{
  "alt": "Four small line charts, one for each pollution indicator, each with a line for deciles of Hispanic share and a line for deciles of Black share. The Hispanic-share lines rise from the second decile to the tenth. The Black-share lines rise to the fifth decile, level off, and rise again at the tenth for traffic, diesel PM and NO₂. At the tenth decile the Hispanic-share line is above the Black-share line for NO₂ and PM₂.₅.",
  "caption": "Hispanic-share lines rise from the second decile to the tenth in every panel. Black-share lines rise from the second decile to the fifth, change little from the fifth to the ninth, and rise again in the tenth for traffic, diesel PM and NO₂. At the tenth decile the Hispanic-share line is above the Black-share line for NO₂ and PM₂.₅, and the two intervals overlap for traffic and diesel PM. A point is the population-weighted mean percentile of the residents of the tracts in a decile, so it describes tracts and not the exposure of any person. Across the tracts the correlation of the NO₂ percentile is {fact:no2_hisp} with Hispanic share and {fact:no2_black} with Black share.",
  "data": [
    {
      "conf_high": 33.11,
      "conf_low": 27.53,
      "decile": 1,
      "estimate": 30.28,
      "group": "Hispanic or Latino share",
      "hazard": "Traffic proximity",
      "n_units": 8295
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 37.41,
      "conf_low": 32.83,
      "decile": 2,
      "estimate": 35.08,
      "group": "Hispanic or Latino share",
      "hazard": "Traffic proximity",
      "n_units": 8301
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 42.07,
      "conf_low": 37.43,
      "decile": 3,
      "estimate": 39.8,
      "group": "Hispanic or Latino share",
      "hazard": "Traffic proximity",
      "n_units": 8301
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 46.83,
      "conf_low": 42.22,
      "decile": 4,
      "estimate": 44.55,
      "group": "Hispanic or Latino share",
      "hazard": "Traffic proximity",
      "n_units": 8301
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 51.21,
      "conf_low": 46.17,
      "decile": 5,
      "estimate": 48.74,
      "group": "Hispanic or Latino share",
      "hazard": "Traffic proximity",
      "n_units": 8300
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 54.44,
      "conf_low": 48.92,
      "decile": 6,
      "estimate": 51.8,
      "group": "Hispanic or Latino share",
      "hazard": "Traffic proximity",
      "n_units": 8300
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 58.25,
      "conf_low": 51.88,
      "decile": 7,
      "estimate": 55.26,
      "group": "Hispanic or Latino share",
      "hazard": "Traffic proximity",
      "n_units": 8301
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 61.57,
      "conf_low": 54.47,
      "decile": 8,
      "estimate": 58.22,
      "group": "Hispanic or Latino share",
      "hazard": "Traffic proximity",
      "n_units": 8301
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 65.67,
      "conf_low": 58.11,
      "decile": 9,
      "estimate": 62.12,
      "group": "Hispanic or Latino share",
      "hazard": "Traffic proximity",
      "n_units": 8298
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 73.75,
      "conf_low": 61.15,
      "decile": 10,
      "estimate": 67.72,
      "group": "Hispanic or Latino share",
      "hazard": "Traffic proximity",
      "n_units": 8300
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 38.13,
      "conf_low": 30.82,
      "decile": 1,
      "estimate": 34.38,
      "group": "Black alone share",
      "hazard": "Traffic proximity",
      "n_units": 8811
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 41.66,
      "conf_low": 33.58,
      "decile": 2,
      "estimate": 37.52,
      "group": "Black alone share",
      "hazard": "Traffic proximity",
      "n_units": 7786
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 49.06,
      "conf_low": 40.54,
      "decile": 3,
      "estimate": 44.8,
      "group": "Black alone share",
      "hazard": "Traffic proximity",
      "n_units": 8301
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 54.03,
      "conf_low": 46.09,
      "decile": 4,
      "estimate": 50.15,
      "group": "Black alone share",
      "hazard": "Traffic proximity",
      "n_units": 8301
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 57.57,
      "conf_low": 50.14,
      "decile": 5,
      "estimate": 54.04,
      "group": "Black alone share",
      "hazard": "Traffic proximity",
      "n_units": 8301
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 59.11,
      "conf_low": 51.61,
      "decile": 6,
      "estimate": 55.41,
      "group": "Black alone share",
      "hazard": "Traffic proximity",
      "n_units": 8300
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 57.72,
      "conf_low": 51.71,
      "decile": 7,
      "estimate": 54.72,
      "group": "Black alone share",
      "hazard": "Traffic proximity",
      "n_units": 8301
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 57.64,
      "conf_low": 51.82,
      "decile": 8,
      "estimate": 54.74,
      "group": "Black alone share",
      "hazard": "Traffic proximity",
      "n_units": 8299
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 57.05,
      "conf_low": 51.07,
      "decile": 9,
      "estimate": 54.11,
      "group": "Black alone share",
      "hazard": "Traffic proximity",
      "n_units": 8300
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 63.65,
      "conf_low": 56.11,
      "decile": 10,
      "estimate": 60.09,
      "group": "Black alone share",
      "hazard": "Traffic proximity",
      "n_units": 8298
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 34.27,
      "conf_low": 29.53,
      "decile": 1,
      "estimate": 31.9,
      "group": "Hispanic or Latino share",
      "hazard": "Diesel PM",
      "n_units": 8295
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 37.78,
      "conf_low": 33.56,
      "decile": 2,
      "estimate": 35.65,
      "group": "Hispanic or Latino share",
      "hazard": "Diesel PM",
      "n_units": 8301
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 41.92,
      "conf_low": 37.69,
      "decile": 3,
      "estimate": 39.83,
      "group": "Hispanic or Latino share",
      "hazard": "Diesel PM",
      "n_units": 8301
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 46.83,
      "conf_low": 42.35,
      "decile": 4,
      "estimate": 44.62,
      "group": "Hispanic or Latino share",
      "hazard": "Diesel PM",
      "n_units": 8301
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 51.98,
      "conf_low": 46.55,
      "decile": 5,
      "estimate": 49.36,
      "group": "Hispanic or Latino share",
      "hazard": "Diesel PM",
      "n_units": 8300
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 55.05,
      "conf_low": 49.39,
      "decile": 6,
      "estimate": 52.4,
      "group": "Hispanic or Latino share",
      "hazard": "Diesel PM",
      "n_units": 8300
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 58.95,
      "conf_low": 52.77,
      "decile": 7,
      "estimate": 56.06,
      "group": "Hispanic or Latino share",
      "hazard": "Diesel PM",
      "n_units": 8301
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 62.36,
      "conf_low": 55.56,
      "decile": 8,
      "estimate": 59.19,
      "group": "Hispanic or Latino share",
      "hazard": "Diesel PM",
      "n_units": 8301
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 66.91,
      "conf_low": 59.68,
      "decile": 9,
      "estimate": 63.61,
      "group": "Hispanic or Latino share",
      "hazard": "Diesel PM",
      "n_units": 8298
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 74.51,
      "conf_low": 61.29,
      "decile": 10,
      "estimate": 68.86,
      "group": "Hispanic or Latino share",
      "hazard": "Diesel PM",
      "n_units": 8300
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 38.1,
      "conf_low": 30.66,
      "decile": 1,
      "estimate": 34.37,
      "group": "Black alone share",
      "hazard": "Diesel PM",
      "n_units": 8811
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 41.66,
      "conf_low": 34.07,
      "decile": 2,
      "estimate": 37.81,
      "group": "Black alone share",
      "hazard": "Diesel PM",
      "n_units": 7786
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 48.49,
      "conf_low": 40.8,
      "decile": 3,
      "estimate": 44.63,
      "group": "Black alone share",
      "hazard": "Diesel PM",
      "n_units": 8301
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 53.41,
      "conf_low": 45.86,
      "decile": 4,
      "estimate": 49.76,
      "group": "Black alone share",
      "hazard": "Diesel PM",
      "n_units": 8301
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 57.92,
      "conf_low": 50.84,
      "decile": 5,
      "estimate": 54.49,
      "group": "Black alone share",
      "hazard": "Diesel PM",
      "n_units": 8301
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 60.1,
      "conf_low": 52.85,
      "decile": 6,
      "estimate": 56.63,
      "group": "Black alone share",
      "hazard": "Diesel PM",
      "n_units": 8300
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 59.47,
      "conf_low": 53.58,
      "decile": 7,
      "estimate": 56.62,
      "group": "Black alone share",
      "hazard": "Diesel PM",
      "n_units": 8301
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 59.25,
      "conf_low": 53.41,
      "decile": 8,
      "estimate": 56.45,
      "group": "Black alone share",
      "hazard": "Diesel PM",
      "n_units": 8299
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 58.75,
      "conf_low": 52.52,
      "decile": 9,
      "estimate": 55.78,
      "group": "Black alone share",
      "hazard": "Diesel PM",
      "n_units": 8300
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 65.14,
      "conf_low": 56.84,
      "decile": 10,
      "estimate": 61.15,
      "group": "Black alone share",
      "hazard": "Diesel PM",
      "n_units": 8298
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 35.63,
      "conf_low": 29.91,
      "decile": 1,
      "estimate": 32.64,
      "group": "Hispanic or Latino share",
      "hazard": "NO₂",
      "n_units": 8300
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 37.85,
      "conf_low": 33.41,
      "decile": 2,
      "estimate": 35.66,
      "group": "Hispanic or Latino share",
      "hazard": "NO₂",
      "n_units": 8300
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 40.5,
      "conf_low": 36.41,
      "decile": 3,
      "estimate": 38.47,
      "group": "Hispanic or Latino share",
      "hazard": "NO₂",
      "n_units": 8299
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 44.55,
      "conf_low": 40.42,
      "decile": 4,
      "estimate": 42.5,
      "group": "Hispanic or Latino share",
      "hazard": "NO₂",
      "n_units": 8300
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 48.59,
      "conf_low": 43.65,
      "decile": 5,
      "estimate": 46.07,
      "group": "Hispanic or Latino share",
      "hazard": "NO₂",
      "n_units": 8301
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 52,
      "conf_low": 46.5,
      "decile": 6,
      "estimate": 49.3,
      "group": "Hispanic or Latino share",
      "hazard": "NO₂",
      "n_units": 8300
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 56.32,
      "conf_low": 50.5,
      "decile": 7,
      "estimate": 53.53,
      "group": "Hispanic or Latino share",
      "hazard": "NO₂",
      "n_units": 8301
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 61.67,
      "conf_low": 55.2,
      "decile": 8,
      "estimate": 58.61,
      "group": "Hispanic or Latino share",
      "hazard": "NO₂",
      "n_units": 8301
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 66.71,
      "conf_low": 60.36,
      "decile": 9,
      "estimate": 63.74,
      "group": "Hispanic or Latino share",
      "hazard": "NO₂",
      "n_units": 8301
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 76.39,
      "conf_low": 67.95,
      "decile": 10,
      "estimate": 72.62,
      "group": "Hispanic or Latino share",
      "hazard": "NO₂",
      "n_units": 8300
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 40.85,
      "conf_low": 34.68,
      "decile": 1,
      "estimate": 37.81,
      "group": "Black alone share",
      "hazard": "NO₂",
      "n_units": 8813
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 42.45,
      "conf_low": 36.05,
      "decile": 2,
      "estimate": 39.17,
      "group": "Black alone share",
      "hazard": "NO₂",
      "n_units": 7786
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 48.13,
      "conf_low": 41.45,
      "decile": 3,
      "estimate": 44.78,
      "group": "Black alone share",
      "hazard": "NO₂",
      "n_units": 8300
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 52.13,
      "conf_low": 45.61,
      "decile": 4,
      "estimate": 48.97,
      "group": "Black alone share",
      "hazard": "NO₂",
      "n_units": 8299
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 56.35,
      "conf_low": 50.06,
      "decile": 5,
      "estimate": 53.35,
      "group": "Black alone share",
      "hazard": "NO₂",
      "n_units": 8301
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 57.99,
      "conf_low": 51.28,
      "decile": 6,
      "estimate": 54.73,
      "group": "Black alone share",
      "hazard": "NO₂",
      "n_units": 8300
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 57.4,
      "conf_low": 51.41,
      "decile": 7,
      "estimate": 54.5,
      "group": "Black alone share",
      "hazard": "NO₂",
      "n_units": 8301
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 57.79,
      "conf_low": 51.05,
      "decile": 8,
      "estimate": 54.5,
      "group": "Black alone share",
      "hazard": "NO₂",
      "n_units": 8301
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 57.51,
      "conf_low": 49.72,
      "decile": 9,
      "estimate": 53.74,
      "group": "Black alone share",
      "hazard": "NO₂",
      "n_units": 8301
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 62.87,
      "conf_low": 53.48,
      "decile": 10,
      "estimate": 58.35,
      "group": "Black alone share",
      "hazard": "NO₂",
      "n_units": 8301
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 42.72,
      "conf_low": 37.18,
      "decile": 1,
      "estimate": 39.9,
      "group": "Hispanic or Latino share",
      "hazard": "PM₂.₅",
      "n_units": 8300
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 41.66,
      "conf_low": 37.05,
      "decile": 2,
      "estimate": 39.37,
      "group": "Hispanic or Latino share",
      "hazard": "PM₂.₅",
      "n_units": 8301
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 43.4,
      "conf_low": 39.08,
      "decile": 3,
      "estimate": 41.23,
      "group": "Hispanic or Latino share",
      "hazard": "PM₂.₅",
      "n_units": 8301
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 46.77,
      "conf_low": 41.99,
      "decile": 4,
      "estimate": 44.43,
      "group": "Hispanic or Latino share",
      "hazard": "PM₂.₅",
      "n_units": 8301
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 49.67,
      "conf_low": 44.33,
      "decile": 5,
      "estimate": 47.04,
      "group": "Hispanic or Latino share",
      "hazard": "PM₂.₅",
      "n_units": 8301
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 52.85,
      "conf_low": 46.43,
      "decile": 6,
      "estimate": 49.59,
      "group": "Hispanic or Latino share",
      "hazard": "PM₂.₅",
      "n_units": 8300
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 56.43,
      "conf_low": 48.56,
      "decile": 7,
      "estimate": 52.56,
      "group": "Hispanic or Latino share",
      "hazard": "PM₂.₅",
      "n_units": 8301
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 60.75,
      "conf_low": 51.13,
      "decile": 8,
      "estimate": 56.22,
      "group": "Hispanic or Latino share",
      "hazard": "PM₂.₅",
      "n_units": 8301
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 67.09,
      "conf_low": 56.02,
      "decile": 9,
      "estimate": 62.01,
      "group": "Hispanic or Latino share",
      "hazard": "PM₂.₅",
      "n_units": 8301
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 76.8,
      "conf_low": 60.46,
      "decile": 10,
      "estimate": 69.44,
      "group": "Hispanic or Latino share",
      "hazard": "PM₂.₅",
      "n_units": 8301
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 49.02,
      "conf_low": 40.71,
      "decile": 1,
      "estimate": 44.78,
      "group": "Black alone share",
      "hazard": "PM₂.₅",
      "n_units": 8815
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 48.02,
      "conf_low": 40.19,
      "decile": 2,
      "estimate": 44,
      "group": "Black alone share",
      "hazard": "PM₂.₅",
      "n_units": 7786
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 52.73,
      "conf_low": 43.89,
      "decile": 3,
      "estimate": 48.27,
      "group": "Black alone share",
      "hazard": "PM₂.₅",
      "n_units": 8301
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 55.36,
      "conf_low": 46.28,
      "decile": 4,
      "estimate": 50.74,
      "group": "Black alone share",
      "hazard": "PM₂.₅",
      "n_units": 8301
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 57.32,
      "conf_low": 48.36,
      "decile": 5,
      "estimate": 52.76,
      "group": "Black alone share",
      "hazard": "PM₂.₅",
      "n_units": 8301
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 58.38,
      "conf_low": 49.06,
      "decile": 6,
      "estimate": 53.58,
      "group": "Black alone share",
      "hazard": "PM₂.₅",
      "n_units": 8300
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 57.34,
      "conf_low": 49.22,
      "decile": 7,
      "estimate": 53.36,
      "group": "Black alone share",
      "hazard": "PM₂.₅",
      "n_units": 8301
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 57.32,
      "conf_low": 49.17,
      "decile": 8,
      "estimate": 53.42,
      "group": "Black alone share",
      "hazard": "PM₂.₅",
      "n_units": 8301
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 55.94,
      "conf_low": 48.2,
      "decile": 9,
      "estimate": 52.14,
      "group": "Black alone share",
      "hazard": "PM₂.₅",
      "n_units": 8301
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 58.29,
      "conf_low": 48.65,
      "decile": 10,
      "estimate": 53.65,
      "group": "Black alone share",
      "hazard": "PM₂.₅",
      "n_units": 8301
    }
  ],
  "id": "air_by_race_deciles",
  "notes": [
    "Deciles hold nearly equal numbers of tracts, and tracts with the same share go to the same decile. The lowest Black-share decile therefore holds all {fact:n_black_zero} tracts with no Black alone residents, and the second holds fewer than a tenth of the tracts.",
    "Hispanic or Latino residents can be of any race and Black alone residents can be of any ethnicity, so the two groups overlap. Both shares are ACS 2019-2023 tract estimates.",
    "Weighting each tract by its number of Hispanic or Latino residents instead, the mean NO₂ percentile is {fact:no2_res_hisp}; weighting by Black alone residents it is {fact:no2_res_black}, and weighting by all residents it is {fact:no2_res_all}. These are averages over tracts of residence and not measurements of individuals.",
    "The analysis covers the contiguous states and the District of Columbia, because EJScreen has no PM₂.₅ or ozone estimate for the {fact:n_no_pm25} tracts in Alaska, Hawaii and Puerto Rico."
  ],
  "source": "EPA EJScreen 2024 and ACS 2019-2023; population-weighted means, modeled estimates",
  "spec": {
    "colors": {
      "Black alone share": "black",
      "Hispanic or Latino share": "hispanic"
    },
    "facet": "hazard",
    "facetColumns": 2,
    "hi": "conf_high",
    "lo": "conf_low",
    "n": "n_units",
    "series": "group",
    "x": "decile",
    "xDomain": [
      1,
      10
    ],
    "xLabel": "Decile of the tract's share of residents (1 = lowest share, 10 = highest)",
    "xTicks": "data",
    "y": "estimate",
    "yDomain": [
      20,
      80
    ],
    "yFormat": {
      "digits": 0
    },
    "yLabel": "Mean national percentile of the tract (0 to 100)"
  },
  "subtitle": "Mean national percentile of four EJScreen air indicators by decile of the tract's Hispanic or Latino share and of its Black alone share, population-weighted",
  "title": "Pollution percentiles rise with the Hispanic share of a tract, from {fact:no2_hisp_d1} to {fact:no2_hisp_d10} for NO₂ across deciles, and with its Black share up to the fifth decile and in the tenth",
  "type": "line"
}