{
  "alt": "Dumbbell chart with four rows in the investor view, one per combination of year and college degree, each with a dot for investors and a dot for non-investors joined by a connector and a reference line at an even split. In every row the investor dot lies to the left of the non-investor dot, the gap is wider among voters without a college degree, and both college-degree rows lie to the right of both no-degree rows. A second view shows homeowners and renters, where owners lie to the left of renters in every row.",
  "caption": "Within each education group the filled dot for investors lies to the left of the open dot for non-investors, so investors were more Republican in both elections. The number at the right of each row is the investor margin minus the non-investor margin, in points; in 2020 the gap was {fact:ces_inv_gap_nodeg_2020} points among voters without a college degree and {fact:ces_inv_gap_deg_2020} points among graduates.",
  "data": [
    {
      "gap": -18.0577,
      "gap_high": -14.2188,
      "gap_low": -21.8967,
      "grp": "Investors",
      "hi_grp": -12.236,
      "hi_ref": 5.29648,
      "item": "investor",
      "lo_grp": -18.1649,
      "lo_ref": 0.418045,
      "m_grp": -15.2005,
      "m_ref": 2.85726,
      "n_grp": 9191,
      "n_ref": 15098,
      "ref": "Non-investors",
      "row": "2016, no college degree",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "gap": -27.1087,
      "gap_high": -23.3743,
      "gap_low": -30.8431,
      "grp": "Investors",
      "hi_grp": -18.0138,
      "hi_ref": 8.91649,
      "item": "investor",
      "lo_grp": -23.4705,
      "lo_ref": 3.81666,
      "m_grp": -20.7422,
      "m_ref": 6.36658,
      "move_diff": -9.051,
      "move_diff_high": -3.69529,
      "move_diff_low": -14.4067,
      "move_grp": -5.54168,
      "move_grp_high": -1.51281,
      "move_grp_low": -9.57055,
      "move_ref": 3.50932,
      "move_ref_high": 7.03803,
      "move_ref_low": -0.0194009,
      "n_grp": 9501,
      "n_ref": 15452,
      "ref": "Non-investors",
      "row": "2020, no college degree",
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "gap": -5.93129,
      "gap_high": -2.21918,
      "gap_low": -9.64339,
      "grp": "Investors",
      "hi_grp": 17.1138,
      "hi_ref": 23.7659,
      "item": "investor",
      "lo_grp": 12.6346,
      "lo_ref": 17.8451,
      "m_grp": 14.8742,
      "m_ref": 20.8055,
      "n_grp": 10328,
      "n_ref": 6186,
      "ref": "Non-investors",
      "row": "2016, college degree",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "gap": -10.317,
      "gap_high": -6.4669,
      "gap_low": -14.1671,
      "grp": "Investors",
      "hi_grp": 21.4123,
      "hi_ref": 32.9356,
      "item": "investor",
      "lo_grp": 17.3091,
      "lo_ref": 26.4197,
      "m_grp": 19.3607,
      "m_ref": 29.6777,
      "move_diff": -4.38572,
      "move_diff_high": 0.962462,
      "move_diff_low": -9.7339,
      "move_grp": 4.48646,
      "move_grp_high": 7.52372,
      "move_grp_low": 1.44921,
      "move_ref": 8.87218,
      "move_ref_high": 13.2742,
      "move_ref_low": 4.47012,
      "n_grp": 12826,
      "n_ref": 6006,
      "ref": "Non-investors",
      "row": "2020, college degree",
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "gap": -47.4399,
      "gap_high": -43.2821,
      "gap_low": -51.5977,
      "grp": "Homeowners",
      "hi_grp": -17.9416,
      "hi_ref": 30.8442,
      "item": "homeowner",
      "lo_grp": -22.3196,
      "lo_ref": 23.7744,
      "m_grp": -20.1306,
      "m_ref": 27.3093,
      "n_grp": 16702,
      "n_ref": 6697,
      "ref": "Renters",
      "row": "2016, no college degree",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "gap": -46.7289,
      "gap_high": -42.5262,
      "gap_low": -50.9315,
      "grp": "Homeowners",
      "hi_grp": -18.3618,
      "hi_ref": 29.7499,
      "item": "homeowner",
      "lo_grp": -22.7594,
      "lo_ref": 22.5868,
      "m_grp": -20.5606,
      "m_ref": 26.1683,
      "move_diff": 0.711017,
      "move_diff_high": 6.6228,
      "move_diff_low": -5.20077,
      "move_grp": -0.429945,
      "move_grp_high": 2.6727,
      "move_grp_low": -3.53259,
      "move_ref": -1.14096,
      "move_ref_high": 3.89122,
      "move_ref_low": -6.17314,
      "n_grp": 16241,
      "n_ref": 7650,
      "ref": "Renters",
      "row": "2020, no college degree",
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "gap": -37.0795,
      "gap_high": -33.0246,
      "gap_low": -41.1343,
      "grp": "Homeowners",
      "hi_grp": 9.94337,
      "hi_ref": 48.4275,
      "item": "homeowner",
      "lo_grp": 5.78824,
      "lo_ref": 41.4631,
      "m_grp": 7.86581,
      "m_ref": 44.9453,
      "n_grp": 12186,
      "n_ref": 3873,
      "ref": "Renters",
      "row": "2016, college degree",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "gap": -37.9684,
      "gap_high": -34.0657,
      "gap_low": -41.8711,
      "grp": "Homeowners",
      "hi_grp": 14.7106,
      "hi_ref": 53.9812,
      "item": "homeowner",
      "lo_grp": 10.6495,
      "lo_ref": 47.3156,
      "m_grp": 12.68,
      "m_ref": 50.6484,
      "move_diff": -0.888905,
      "move_diff_high": 4.73896,
      "move_diff_low": -6.51677,
      "move_grp": 4.81422,
      "move_grp_high": 7.71928,
      "move_grp_low": 1.90915,
      "move_ref": 5.70312,
      "move_ref_high": 10.5232,
      "move_ref_low": 0.883011,
      "n_grp": 13685,
      "n_ref": 4566,
      "ref": "Renters",
      "row": "2020, college degree",
      "year": 2020
    }
  ],
  "id": "wealth_and_the_vote",
  "notes": [
    "A college degree means a four-year degree or more; some college and two-year degrees count as no college degree. Intervals are model based: they use the effective sample size implied by the weights and treat the weighted sample as a simple random sample. Vote choice is self-reported in the post-election wave; the investor and homeownership items come from the respondent's profile. The 2016 and 2020 estimates come from separate samples of voters, and voters who report a housing status other than owning or renting are left out of the homeowner view. The data table gives each group's change in margin from 2016 to 2020 and the difference between the two changes on the 2020 rows."
  ],
  "source": "Cooperative Election Study, 2016 and 2020; respondents who voted for one of the two major parties; weighted (post-election weight)",
  "spec": {
    "hi1": "hi_ref",
    "hi2": "hi_grp",
    "label1": "Non-investors",
    "label2": "Investors",
    "lo1": "lo_ref",
    "lo2": "lo_grp",
    "n1": "n_ref",
    "n2": "n_grp",
    "reference": 0,
    "referenceLabel": "Even split",
    "sort": "data",
    "x1": "m_ref",
    "x2": "m_grp",
    "xDomain": [
      -40,
      60
    ],
    "xFormat": {
      "digits": 1,
      "signed": true
    },
    "xLabel": "Democratic minus Republican margin among two-party voters (percentage points)",
    "y": "row"
  },
  "subtitle": "Democratic minus Republican margin among voters for the two major parties, by year, education and whether the respondent reports investments; 95% intervals; positive is toward the Democrats",
  "table": {
    "columns": [
      {
        "key": "item",
        "label": "Item"
      },
      {
        "key": "row",
        "label": "Year and education"
      },
      {
        "key": "grp",
        "label": "Group"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1,
          "signed": true
        },
        "key": "m_grp",
        "label": "Margin (points)"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1,
          "signed": true
        },
        "key": "lo_grp",
        "label": "Lower bound"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1,
          "signed": true
        },
        "key": "hi_grp",
        "label": "Upper bound"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 0,
          "thousands": true
        },
        "key": "n_grp",
        "label": "Voters"
      },
      {
        "key": "ref",
        "label": "Comparison group"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1,
          "signed": true
        },
        "key": "m_ref",
        "label": "Margin (points)"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1,
          "signed": true
        },
        "key": "lo_ref",
        "label": "Lower bound"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1,
          "signed": true
        },
        "key": "hi_ref",
        "label": "Upper bound"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 0,
          "thousands": true
        },
        "key": "n_ref",
        "label": "Voters"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1,
          "signed": true
        },
        "key": "gap",
        "label": "Group minus comparison (points)"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1,
          "signed": true
        },
        "key": "gap_low",
        "label": "Lower bound"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1,
          "signed": true
        },
        "key": "gap_high",
        "label": "Upper bound"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1,
          "signed": true
        },
        "key": "move_grp",
        "label": "Group's change, 2016 to 2020 (points)"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1,
          "signed": true
        },
        "key": "move_grp_low",
        "label": "Lower bound"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1,
          "signed": true
        },
        "key": "move_grp_high",
        "label": "Upper bound"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1,
          "signed": true
        },
        "key": "move_ref",
        "label": "Comparison group's change (points)"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1,
          "signed": true
        },
        "key": "move_ref_low",
        "label": "Lower bound"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1,
          "signed": true
        },
        "key": "move_ref_high",
        "label": "Upper bound"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1,
          "signed": true
        },
        "key": "move_diff",
        "label": "Group's change minus comparison's (points)"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1,
          "signed": true
        },
        "key": "move_diff_low",
        "label": "Lower bound"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1,
          "signed": true
        },
        "key": "move_diff_high",
        "label": "Upper bound"
      }
    ]
  },
  "title": "Investors voted more Republican than non-investors with the same education in 2016 and 2020",
  "type": "dumbbell",
  "views": [
    {
      "filter": {
        "item": "investor"
      },
      "id": "investor",
      "label": "Investors"
    },
    {
      "caption": "Within each education group the filled dot for homeowners lies to the left of the open dot for renters, so homeowners were more Republican in both elections. The number at the right of each row is the homeowner margin minus the renter margin, in points; in 2020 the gap was {fact:ces_home_gap_nodeg_2020} points among voters without a college degree and {fact:ces_home_gap_deg_2020} points among graduates.",
      "filter": {
        "item": "homeowner"
      },
      "id": "homeowner",
      "label": "Homeowners",
      "spec": {
        "label1": "Renters",
        "label2": "Homeowners"
      },
      "title": "Homeowners voted more Republican than renters with the same education in 2016 and 2020"
    }
  ],
  "width": "wide"
}