the dot for white mothers. Intervals are short.",
  "caption": "In both panels the dot for Black mothers lies furthest right and the dot for white mothers furthest left, and no interval for one group touches the interval for another. Each dot is a pooled rate with a 95% interval. The groups are defined differently in the two panels, as the notes say, and Hispanic mothers appear in the first panel only.",
  "data": [
    {
      "conf_high": 14.19,
      "conf_low": 13.75,
      "label": "Black (non-Hispanic)",
      "n": 3249387,
      "panel": "Low birthweight (% of live births)",
      "race": "Black",
      "value": 13.98
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 7.7,
      "conf_low": 7.39,
      "label": "Hispanic (any race)",
      "n": 5632060,
      "panel": "Low birthweight (% of live births)",
      "race": "Hispanic",
      "value": 7.54
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 6.82,
      "conf_low": 6.64,
      "label": "White (non-Hispanic)",
      "n": 9614256,
      "panel": "Low birthweight (% of live births)",
      "race": "White",
      "value": 6.73
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 10.49,
      "conf_low": 10.14,
      "label": "Black (any ethnicity)",
      "n": 1255629,
      "panel": "Infant mortality (deaths per 1,000 live births)",
      "race": "Black",
      "value": 10.32
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 4.78,
      "conf_low": 4.66,
      "label": "White (any ethnicity)",
      "n": 5617093,
      "panel": "Infant mortality (deaths per 1,000 live births)",
      "race": "White",
      "value": 4.72
    }
  ],
  "id": "birth_outcomes_by_race",
  "notes": [
    "Low birthweight comes from County Health Rankings county rates for the {fact:counties_used} large counties. County Health Rankings counts mothers as non-Hispanic Black, non-Hispanic white or Hispanic of any race. It publishes each rate with its interval but not the births behind it; the births are recovered from the interval, and each group's rate is pooled over the counties where the rate is published.",
    "Infant mortality is pooled over states, so it covers all counties, not only the large ones. WONDER's linked file counts mothers by single race of any ethnicity, so its white group includes Hispanic mothers and is not the same group as in the first panel. WONDER withholds a state's deaths for a race with 1 to 9 deaths; those cells leave both the deaths and the births.",
    "Low-birthweight intervals come from a bootstrap that resamples whole counties. Infant mortality intervals are gamma or normal intervals on the count, which treat births as independent and leave out differences between states."
  ],
  "source": "County Health Rankings 2024, births in 2016-2022 (rates pooled by births, population-weighted); CDC WONDER linked birth and infant death, 2018-2019, mother's race (crude rates)",
  "spec": {
    "colors": {
      "Black": "black",
      "Hispanic": "hispanic",
      "White": "white"
    },
    "facet": "panel",
    "facetColumns": 2,
    "group": "race",
    "legend": false,
    "sort": "data",
    "valueLabels": true,
    "x": "value",
    "xDomain": [
      0,
      16
    ],
    "xDomains": {
      "Infant mortality (deaths per 1,000 live births)": [
        0,
        12
      ],
      "Low birthweight (% of live births)": [
        0,
        16
      ]
    },
    "xFormat": {
      "digits": 1
    },
    "xLabel": "Percent of live births (low birthweight panel) or deaths per 1,000 live births (infant mortality panel)",
    "y": "label"
  },
  "subtitle": "First panel: share of live births under {fact:lbw_cutoff_grams} grams in the large counties, by mother's race and ethnicity, County Health Rankings, births in 2016 to 2022. Second panel: infant deaths per 1,000 live births in the United States by mother's single race, any ethnicity, 2018 and 2019",
  "title": "Non-Hispanic Black mothers had low-birthweight births at {fact:lbw_black} against {fact:lbw_white} for non-Hispanic white mothers, a ratio of {fact:lbw_ratio_bw}",
  "type": "dot",
  "width": "wide"
}