{
  "alt": "Line chart of how voters cast ballots. Voting in person on Election Day falls from {fact:ed_2004} in 2004 to {fact:ed_2016} in 2016 and {fact:ed_2020} in 2020, and is {fact:ed_2024} in 2024. Voting by mail rises from {fact:mail_1996} in 1996 to {fact:mail_2016} in 2016, peaks at {fact:mail_2020} in 2020 and is {fact:mail_2024} in 2024. Voting in person before Election Day rises from {fact:early_2004} in 2004 to {fact:early_2024} in 2024.",
  "caption": "In 2020 {fact:mail_2020} of voters reported voting by mail, {fact:early_2020} in person before Election Day and {fact:ed_2020} in person on Election Day; in 2024 the shares were {fact:mail_2024}, {fact:early_2024} and {fact:ed_2024}. The in-person split starts in 2004; before that the survey asked only whether the person voted in person or by mail. The three shares fall short of the whole because persons who did not know or refused are not plotted. Each point is a weighted share with a 95% interval.",
  "data": [
    {
      "conf_high": 79.4032,
      "conf_low": 78.6675,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 79.0353,
      "method": "In person on Election Day",
      "n": 63052,
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 69.3406,
      "conf_low": 68.4928,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 68.9167,
      "method": "In person on Election Day",
      "n": 59975,
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 67.2277,
      "conf_low": 66.3664,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 66.797,
      "method": "In person on Election Day",
      "n": 59597,
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 59.9748,
      "conf_low": 59.0695,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 59.5221,
      "method": "In person on Election Day",
      "n": 58533,
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 30.8016,
      "conf_low": 29.9282,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 30.3649,
      "method": "In person on Election Day",
      "n": 55170,
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 40.1015,
      "conf_low": 39.0979,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 39.5997,
      "method": "In person on Election Day",
      "n": 48387,
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 8.01943,
      "conf_low": 7.53537,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 7.7774,
      "method": "In person before Election Day",
      "n": 63052,
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 14.5674,
      "conf_low": 13.9271,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 14.2472,
      "method": "In person before Election Day",
      "n": 59975,
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 14.522,
      "conf_low": 13.8836,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 14.2028,
      "method": "In person before Election Day",
      "n": 59597,
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 19.2875,
      "conf_low": 18.5651,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 18.9263,
      "method": "In person before Election Day",
      "n": 58533,
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 26.4296,
      "conf_low": 25.5963,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 26.0129,
      "method": "In person before Election Day",
      "n": 55170,
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 31.2024,
      "conf_low": 30.2557,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 30.729,
      "method": "In person before Election Day",
      "n": 48387,
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 8.09214,
      "conf_low": 7.56842,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 7.83028,
      "method": "By mail",
      "n": 50025,
      "year": 1996
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 10.4167,
      "conf_low": 9.82825,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 10.1225,
      "method": "By mail",
      "n": 50010,
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 13.1871,
      "conf_low": 12.5816,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 12.8843,
      "method": "By mail",
      "n": 63052,
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 16.7003,
      "conf_low": 16.0227,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 16.3615,
      "method": "By mail",
      "n": 59975,
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 18.8294,
      "conf_low": 18.1196,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 18.4745,
      "method": "By mail",
      "n": 59597,
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 21.2976,
      "conf_low": 20.5474,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 20.9225,
      "method": "By mail",
      "n": 58533,
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 43.4297,
      "conf_low": 42.4895,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 42.9596,
      "method": "By mail",
      "n": 55170,
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 29.4216,
      "conf_low": 28.4909,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 28.9562,
      "method": "By mail",
      "n": 48387,
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 80.5306,
      "conf_low": 79.7091,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 80.1198,
      "method": "In person on Election Day",
      "n": 47175,
      "year": 2006
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 73.4564,
      "conf_low": 72.5166,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 72.9865,
      "method": "In person on Election Day",
      "n": 44802,
      "year": 2010
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 68.9253,
      "conf_low": 67.9134,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 68.4193,
      "method": "In person on Election Day",
      "n": 42559,
      "year": 2014
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 60.0672,
      "conf_low": 59.0718,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 59.5695,
      "method": "In person on Election Day",
      "n": 48337,
      "year": 2018
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 50.0809,
      "conf_low": 48.949,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 49.5149,
      "method": "In person on Election Day",
      "n": 39280,
      "year": 2022
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 6.03188,
      "conf_low": 5.55102,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 5.79145,
      "method": "In person before Election Day",
      "n": 47175,
      "year": 2006
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 8.62563,
      "conf_low": 8.04067,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 8.33315,
      "method": "In person before Election Day",
      "n": 44802,
      "year": 2010
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 10.511,
      "conf_low": 9.85277,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 10.1819,
      "method": "In person before Election Day",
      "n": 42559,
      "year": 2014
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 17.0048,
      "conf_low": 16.2496,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 16.6272,
      "method": "In person before Election Day",
      "n": 48337,
      "year": 2018
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 18.4605,
      "conf_low": 17.5902,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 18.0254,
      "method": "In person before Election Day",
      "n": 39280,
      "year": 2022
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 8.70581,
      "conf_low": 8.09457,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 8.40019,
      "method": "By mail",
      "n": 39512,
      "year": 1998
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 10.9451,
      "conf_low": 10.3083,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 10.6267,
      "method": "By mail",
      "n": 47897,
      "year": 2002
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 14.0825,
      "conf_low": 13.374,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 13.7282,
      "method": "By mail",
      "n": 47175,
      "year": 2006
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 18.4752,
      "conf_low": 17.6609,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 18.0681,
      "method": "By mail",
      "n": 44802,
      "year": 2010
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 21.2893,
      "conf_low": 20.405,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 20.8472,
      "method": "By mail",
      "n": 42559,
      "year": 2014
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 23.5606,
      "conf_low": 22.7053,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 23.133,
      "method": "By mail",
      "n": 48337,
      "year": 2018
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 32.2831,
      "conf_low": 31.2292,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 31.7562,
      "method": "By mail",
      "n": 39280,
      "year": 2022
    }
  ],
  "id": "vote_method",
  "notes": [
    "Presidential years and midterm years are separate views; the default is presidential years.",
    "The shares for 2020 and 2024 match the Census Bureau tabulations of the same supplement to the printed decimal; the checks are listed in the methods note. The Election Assistance Commission publishes administrative percentages that do not sum to the whole and give higher early in-person shares than the survey in 2020 and 2024, while its counts of early in-person ballots agree with the survey's weighted counts within a few percent; the methods note gives both.",
    "Intervals are model based (Kish effective sample size, normal approximation) and leave out the clustering and stratification of the CPS design, so they are narrower than design-based intervals by an unknown factor."
  ],
  "source": "Current Population Survey, November Voting and Registration Supplement (IPUMS-CPS), 1996 to 2024 (timing from 2004); weighted (VOSUPPWT)",
  "spec": {
    "colors": {
      "By mail": "cat3",
      "In person before Election Day": "cat2",
      "In person on Election Day": "cat1"
    },
    "hi": "conf_high",
    "lo": "conf_low",
    "n": "n",
    "series": "method",
    "x": "year",
    "xDomain": [
      1996,
      2024
    ],
    "xLabel": "Election year",
    "y": "estimate",
    "yDomain": [
      0,
      90
    ],
    "yFormat": {
      "digits": 0
    },
    "yLabel": "Share of persons who voted (%)"
  },
  "subtitle": "Percent of persons who reported voting, by method and timing, presidential years 1996 to 2024 (the second button shows midterm years); 95% intervals from the Kish effective sample size",
  "table": {
    "columns": [
      {
        "key": "year",
        "label": "Year"
      },
      {
        "key": "election",
        "label": "Election type"
      },
      {
        "key": "method",
        "label": "Method"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1
        },
        "key": "estimate",
        "label": "Share of voters (%)"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1
        },
        "key": "conf_low",
        "label": "95% CI low"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1
        },
        "key": "conf_high",
        "label": "95% CI high"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "thousands": true
        },
        "key": "n",
        "label": "n respondents"
      }
    ]
  },
  "title": "Voting by mail rose to {fact:mail_2020} of voters in 2020 and fell to {fact:mail_2024} in 2024, while voting in person before Election Day reached {fact:early_2024}",
  "type": "line",
  "views": [
    {
      "filter": {
        "election": "Presidential"
      },
      "id": "presidential",
      "label": "Presidential years"
    },
    {
      "caption": "In midterms, {fact:mail_2018} of voters reported voting by mail in 2018 and {fact:mail_2022} in 2022, and {fact:early_2022} voted in person before Election Day in 2022. Each point is a weighted share with a 95% interval.",
      "filter": {
        "election": "Midterm"
      },
      "id": "midterm",
      "label": "Midterm years",
      "spec": {
        "xDomain": [
          1998,
          2022
        ]
      },
      "title": "In midterms, voting by mail was {fact:mail_2022} of voters in 2022, against {fact:mail_2018} in 2018"
    }
  ],
  "width": "wide"
}