# Multiple chronic conditions: report

Chapter 7.3 of ZIP Code Destiny, by Vishal Singh (NYU Stern). Generated from the chapter's data files; the reading version is at https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/multiple-chronic-conditions. Table n of this report is figure n of the chapter.

## Identification

- Title: Multiple chronic conditions
- Label: Where illness keeps company
- Chapter: 7.3 (Part VII, Health and care; An American life)
- Question: Which chronic conditions are high in the same neighborhoods, and how does that overlap change with deprivation?
- Dek: Weighted by adults, census tracts in the most deprived tenth were high on 5.7 of nine modeled chronic-condition prevalences on average in 2022, against 0.5 in the least deprived tenth, a count for tracts and not people.
- Grain: neighborhoods
- Status: published
- Published: 2026-10-09
- Updated: not revised
- Data sources:
  - CDC PLACES. CDC PLACES 2024 release, census tracts, crude prevalence among adults of nine conditions (BRFSS 2022); years: 2024 release (tracts); 2025 release (ZCTAs, 2023 data year); weights: adult population of the tract
  - Area Deprivation Index. Neighborhood Atlas Area Deprivation Index, 2023, national percentile; years: 2023 release (version 4.0.1; built on ACS 2019-2023); weights: adult population of the tract
  - American Community Survey. ACS 2019-2023 tract shares used to approximate the model's inputs; years: 2019-2023 (5-year); weights: adult population of the tract
  - USALEEP life expectancy. NCHS small-area life expectancy at birth, 2010-2015, 2020 tracts; years: 2010-2015; weights: ACS 2019-2023 tract population
  - Published estimates from cited studies. Estimates quoted in the causal box (Ludwig and coauthors 2011); years: as reported in each study; weights: as reported in the study
- Canonical URL: https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/multiple-chronic-conditions
- Report: https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/multiple-chronic-conditions/report
- Markdown: https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/multiple-chronic-conditions/report.md
- BibTeX key: singh2026multiplechronicconditions

```bibtex
@misc{singh2026multiplechronicconditions,
  author = {Singh, Vishal},
  title = {Multiple chronic conditions},
  year = {2026},
  url = {https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/multiple-chronic-conditions},
  note = {In ZIP Code Destiny. Published 9 October 2026.}
}
```

## Principal estimates

The facts the dek and the opening prose cite, in order of appearance.

| Estimand | Population | Period | Value | Interval | n | Weights | Source | Fact id |
| --- | --- | --- | ---: | --- | ---: | --- | --- | --- |
| mean number of the nine conditions that are high, population-weighted mean over a tenth of tracts, bootstrap interval over counties | adults in the most deprived tenth of tracts by ADI national percentile | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023 | 5.7 | 95% CI 5.5 to 5.8 | 8,213 tracts | adult population of the tract (PLACES) | CDC PLACES | cnt_d10 |
| mean number of the nine conditions that are high, population-weighted mean over a tenth of tracts, bootstrap interval over counties | adults in the least deprived tenth of tracts by ADI national percentile | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023 | 0.5 | 95% CI 0.4 to 0.6 | 8,274 tracts | adult population of the tract (PLACES) | CDC PLACES | cnt_d1 |
| definition: a tract is high on a condition when its prevalence is in the highest 25% of tracts, ties at their mean rank | census tracts with an estimate for all nine conditions and an ADI rank | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023 | 25% |   |   | none (a definition) | CDC PLACES | cut_pct |
| difference between the population-weighted mean count of high conditions in the most and the least deprived tenth of tracts, bootstrap interval over counties (draws shared) | adults in the most deprived tenth of tracts compared with the least deprived tenth | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023 | 5.2 | 95% CI 5.0 to 5.4 | 82,781 tracts | adult population of the tract (PLACES) | CDC PLACES | cnt_diff |
| count of tracts | census tracts with an estimate for all nine conditions and an ADI rank | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023; ACS 2019-2023 | 82,781 |   |   | none (full count) | CDC PLACES | n_tracts |
| mean of the population-weighted Pearson correlations over the 36 pairs of conditions, bootstrap interval over counties | adults living in census tracts with an estimate for all nine conditions and an ADI rank | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023 | +0.49 | 95% CI 0.48 to 0.51 | 82,781 tracts | adult population of the tract (PLACES) | CDC PLACES | r_mean |
| count of measure ids in the staged tract file | health measures that PLACES publishes for tracts | PLACES 2024 release | 40 |   |   | none (full count) | CDC PLACES | n_places_measures |
| definition: the number of conditions in the count | PLACES health outcome measures that cover all adults and have an estimate in every state | PLACES 2024 release | 9 |   |   | none (a definition) | CDC PLACES | n_conditions |

## Findings

Weighted by adults, a tract in the most deprived tenth of census tracts is in the highest 25% of all tracts for the prevalence of 5.7 (95% CI 5.5 to 5.8) of nine chronic conditions on average, against 0.5 (95% CI 0.4 to 0.6) in the least deprived tenth, a difference of 5.2 (95% CI 5.0 to 5.4) conditions. Across 82,781 tracts, the average correlation between the prevalences of two of the conditions is +0.49 (95% CI 0.48 to 0.51). This chapter asks which conditions are high in the same neighborhoods and how that overlap changes with deprivation. It is a chapter about places and says nothing about how many conditions any one person has.

The data are modeled estimates from CDC PLACES, which gives each tract one prevalence for each condition among adults and holds no record of any person.[1] In surveys that ask each adult about each condition, multiple chronic conditions means having two or more of them,[2] and a tract estimate cannot be turned into that count. A tract can be high on several conditions while no resident has more than one, and a tract can be high on none while some residents have several. A count of conditions in this chapter is a count of tract prevalences above a stated cutoff.

PLACES publishes 40 measures for tracts. The 9 conditions used here are the health outcome measures that cover all adults and have a tract estimate in every state: arthritis, cancer (non-skin) or melanoma, current asthma, coronary heart disease, COPD, depression, diagnosed diabetes, obesity and stroke. PLACES lists obesity, a measure of body weight, with the health outcomes. High blood pressure and high cholesterol (among adults ever screened) are left out because the 2024 release has no tract estimate of either for Florida. The last section gives the number of tracts and a check on high blood pressure outside Florida.

A tract is high on a condition when its prevalence is in the highest 25% of tracts, with each tract counted once, and the count of a tract is the number of the nine conditions on which it is high. Means, correlations and shares of adults are population-weighted by the adults in each tract, and counts and shares of tracts count each tract once. Deprivation is ranked on the Area Deprivation Index (ADI), a national percentile built from American Community Survey (ACS) data.[3]

 (Note: The PLACES 2024 release uses survey responses from 2022, and from 2021 for blood pressure. Values are crude prevalence among adults, so the age structure of a tract moves them. The tract file carries no intervals, and the bands in this chapter come from resampling counties.)

### Stroke, diabetes, COPD and heart disease are high in the same tracts

The strongest correlations join stroke, diabetes, COPD, coronary heart disease and arthritis (Table 1). Across tracts the prevalence of stroke correlates +0.90 (95% CI 0.89 to 0.92) with diabetes, +0.90 (95% CI 0.89 to 0.90) with COPD and +0.86 (95% CI 0.85 to 0.87) with heart disease, and the pairs among stroke, diabetes, COPD and heart disease run from +0.74 to +0.90.

Arthritis correlates +0.90 (95% CI 0.89 to 0.91) with heart disease. At the other end, cancer and depression have the weakest correlations with the rest, and depression correlates only +0.06 (95% CI 0.01 to 0.11) with diabetes. The mean correlation of cancer with the other eight conditions is +0.22 (95% CI 0.19 to 0.25) and that of depression is +0.26 (95% CI 0.22 to 0.30), against +0.68 (95% CI 0.66 to 0.69) for COPD.

Of the 36 pairs, 32 have an interval entirely above zero and 2 have one entirely below it, cancer with asthma (−0.13 (95% CI −0.20 to −0.07)) and cancer with obesity (−0.11 (95% CI −0.18 to −0.05)).

One principal component accounts for 59.0% (95% CI 57.9% to 60.2%) of the variance of the nine standardized prevalences, so most of the difference between tracts in these conditions follows a single shared pattern. Every correlation here is between modeled estimates and is partly built in by the inputs the model shares across conditions, a point the section on the model's inputs takes up.

Table 1. Stroke, diabetes, COPD and heart disease are high in the same tracts, with correlations from +0.74 to +0.90, while cancer correlates −0.13 with asthma

The correlations of cancer follow the age of the residents. PLACES gives crude prevalence, and across tracts the prevalence of cancer correlates +0.81 (95% CI 0.79 to 0.83) with the ACS share of residents aged 65 and over, against +0.64 (95% CI 0.61 to 0.66) for arthritis, +0.64 (95% CI 0.61 to 0.66) for heart disease, +0.23 (95% CI 0.19 to 0.26) for diabetes and −0.17 (95% CI −0.21 to −0.14) for depression.

Cancer correlates 0.00 (95% CI −0.07 to 0.07) with the ADI. It correlates +0.74 (95% CI 0.72 to 0.75) with arthritis and +0.63 (95% CI 0.60 to 0.66) with heart disease, the two other conditions that line up with age, and close to zero with diabetes (+0.05 (95% CI 0.00 to 0.11)) and depression (0.00 (95% CI −0.07 to 0.06)). Two features of a tract therefore line up with the conditions. One is the age of its residents, which lines up with cancer, arthritis and heart disease. The other is deprivation, taken up in the sections below.

Asthma correlates +0.64 (95% CI 0.59 to 0.69) with obesity. The modeled asthma estimates are set against air pollution in Chapter 6.1, Air pollution (https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/air-pollution), and here asthma is one of nine conditions.

The same pattern can be counted. For the tracts that are high on stroke, the mean number of the other eight conditions that are also high is 4.9 (95% CI 4.8 to 5.0), and for tracts high on COPD it is 4.9 (95% CI 4.9 to 5.0) (Table 2). For tracts high on depression it is 3.1 (95% CI 3.0 to 3.3) and for tracts high on cancer 2.5 (95% CI 2.4 to 2.6). If the conditions were unrelated across tracts, each mean would be 2.0. Weighting tracts by adults instead of counting each once moves each mean by 0.34 conditions or less.

Table 2. Tracts high on stroke are also high on 4.9 of the other eight conditions on average, against 2.5 for tracts high on cancer and 2.0 if the conditions were independent

### More tracts are high on all nine or on none than unrelated conditions give

Table 3 counts, for each tract, the conditions on which it is high. 34.0% (95% CI 30.7% to 37.1%) of tracts are high on none of the nine, where unrelated conditions with the same shares of high tracts would leave 7.4%. At the other end 892 tracts, 1.1% (95% CI 0.9% to 1.3%) of the total, are high on all nine, where unrelated conditions would give 0.3 tracts.

Tracts high on 5 or more of the nine make up 21.3% (95% CI 19.3% to 23.3%) of tracts against 4.9% for unrelated conditions. The benchmark is a reference point and not a hypothesis anyone held. It is the distribution that independent draws would give, with each condition's observed share of high tracts. Real tracts are not independent draws, in part because the model fits every condition to the same inputs.

Weighted by adults, 38.1% of adults live in tracts that are high on none and 17.1% in tracts that are high on 5 or more. Large tracts are therefore somewhat less likely to be high on many conditions.

Table 3. 34.0% of tracts are high on none of the nine conditions and 892 tracts are high on all nine, where independent conditions would give 0.3 tracts

The cutoff is a choice, and the numbers depend on it. By construction a tract is high on 2.3 conditions on average at the chapter's cutoff, and ties at the cutoff move the share of tracts that is high on a single condition between 24.0% and 25.6%.

Table 4 repeats the count with other cutoffs. With the stricter cutoff of the highest 10% of tracts, 64.9% of tracts are high on none and 14 are high on all nine, against 0.0 expected for unrelated conditions.

With the looser cutoff of the highest 33.3% the figures are 23.4%, 2,679 and 4.5. The number of tracts that are high on all nine exceeds the unrelated benchmark under every cutoff, and the share that is high on none depends strongly on the cutoff.

Table 4. Tracts are high on all nine conditions more often than independent conditions would give under every cutoff, from 14 tracts against 0.0 at the strictest to 2,679 against 4.5 at the loosest

### The count rises across the deprivation index, and the overlap does not strengthen

Table 5 orders tracts on the ADI and shows the mean count in each tenth. It is 0.5 (95% CI 0.4 to 0.6) in the least deprived tenth and 5.7 (95% CI 5.5 to 5.8) in the most deprived, a difference of 5.2 (95% CI 5.0 to 5.4), and it rises at every step, with the two largest steps at the deprived end. The share of adults who live in tracts high on 5 or more conditions is 0.8% (95% CI 0.3% to 1.6%) in the least deprived tenth and 72.5% (95% CI 69.9% to 75.1%) in the most deprived.

Part of this gradient is mechanical. The ADI is built from ACS data, and the PLACES model applies survey responses to each tract's census population using inputs from the same census sources, so conditions and index move together partly by design. The gradient of each condition taken one at a time belongs to Chapter 7.1, Health behaviors and the supply of care (https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/health-behaviors-and-the-supply-of-care), and the count here adds only that the conditions which rise are high in the same tracts.

Table 5. Weighted by adults, a tract in the most deprived tenth is high on 5.7 of nine conditions on average, against 0.5 in the least deprived tenth

The conditions do not go together more closely where deprivation is higher. Inside the least deprived tenth the mean correlation among the nine is +0.40 (95% CI 0.37 to 0.44), and inside the most deprived tenth it is +0.34 (95% CI 0.32 to 0.36), a difference of +0.06 (95% CI 0.03 to 0.11) with the least deprived tenth higher. Inside the second to the ninth tenth it lies between +0.35 and +0.36.

After the mean of each ADI tenth is subtracted, the average correlation across all tracts is +0.36 (95% CI 0.35 to 0.38), against +0.49 before. Holding the ADI tenth fixed therefore removes part of the overlap, and a correlation remains in every tenth. The count of high conditions rises with deprivation, while the overlap among the conditions inside a tenth is smaller in the most deprived tenth than in the least deprived.

### An approximation of the model's census inputs leaves most of the overlap in place

Part of every correlation among the PLACES estimates in this chapter is built into the estimates. PLACES fits a model to survey responses, using the age, sex, race, ethnicity and education of each respondent, a county measure of poverty, and state and county effects, and applies it to the census population of each tract.[1] Conditions that are modeled from the same inputs move together wherever the inputs move, whatever the residents do. Within a county the model gives tracts different values only through the composition of their residents.

The data cannot take the model apart, but the ACS can approximate its inputs. The approximation needs ACS shares, and the ACS file lacks three of them for the District of Columbia, so this section leaves out the 203 tracts that lack a share, among them the 201 tracts of the District of Columbia. Every other statistic in the chapter includes them.

For each condition, a weighted regression on 8 ACS tract shares, their squares and pairwise products, a county poverty rate and state effects reproduces 79% to 90% of the variance of tract prevalence, counting the part the state effects carry. The average correlation among the residuals is +0.47 (95% CI 0.46 to 0.48), against +0.49 (95% CI 0.48 to 0.51) for the conditions themselves on the same tracts and +0.49 on all tracts (Table 6).

With county effects in place of state effects and county poverty, the fit reproduces 62% to 85% of the variance within counties. The average correlation among its residuals is +0.52 (95% CI 0.51 to 0.52), higher than the raw value on the same tracts.

Gradient-boosted trees fitted to the same inputs, scored on counties they did not see, reproduce 75% to 90% of the variance and leave a mean correlation of +0.45 (95% CI 0.44 to 0.47). Holding the state fixed gives +0.48 (95% CI 0.47 to 0.50) and holding the county fixed gives +0.43 (95% CI 0.42 to 0.43).

Table 6. An approximation of the model's census inputs leaves the average correlation among the nine conditions at +0.47, against +0.49 in the raw data

These numbers show that the inputs which can be measured here do not remove the overlap. They do not show that the overlap is real. The fits approximate the model and are not the model. The ACS file has no sex shares and no age groups beyond the shares under 18 and at 65 and over, the model works from individual respondents and not tract shares, and its county and state effects are fitted to each condition separately from the same survey. Whatever the conditions share and the fit misses, such as the age mix inside the older group, stays in the residuals and keeps them correlated. What the comparison supports is narrower. The shared part of the PLACES estimates is not a simple function of the census shares that were available, and the data cannot say how much of it comes from the model's other inputs and how much from the neighborhoods.

### Where tracts are high on many conditions

Tracts that are high on many conditions are not spread evenly. Of the variance of the count, 22.4% lies between states and 29.8% between counties within states, a total of 52.2% between counties, and 47.8% lies between tracts within counties. As the section on the model's inputs explains, the within-county part reflects the composition of residents.

Table 7 maps, for each county, the share of adults who live in tracts that are high on 5 or more conditions. In 1,229 of the 3,128 counties with a value, 50% or more of adults do.

By Census region the share is 25.8% of adults in the South, 20.2% in the Midwest, 8.5% in the Northeast and 7.0% in the West, against 17.1% nationally, and in West Virginia it is 81.7%. The counties with large shares cluster in the South and in parts of the Midwest.

Table 7. In 1,229 counties, 50% or more of adults live in tracts that are high on 5 or more conditions, and 25.8% of adults in the South do, against 7.0% in the West

### Life expectancy is shorter in tracts that are high on more conditions

Death records give a check that does not depend on the PLACES model. USALEEP life expectancy at birth, built from deaths in 2010 to 2015, is 80.2 (95% CI 80.0 to 80.4) years in tracts that are high on none of the nine and 74.1 (95% CI 73.9 to 74.3) years in tracts that are high on eight, a gap of 6.1 (95% CI 5.8 to 6.3) years (Table 8). In tracts that are high on all nine it is 75.2 (95% CI 74.9 to 75.4) years, 1.0 (95% CI 0.8 to 1.3) years above tracts that are high on eight, and the data here do not say why.

Tracts high on all nine differ in composition. The share of residents aged 65 and over is 22.6% (95% CI 22.3% to 22.9%) in tracts high on all nine against 18.9% (95% CI 18.6% to 19.2%) at eight, and the Black alone share is 2.7% (95% CI 2.2% to 3.1%) against 14.9% (95% CI 12.9% to 16.9%).

Across 77,934 tracts the count correlates −0.48 (95% CI −0.49 to −0.46) with life expectancy, and −0.25 (95% CI −0.27 to −0.22) once each tract is compared with the mean of its county. Within a county, tracts that are high on seven conditions differ from the county mean by −1.9 (95% CI −2.2 to −1.7) years, against +0.6 (95% CI 0.5 to 0.7) years for tracts that are high on none. Within a county the count varies only through the composition of tract residents, which also moves life expectancy, so this comparison does not isolate the conditions.

Life expectancy at birth is built from death rates at each age, so the age mix of a tract does not move it the way it moves crude prevalence, which makes this a check on whether the count reflects more than age. The two sources cover different years, 2010 to 2015 and 2022, and a correlation between them does not show that the conditions shorten lives.

Table 8. Life expectancy at birth is 6.1 years shorter in tracts that are high on eight conditions than in tracts that are high on none

### What a randomized offer to move shows about two of the conditions

> Causal evidence: Moving to Opportunity and measured obesity and diabetes (Randomized housing-voucher experiment)
>
> The tract patterns above do not say whether living in a high-poverty neighborhood changes health. One randomized study measured two of the nine conditions, with a definition that matches PLACES for one and not for the other. From 1994 to 1998 the Department of Housing and Urban Development randomly offered women with children in public housing in high-poverty tracts one of three things: a voucher usable only in low-poverty tracts, with moving counseling; an ordinary voucher; or no new offer. Of the women offered the low-poverty voucher, 48% used it to move, and every estimate below compares women by the offer they were randomized to (intention-to-treat) and not by whether they moved. A survey from 2008 to 2010 measured height, weight and glycated hemoglobin.[4]
>
> Compared with the group offered no voucher, the group offered the low-poverty voucher differed in the prevalence of extreme obesity (a body mass index of 40 or more) by −3.4 (95% CI −6.4 to −0.4) points and in the prevalence of glycated hemoglobin of 6.5% or more by −4.3 (95% CI −7.8 to −0.8) points, intervals that exclude zero. Obesity as PLACES defines it, a body mass index of 30 or more, differed by −1.2 (95% CI −5.4 to 3.0) points, an interval that includes zero. The glycated hemoglobin cutoff counts diabetes that has not been diagnosed, while PLACES counts diagnosed diabetes. The group offered ordinary vouchers did not differ significantly from the group offered nothing.
>
> The study measured two conditions and not a count of conditions, enrolled volunteers for a program, and does not show what a move would do to the number of conditions that are high in a tract.

### The count of high conditions rises under all four rankings

Table 9 repeats the count by tenth of tracts under four rankings, over the 75,596 tracts that have all four. Ranked by the ADI, the mean count is 0.4 (95% CI 0.3 to 0.5) in the least deprived tenth and 5.7 (95% CI 5.5 to 5.8) in the most deprived, and under the standardized index it runs from 0.5 (95% CI 0.4 to 0.5) to 4.5 (95% CI 4.1 to 4.8), lower in the most deprived tenth than under the ADI. Ranked by median household income it runs from 0.4 (95% CI 0.3 to 0.4) to 5.2 (95% CI 5.0 to 5.3), and by bachelor's degree share from 0.5 (95% CI 0.4 to 0.5) to 4.3 (95% CI 3.8 to 4.6), and under each ranking the tenth means rise in order (rank correlations of +1.00, +1.00 and +1.00). None of the three changes the gradient under the book's rule (Chapter 9.1, How far one ranking goes (https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/how-far-one-ranking-goes)), and all four rankings, like the PLACES model, draw on ACS measures of the same tracts.

Table 9. The count of chronic conditions that are high in a tract is steadily worse toward the more deprived end under the ADI and under each of the three other rankings

### What these data cannot show

A count of high conditions describes a tract and not a person. A correlation across places can differ widely in size from the correlation among the people who live in them,[5] so the overlap here cannot be read as people carrying several conditions at once, and no figure in this chapter says how many conditions an adult has. Drawing that conclusion from place data is ecological inference. The count of conditions per person comes from surveys that ask each adult, and Chapter 7.2, Health behaviors, person by person (https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/health-behaviors-person-by-person) uses one for behaviors.

The PLACES values are modeled estimates, the tract file has no intervals, and the bands in this chapter describe the sampling of counties and not the model's own uncertainty. CDC advises against using the estimates to rank the overall health of an area or to track change at the local level, and this chapter does neither.[6] It does compare conditions with each other and with the ADI, and every such comparison carries the shared inputs described above. The approximations show that measured census shares do not remove the overlap, but they cannot separate what the model builds in from what the neighborhoods contribute. The staged tract file holds crude prevalence only, so age is part of every pattern, most visibly for cancer, arthritis and heart disease.

High is relative. A tract in the highest 25% of tracts for a condition is high compared with other tracts and not high by any clinical standard, and the cutoff moves every count, as the table shows. High blood pressure and high cholesterol are left out because the 2024 release has no estimate of either for the 5,077 tracts of Florida. Outside Florida the mean correlation of high blood pressure with the nine conditions is +0.65 (95% CI 0.64 to 0.67), against +0.51 among the nine on the same tracts, so it follows the same shared pattern.

Of the 83,522 tracts with PLACES estimates, 82,781 also have an ADI rank, and the other 741 are left out. Counties are the clusters of the bootstrap, 3,129 of them, with Connecticut's planning regions standing in for its counties, while the map draws Connecticut as its eight legacy counties. The map has 15 gray counties with no tract in the sample, and 990 counties have fewer than 5 tracts, so their shares move in large steps. Puerto Rico is not covered by PLACES and is not drawn.

The conditions are measured once, in 2022, so the data say nothing about which condition comes first, whether tracts move into or out of the high group, or whether living in a tract changes any of the prevalences. The ADI describes 2019 to 2023 and the life expectancy check describes 2010 to 2015, so the sources do not describe one moment.

## Tables

### Table 1. Stroke, diabetes, COPD and heart disease are high in the same tracts, with correlations from +0.74 to +0.90, while cancer correlates −0.13 with asthma

Population-weighted Pearson correlations between the tract prevalence of nine chronic conditions among adults, 82,781 census tracts, 2022

| conf_high | conf_low | measure | n | other | r |
| ---: | ---: | --- | ---: | --- | ---: |
| n/a | n/a | Cancer | n/a | Cancer | 1 |
| 0.755 | 0.718 | Cancer | 82,781 | Arthritis | 0.738 |
| 0.655 | 0.601 | Cancer | 82,781 | Coronary heart disease | 0.629 |
| 0.362 | 0.297 | Cancer | 82,781 | COPD | 0.332 |
| 0.287 | 0.203 | Cancer | 82,781 | Stroke | 0.246 |
| 0.106 | −0.002 | Cancer | 82,781 | Diabetes | 0.052 |
| −0.050 | −0.180 | Cancer | 82,781 | Obesity | −0.112 |
| −0.069 | −0.196 | Cancer | 82,781 | Asthma | −0.127 |
| 0.057 | −0.067 | Cancer | 82,781 | Depression | −0.002 |
| 0.755 | 0.718 | Arthritis | 82,781 | Cancer | 0.738 |
| n/a | n/a | Arthritis | n/a | Arthritis | 1 |
| 0.914 | 0.888 | Arthritis | 82,781 | Coronary heart disease | 0.902 |
| 0.823 | 0.800 | Arthritis | 82,781 | COPD | 0.812 |
| 0.759 | 0.713 | Arthritis | 82,781 | Stroke | 0.736 |
| 0.635 | 0.520 | Arthritis | 82,781 | Diabetes | 0.577 |
| 0.531 | 0.421 | Arthritis | 82,781 | Obesity | 0.479 |
| 0.422 | 0.315 | Arthritis | 82,781 | Asthma | 0.374 |
| 0.305 | 0.197 | Arthritis | 82,781 | Depression | 0.253 |
| 0.655 | 0.601 | Coronary heart disease | 82,781 | Cancer | 0.629 |
| 0.914 | 0.888 | Coronary heart disease | 82,781 | Arthritis | 0.902 |
| n/a | n/a | Coronary heart disease | n/a | Coronary heart disease | 1 |
| 0.891 | 0.874 | Coronary heart disease | 82,781 | COPD | 0.883 |
| 0.875 | 0.851 | Coronary heart disease | 82,781 | Stroke | 0.863 |
| 0.763 | 0.710 | Coronary heart disease | 82,781 | Diabetes | 0.737 |
| 0.518 | 0.433 | Coronary heart disease | 82,781 | Obesity | 0.477 |
| 0.382 | 0.282 | Coronary heart disease | 82,781 | Asthma | 0.335 |
| 0.223 | 0.117 | Coronary heart disease | 82,781 | Depression | 0.172 |
| 0.362 | 0.297 | COPD | 82,781 | Cancer | 0.332 |
| 0.823 | 0.800 | COPD | 82,781 | Arthritis | 0.812 |
| 0.891 | 0.874 | COPD | 82,781 | Coronary heart disease | 0.883 |
| n/a | n/a | COPD | n/a | COPD | 1 |
| 0.904 | 0.887 | COPD | 82,781 | Stroke | 0.896 |
| 0.803 | 0.738 | COPD | 82,781 | Diabetes | 0.771 |
| 0.719 | 0.666 | COPD | 82,781 | Obesity | 0.694 |
| 0.641 | 0.569 | COPD | 82,781 | Asthma | 0.607 |
| 0.462 | 0.374 | COPD | 82,781 | Depression | 0.420 |
| 0.287 | 0.203 | Stroke | 82,781 | Cancer | 0.246 |
| 0.759 | 0.713 | Stroke | 82,781 | Arthritis | 0.736 |
| 0.875 | 0.851 | Stroke | 82,781 | Coronary heart disease | 0.863 |
| 0.904 | 0.887 | Stroke | 82,781 | COPD | 0.896 |
| n/a | n/a | Stroke | n/a | Stroke | 1 |
| 0.917 | 0.887 | Stroke | 82,781 | Diabetes | 0.902 |
| 0.675 | 0.623 | Stroke | 82,781 | Obesity | 0.649 |
| 0.580 | 0.507 | Stroke | 82,781 | Asthma | 0.545 |
| 0.193 | 0.109 | Stroke | 82,781 | Depression | 0.151 |
| 0.106 | −0.002 | Diabetes | 82,781 | Cancer | 0.052 |
| 0.635 | 0.520 | Diabetes | 82,781 | Arthritis | 0.577 |
| 0.763 | 0.710 | Diabetes | 82,781 | Coronary heart disease | 0.737 |
| 0.803 | 0.738 | Diabetes | 82,781 | COPD | 0.771 |
| 0.917 | 0.887 | Diabetes | 82,781 | Stroke | 0.902 |
| n/a | n/a | Diabetes | n/a | Diabetes | 1 |
| 0.734 | 0.647 | Diabetes | 82,781 | Obesity | 0.691 |
| 0.456 | 0.356 | Diabetes | 82,781 | Asthma | 0.403 |
| 0.105 | 0.010 | Diabetes | 82,781 | Depression | 0.058 |
| −0.050 | −0.180 | Obesity | 82,781 | Cancer | −0.112 |
| 0.531 | 0.421 | Obesity | 82,781 | Arthritis | 0.479 |
| 0.518 | 0.433 | Obesity | 82,781 | Coronary heart disease | 0.477 |
| 0.719 | 0.666 | Obesity | 82,781 | COPD | 0.694 |
| 0.675 | 0.623 | Obesity | 82,781 | Stroke | 0.649 |
| 0.734 | 0.647 | Obesity | 82,781 | Diabetes | 0.691 |
| n/a | n/a | Obesity | n/a | Obesity | 1 |
| 0.686 | 0.592 | Obesity | 82,781 | Asthma | 0.641 |
| 0.459 | 0.350 | Obesity | 82,781 | Depression | 0.407 |
| −0.069 | −0.196 | Asthma | 82,781 | Cancer | −0.127 |
| 0.422 | 0.315 | Asthma | 82,781 | Arthritis | 0.374 |
| 0.382 | 0.282 | Asthma | 82,781 | Coronary heart disease | 0.335 |
| 0.641 | 0.569 | Asthma | 82,781 | COPD | 0.607 |
| 0.580 | 0.507 | Asthma | 82,781 | Stroke | 0.545 |
| 0.456 | 0.356 | Asthma | 82,781 | Diabetes | 0.403 |
| 0.686 | 0.592 | Asthma | 82,781 | Obesity | 0.641 |
| n/a | n/a | Asthma | n/a | Asthma | 1 |
| 0.660 | 0.572 | Asthma | 82,781 | Depression | 0.618 |
| 0.057 | −0.067 | Depression | 82,781 | Cancer | −0.002 |
| 0.305 | 0.197 | Depression | 82,781 | Arthritis | 0.253 |
| 0.223 | 0.117 | Depression | 82,781 | Coronary heart disease | 0.172 |
| 0.462 | 0.374 | Depression | 82,781 | COPD | 0.420 |
| 0.193 | 0.109 | Depression | 82,781 | Stroke | 0.151 |
| 0.105 | 0.010 | Depression | 82,781 | Diabetes | 0.058 |
| 0.459 | 0.350 | Depression | 82,781 | Obesity | 0.407 |
| 0.660 | 0.572 | Depression | 82,781 | Asthma | 0.618 |
| n/a | n/a | Depression | n/a | Depression | 1 |

Note: PLACES values are modeled estimates. A model fitted to survey responses is applied to each tract's census population, so every condition's estimate depends on the same age, sex, race, ethnicity and education inputs and on county and state effects, and correlations across tracts are partly built in. The tract file carries no intervals, and the intervals shown here come from a bootstrap over counties.

Note: The diagonal is one by construction and has no interval. Values are crude prevalence among adults, not adjusted for age, so the age mix of a tract moves them.

Note: The nine conditions are the PLACES health outcome measures that cover all adults and have an estimate in every state. High blood pressure and high cholesterol are left out because the 2024 tract release has no estimate of either for 5,077 Florida tracts; outside Florida the mean correlation of high blood pressure with the nine is +0.65.

Source: CDC PLACES 2024 release (BRFSS 2022) and ADI 2023; modeled estimates, population-weighted (adults in each tract)

Data: https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/multiple-chronic-conditions/figures/condition_correlations.json

### Table 2. Tracts high on stroke are also high on 4.9 of the other eight conditions on average, against 2.5 for tracts high on cancer and 2.0 if the conditions were independent

Mean number of the other eight conditions that are also high in a tract, for tracts in the highest 25% of tracts on each condition, 2022

| condition | conf_high | conf_low | estimate | n |
| --- | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: |
| Arthritis | 4.65 | 4.48 | 4.57 | 20,620 |
| Cancer | 2.64 | 2.39 | 2.51 | 21,087 |
| Asthma | 3.91 | 3.55 | 3.73 | 20,589 |
| Coronary heart disease | 4.82 | 4.63 | 4.73 | 21,177 |
| COPD | 4.98 | 4.86 | 4.92 | 21,048 |
| Depression | 3.31 | 2.96 | 3.12 | 20,971 |
| Diabetes | 4.69 | 4.03 | 4.35 | 20,549 |
| Obesity | 4.15 | 3.86 | 3.99 | 20,885 |
| Stroke | 5.04 | 4.77 | 4.90 | 19,866 |

Note: PLACES values are modeled estimates. A model fitted to survey responses is applied to each tract's census population, so every condition's estimate depends on the same age, sex, race, ethnicity and education inputs and on county and state effects, and correlations across tracts are partly built in. The tract file carries no intervals, and the intervals shown here come from a bootstrap over counties.

Note: Weighting tracts by adults moves each mean by 0.34 conditions or less.

Source: CDC PLACES 2024 release (BRFSS 2022) and ADI 2023; modeled estimates, unweighted (each tract counted once)

Data: https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/multiple-chronic-conditions/figures/others_high.json

### Table 3. 34.0% of tracts are high on none of the nine conditions and 892 tracts are high on all nine, where independent conditions would give 0.3 tracts

Tracts by the number of the nine conditions whose prevalence is in the highest 25% of tracts, observed and expected if the conditions were independent, 82,781 tracts, 2022

| conf_high | conf_low | count | n | series | share |
| ---: | ---: | --- | ---: | --- | ---: |
| 37.10 | 30.75 | 0 | 82,781 | Observed | 33.98 |
| 21.61 | 19.41 | 1 | 82,781 | Observed | 20.52 |
| 12.31 | 10.49 | 2 | 82,781 | Observed | 11.37 |
| 7.64 | 6.64 | 3 | 82,781 | Observed | 7.13 |
| 6.23 | 5.26 | 4 | 82,781 | Observed | 5.74 |
| 5.77 | 4.83 | 5 | 82,781 | Observed | 5.30 |
| 6.61 | 5.37 | 6 | 82,781 | Observed | 5.97 |
| 6.03 | 4.69 | 7 | 82,781 | Observed | 5.31 |
| 4.12 | 3.16 | 8 | 82,781 | Observed | 3.61 |
| 1.29 | 0.900 | 9 | 82,781 | Observed | 1.08 |
| n/a | n/a | 0 | n/a | If conditions were independent | 7.44 |
| n/a | n/a | 1 | n/a | If conditions were independent | 22.42 |
| n/a | n/a | 2 | n/a | If conditions were independent | 30.01 |
| n/a | n/a | 3 | n/a | If conditions were independent | 23.43 |
| n/a | n/a | 4 | n/a | If conditions were independent | 11.76 |
| n/a | n/a | 5 | n/a | If conditions were independent | 3.93 |
| n/a | n/a | 6 | n/a | If conditions were independent | 0.880 |
| n/a | n/a | 7 | n/a | If conditions were independent | 0.130 |
| n/a | n/a | 8 | n/a | If conditions were independent | 0.010 |
| n/a | n/a | 9 | n/a | If conditions were independent | 0 |

Note: The count is a count of tract prevalences above a cutoff, not a count of conditions in any person. PLACES values are modeled estimates. A model fitted to survey responses is applied to each tract's census population, so every condition's estimate depends on the same age, sex, race, ethnicity and education inputs and on county and state effects, and correlations across tracts are partly built in. The tract file carries no intervals, and the intervals shown here come from a bootstrap over counties.

Note: Tied values fall on one side of the cutoff, so the share of tracts that is high on one condition runs from 24.0% to 25.6%. The benchmark is a Poisson-binomial distribution with those shares. Shares of adults living in these tracts differ from shares of tracts (for example 38.1% of adults live in tracts that are high on none).

Source: CDC PLACES 2024 release (BRFSS 2022) and ADI 2023; modeled estimates, unweighted (each tract counted once)

Data: https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/multiple-chronic-conditions/figures/high_count_distribution.json

### Table 4. Tracts are high on all nine conditions more often than independent conditions would give under every cutoff, from 14 tracts against 0.0 at the strictest to 2,679 against 4.5 at the loosest

Count of high conditions per tract when a tract is high on a condition if it is in the highest 10%, 20%, 25% or 33.3% of tracts, 82,781 tracts, 2022

| A tract is high on a condition if it is in the | Mean high conditions | Tracts high on none (%) | Tracts high on five or more (%) | Expected if independent (%) | Tracts high on all nine | Expected if independent |
| --- | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: |
| Highest 10% of tracts | 0.90 | 64.9 | 6.2 | 0.1 | 14 | 0.00 |
| Highest 20% of tracts | 1.80 | 42.7 | 15.8 | 2.0 | 360 | 0.04 |
| Highest 25% of tracts (used in this chapter) | 2.26 | 34.0 | 21.3 | 4.9 | 892 | 0.32 |
| Highest third of tracts | 3.02 | 23.4 | 30.9 | 14.8 | 2,679 | 4.47 |

Note: The count is a count of tract prevalences above a cutoff, not a count of conditions in any person. PLACES values are modeled estimates. A model fitted to survey responses is applied to each tract's census population, so every condition's estimate depends on the same age, sex, race, ethnicity and education inputs and on county and state effects, and correlations across tracts are partly built in. The tract file carries no intervals, and the intervals shown here come from a bootstrap over counties.

Source: CDC PLACES 2024 release (BRFSS 2022) and ADI 2023; modeled estimates, unweighted (each tract counted once)

Data: https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/multiple-chronic-conditions/figures/cutoff_sensitivity.json

### Table 5. Weighted by adults, a tract in the most deprived tenth is high on 5.7 of nine conditions on average, against 0.5 in the least deprived tenth

Population-weighted mean number of the nine conditions that are high, by tenth of tracts on the ADI national percentile, 82,781 tracts, 2022

| conf_high | conf_low | decile | estimate | measure | n_units |
| ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | --- | ---: |
| 0.550 | 0.380 | 1 | 0.450 | count | 8,274 |
| 0.700 | 0.550 | 2 | 0.620 | count | 8,118 |
| 1 | 0.780 | 3 | 0.880 | count | 8,511 |
| 1.10 | 0.920 | 4 | 1.01 | count | 8,261 |
| 1.39 | 1.19 | 5 | 1.29 | count | 8,189 |
| 1.83 | 1.60 | 6 | 1.71 | count | 8,318 |
| 2.46 | 2.22 | 7 | 2.34 | count | 8,305 |
| 3.34 | 3.07 | 8 | 3.21 | count | 8,238 |
| 4.49 | 4.21 | 9 | 4.35 | count | 8,354 |
| 5.81 | 5.52 | 10 | 5.66 | count | 8,213 |
| 1.57 | 0.310 | 1 | 0.800 | share | 8,274 |
| 1.62 | 0.850 | 2 | 1.19 | share | 8,118 |
| 3.33 | 2.08 | 3 | 2.67 | share | 8,511 |
| 4.93 | 3.49 | 4 | 4.19 | share | 8,261 |
| 7.79 | 5.88 | 5 | 6.79 | share | 8,189 |
| 12.89 | 10.27 | 6 | 11.53 | share | 8,318 |
| 20.66 | 17.07 | 7 | 18.80 | share | 8,305 |
| 33.81 | 29.22 | 8 | 31.48 | share | 8,238 |
| 51.73 | 46.65 | 9 | 49.11 | share | 8,354 |
| 75.09 | 69.88 | 10 | 72.53 | share | 8,213 |

Views: Mean number of high conditions (measure = count); Adults in tracts high on five or more (measure = share).

Note: PLACES values are modeled estimates. A model fitted to survey responses is applied to each tract's census population, so every condition's estimate depends on the same age, sex, race, ethnicity and education inputs and on county and state effects, and correlations across tracts are partly built in. The tract file carries no intervals, and the intervals shown here come from a bootstrap over counties. The ADI is built from American Community Survey data that overlap the model's inputs, so part of each association with it is mechanical.

Note: Tenths hold equal numbers of tracts except where tied ranks fall in one tenth. Values are crude prevalence among adults, not adjusted for age, so the age mix of a tract moves them.

Note: Across all the tracts in the comparison, weighted by adults, a tract is high on 2.0 of the nine conditions on average.

Source: CDC PLACES 2024 release (BRFSS 2022) and ADI 2023; modeled estimates, population-weighted (adults in each tract)

Data: https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/multiple-chronic-conditions/figures/high_count_by_adi.json

### Table 6. An approximation of the model's census inputs leaves the average correlation among the nine conditions at +0.47, against +0.49 in the raw data

Mean of the 36 pairwise population-weighted correlations among the nine conditions across 82,781 tracts, 2022, under seven comparisons

| conf_high | conf_low | estimate | group | n | stage |
| ---: | ---: | ---: | --- | ---: | --- |
| 0.511 | 0.477 | 0.495 | Compared within groups of tracts | 82,781 | All tracts |
| 0.498 | 0.471 | 0.484 | Compared within groups of tracts | 82,781 | Within states |
| 0.435 | 0.418 | 0.427 | Compared within groups of tracts | 82,781 | Within counties |
| 0.377 | 0.346 | 0.361 | Compared within groups of tracts | 82,781 | Within tenths of the ADI |
| 0.476 | 0.460 | 0.468 | After approximating the model's inputs | 82,578 | Census shares, county poverty and state effects removed |
| 0.521 | 0.511 | 0.516 | After approximating the model's inputs | 82,578 | Census shares removed within counties |
| 0.469 | 0.441 | 0.455 | After approximating the model's inputs | 82,578 | Flexible fit (trees) on the same inputs and state |

Note: The approximation regresses each condition on 8 ACS tract shares (ages 65 and over and under 18, white, Black, Asian and Hispanic residents, and adults with a college degree and with no more than high school), with squares and pairwise products, and removes state or county effects. It uses a county poverty rate in place of the model's measure of county poverty. The ACS file has no sex shares, and the model also uses fitted county and state effects for each condition. The fit explains 79% to 90% of the variance of each condition, counting the state effects, and the tree fit 75% to 90% out of sample. With county effects the fit explains 62% to 85% of the variance within counties. The three adjusted rows leave out the 203 tracts that lack an ACS input, among them the 201 tracts of the District of Columbia, whose ACS file lacks three of the shares; on the tracts they use, the raw average correlation is +0.49.

Note: PLACES values are modeled estimates. A model fitted to survey responses is applied to each tract's census population, so every condition's estimate depends on the same age, sex, race, ethnicity and education inputs and on county and state effects, and correlations across tracts are partly built in. The tract file carries no intervals, and the intervals shown here come from a bootstrap over counties.

Source: CDC PLACES 2024 release (BRFSS 2022), ADI 2023 and ACS 2019-2023; modeled estimates, population-weighted (adults in each tract)

Data: https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/multiple-chronic-conditions/figures/correlation_stages.json

### Table 7. In 1,229 counties, 50% or more of adults live in tracts that are high on 5 or more conditions, and 25.8% of adults in the South do, against 7.0% in the West

Share of adults living in tracts that are high on 5 or more of the nine conditions, by county, population-weighted, 2022

No inline rows: the values of Table 7 are in https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/data/multiple-chronic-conditions/adults_high_count_map.json.

Note: PLACES values are modeled estimates. A model fitted to survey responses is applied to each tract's census population, so every condition's estimate depends on the same age, sex, race, ethnicity and education inputs and on county and state effects, and correlations across tracts are partly built in. The tract file carries no intervals, and the intervals shown here come from a bootstrap over counties.

Note: A county's share is a full count of its tracts and moves in large steps when the county has few tracts: 990 counties have fewer than 5 tracts. Gray counties have no tract in the sample. Puerto Rico is not covered by PLACES and is not drawn. Alaska is drawn, and Connecticut appears under its eight legacy counties, to which its tracts are assigned.

Source: CDC PLACES 2024 release (BRFSS 2022), ADI 2023 and ACS 2019-2023; modeled estimates, population-weighted (adults in each tract)

Data: https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/multiple-chronic-conditions/figures/adults_high_count_map.json

### Table 8. Life expectancy at birth is 6.1 years shorter in tracts that are high on eight conditions than in tracts that are high on none

Population-weighted mean tract life expectancy at birth by number of high conditions, 77,934 tracts, deaths in 2010 to 2015, institutional tracts dropped

| conf_high | conf_low | count | estimate | measure | n_units |
| ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | --- | ---: |
| 80.37 | 79.98 | 0 | 80.18 | level | 26,431 |
| 80 | 79.64 | 1 | 79.82 | level | 15,948 |
| 78.50 | 78.18 | 2 | 78.33 | level | 8,632 |
| 78.19 | 77.78 | 3 | 77.97 | level | 5,599 |
| 77.32 | 76.79 | 4 | 77.06 | level | 4,541 |
| 76.72 | 76.18 | 5 | 76.45 | level | 4,162 |
| 76.38 | 75.96 | 6 | 76.16 | level | 4,602 |
| 74.84 | 74.35 | 7 | 74.59 | level | 4,248 |
| 74.30 | 73.94 | 8 | 74.12 | level | 2,898 |
| 75.41 | 74.93 | 9 | 75.17 | level | 873 |
| 0.660 | 0.460 | 0 | 0.560 | dev | 26,417 |
| 0.800 | 0.610 | 1 | 0.700 | dev | 15,927 |
| −0.230 | −0.480 | 2 | −0.350 | dev | 8,612 |
| −0.180 | −0.560 | 3 | −0.360 | dev | 5,567 |
| −0.770 | −1.25 | 4 | −1 | dev | 4,511 |
| −1.02 | −1.50 | 5 | −1.26 | dev | 4,135 |
| −0.980 | −1.29 | 6 | −1.14 | dev | 4,572 |
| −1.70 | −2.16 | 7 | −1.94 | dev | 4,219 |
| −1.60 | −2 | 8 | −1.80 | dev | 2,889 |
| −0.290 | −0.640 | 9 | −0.470 | dev | 871 |

Views: Life expectancy (years) (measure = level); Difference from the county mean (measure = dev).

Note: Tract life expectancy covers 2010 to 2015 and the conditions cover 2022, so the two describe different years. USALEEP estimates were area-weighted from 2010 tracts onto 2020 tracts and suit comparisons of groups of tracts, not single tracts. The within-county view leaves out counties with a single USALEEP tract in the sample. Connecticut tracts carry planning-region codes in PLACES, which serve as its counties for the bootstrap.

Note: Within a county the count varies only through the composition of tract residents, which also moves life expectancy. Life expectancy is not affected by the age mix of a tract the way crude prevalence is, which makes it a check on whether the count reflects more than age. The count itself comes from PLACES modeled estimates and carries the caveats in the notes to the earlier figures.

Source: CDC PLACES 2024 release (BRFSS 2022), USALEEP life expectancy 2010-2015 (area-weighted onto 2020 tracts) and ACS 2019-2023; modeled estimates, population-weighted (ACS tract population)

Data: https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/multiple-chronic-conditions/figures/life_expectancy_by_count.json

### Table 9. The count of chronic conditions that are high in a tract is steadily worse toward the more deprived end under the ADI and under each of the three other rankings

Mean number of high conditions (of nine) by tenth of tracts ranked four ways, over the 75,596 tracts that have all four rankings

| bin | conf_high | conf_low | estimate | n_units | ranking |
| ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | --- |
| 1 | 0.490 | 0.339 | 0.402 | 7,551 | Area Deprivation Index |
| 2 | 0.701 | 0.537 | 0.611 | 7,563 | Area Deprivation Index |
| 3 | 0.936 | 0.765 | 0.845 | 7,489 | Area Deprivation Index |
| 4 | 1.09 | 0.907 | 0.998 | 7,757 | Area Deprivation Index |
| 5 | 1.37 | 1.17 | 1.27 | 7,485 | Area Deprivation Index |
| 6 | 1.85 | 1.61 | 1.73 | 7,513 | Area Deprivation Index |
| 7 | 2.46 | 2.23 | 2.35 | 7,658 | Area Deprivation Index |
| 8 | 3.38 | 3.10 | 3.24 | 7,419 | Area Deprivation Index |
| 9 | 4.49 | 4.20 | 4.34 | 7,618 | Area Deprivation Index |
| 10 | 5.81 | 5.53 | 5.66 | 7,543 | Area Deprivation Index |
| 1 | 0.534 | 0.420 | 0.474 | 7,559 | Standardized index |
| 2 | 0.732 | 0.576 | 0.654 | 7,560 | Standardized index |
| 3 | 0.978 | 0.813 | 0.898 | 7,559 | Standardized index |
| 4 | 1.29 | 1.09 | 1.19 | 7,560 | Standardized index |
| 5 | 1.69 | 1.45 | 1.57 | 7,560 | Standardized index |
| 6 | 2.22 | 1.91 | 2.06 | 7,559 | Standardized index |
| 7 | 2.80 | 2.41 | 2.60 | 7,560 | Standardized index |
| 8 | 3.40 | 2.89 | 3.15 | 7,559 | Standardized index |
| 9 | 3.90 | 3.30 | 3.60 | 7,560 | Standardized index |
| 10 | 4.81 | 4.12 | 4.47 | 7,560 | Standardized index |
| 1 | 0.435 | 0.344 | 0.386 | 7,560 | Median household income |
| 2 | 0.646 | 0.502 | 0.569 | 7,558 | Median household income |
| 3 | 0.866 | 0.691 | 0.775 | 7,560 | Median household income |
| 4 | 1.18 | 0.972 | 1.07 | 7,560 | Median household income |
| 5 | 1.53 | 1.30 | 1.41 | 7,560 | Median household income |
| 6 | 2.05 | 1.78 | 1.91 | 7,560 | Median household income |
| 7 | 2.77 | 2.45 | 2.60 | 7,555 | Median household income |
| 8 | 3.34 | 2.98 | 3.16 | 7,564 | Median household income |
| 9 | 4.23 | 3.87 | 4.05 | 7,560 | Median household income |
| 10 | 5.32 | 5.00 | 5.16 | 7,559 | Median household income |
| 1 | 0.522 | 0.405 | 0.458 | 7,558 | Bachelor's degree share |
| 2 | 0.714 | 0.569 | 0.640 | 7,557 | Bachelor's degree share |
| 3 | 0.928 | 0.758 | 0.843 | 7,566 | Bachelor's degree share |
| 4 | 1.19 | 1.00 | 1.10 | 7,560 | Bachelor's degree share |
| 5 | 1.60 | 1.37 | 1.49 | 7,553 | Bachelor's degree share |
| 6 | 2.10 | 1.83 | 1.96 | 7,559 | Bachelor's degree share |
| 7 | 2.78 | 2.45 | 2.62 | 7,562 | Bachelor's degree share |
| 8 | 3.46 | 3.03 | 3.25 | 7,569 | Bachelor's degree share |
| 9 | 4.22 | 3.65 | 3.94 | 7,548 | Bachelor's degree share |
| 10 | 4.64 | 3.85 | 4.25 | 7,564 | Bachelor's degree share |

Note: Least and most deprived tenth: ADI 0.4 and 5.7, rank correlation +1.00; standardized index 0.5 and 4.5, +1.00; median household income 0.4 and 5.2, +1.00; bachelor's degree share 0.5 and 4.3, +1.00.

Note: The standardized index applies the ADI's coefficients to its measures after standardizing each one, so home value and income carry less weight than in the ADI. Income and degree share are single census measures, each ranked from the highest value to the lowest.

Source: CDC PLACES 2024 release (BRFSS 2022) and ADI 2023; modeled estimates, population-weighted (adults in each tract); ADI 2023 and ACS 2019-2023 tract tables (B19013, B15003 and the 15 rebuilt ADI measures)

Data: https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/multiple-chronic-conditions/figures/alt_rankings.json

## All estimates

Every fact in facts.json (146), sorted by id.

| Fact id | Value | Unit | Estimand | Population | Period | Interval | n | Weights | Source | Note |
| --- | ---: | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---: | --- | --- | --- |
| age_old | 65 | years of age | definition: the age at which the ACS share of older residents starts | residents in the ACS share used as an input | ACS 2019-2023 |   |   | none (a definition) | American Community Survey |   |
| age_young | 18 | years of age | definition: the age below which the ACS share of children is counted | residents in the ACS share used as an input | ACS 2019-2023 |   |   | none (a definition) | American Community Survey |   |
| all_exp | 0.3 | tracts | number of tracts expected to be high on all nine conditions if they were independent across tracts (Poisson-binomial with the observed share high on each) | census tracts with an estimate for all nine conditions and an ADI rank | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023 |   |   | none (a benchmark) | CDC PLACES |   |
| all_n | 892 | tracts | count of tracts that are high on all nine conditions | census tracts with an estimate for all nine conditions and an ADI rank | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023 |   |   | none (full count) | CDC PLACES |   |
| all_share | 1.1% | percent of tracts | share of tracts that are high on all nine conditions, bootstrap interval over counties | census tracts with an estimate for all nine conditions and an ADI rank | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023 | 95% CI 0.9% to 1.3% | 82,781 tracts | none (each tract counts once) | CDC PLACES |   |
| alt_adi_least | 0.4 | Mean number of high conditions (of nine) | adult-weighted mean number of the nine conditions that are high; 95% intervals from a bootstrap over counties | the least deprived tenth of tracts ranked by Area Deprivation Index, among the tracts with all four rankings | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023; ACS 2019-2023 | 95% CI 0.3 to 0.5 | 7,551 tracts | adult population of the tract (PLACES) | CDC PLACES |   |
| alt_adi_most | 5.7 | Mean number of high conditions (of nine) | adult-weighted mean number of the nine conditions that are high; 95% intervals from a bootstrap over counties | the most deprived tenth of tracts ranked by Area Deprivation Index, among the tracts with all four rankings | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023; ACS 2019-2023 | 95% CI 5.5 to 5.8 | 7,543 tracts | adult population of the tract (PLACES) | CDC PLACES |   |
| alt_adi_rho | +1.00 | rank correlation | Spearman rank correlation between bin order and bin mean, each bin counted once | the bins of tracts ranked by Area Deprivation Index | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023; ACS 2019-2023 |   |   | each bin counted once | CDC PLACES |   |
| alt_degree_least | 0.5 | Mean number of high conditions (of nine) | adult-weighted mean number of the nine conditions that are high; 95% intervals from a bootstrap over counties | the least deprived tenth of tracts ranked by Bachelor's degree share, among the tracts with all four rankings | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023; ACS 2019-2023 | 95% CI 0.4 to 0.5 | 7,558 tracts | adult population of the tract (PLACES) | CDC PLACES |   |
| alt_degree_most | 4.3 | Mean number of high conditions (of nine) | adult-weighted mean number of the nine conditions that are high; 95% intervals from a bootstrap over counties | the most deprived tenth of tracts ranked by Bachelor's degree share, among the tracts with all four rankings | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023; ACS 2019-2023 | 95% CI 3.8 to 4.6 | 7,564 tracts | adult population of the tract (PLACES) | CDC PLACES |   |
| alt_degree_rho | +1.00 | rank correlation | Spearman rank correlation between bin order and bin mean, each bin counted once | the bins of tracts ranked by Bachelor's degree share | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023; ACS 2019-2023 |   |   | each bin counted once | CDC PLACES |   |
| alt_income_least | 0.4 | Mean number of high conditions (of nine) | adult-weighted mean number of the nine conditions that are high; 95% intervals from a bootstrap over counties | the least deprived tenth of tracts ranked by Median household income, among the tracts with all four rankings | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023; ACS 2019-2023 | 95% CI 0.3 to 0.4 | 7,560 tracts | adult population of the tract (PLACES) | CDC PLACES |   |
| alt_income_most | 5.2 | Mean number of high conditions (of nine) | adult-weighted mean number of the nine conditions that are high; 95% intervals from a bootstrap over counties | the most deprived tenth of tracts ranked by Median household income, among the tracts with all four rankings | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023; ACS 2019-2023 | 95% CI 5.0 to 5.3 | 7,559 tracts | adult population of the tract (PLACES) | CDC PLACES |   |
| alt_income_rho | +1.00 | rank correlation | Spearman rank correlation between bin order and bin mean, each bin counted once | the bins of tracts ranked by Median household income | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023; ACS 2019-2023 |   |   | each bin counted once | CDC PLACES |   |
| alt_n_places | 75,596 | tracts | count of tracts in the common sample of the ranking comparison | tracts with the outcome and all four rankings | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023; ACS 2019-2023 |   |   | none (full count) | CDC PLACES |   |
| alt_rho_cut | 0.9 | absolute rank correlation | threshold between a steady and an uneven gradient | the rule for changed gradients (docs/RANKING_SWITCH_RULE.md) | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023; ACS 2019-2023 |   |   | none (a fixed rule) | CDC PLACES |   |
| alt_rho_margin | 0.1 | absolute rank correlation | smallest move in the rank correlation that counts as a change of shape | the rule for changed gradients (docs/RANKING_SWITCH_RULE.md) | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023; ACS 2019-2023 |   |   | none (a fixed rule) | CDC PLACES |   |
| alt_std_least | 0.5 | Mean number of high conditions (of nine) | adult-weighted mean number of the nine conditions that are high; 95% intervals from a bootstrap over counties | the least deprived tenth of tracts ranked by Standardized index, among the tracts with all four rankings | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023; ACS 2019-2023 | 95% CI 0.4 to 0.5 | 7,559 tracts | adult population of the tract (PLACES) | CDC PLACES |   |
| alt_std_most | 4.5 | Mean number of high conditions (of nine) | adult-weighted mean number of the nine conditions that are high; 95% intervals from a bootstrap over counties | the most deprived tenth of tracts ranked by Standardized index, among the tracts with all four rankings | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023; ACS 2019-2023 | 95% CI 4.1 to 4.8 | 7,560 tracts | adult population of the tract (PLACES) | CDC PLACES |   |
| alt_std_rho | +1.00 | rank correlation | Spearman rank correlation between bin order and bin mean, each bin counted once | the bins of tracts ranked by Standardized index | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023; ACS 2019-2023 |   |   | each bin counted once | CDC PLACES |   |
| blk_c8 | 14.9% | percent of residents Black alone | population-weighted mean of the ACS share of residents Black alone, bootstrap interval over counties | residents of tracts that are high on 8 of the nine conditions, USALEEP tracts in the sample | ACS 2019-2023 | 95% CI 12.9% to 16.9% | 2,898 tracts | ACS 2019-2023 tract population | American Community Survey |   |
| blk_c9 | 2.7% | percent of residents Black alone | population-weighted mean of the ACS share of residents Black alone, bootstrap interval over counties | residents of tracts that are high on 9 of the nine conditions, USALEEP tracts in the sample | ACS 2019-2023 | 95% CI 2.2% to 3.1% | 873 tracts | ACS 2019-2023 tract population | American Community Survey |   |
| bp_florida | 5,077 | tracts | count of tracts with no high blood pressure estimate | Florida census tracts | PLACES 2024 release (BRFSS 2021 for blood pressure) |   |   | none (full count) | CDC PLACES |   |
| bp_nine_r | +0.51 | correlation coefficient (mean of the 36 pairs) | mean pairwise correlation among the nine conditions on the same tracts | adults living in tracts outside Florida with all ten estimates | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023 |   | 77,544 tracts | adult population of the tract (PLACES) | CDC PLACES |   |
| bp_r | +0.65 | correlation coefficient (mean over the nine conditions) | mean of the correlations of high blood pressure with the nine conditions, bootstrap interval over counties | adults living in tracts outside Florida with all ten estimates | BRFSS 2021 and 2022 (PLACES 2024 release) | 95% CI 0.64 to 0.67 | 77,544 tracts | adult population of the tract (PLACES) | CDC PLACES |   |
| cnt_d1 | 0.5 | conditions (of nine) | mean number of the nine conditions that are high, population-weighted mean over a tenth of tracts, bootstrap interval over counties | adults in the least deprived tenth of tracts by ADI national percentile | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023 | 95% CI 0.4 to 0.6 | 8,274 tracts | adult population of the tract (PLACES) | CDC PLACES |   |
| cnt_d10 | 5.7 | conditions (of nine) | mean number of the nine conditions that are high, population-weighted mean over a tenth of tracts, bootstrap interval over counties | adults in the most deprived tenth of tracts by ADI national percentile | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023 | 95% CI 5.5 to 5.8 | 8,213 tracts | adult population of the tract (PLACES) | CDC PLACES |   |
| cnt_diff | 5.2 | conditions (of nine) | difference between the population-weighted mean count of high conditions in the most and the least deprived tenth of tracts, bootstrap interval over counties (draws shared) | adults in the most deprived tenth of tracts compared with the least deprived tenth | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023 | 95% CI 5.0 to 5.4 | 82,781 tracts | adult population of the tract (PLACES) | CDC PLACES |   |
| cnt_mean | 2.3 | conditions (of nine) | mean number of high conditions per tract; it equals nine times the share high, so a result of the cutoff | census tracts with an estimate for all nine conditions and an ADI rank | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023 |   | 82,781 tracts | none (each tract counts once) | CDC PLACES |   |
| cut_fifth | 20% | percent of tracts | definition: a cutoff of the sensitivity check, the highest 20% of tracts | census tracts with an estimate for all nine conditions and an ADI rank | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023 |   |   | none (a definition) | CDC PLACES |   |
| cut_pct | 25% | percent of tracts | definition: a tract is high on a condition when its prevalence is in the highest 25% of tracts, ties at their mean rank | census tracts with an estimate for all nine conditions and an ADI rank | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023 |   |   | none (a definition) | CDC PLACES |   |
| cut_tenth | 10% | percent of tracts | definition: a cutoff of the sensitivity check, the highest 10% of tracts | census tracts with an estimate for all nine conditions and an ADI rank | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023 |   |   | none (a definition) | CDC PLACES |   |
| cut_third | 33.3% | percent of tracts | definition: a cutoff of the sensitivity check, the highest 33.3% of tracts | census tracts with an estimate for all nine conditions and an ADI rank | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023 |   |   | none (a definition) | CDC PLACES |   |
| dc_tracts | 201 | tracts | count of tracts; the ACS file lacks the under-18, white-alone and Asian-alone shares for the District of Columbia | tracts of the District of Columbia in the sample | ACS 2019-2023 |   |   | none (full count) | American Community Survey |   |
| few_k | 5 | tracts | definition: a county with fewer tracts than this has a share that moves in large steps | counties on the map | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023 |   |   | none (a definition) | CDC PLACES |   |
| ge5_d1 | 0.8% | percent of adults | share of adults living in tracts that are high on five or more conditions, population-weighted mean over a tenth of tracts, bootstrap interval over counties | adults in the least deprived tenth of tracts by ADI national percentile | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023 | 95% CI 0.3% to 1.6% | 8,274 tracts | adult population of the tract (PLACES) | CDC PLACES |   |
| ge5_d10 | 72.5% | percent of adults | share of adults living in tracts that are high on five or more conditions, population-weighted mean over a tenth of tracts, bootstrap interval over counties | adults in the most deprived tenth of tracts by ADI national percentile | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023 | 95% CI 69.9% to 75.1% | 8,213 tracts | adult population of the tract (PLACES) | CDC PLACES |   |
| ge5_exp | 4.9% | percent of tracts | share of tracts expected to be high on five or more conditions if they were independent across tracts | census tracts with an estimate for all nine conditions and an ADI rank | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023 |   |   | none (a benchmark) | CDC PLACES |   |
| ge5_share | 21.3% | percent of tracts | share of tracts that are high on five or more conditions, bootstrap interval over counties | census tracts with an estimate for all nine conditions and an ADI rank | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023 | 95% CI 19.3% to 23.3% | 82,781 tracts | none (each tract counts once) | CDC PLACES |   |
| ge5_share_w | 17.1% | percent of adults | share of adults living in tracts that are high on five or more conditions | adults living in census tracts with an estimate for all nine conditions and an ADI rank | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023 |   | 82,781 tracts | adult population of the tract (PLACES) | CDC PLACES |   |
| half_pct | 50% | percent of adults | definition: a county where half of adults or more live in such tracts | counties where the share of adults in tracts high on five or more conditions reaches this level | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023 |   |   | none (a definition) | CDC PLACES |   |
| high_share_max | 25.6% | percent of tracts | largest share of tracts that is high on one condition | census tracts with an estimate for all nine conditions and an ADI rank | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023 |   | 82,781 tracts | none (each tract counts once) | CDC PLACES |   |
| high_share_min | 24.0% | percent of tracts | smallest share of tracts that is high on one condition; tied values fall on one side of the cutoff | census tracts with an estimate for all nine conditions and an ADI rank | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023 |   | 82,781 tracts | none (each tract counts once) | CDC PLACES |   |
| le_c0 | 80.2 | years of life expectancy at birth | population-weighted mean tract life expectancy, bootstrap interval over counties | residents of tracts that are high on 0 of the nine conditions, USALEEP tracts in the sample, institutional tracts dropped | deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, area-weighted onto 2020 tracts); PLACES 2024 release | 95% CI 80.0 to 80.4 | 26,431 tracts | ACS 2019-2023 tract population | USALEEP life expectancy |   |
| le_c8 | 74.1 | years of life expectancy at birth | population-weighted mean tract life expectancy, bootstrap interval over counties | residents of tracts that are high on 8 of the nine conditions, USALEEP tracts in the sample, institutional tracts dropped | deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, area-weighted onto 2020 tracts); PLACES 2024 release | 95% CI 73.9 to 74.3 | 2,898 tracts | ACS 2019-2023 tract population | USALEEP life expectancy |   |
| le_c9 | 75.2 | years of life expectancy at birth | population-weighted mean tract life expectancy, bootstrap interval over counties | residents of tracts that are high on 9 of the nine conditions, USALEEP tracts in the sample, institutional tracts dropped | deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, area-weighted onto 2020 tracts); PLACES 2024 release | 95% CI 74.9 to 75.4 | 873 tracts | ACS 2019-2023 tract population | USALEEP life expectancy |   |
| le_gap | 6.1 | years of life expectancy at birth | difference in population-weighted mean tract life expectancy, bootstrap interval over counties (draws shared) | residents of tracts that are high on none of the nine conditions compared with tracts that are high on eight | deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, area-weighted onto 2020 tracts); PLACES 2024 release | 95% CI 5.8 to 6.3 | 29,329 tracts | ACS 2019-2023 tract population | USALEEP life expectancy |   |
| le_r | −0.48 | correlation coefficient | population-weighted correlation of the count of high conditions with tract life expectancy, bootstrap interval over counties | residents of USALEEP tracts in the sample | deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, area-weighted onto 2020 tracts); PLACES 2024 release | 95% CI −0.49 to −0.46 | 77,934 tracts | ACS 2019-2023 tract population | USALEEP life expectancy |   |
| le_r_dev | −0.25 | correlation coefficient | population-weighted correlation of the count of high conditions with tract life expectancy minus the county mean, bootstrap interval over counties | residents of USALEEP tracts in counties with at least two such tracts | deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, area-weighted onto 2020 tracts); PLACES 2024 release | 95% CI −0.27 to −0.22 | 77,720 tracts | ACS 2019-2023 tract population | USALEEP life expectancy |   |
| le_rebound | 1.0 | years of life expectancy at birth | difference in population-weighted mean tract life expectancy, bootstrap interval over counties (draws shared) | residents of tracts high on all nine conditions compared with tracts high on eight | deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, area-weighted onto 2020 tracts); PLACES 2024 release | 95% CI 0.8 to 1.3 | 3,771 tracts | ACS 2019-2023 tract population | USALEEP life expectancy |   |
| led_c0 | +0.6 | years of life expectancy at birth, relative to the mean of the tract's county | population-weighted mean difference between tract life expectancy and the population-weighted mean of its county, bootstrap interval over counties | residents of tracts that are high on 0 of the nine conditions, in counties with at least two USALEEP tracts | deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, area-weighted onto 2020 tracts); PLACES 2024 release | 95% CI 0.5 to 0.7 | 26,417 tracts | ACS 2019-2023 tract population | USALEEP life expectancy |   |
| led_c7 | −1.9 | years of life expectancy at birth, relative to the mean of the tract's county | population-weighted mean difference between tract life expectancy and the population-weighted mean of its county, bootstrap interval over counties | residents of tracts that are high on 7 of the nine conditions, in counties with at least two USALEEP tracts | deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, area-weighted onto 2020 tracts); PLACES 2024 release | 95% CI −2.2 to −1.7 | 4,219 tracts | ACS 2019-2023 tract population | USALEEP life expectancy |   |
| many_k | 5 | conditions | definition: five or more of the nine conditions, a majority | census tracts with an estimate for all nine conditions and an ADI rank | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023 |   |   | none (a definition) | CDC PLACES |   |
| mto_bmi_extreme | 40 | body mass index | definition: the lowest body mass index counted as extreme obesity | women with children in public housing in high-poverty tracts, randomized to a voucher offer from 1994 to 1998, measured 2008 to 2010 | measured 2008 to 2010 |   |   | none (a definition) | Published estimates from cited studies |   |
| mto_bmi_obese | 30 | body mass index | definition: the lowest body mass index counted as obesity, the PLACES definition | women with children in public housing in high-poverty tracts, randomized to a voucher offer from 1994 to 1998, measured 2008 to 2010 | measured 2008 to 2010 |   |   | none (a definition) | Published estimates from cited studies |   |
| mto_hba1c_cut | 6.5% | percent glycated hemoglobin | definition: the lowest glycated hemoglobin counted as diabetes in the study | women with children in public housing in high-poverty tracts, randomized to a voucher offer from 1994 to 1998, measured 2008 to 2010 | measured 2008 to 2010 |   |   | none (a definition) | Published estimates from cited studies |   |
| mto_itt_extreme | −3.4 | percentage points of women with body mass index of 40 or more | intention-to-treat difference in prevalence between women randomly offered a voucher usable only in low-poverty tracts (with counseling) and women offered no voucher, reported by Ludwig and coauthors (2011, New England Journal of Medicine 365(16)): 4,498 women with children in public housing in high-poverty tracts in Baltimore, Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles and New York, randomized 1994 to 1998 and measured in a survey from 2008 to 2010; copied from the paper and not computed in this build | women with children in public housing in high-poverty tracts, randomized to a voucher offer from 1994 to 1998, measured 2008 to 2010 | randomized 1994 to 1998, measured 2008 to 2010 | 95% CI −6.4 to −0.4 |   | none (reported estimate) | Published estimates from cited studies | A published estimate, not a result of this build. |
| mto_itt_hba1c | −4.3 | percentage points of women with glycated hemoglobin of 6.5% or more | intention-to-treat difference in prevalence between women randomly offered a voucher usable only in low-poverty tracts (with counseling) and women offered no voucher, reported by Ludwig and coauthors (2011, New England Journal of Medicine 365(16)): 4,498 women with children in public housing in high-poverty tracts in Baltimore, Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles and New York, randomized 1994 to 1998 and measured in a survey from 2008 to 2010; copied from the paper and not computed in this build | women with children in public housing in high-poverty tracts, randomized to a voucher offer from 1994 to 1998, measured 2008 to 2010 | randomized 1994 to 1998, measured 2008 to 2010 | 95% CI −7.8 to −0.8 |   | none (reported estimate) | Published estimates from cited studies | A published estimate, not a result of this build. |
| mto_itt_obese | −1.2 | percentage points of women with body mass index of 30 or more | intention-to-treat difference in prevalence between women randomly offered a voucher usable only in low-poverty tracts (with counseling) and women offered no voucher, reported by Ludwig and coauthors (2011, New England Journal of Medicine 365(16)): 4,498 women with children in public housing in high-poverty tracts in Baltimore, Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles and New York, randomized 1994 to 1998 and measured in a survey from 2008 to 2010; copied from the paper and not computed in this build | women with children in public housing in high-poverty tracts, randomized to a voucher offer from 1994 to 1998, measured 2008 to 2010 | randomized 1994 to 1998, measured 2008 to 2010 | 95% CI −5.4 to 3.0 |   | none (reported estimate) | Published estimates from cited studies | A published estimate, not a result of this build. |
| mto_takeup | 48% | percent of women offered the low-poverty voucher | share of the low-poverty voucher group that used the voucher to move, reported by Ludwig and coauthors (2011, New England Journal of Medicine 365(16)); copied from the paper and not computed in this build | women with children in public housing in high-poverty tracts, randomized to a voucher offer from 1994 to 1998, measured 2008 to 2010 | randomized 1994 to 1998 |   |   | none (reported estimate) | Published estimates from cited studies | A published estimate, not a result of this build. |
| n_acs_dropped | 203 | tracts | count of sample tracts left out of the approximation only | sample tracts that lack at least one of the ACS inputs of the approximation | ACS 2019-2023 |   |   | none (full count) | American Community Survey |   |
| n_acs_shares | 8 | ACS tract shares | definition: the number of ACS shares in the approximation | census tract shares used to approximate the model's inputs | ACS 2019-2023 |   |   | none (a definition) | American Community Survey |   |
| n_cl_counties | 3,129 | counties | number of bootstrap clusters | counties (Connecticut planning regions) with a tract in the sample | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023 |   |   | none (full count) | CDC PLACES |   |
| n_conditions | 9 | conditions | definition: the number of conditions in the count | PLACES health outcome measures that cover all adults and have an estimate in every state | PLACES 2024 release |   |   | none (a definition) | CDC PLACES |   |
| n_dropped | 741 | tracts | count of tracts left out | census tracts with a PLACES estimate that have no ADI rank | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023 |   |   | none (full count) | Area Deprivation Index |   |
| n_few_tracts | 990 | counties | count of counties with fewer tracts in the sample than the definition above, where the share moves in large steps | counties on the map | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023 |   |   | none (full count) | CDC PLACES |   |
| n_half | 1,229 | counties | count of counties with a population-weighted tract share of 50% or more | counties where at least half of adults live in tracts that are high on five or more conditions | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023 |   |   | adult population of the tract (PLACES) | CDC PLACES |   |
| n_le_tracts | 77,934 | tracts | count of tracts | tracts in the sample with a USALEEP life expectancy estimate that is not institutional | deaths in 2010 to 2015 (USALEEP, area-weighted onto 2020 tracts); PLACES 2024 release |   |   | none (full count) | USALEEP life expectancy |   |
| n_map_counties | 3,128 | counties | count of counties drawn with a value (Connecticut as its eight legacy counties) | counties and county equivalents on the map with at least one tract in the sample | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023 |   |   | none (full count) | CDC PLACES |   |
| n_map_gray | 15 | counties | count of counties drawn gray | counties on the map sprite with no tract in the sample | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023 |   |   | none (full count) | CDC PLACES |   |
| n_neg_pairs | 2 | pairs of conditions | count of pairs whose 95% bootstrap interval lies below zero | pairs among the nine conditions with an interval entirely below zero | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023 |   | 36 pairs of conditions | adult population of the tract (PLACES) | CDC PLACES |   |
| n_pairs | 36 | pairs of conditions | definition: nine choose two | pairs among the nine conditions | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023 |   |   | none (a definition) | CDC PLACES |   |
| n_places_measures | 40 | measures | count of measure ids in the staged tract file | health measures that PLACES publishes for tracts | PLACES 2024 release |   |   | none (full count) | CDC PLACES |   |
| n_places_tracts | 83,522 | tracts | count of tracts | 2020 census tracts with a CDC PLACES 2024 release estimate for all nine conditions | PLACES 2024 release |   |   | none (full count) | CDC PLACES |   |
| n_pos_pairs | 32 | pairs of conditions | count of pairs whose 95% bootstrap interval lies above zero | pairs among the nine conditions with an interval entirely above zero | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023 |   | 36 pairs of conditions | adult population of the tract (PLACES) | CDC PLACES |   |
| n_tracts | 82,781 | tracts | count of tracts | census tracts with an estimate for all nine conditions and an ADI rank | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023; ACS 2019-2023 |   |   | none (full count) | CDC PLACES |   |
| none_exp | 7.4% | percent of tracts | share of tracts expected to be high on none if the nine conditions were independent across tracts (Poisson-binomial with the observed share high on each) | census tracts with an estimate for all nine conditions and an ADI rank | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023 |   |   | none (a benchmark) | CDC PLACES |   |
| none_share | 34.0% | percent of tracts | share of tracts that are high on none of the nine conditions, bootstrap interval over counties | census tracts with an estimate for all nine conditions and an ADI rank | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023 | 95% CI 30.7% to 37.1% | 82,781 tracts | none (each tract counts once) | CDC PLACES |   |
| none_share_w | 38.1% | percent of adults | share of adults living in tracts that are high on none of the nine conditions | adults living in census tracts with an estimate for all nine conditions and an ADI rank | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023 |   | 82,781 tracts | adult population of the tract (PLACES) | CDC PLACES |   |
| oh_cancer | 2.5 | other conditions (of eight) that are also high | mean number of the other eight conditions that are also high, bootstrap interval over counties | tracts high on cancer | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023 | 95% CI 2.4 to 2.6 | 21,087 tracts | none (each tract counts once) | CDC PLACES |   |
| oh_copd | 4.9 | other conditions (of eight) that are also high | mean number of the other eight conditions that are also high, bootstrap interval over counties | tracts high on COPD | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023 | 95% CI 4.9 to 5.0 | 21,048 tracts | none (each tract counts once) | CDC PLACES |   |
| oh_depression | 3.1 | other conditions (of eight) that are also high | mean number of the other eight conditions that are also high, bootstrap interval over counties | tracts high on depression | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023 | 95% CI 3.0 to 3.3 | 20,971 tracts | none (each tract counts once) | CDC PLACES |   |
| oh_indep | 2.0 | other conditions (of eight) that are also high | expected number of the other eight conditions that are also high if the conditions were independent across tracts | a tract that is high on one condition | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023 |   |   | none (a benchmark) | CDC PLACES |   |
| oh_stroke | 4.9 | other conditions (of eight) that are also high | mean number of the other eight conditions that are also high, bootstrap interval over counties | tracts high on stroke | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023 | 95% CI 4.8 to 5.0 | 19,866 tracts | none (each tract counts once) | CDC PLACES |   |
| oh_wdiff | 0.34 | other conditions (of eight) that are also high | largest absolute difference, over the nine conditions, between the mean weighted by adults and the mean counting each tract once | tracts high on one condition | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023 |   |   | adult population of the tract (PLACES) | CDC PLACES |   |
| p65_c8 | 18.9% | percent of residents aged 65 and over | population-weighted mean of the ACS share of residents aged 65 and over, bootstrap interval over counties | residents of tracts that are high on 8 of the nine conditions, USALEEP tracts in the sample | ACS 2019-2023 | 95% CI 18.6% to 19.2% | 2,898 tracts | ACS 2019-2023 tract population | American Community Survey |   |
| p65_c9 | 22.6% | percent of residents aged 65 and over | population-weighted mean of the ACS share of residents aged 65 and over, bootstrap interval over counties | residents of tracts that are high on 9 of the nine conditions, USALEEP tracts in the sample | ACS 2019-2023 | 95% CI 22.3% to 22.9% | 873 tracts | ACS 2019-2023 tract population | American Community Survey |   |
| pc1_share | 59.0% | percent of the variance of the standardized prevalences | share of the variance on the first principal component of the nine standardized prevalences, bootstrap interval over counties | adults living in census tracts with an estimate for all nine conditions and an ADI rank | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023 | 95% CI 57.9% to 60.2% | 82,781 tracts | adult population of the tract (PLACES) | CDC PLACES |   |
| r2_flex_max | 90% | percent of the variance of tract prevalence | largest weighted out-of-fold R squared of the nine tree fits, folds by county | adults living in census tracts with an estimate for all nine conditions and an ADI rank and every ACS input of the approximation | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023; ACS 2019-2023 |   | 82,578 tracts | adult population of the tract (PLACES) | CDC PLACES |   |
| r2_flex_min | 75% | percent of the variance of tract prevalence | smallest weighted out-of-fold R squared of the nine tree fits, folds by county | adults living in census tracts with an estimate for all nine conditions and an ADI rank and every ACS input of the approximation | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023; ACS 2019-2023 |   | 82,578 tracts | adult population of the tract (PLACES) | CDC PLACES |   |
| r2_max | 90% | percent of the variance of tract prevalence | largest weighted R squared of the nine fits on the ACS shares, county poverty and state effects | adults living in census tracts with an estimate for all nine conditions and an ADI rank and every ACS input of the approximation | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023; ACS 2019-2023 |   | 82,578 tracts | adult population of the tract (PLACES) | CDC PLACES |   |
| r2_min | 79% | percent of the variance of tract prevalence | smallest weighted R squared of the nine fits on the ACS shares, county poverty and state effects | adults living in census tracts with an estimate for all nine conditions and an ADI rank and every ACS input of the approximation | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023; ACS 2019-2023 |   | 82,578 tracts | adult population of the tract (PLACES) | CDC PLACES |   |
| r2w_max | 85% | percent of the variance of tract prevalence within counties | largest weighted within-county R squared of the nine fits on the ACS shares with county effects | adults living in census tracts with an estimate for all nine conditions and an ADI rank and every ACS input of the approximation | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023; ACS 2019-2023 |   | 82,578 tracts | adult population of the tract (PLACES) | CDC PLACES |   |
| r2w_min | 62% | percent of the variance of tract prevalence within counties | smallest weighted within-county R squared of the nine fits on the ACS shares with county effects | adults living in census tracts with an estimate for all nine conditions and an ADI rank and every ACS input of the approximation | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023; ACS 2019-2023 |   | 82,578 tracts | adult population of the tract (PLACES) | CDC PLACES |   |
| r65_arth | +0.64 | correlation coefficient | population-weighted correlation of the tract prevalence of arthritis with the ACS share of residents aged 65 and over, bootstrap interval over counties | adults living in census tracts with an estimate for all nine conditions and an ADI rank | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023; ACS 2019-2023 | 95% CI 0.61 to 0.66 | 82,779 tracts | adult population of the tract (PLACES) | CDC PLACES |   |
| r65_cancer | +0.81 | correlation coefficient | population-weighted correlation of the tract prevalence of cancer with the ACS share of residents aged 65 and over, bootstrap interval over counties | adults living in census tracts with an estimate for all nine conditions and an ADI rank | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023; ACS 2019-2023 | 95% CI 0.79 to 0.83 | 82,779 tracts | adult population of the tract (PLACES) | CDC PLACES |   |
| r65_chd | +0.64 | correlation coefficient | population-weighted correlation of the tract prevalence of coronary heart disease with the ACS share of residents aged 65 and over, bootstrap interval over counties | adults living in census tracts with an estimate for all nine conditions and an ADI rank | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023; ACS 2019-2023 | 95% CI 0.61 to 0.66 | 82,779 tracts | adult population of the tract (PLACES) | CDC PLACES |   |
| r65_depr | −0.17 | correlation coefficient | population-weighted correlation of the tract prevalence of depression with the ACS share of residents aged 65 and over, bootstrap interval over counties | adults living in census tracts with an estimate for all nine conditions and an ADI rank | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023; ACS 2019-2023 | 95% CI −0.21 to −0.14 | 82,779 tracts | adult population of the tract (PLACES) | CDC PLACES |   |
| r65_diab | +0.23 | correlation coefficient | population-weighted correlation of the tract prevalence of diagnosed diabetes with the ACS share of residents aged 65 and over, bootstrap interval over counties | adults living in census tracts with an estimate for all nine conditions and an ADI rank | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023; ACS 2019-2023 | 95% CI 0.19 to 0.26 | 82,779 tracts | adult population of the tract (PLACES) | CDC PLACES |   |
| r_arth_chd | +0.90 | correlation coefficient | population-weighted Pearson correlation of tract prevalence of arthritis and coronary heart disease, bootstrap interval over counties | adults living in census tracts with an estimate for all nine conditions and an ADI rank | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023 | 95% CI 0.89 to 0.91 | 82,781 tracts | adult population of the tract (PLACES) | CDC PLACES |   |
| r_asth_obes | +0.64 | correlation coefficient | population-weighted Pearson correlation of tract prevalence of current asthma and obesity, bootstrap interval over counties | adults living in census tracts with an estimate for all nine conditions and an ADI rank | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023 | 95% CI 0.59 to 0.69 | 82,781 tracts | adult population of the tract (PLACES) | CDC PLACES |   |
| r_cancer_arth | +0.74 | correlation coefficient | population-weighted Pearson correlation of tract prevalence of cancer and arthritis, bootstrap interval over counties | adults living in census tracts with an estimate for all nine conditions and an ADI rank | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023 | 95% CI 0.72 to 0.75 | 82,781 tracts | adult population of the tract (PLACES) | CDC PLACES |   |
| r_cancer_asth | −0.13 | correlation coefficient | population-weighted Pearson correlation of tract prevalence of cancer and current asthma, bootstrap interval over counties | adults living in census tracts with an estimate for all nine conditions and an ADI rank | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023 | 95% CI −0.20 to −0.07 | 82,781 tracts | adult population of the tract (PLACES) | CDC PLACES |   |
| r_cancer_chd | +0.63 | correlation coefficient | population-weighted Pearson correlation of tract prevalence of cancer and coronary heart disease, bootstrap interval over counties | adults living in census tracts with an estimate for all nine conditions and an ADI rank | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023 | 95% CI 0.60 to 0.66 | 82,781 tracts | adult population of the tract (PLACES) | CDC PLACES |   |
| r_cancer_depr | 0.00 | correlation coefficient | population-weighted Pearson correlation of tract prevalence of cancer and depression, bootstrap interval over counties | adults living in census tracts with an estimate for all nine conditions and an ADI rank | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023 | 95% CI −0.07 to 0.06 | 82,781 tracts | adult population of the tract (PLACES) | CDC PLACES |   |
| r_cancer_diab | +0.05 | correlation coefficient | population-weighted Pearson correlation of tract prevalence of cancer and diagnosed diabetes, bootstrap interval over counties | adults living in census tracts with an estimate for all nine conditions and an ADI rank | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023 | 95% CI 0.00 to 0.11 | 82,781 tracts | adult population of the tract (PLACES) | CDC PLACES |   |
| r_cancer_obes | −0.11 | correlation coefficient | population-weighted Pearson correlation of tract prevalence of cancer and obesity, bootstrap interval over counties | adults living in census tracts with an estimate for all nine conditions and an ADI rank | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023 | 95% CI −0.18 to −0.05 | 82,781 tracts | adult population of the tract (PLACES) | CDC PLACES |   |
| r_core_max | +0.90 | correlation coefficient | largest population-weighted correlation among the six pairs of coronary heart disease, COPD, diagnosed diabetes and stroke (Diabetes and Stroke), bootstrap interval over counties | adults living in census tracts with an estimate for all nine conditions and an ADI rank | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023 | 95% CI 0.89 to 0.92 | 82,781 tracts | adult population of the tract (PLACES) | CDC PLACES |   |
| r_core_min | +0.74 | correlation coefficient | smallest population-weighted correlation among the six pairs of coronary heart disease, COPD, diagnosed diabetes and stroke (Coronary heart disease and Diabetes), bootstrap interval over counties | adults living in census tracts with an estimate for all nine conditions and an ADI rank | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023 | 95% CI 0.71 to 0.76 | 82,781 tracts | adult population of the tract (PLACES) | CDC PLACES |   |
| r_depr_diab | +0.06 | correlation coefficient | population-weighted Pearson correlation of tract prevalence of depression and diagnosed diabetes, bootstrap interval over counties | adults living in census tracts with an estimate for all nine conditions and an ADI rank | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023 | 95% CI 0.01 to 0.11 | 82,781 tracts | adult population of the tract (PLACES) | CDC PLACES |   |
| r_mean | +0.49 | correlation coefficient (mean of the 36 pairs) | mean of the population-weighted Pearson correlations over the 36 pairs of conditions, bootstrap interval over counties | adults living in census tracts with an estimate for all nine conditions and an ADI rank | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023 | 95% CI 0.48 to 0.51 | 82,781 tracts | adult population of the tract (PLACES) | CDC PLACES |   |
| r_mean_acs | +0.49 | correlation coefficient (mean of the 36 pairs) | mean pairwise correlation among the nine conditions on the tracts the approximation uses, bootstrap interval over counties | adults living in census tracts with an estimate for all nine conditions and an ADI rank and every ACS input of the approximation | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023; ACS 2019-2023 | 95% CI 0.48 to 0.51 | 82,578 tracts | adult population of the tract (PLACES) | CDC PLACES |   |
| r_stroke_chd | +0.86 | correlation coefficient | population-weighted Pearson correlation of tract prevalence of stroke and coronary heart disease, bootstrap interval over counties | adults living in census tracts with an estimate for all nine conditions and an ADI rank | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023 | 95% CI 0.85 to 0.87 | 82,781 tracts | adult population of the tract (PLACES) | CDC PLACES |   |
| r_stroke_copd | +0.90 | correlation coefficient | population-weighted Pearson correlation of tract prevalence of stroke and COPD, bootstrap interval over counties | adults living in census tracts with an estimate for all nine conditions and an ADI rank | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023 | 95% CI 0.89 to 0.90 | 82,781 tracts | adult population of the tract (PLACES) | CDC PLACES |   |
| r_stroke_diab | +0.90 | correlation coefficient | population-weighted Pearson correlation of tract prevalence of stroke and diagnosed diabetes, bootstrap interval over counties | adults living in census tracts with an estimate for all nine conditions and an ADI rank | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023 | 95% CI 0.89 to 0.92 | 82,781 tracts | adult population of the tract (PLACES) | CDC PLACES |   |
| r_within_adi | +0.36 | correlation coefficient (mean of the 36 pairs) | mean pairwise correlation among the nine conditions after subtracting the mean of each ADI tenth, bootstrap interval over counties | adults living in census tracts with an estimate for all nine conditions and an ADI rank | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023 | 95% CI 0.35 to 0.38 | 82,781 tracts | adult population of the tract (PLACES) | CDC PLACES |   |
| radi_cancer | 0.00 | correlation coefficient | population-weighted correlation of the tract prevalence of cancer with the ADI national percentile, bootstrap interval over counties | adults living in census tracts with an estimate for all nine conditions and an ADI rank | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023 | 95% CI −0.07 to 0.07 | 82,781 tracts | adult population of the tract (PLACES) | CDC PLACES |   |
| rdec_d1 | +0.40 | correlation coefficient (mean of the 36 pairs) | mean pairwise correlation among the nine conditions inside one tenth of tracts, bootstrap interval over counties | adults in the least deprived tenth of tracts | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023 | 95% CI 0.37 to 0.44 | 8,274 tracts | adult population of the tract (PLACES) | CDC PLACES |   |
| rdec_d10 | +0.34 | correlation coefficient (mean of the 36 pairs) | mean pairwise correlation among the nine conditions inside one tenth of tracts, bootstrap interval over counties | adults in the most deprived tenth of tracts | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023 | 95% CI 0.32 to 0.36 | 8,213 tracts | adult population of the tract (PLACES) | CDC PLACES |   |
| rdec_diff | +0.06 | correlation coefficient (mean of the 36 pairs), least deprived tenth minus most deprived tenth | mean pairwise correlation inside the least deprived tenth minus that inside the most deprived tenth, bootstrap interval over counties (draws shared) | adults in the least and the most deprived tenth of tracts | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023 | 95% CI 0.03 to 0.11 | 82,781 tracts | adult population of the tract (PLACES) | CDC PLACES |   |
| rdec_mid_max | +0.36 | correlation coefficient (mean of the 36 pairs) | largest of the eight mean pairwise correlations inside the second to ninth tenth | adults in the second to ninth tenth of tracts | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023 |   | 82,781 tracts | adult population of the tract (PLACES) | CDC PLACES |   |
| rdec_mid_min | +0.35 | correlation coefficient (mean of the 36 pairs) | smallest of the eight mean pairwise correlations inside the second to ninth tenth | adults in the second to ninth tenth of tracts | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023 |   | 82,781 tracts | adult population of the tract (PLACES) | CDC PLACES |   |
| reg_midwest | 20.2% | percent of adults | share of adults living in tracts that are high on five or more conditions | adults in the Midwest Census region living in the analysis tracts | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023 |   |   | adult population of the tract (PLACES) | CDC PLACES |   |
| reg_northeast | 8.5% | percent of adults | share of adults living in tracts that are high on five or more conditions | adults in the Northeast Census region living in the analysis tracts | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023 |   |   | adult population of the tract (PLACES) | CDC PLACES |   |
| reg_south | 25.8% | percent of adults | share of adults living in tracts that are high on five or more conditions | adults in the South Census region living in the analysis tracts | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023 |   |   | adult population of the tract (PLACES) | CDC PLACES |   |
| reg_west | 7.0% | percent of adults | share of adults living in tracts that are high on five or more conditions | adults in the West Census region living in the analysis tracts | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023 |   |   | adult population of the tract (PLACES) | CDC PLACES |   |
| rowmean_cancer | +0.22 | correlation coefficient (mean over the other eight conditions) | mean of the correlations of cancer with the other eight conditions, bootstrap interval over counties | adults living in census tracts with an estimate for all nine conditions and an ADI rank | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023 | 95% CI 0.19 to 0.25 | 82,781 tracts | adult population of the tract (PLACES) | CDC PLACES |   |
| rowmean_copd | +0.68 | correlation coefficient (mean over the other eight conditions) | mean of the correlations of COPD with the other eight conditions, bootstrap interval over counties | adults living in census tracts with an estimate for all nine conditions and an ADI rank | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023 | 95% CI 0.66 to 0.69 | 82,781 tracts | adult population of the tract (PLACES) | CDC PLACES |   |
| rowmean_depression | +0.26 | correlation coefficient (mean over the other eight conditions) | mean of the correlations of depression with the other eight conditions, bootstrap interval over counties | adults living in census tracts with an estimate for all nine conditions and an ADI rank | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023 | 95% CI 0.22 to 0.30 | 82,781 tracts | adult population of the tract (PLACES) | CDC PLACES |   |
| s_adj_county | +0.52 | correlation coefficient (mean of the 36 pairs) | mean pairwise correlation among the nine conditions after removing a fit on eight ACS tract shares and county effects; the fit is not refitted inside the bootstrap, so the interval conditions on it | adults living in census tracts with an estimate for all nine conditions and an ADI rank and every ACS input of the approximation | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023; ACS 2019-2023 | 95% CI 0.51 to 0.52 | 82,578 tracts | adult population of the tract (PLACES) | CDC PLACES |   |
| s_adj_state | +0.47 | correlation coefficient (mean of the 36 pairs) | mean pairwise correlation among the nine conditions after removing a fit on eight ACS tract shares, the county poverty rate and state effects; the fit is not refitted inside the bootstrap, so the interval conditions on it | adults living in census tracts with an estimate for all nine conditions and an ADI rank and every ACS input of the approximation | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023; ACS 2019-2023 | 95% CI 0.46 to 0.48 | 82,578 tracts | adult population of the tract (PLACES) | CDC PLACES |   |
| s_county | +0.43 | correlation coefficient (mean of the 36 pairs) | mean pairwise correlation among the nine conditions after subtracting the mean of each county; the fit is not refitted inside the bootstrap, so the interval conditions on it | adults living in census tracts with an estimate for all nine conditions and an ADI rank | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023; ACS 2019-2023 | 95% CI 0.42 to 0.43 | 82,781 tracts | adult population of the tract (PLACES) | CDC PLACES |   |
| s_flex | +0.45 | correlation coefficient (mean of the 36 pairs) | mean pairwise correlation among the nine conditions after removing a gradient-boosted-trees fit on the ACS tract shares, the county poverty rate and the state; the fit is not refitted inside the bootstrap, so the interval conditions on it | adults living in census tracts with an estimate for all nine conditions and an ADI rank and every ACS input of the approximation | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023; ACS 2019-2023 | 95% CI 0.44 to 0.47 | 82,578 tracts | adult population of the tract (PLACES) | CDC PLACES |   |
| s_state | +0.48 | correlation coefficient (mean of the 36 pairs) | mean pairwise correlation among the nine conditions after subtracting the mean of each state; the fit is not refitted inside the bootstrap, so the interval conditions on it | adults living in census tracts with an estimate for all nine conditions and an ADI rank | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023; ACS 2019-2023 | 95% CI 0.47 to 0.50 | 82,781 tracts | adult population of the tract (PLACES) | CDC PLACES |   |
| sens_all_tenth | 14 | tracts | count of tracts high on all nine conditions when a tract is high if it is in the highest 10% of tracts | census tracts with an estimate for all nine conditions and an ADI rank | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023 |   |   | none (full count) | CDC PLACES |   |
| sens_all_third | 2,679 | tracts | count of tracts high on all nine conditions when a tract is high if it is in the highest 33.3% of tracts | census tracts with an estimate for all nine conditions and an ADI rank | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023 |   |   | none (full count) | CDC PLACES |   |
| sens_exp_tenth | 0.0 | tracts | number of tracts expected to be high on all nine conditions if they were independent, with the highest 10% of tracts counted as high | census tracts with an estimate for all nine conditions and an ADI rank | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023 |   |   | none (a benchmark) | CDC PLACES |   |
| sens_exp_third | 4.5 | tracts | number of tracts expected to be high on all nine conditions if they were independent, with the highest 33.3% of tracts counted as high | census tracts with an estimate for all nine conditions and an ADI rank | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023 |   |   | none (a benchmark) | CDC PLACES |   |
| sens_none_tenth | 64.9% | percent of tracts | share of tracts high on none of the nine conditions when a tract is high if it is in the highest 10% of tracts | census tracts with an estimate for all nine conditions and an ADI rank | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023 |   | 82,781 tracts | none (each tract counts once) | CDC PLACES |   |
| sens_none_third | 23.4% | percent of tracts | share of tracts high on none of the nine conditions when a tract is high if it is in the highest 33.3% of tracts | census tracts with an estimate for all nine conditions and an ADI rank | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023 |   | 82,781 tracts | none (each tract counts once) | CDC PLACES |   |
| us_chronic_high | 2.0 | conditions (of nine) | mean number of the nine conditions that are high, population-weighted mean over all the tracts of the tenths pooled, bootstrap interval over counties (the draws of the tenths) | adults in all the tracts of the comparison: census tracts with an estimate for all nine conditions and an ADI rank | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023 | 95% CI 1.8 to 2.1 | 82,781 tracts | adult population of the tract (PLACES) | CDC PLACES |   |
| vc_between | 52.2% | percent of the variance of the tract count of high conditions | population-weighted share of the variance of the count of high conditions that lies between counties, including between states; a decomposition of every tract | adults living in census tracts with an estimate for all nine conditions and an ADI rank | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023 |   | 82,781 tracts | adult population of the tract (PLACES) | CDC PLACES |   |
| vc_county | 29.8% | percent of the variance of the tract count of high conditions | population-weighted share of the variance of the count of high conditions that lies between counties within states; a decomposition of every tract, so it has no sampling interval | adults living in census tracts with an estimate for all nine conditions and an ADI rank | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023 |   | 82,781 tracts | adult population of the tract (PLACES) | CDC PLACES |   |
| vc_state | 22.4% | percent of the variance of the tract count of high conditions | population-weighted share of the variance of the count of high conditions that lies between states; a decomposition of every tract, so it has no sampling interval | adults living in census tracts with an estimate for all nine conditions and an ADI rank | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023 |   | 82,781 tracts | adult population of the tract (PLACES) | CDC PLACES |   |
| vc_within | 47.8% | percent of the variance of the tract count of high conditions | population-weighted share of the variance of the count of high conditions that lies between tracts within counties; a decomposition of every tract, so it has no sampling interval | adults living in census tracts with an estimate for all nine conditions and an ADI rank | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023 |   | 82,781 tracts | adult population of the tract (PLACES) | CDC PLACES |   |
| wv_share | 81.7% | percent of adults | share of adults living in tracts that are high on five or more conditions | adults in West Virginia living in the analysis tracts | BRFSS 2022 (PLACES 2024 release); ADI 2023 |   |   | adult population of the tract (PLACES) | CDC PLACES |   |

## Definitions

- Census tract: A small area drawn by the Census Bureau to stand in for a neighborhood. Boundaries are redrawn after each decennial census.
- Area Deprivation Index (ADI): A score that ranks neighborhoods by income, education, employment and housing conditions drawn from the American Community Survey. In this book a higher national percentile means a more deprived neighborhood.
- Modeled estimate: A figure produced by a statistical model instead of a direct count or measurement, usually for small areas where direct data are thin, borrowing strength from surveys, neighboring areas or other data. Neighboring areas can share errors, so single extremes call for caution.
- Population-weighted: Averaged so that each place counts in proportion to its number of residents, which lets a large county move the result more than a small one. An unweighted average counts every place equally.
- Principal components: A method that combines many correlated measures into a few summary scores, ordered by how much of the variation among places each captures. The first component is the single weighted combination that captures the most.
- Fixed effects: A regression adjustment that gives each group, such as each county, its own baseline. The estimate then rests on differences within groups.
- USALEEP: The U.S. Small-area Life Expectancy Estimates Project, a National Center for Health Statistics release of life expectancy at birth for most census tracts. It covers deaths from 2010 to 2015 only and has not been updated.
- Life expectancy at birth: The average number of years a newborn would live if death rates at every age stayed as they were in the period measured. It summarizes the death rates of a period and is not a forecast for any child.
- Ecological inference: Drawing conclusions about individuals from data about places or groups. A pattern across counties need not hold for the people inside them.
- Bootstrap interval: A range for an estimate found by recomputing it on many random resamples of the data and reading the range from the results. It shows how much the estimate would vary from sample to sample.

## Methods

The chapter compares modeled prevalences of nine chronic conditions across census tracts, from the CDC PLACES 2024 release, with correlations, means and shares of adults weighted by the adult population of each tract. A tract is high on a condition when its prevalence is in the highest 25% of tracts, and the count of high conditions describes tracts and not people. The estimates come from a model that fits every condition to shared inputs, so part of the correlation among conditions is built in; the adjustments here approximate those inputs from census data and are not the model. Life expectancy covers deaths in 2010 to 2015, a different period from the PLACES estimates.

### Which tracts and conditions are compared

The tract file of CDC PLACES (2024 release) gives one modeled prevalence per condition per tract. The chapter uses nine health outcome measures that cover all adults and have an estimate in every state: arthritis, cancer (non-skin) or melanoma, current asthma, coronary heart disease, COPD, depression, diagnosed diabetes, obesity and stroke.

The sample is the tracts with all nine conditions and an ADI rank. The approximations of the model's inputs use the tracts with every ACS input, which leaves out the tracts of the District of Columbia and a few others.

Explains Table 1.

### What counts as high on a condition

A tract is high on a condition when its prevalence is in the highest 25% of tracts, with tied values at their mean rank, and the count is the number of conditions on which a tract is high; it describes tracts and not people.

The benchmark for independent conditions is a Poisson-binomial distribution with each condition's observed share of high tracts.

Explains Table 2, Table 3 and Table 4.

### How tracts are weighted and where life expectancy comes from

Correlations, means and shares of adults are weighted by the tract's adult population; counts and shares of tracts count each tract once.

Life expectancy is the USALEEP estimate for 2010 to 2015 on 2020 tracts, weighted by ACS 2019-2023 tract population.

Explains Table 5 and Table 8.

### How the model's inputs are approximated

The adjustments for the model's inputs are weighted least-squares fits of each condition on eight ACS tract shares with squares and pairwise products, with state effects and a county poverty rate (or county effects), and a gradient-boosted-trees fit with folds by county; they are fitted once and not refitted inside the bootstrap, so their intervals condition on the fit.

They approximate the PLACES model, which uses individual age, sex, race, ethnicity and education, county poverty, and county and state effects.

Explains Table 6.

### How uncertainty is measured

The variance split of the count is a weighted decomposition of every tract and has no interval.

Intervals are 95% percentile intervals from a bootstrap that draws whole counties with replacement (3,129 clusters; 2,000 replicates, seed 12345), with the same draws for every statistic, so a difference has an interval from shared draws.

Explains Table 7.

### Four rankings of the same places

The comparison follows the book's ranking switch rule, fixed on October 28, 2026 before any of these gradients was computed. The main gradient of the chapter is recomputed under four rankings of the same places, with the outcome, period, weights, bins and intervals unchanged: the published ADI; a standardized index that applies the ADI's coefficients to its measures after standardizing each one across tracts; median household income; and the share of adults 25 and older with a bachelor's degree or more. The three alternatives come from ACS tract estimates for 2019 to 2023, the period of the ADI.

All four rankings use the same places, the 75,596 tracts that have the outcome and all four rankings, so the ADI panel can differ slightly from the chapter's main figure. Tracts enter only if they have every input of the standardized index, which leaves out tracts without a median rent, home value or mortgage cost.

A pattern counts as changed when the worse end switches sides, when the two ends differ under one ranking and not the other, or when the rank correlation of bin order and bin mean falls on the other side of 0.9 and moves by at least 0.1.

Explains Table 9.

## What these data cannot show

A count of high conditions describes a tract and not a person. A correlation across places can differ widely in size from the correlation among the people who live in them,[5] so the overlap here cannot be read as people carrying several conditions at once, and no figure in this chapter says how many conditions an adult has. Drawing that conclusion from place data is ecological inference. The count of conditions per person comes from surveys that ask each adult, and Chapter 7.2, Health behaviors, person by person (https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/health-behaviors-person-by-person) uses one for behaviors.

The PLACES values are modeled estimates, the tract file has no intervals, and the bands in this chapter describe the sampling of counties and not the model's own uncertainty. CDC advises against using the estimates to rank the overall health of an area or to track change at the local level, and this chapter does neither.[6] It does compare conditions with each other and with the ADI, and every such comparison carries the shared inputs described above. The approximations show that measured census shares do not remove the overlap, but they cannot separate what the model builds in from what the neighborhoods contribute. The staged tract file holds crude prevalence only, so age is part of every pattern, most visibly for cancer, arthritis and heart disease.

High is relative. A tract in the highest 25% of tracts for a condition is high compared with other tracts and not high by any clinical standard, and the cutoff moves every count, as the table shows. High blood pressure and high cholesterol are left out because the 2024 release has no estimate of either for the 5,077 tracts of Florida. Outside Florida the mean correlation of high blood pressure with the nine conditions is +0.65 (95% CI 0.64 to 0.67), against +0.51 among the nine on the same tracts, so it follows the same shared pattern.

Of the 83,522 tracts with PLACES estimates, 82,781 also have an ADI rank, and the other 741 are left out. Counties are the clusters of the bootstrap, 3,129 of them, with Connecticut's planning regions standing in for its counties, while the map draws Connecticut as its eight legacy counties. The map has 15 gray counties with no tract in the sample, and 990 counties have fewer than 5 tracts, so their shares move in large steps. Puerto Rico is not covered by PLACES and is not drawn.

The conditions are measured once, in 2022, so the data say nothing about which condition comes first, whether tracts move into or out of the high group, or whether living in a tract changes any of the prevalences. The ADI describes 2019 to 2023 and the life expectancy check describes 2010 to 2015, so the sources do not describe one moment.

## References

1. Greenlund, Kurt J.; Lu, Hua; Wang, Yan; Matthews, Kevin A.; LeClercq, Jennifer M.; Lee, Benjamin; Carlson, Susan A. (2022). PLACES: Local Data for Better Health. Preventing Chronic Disease 19: 210459. https://doi.org/10.5888/pcd19.210459
2. Ward, Brian W.; Schiller, Jeannine S. (2013). Prevalence of Multiple Chronic Conditions Among US Adults: Estimates From the National Health Interview Survey, 2010. Preventing Chronic Disease 10: 120203. https://doi.org/10.5888/pcd10.120203
3. Kind, Amy J. H.; Buckingham, William R. (2018). Making Neighborhood-Disadvantage Metrics Accessible: The Neighborhood Atlas. New England Journal of Medicine 378(26): 2456-2458. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp1802313
4. Ludwig, Jens; Sanbonmatsu, Lisa; Gennetian, Lisa; Adam, Emma; Duncan, Greg J.; Katz, Lawrence F.; Kessler, Ronald C.; Kling, Jeffrey R.; Lindau, Stacy Tessler; Whitaker, Robert C.; McDade, Thomas W. (2011). Neighborhoods, Obesity, and Diabetes: A Randomized Social Experiment. New England Journal of Medicine 365(16): 1509-1519. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMsa1103216
5. Robinson, W. S. (1950). Ecological Correlations and the Behavior of Individuals. American Sociological Review 15(3): 351-357. https://doi.org/10.2307/2087176
6. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2024). PLACES Frequently Asked Questions: Using the Data. CDC PLACES website, page last reviewed August 29, 2024. https://www.cdc.gov/places/faqs/using-data/index.html

## Provenance

- Pipeline version: 0.1.0
- Build script: book2/chapters/multiple-chronic-conditions/build.py (sha256 68473ef38c471eddc146bfd87b4d1844dd1a3d188dd8f118c39f671c4aabdda6)
- Built on: 2026-10-09
- Site commit: c2b1ff3309cb4a10833f884da91ac0057a66ad0a

Inputs:

| File | Size (bytes) | SHA-256, first 1 MB | SHA-256, last 1 MB |
| --- | ---: | --- | --- |
| book2/chapters/multiple-chronic-conditions/conditions.py | 16,370 | c914a81074e57f22cee1d2ec8d1fd3e3092778970e57ba2ba1dd6513d228a6cd | c914a81074e57f22cee1d2ec8d1fd3e3092778970e57ba2ba1dd6513d228a6cd |
| data/analytic/tract_atlas.parquet | 39,659,925 | 29d5e4d943552d54aeb6ba92aadc939d9bd15bdea553c78357dbd516757be627 | 1e10d1ecf722340f23ee2212d4999a90250f85b65fa89b39e32db06d9472e22e |
| data/geo/dim_geo.parquet | 1,180,921 | 29d5e4d943552d54aeb6ba92aadc939d9bd15bdea553c78357dbd516757be627 | e58c8c488df54ab3187f5461f179322afdc49c9bd2315404003fe1272eea32c3 |
| data/raw/acs/deprivation_components_2019_2023/tract.parquet | 13,197,793 | 5545cde2cbe96a8b56e468d65388248a241aa6bd300d3c9e325d08d3f86b11da | 5c8ec454d066988b0f1a01aaa6ed34ebfc05d162e01cf9c6bb01f9198cbaff12 |
| data/staged/adi/adi_atlas_tract2020_2023.parquet | 798,078 | 5e409bc212ff871def780fa27b4cf8b616d9da420b2b9f6455517eddcd8c1a95 | 5e409bc212ff871def780fa27b4cf8b616d9da420b2b9f6455517eddcd8c1a95 |
| data/staged/crosswalks/ct_tract2020_to_old_county.parquet | 15,842 | 961ef39f31596ef65fca2c67d5f2f63e533c5dc9b49745d3bb6437844e4b831d | 961ef39f31596ef65fca2c67d5f2f63e533c5dc9b49745d3bb6437844e4b831d |
| data/staged/health/places_tract2020_latest.parquet | 5,919,159 | af4c3b0d1205b7d84b81676a9529ef73323b2dbeb9d54e235f5efeebfad83177 | a2f19029ee2ef032be87e0d5288d88d489afd52379279833f178baa021df3dbf |
| data/staged/life_expectancy/usaleep_tract2020.parquet | 1,316,169 | 9c9c7f103791b75eddba74e68a89804efdf2486b6b66bb4bc02a46ba5bf8bc23 | 27317107be2465d9fd5e83271dea0cd6e915ee419e2802bedc28747d0a41d38f |
| data/staged/ses/acs5_tract2020_2019_2023.parquet | 7,232,424 | 5fe6f730a35225f14d5d8abfc6b9bce58b52e545f309a7eac74f1dae74d7a31c | 7b4a2475b3852d3f91804716a04566ef8ceadacec2be9fb85f5eb642078efac6 |
| data/staged/svi/svi_tract2020_2022.parquet | 17,740,415 | cb3860d8edc2aaf1f2a02211a58f7a0b80457eb6ad9a37b5ec8abb2d5da9da10 | e371a4a696d5bed05d54ad7c5b6ca2504508805b847ec415c2322be7f66ec2b2 |

Outputs:

| File | SHA-256 |
| --- | --- |
| facts.json | 4e51b97b62ba016b5bafc582e374b83382ed094ee0257de05d7d6736e14c222f |
| figures/adults_high_count_map.json | 1486fc45cb621174c3c7e83ce34526bbd7eecbc017bdc2ae588544c7939d6902 |
| figures/alt_rankings.json | 5c95d266eb3e2f097c8cf6025e189e39af38e1c1609ca88792c64fe2e055896f |
| figures/condition_correlations.json | 9794c4a769bbad7289cafc87765582217f5e5756bb0699f9dea84f9fa1a7fc8c |
| figures/correlation_stages.json | 537492838d3812cdc91f6d2297e08490e84477f1fe0daec54175561dceea173a |
| figures/cutoff_sensitivity.json | 844cb702276951831dd9fc3a6f2f3e951d3dbad95237e3f21a99cfc76dc508c8 |
| figures/high_count_by_adi.json | fa06d9dd565c8bd59515de2b4ecca0fdc50503679b1b5e1f6f7fc8aeb2686ac8 |
| figures/high_count_distribution.json | 347bffb3a04563835b9651a4efc1fdfe8a4ae41f63a71cd4c007f9873c01218e |
| figures/life_expectancy_by_count.json | b01186ea160253386dad8661c62220db64e1eb83d1eebb7af007fbcc61349f08 |
| figures/others_high.json | 80fdfbcb15740d87cc147f79bd7f1674d718dd43de42094ef245cc913fc83d64 |
| meta.json | 6178ca31c08233752668d7c2cef86587894ed6b7c195c100704db6bf0070cced |
| public/data/multiple-chronic-conditions/adults_high_count_map.json | 2f4e829c2701ecc1904b87f42b2742f16e4ed11af286db1b98875d439d65f7d2 |
| refs.json | 28ec62e2f073067cf5c0e5a00f90474110c06bf19c8ce7c6dcf10c770fffffb3 |

## Machine formats

- Report (HTML): https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/multiple-chronic-conditions/report
- Report (Markdown): https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/multiple-chronic-conditions/report.md
- Every estimate (JSON): https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/multiple-chronic-conditions/facts.json
- Table 1, figure "condition_correlations" (JSON): https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/multiple-chronic-conditions/figures/condition_correlations.json
- Table 2, figure "others_high" (JSON): https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/multiple-chronic-conditions/figures/others_high.json
- Table 3, figure "high_count_distribution" (JSON): https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/multiple-chronic-conditions/figures/high_count_distribution.json
- Table 4, figure "cutoff_sensitivity" (JSON): https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/multiple-chronic-conditions/figures/cutoff_sensitivity.json
- Table 5, figure "high_count_by_adi" (JSON): https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/multiple-chronic-conditions/figures/high_count_by_adi.json
- Table 6, figure "correlation_stages" (JSON): https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/multiple-chronic-conditions/figures/correlation_stages.json
- Table 7, figure "adults_high_count_map" (JSON): https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/multiple-chronic-conditions/figures/adults_high_count_map.json
- Table 8, figure "life_expectancy_by_count" (JSON): https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/multiple-chronic-conditions/figures/life_expectancy_by_count.json
- Table 9, figure "alt_rankings" (JSON): https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/report/multiple-chronic-conditions/figures/alt_rankings.json
- Payload of "adults_high_count_map" (JSON): https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/data/multiple-chronic-conditions/adults_high_count_map.json
- Index of every report: https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/llms.txt; all reports in one file: https://vishalsingh.org/zipcode/llms-full.txt