{
  "alt": "Line chart of turnout by election year with a line for presidential years and one for midterm years. In the citizens view from 1994 to 2024 the presidential line rises from {fact:cit_1996} in 1996 to {fact:cit_2020} in 2020 and {fact:cit_2024} in 2024, and the midterm line runs from {fact:cit_1994} in 1994 to {fact:cit_2014} in 2014, then {fact:cit_2018} in 2018 and {fact:cit_2022} in 2022. In the all-residents view from 1976, presidential-year turnout in 2024 is close to its 1976 level.",
  "caption": "Citizen turnout reached {fact:cit_2020} in 2020 and {fact:cit_2024} in 2024, and {fact:cit_2018} in the 2018 midterm and {fact:cit_2022} in 2022. In the all-residents view, which counts noncitizens as not voting, the presidential-year rate was {fact:res_1976} in 1976 and {fact:res_2024} in 2024. Each point is a weighted share with a 95% interval, and the lines join elections of the same type.",
  "data": [
    {
      "basis": "Citizens 18 and older, 1994 to 2024",
      "conf_high": 48.7626,
      "conf_low": 48.0379,
      "estimate": 48.4002,
      "n": 95272,
      "series": "Midterm years",
      "year": 1994
    },
    {
      "basis": "Citizens 18 and older, 1994 to 2024",
      "conf_high": 45.6718,
      "conf_low": 44.9221,
      "estimate": 45.297,
      "n": 84076,
      "series": "Midterm years",
      "year": 1998
    },
    {
      "basis": "Citizens 18 and older, 1994 to 2024",
      "conf_high": 46.5033,
      "conf_low": 45.789,
      "estimate": 46.1462,
      "n": 98638,
      "series": "Midterm years",
      "year": 2002
    },
    {
      "basis": "Citizens 18 and older, 1994 to 2024",
      "conf_high": 48.1655,
      "conf_low": 47.4406,
      "estimate": 47.8031,
      "n": 94095,
      "series": "Midterm years",
      "year": 2006
    },
    {
      "basis": "Citizens 18 and older, 1994 to 2024",
      "conf_high": 45.8965,
      "conf_low": 45.1728,
      "estimate": 45.5347,
      "n": 94208,
      "series": "Midterm years",
      "year": 2010
    },
    {
      "basis": "Citizens 18 and older, 1994 to 2024",
      "conf_high": 42.2992,
      "conf_low": 41.5882,
      "estimate": 41.9437,
      "n": 96267,
      "series": "Midterm years",
      "year": 2014
    },
    {
      "basis": "Citizens 18 and older, 1994 to 2024",
      "conf_high": 53.8109,
      "conf_low": 53.063,
      "estimate": 53.4369,
      "n": 88749,
      "series": "Midterm years",
      "year": 2018
    },
    {
      "basis": "Citizens 18 and older, 1994 to 2024",
      "conf_high": 52.6169,
      "conf_low": 51.7878,
      "estimate": 52.2023,
      "n": 73083,
      "series": "Midterm years",
      "year": 2022
    },
    {
      "basis": "Citizens 18 and older, 1994 to 2024",
      "conf_high": 58.7336,
      "conf_low": 57.9938,
      "estimate": 58.3637,
      "n": 84090,
      "series": "Presidential years",
      "year": 1996
    },
    {
      "basis": "Citizens 18 and older, 1994 to 2024",
      "conf_high": 59.8455,
      "conf_low": 59.0995,
      "estimate": 59.4725,
      "n": 82428,
      "series": "Presidential years",
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "basis": "Citizens 18 and older, 1994 to 2024",
      "conf_high": 64.1749,
      "conf_low": 63.4724,
      "estimate": 63.8236,
      "n": 96452,
      "series": "Presidential years",
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "basis": "Citizens 18 and older, 1994 to 2024",
      "conf_high": 63.9936,
      "conf_low": 63.2859,
      "estimate": 63.6397,
      "n": 92360,
      "series": "Presidential years",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "basis": "Citizens 18 and older, 1994 to 2024",
      "conf_high": 62.1657,
      "conf_low": 61.4604,
      "estimate": 61.8131,
      "n": 94311,
      "series": "Presidential years",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "basis": "Citizens 18 and older, 1994 to 2024",
      "conf_high": 61.739,
      "conf_low": 61.0292,
      "estimate": 61.3841,
      "n": 93794,
      "series": "Presidential years",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "basis": "Citizens 18 and older, 1994 to 2024",
      "conf_high": 67.1343,
      "conf_low": 66.3999,
      "estimate": 66.7671,
      "n": 81898,
      "series": "Presidential years",
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "basis": "Citizens 18 and older, 1994 to 2024",
      "conf_high": 65.7449,
      "conf_low": 64.9478,
      "estimate": 65.3463,
      "n": 72590,
      "series": "Presidential years",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "basis": "All residents 18 and older, 1976 to 2024",
      "conf_high": 46.2136,
      "conf_low": 45.562,
      "estimate": 45.8878,
      "n": 104870,
      "series": "Midterm years",
      "year": 1978
    },
    {
      "basis": "All residents 18 and older, 1976 to 2024",
      "conf_high": 48.8533,
      "conf_low": 48.2078,
      "estimate": 48.5305,
      "n": 112372,
      "series": "Midterm years",
      "year": 1982
    },
    {
      "basis": "All residents 18 and older, 1976 to 2024",
      "conf_high": 46.086,
      "conf_low": 45.4279,
      "estimate": 45.757,
      "n": 108410,
      "series": "Midterm years",
      "year": 1986
    },
    {
      "basis": "All residents 18 and older, 1976 to 2024",
      "conf_high": 44.8083,
      "conf_low": 44.1424,
      "estimate": 44.4753,
      "n": 108987,
      "series": "Midterm years",
      "year": 1990
    },
    {
      "basis": "All residents 18 and older, 1976 to 2024",
      "conf_high": 45.3921,
      "conf_low": 44.6942,
      "estimate": 45.0431,
      "n": 101630,
      "series": "Midterm years",
      "year": 1994
    },
    {
      "basis": "All residents 18 and older, 1976 to 2024",
      "conf_high": 42.2784,
      "conf_low": 41.5618,
      "estimate": 41.9201,
      "n": 89989,
      "series": "Midterm years",
      "year": 1998
    },
    {
      "basis": "All residents 18 and older, 1976 to 2024",
      "conf_high": 42.5915,
      "conf_low": 41.909,
      "estimate": 42.2502,
      "n": 105682,
      "series": "Midterm years",
      "year": 2002
    },
    {
      "basis": "All residents 18 and older, 1976 to 2024",
      "conf_high": 43.916,
      "conf_low": 43.2258,
      "estimate": 43.5709,
      "n": 101640,
      "series": "Midterm years",
      "year": 2006
    },
    {
      "basis": "All residents 18 and older, 1976 to 2024",
      "conf_high": 42.1344,
      "conf_low": 41.445,
      "estimate": 41.7897,
      "n": 101338,
      "series": "Midterm years",
      "year": 2010
    },
    {
      "basis": "All residents 18 and older, 1976 to 2024",
      "conf_high": 38.7957,
      "conf_low": 38.1209,
      "estimate": 38.4583,
      "n": 103323,
      "series": "Midterm years",
      "year": 2014
    },
    {
      "basis": "All residents 18 and older, 1976 to 2024",
      "conf_high": 49.3225,
      "conf_low": 48.6005,
      "estimate": 48.9615,
      "n": 95154,
      "series": "Midterm years",
      "year": 2018
    },
    {
      "basis": "All residents 18 and older, 1976 to 2024",
      "conf_high": 48.1231,
      "conf_low": 47.3265,
      "estimate": 47.7248,
      "n": 78597,
      "series": "Midterm years",
      "year": 2022
    },
    {
      "basis": "All residents 18 and older, 1976 to 2024",
      "conf_high": 59.4841,
      "conf_low": 58.8256,
      "estimate": 59.1549,
      "n": 89090,
      "series": "Presidential years",
      "year": 1976
    },
    {
      "basis": "All residents 18 and older, 1976 to 2024",
      "conf_high": 59.3566,
      "conf_low": 58.7375,
      "estimate": 59.047,
      "n": 123591,
      "series": "Presidential years",
      "year": 1980
    },
    {
      "basis": "All residents 18 and older, 1976 to 2024",
      "conf_high": 60.0018,
      "conf_low": 59.3469,
      "estimate": 59.6743,
      "n": 110115,
      "series": "Presidential years",
      "year": 1984
    },
    {
      "basis": "All residents 18 and older, 1976 to 2024",
      "conf_high": 57.4622,
      "conf_low": 56.7589,
      "estimate": 57.1105,
      "n": 102945,
      "series": "Presidential years",
      "year": 1988
    },
    {
      "basis": "All residents 18 and older, 1976 to 2024",
      "conf_high": 61.0678,
      "conf_low": 60.3999,
      "estimate": 60.7338,
      "n": 105987,
      "series": "Presidential years",
      "year": 1992
    },
    {
      "basis": "All residents 18 and older, 1976 to 2024",
      "conf_high": 54.5913,
      "conf_low": 53.8687,
      "estimate": 54.23,
      "n": 89609,
      "series": "Presidential years",
      "year": 1996
    },
    {
      "basis": "All residents 18 and older, 1976 to 2024",
      "conf_high": 54.7979,
      "conf_low": 54.0713,
      "estimate": 54.4346,
      "n": 88884,
      "series": "Presidential years",
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "basis": "All residents 18 and older, 1976 to 2024",
      "conf_high": 58.6404,
      "conf_low": 57.947,
      "estimate": 58.2937,
      "n": 103696,
      "series": "Presidential years",
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "basis": "All residents 18 and older, 1976 to 2024",
      "conf_high": 58.5057,
      "conf_low": 57.8086,
      "estimate": 58.1572,
      "n": 99556,
      "series": "Presidential years",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "basis": "All residents 18 and older, 1976 to 2024",
      "conf_high": 56.8602,
      "conf_low": 56.1678,
      "estimate": 56.514,
      "n": 101568,
      "series": "Presidential years",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "basis": "All residents 18 and older, 1976 to 2024",
      "conf_high": 56.3705,
      "conf_low": 55.6747,
      "estimate": 56.0226,
      "n": 100946,
      "series": "Presidential years",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "basis": "All residents 18 and older, 1976 to 2024",
      "conf_high": 61.6596,
      "conf_low": 60.9273,
      "estimate": 61.2935,
      "n": 87589,
      "series": "Presidential years",
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "basis": "All residents 18 and older, 1976 to 2024",
      "conf_high": 59.6602,
      "conf_low": 58.8724,
      "estimate": 59.2663,
      "n": 78650,
      "series": "Presidential years",
      "year": 2024
    }
  ],
  "id": "turnout_trend",
  "notes": [
    "Turnout follows the Census Bureau convention: a respondent who did not answer the voting question counts as not voting.",
    "The all-residents view counts adults whom the supplement did not ask the voting question (mostly noncitizens) as not voting, the Census total-population convention. In 1976 the supplement asked every adult, so almost no one is outside the question universe that year. The values match the Census Bureau's published total-population series to the printed decimal from 1994 except in 2000, and sit slightly below it in 1984 to 1992 and in 2000; the methods note gives the differences.",
    "The citizens view starts in 1994, the first year the extract records citizenship. The Census Bureau's own tables give a citizen series for earlier years from an item that the extract does not carry.",
    "Intervals are model based (Kish effective sample size, normal approximation) and leave out the clustering and stratification of the CPS design, so they are narrower than design-based intervals by an unknown factor."
  ],
  "source": "Current Population Survey, November Voting and Registration Supplement (IPUMS-CPS), 1976 to 2024 (citizens from 1994); weighted (VOSUPPWT)",
  "spec": {
    "colors": {
      "Midterm years": "cat2",
      "Presidential years": "cat1"
    },
    "hi": "conf_high",
    "lo": "conf_low",
    "n": "n",
    "series": "series",
    "x": "year",
    "xDomain": [
      1994,
      2024
    ],
    "xLabel": "Election year",
    "y": "estimate",
    "yDomain": [
      35,
      75
    ],
    "yFormat": {
      "digits": 0
    },
    "yLabel": "Reported voting (%)"
  },
  "subtitle": "Percent of citizens 18 and older who reported voting, presidential and midterm elections, 1994 to 2024 (the second button counts all residents, 1976 to 2024); 95% intervals from the Kish effective sample size",
  "table": {
    "columns": [
      {
        "key": "year",
        "label": "Year"
      },
      {
        "key": "series",
        "label": "Election type"
      },
      {
        "key": "basis",
        "label": "Universe"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1
        },
        "key": "estimate",
        "label": "Turnout (%)"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1
        },
        "key": "conf_low",
        "label": "95% CI low"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1
        },
        "key": "conf_high",
        "label": "95% CI high"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "thousands": true
        },
        "key": "n",
        "label": "n respondents"
      }
    ]
  },
  "title": "Turnout among citizens in 2018 to 2024 was higher than in any election of its type from 1994 to 2016",
  "type": "line",
  "views": [
    {
      "filter": {
        "basis": "Citizens 18 and older, 1994 to 2024"
      },
      "id": "citizens",
      "label": "Citizens, 1994 to 2024"
    },
    {
      "caption": "Counting noncitizens as not voting, the presidential-year rate was {fact:res_1976} in 1976, {fact:res_1996} in 1996 and {fact:res_2024} in 2024. Each point is a weighted share of adults with a 95% interval.",
      "filter": {
        "basis": "All residents 18 and older, 1976 to 2024"
      },
      "id": "residents",
      "label": "All residents, 1976 to 2024",
      "spec": {
        "xDomain": [
          1976,
          2024
        ],
        "yDomain": [
          35,
          70
        ]
      },
      "title": "Counting noncitizens as not voting, presidential-year turnout was {fact:res_2024} in 2024, close to its 1976 level of {fact:res_1976}"
    }
  ],
  "width": "wide"
}