{
  "alt": "Line chart of turnout for White, Black, Hispanic and Asian citizens across presidential years from 1996 to 2024. The White line is highest at the end, {fact:v_white_2024} in 2024, and the Black line crosses above it only in 2012. The Hispanic line, {fact:v_hisp_2024} in 2024, and the Asian line are the two lowest in every presidential year.",
  "caption": "The White minus Black difference was {fact:gap_black_2012} points in 2012, when Black turnout was above White turnout, and {fact:gap_black_2024} in 2024, and the White minus Hispanic difference was {fact:gap_hisp_2024} in 2024. The all-residents buttons count noncitizens as not voting, which lowers the Hispanic and Asian lines most. Each point is a weighted share with a 95% interval; race groups are single-race and non-Hispanic except for the Hispanic group, which includes any race.",
  "data": [
    {
      "conf_high": 61.1382,
      "conf_low": 60.3294,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 60.7338,
      "group": "White",
      "n": 68779,
      "view": "Presidential Citizens",
      "year": 1996
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 62.4306,
      "conf_low": 61.6056,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 62.0181,
      "group": "White",
      "n": 65881,
      "view": "Presidential Citizens",
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 67.5897,
      "conf_low": 66.816,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 67.2028,
      "group": "White",
      "n": 76209,
      "view": "Presidential Citizens",
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 66.5095,
      "conf_low": 65.7154,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 66.1125,
      "group": "White",
      "n": 71497,
      "view": "Presidential Citizens",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 64.5366,
      "conf_low": 63.7377,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 64.1372,
      "group": "White",
      "n": 71460,
      "view": "Presidential Citizens",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 65.6981,
      "conf_low": 64.8932,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 65.2956,
      "group": "White",
      "n": 69164,
      "view": "Presidential Citizens",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 71.3516,
      "conf_low": 70.5223,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 70.9369,
      "group": "White",
      "n": 59555,
      "view": "Presidential Citizens",
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 70.9125,
      "conf_low": 70.0148,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 70.4637,
      "group": "White",
      "n": 52237,
      "view": "Presidential Citizens",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 54.2128,
      "conf_low": 51.8359,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 53.0244,
      "group": "Black",
      "n": 8035,
      "view": "Presidential Citizens",
      "year": 1996
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 58.2403,
      "conf_low": 55.9063,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 57.0733,
      "group": "Black",
      "n": 8285,
      "view": "Presidential Citizens",
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 61.4786,
      "conf_low": 59.213,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 60.3458,
      "group": "Black",
      "n": 8882,
      "view": "Presidential Citizens",
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 66.3056,
      "conf_low": 64.0864,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 65.196,
      "group": "Black",
      "n": 8607,
      "view": "Presidential Citizens",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 67.7075,
      "conf_low": 65.5803,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 66.6439,
      "group": "Black",
      "n": 9232,
      "view": "Presidential Citizens",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 60.6864,
      "conf_low": 58.4574,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 59.5719,
      "group": "Black",
      "n": 9556,
      "view": "Presidential Citizens",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 63.9589,
      "conf_low": 61.6378,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 62.7983,
      "group": "Black",
      "n": 8419,
      "view": "Presidential Citizens",
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 61.3868,
      "conf_low": 58.7159,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 60.0514,
      "group": "Black",
      "n": 6636,
      "view": "Presidential Citizens",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 45.5705,
      "conf_low": 42.361,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 43.9658,
      "group": "Hispanic",
      "n": 4308,
      "view": "Presidential Citizens",
      "year": 1996
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 45.7567,
      "conf_low": 42.829,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 44.2929,
      "group": "Hispanic",
      "n": 5100,
      "view": "Presidential Citizens",
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 48.5303,
      "conf_low": 45.7929,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 47.1616,
      "group": "Hispanic",
      "n": 6089,
      "view": "Presidential Citizens",
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 51.1454,
      "conf_low": 48.617,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 49.8812,
      "group": "Hispanic",
      "n": 6925,
      "view": "Presidential Citizens",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 49.1684,
      "conf_low": 46.747,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 47.9577,
      "group": "Hispanic",
      "n": 7812,
      "view": "Presidential Citizens",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 48.7107,
      "conf_low": 46.4225,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 47.5666,
      "group": "Hispanic",
      "n": 8703,
      "view": "Presidential Citizens",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 54.9064,
      "conf_low": 52.5764,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 53.7414,
      "group": "Hispanic",
      "n": 8163,
      "view": "Presidential Citizens",
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 51.7732,
      "conf_low": 49.3895,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 50.5813,
      "group": "Hispanic",
      "n": 8064,
      "view": "Presidential Citizens",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 48.2766,
      "conf_low": 43.2654,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 45.771,
      "group": "Asian",
      "n": 1950,
      "view": "Presidential Citizens",
      "year": 1996
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 45.5916,
      "conf_low": 40.8403,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 43.2159,
      "group": "Asian",
      "n": 2174,
      "view": "Presidential Citizens",
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 46.8874,
      "conf_low": 42.5814,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 44.7344,
      "group": "Asian",
      "n": 2909,
      "view": "Presidential Citizens",
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 49.19,
      "conf_low": 45.2625,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 47.2263,
      "group": "Asian",
      "n": 3349,
      "view": "Presidential Citizens",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 48.9702,
      "conf_low": 45.2218,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 47.096,
      "group": "Asian",
      "n": 3640,
      "view": "Presidential Citizens",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 50.6971,
      "conf_low": 47.1977,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 48.9474,
      "group": "Asian",
      "n": 4079,
      "view": "Presidential Citizens",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 61.0769,
      "conf_low": 57.603,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 59.3399,
      "group": "Asian",
      "n": 3860,
      "view": "Presidential Citizens",
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 59.3749,
      "conf_low": 55.8519,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 57.6134,
      "group": "Asian",
      "n": 3853,
      "view": "Presidential Citizens",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 51.4219,
      "conf_low": 50.625,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 51.0234,
      "group": "White",
      "n": 78425,
      "view": "Midterm Citizens",
      "year": 1994
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 47.8015,
      "conf_low": 46.9678,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 47.3846,
      "group": "White",
      "n": 68228,
      "view": "Midterm Citizens",
      "year": 1998
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 49.4966,
      "conf_low": 48.6999,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 49.0983,
      "group": "White",
      "n": 79499,
      "view": "Midterm Citizens",
      "year": 2002
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 52.013,
      "conf_low": 51.1915,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 51.6022,
      "group": "White",
      "n": 73383,
      "view": "Midterm Citizens",
      "year": 2006
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 49.0481,
      "conf_low": 48.2147,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 48.6314,
      "group": "White",
      "n": 72006,
      "view": "Midterm Citizens",
      "year": 2010
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 46.1718,
      "conf_low": 45.3416,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 45.7567,
      "group": "White",
      "n": 71723,
      "view": "Midterm Citizens",
      "year": 2014
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 57.9053,
      "conf_low": 57.0439,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 57.4746,
      "group": "White",
      "n": 64983,
      "view": "Midterm Citizens",
      "year": 2018
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 58.1209,
      "conf_low": 57.1557,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 57.6383,
      "group": "White",
      "n": 52569,
      "view": "Midterm Citizens",
      "year": 2022
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 40.092,
      "conf_low": 37.8667,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 38.9794,
      "group": "Black",
      "n": 9512,
      "view": "Midterm Citizens",
      "year": 1994
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 43.0261,
      "conf_low": 40.6659,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 41.846,
      "group": "Black",
      "n": 7993,
      "view": "Midterm Citizens",
      "year": 1998
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 43.8329,
      "conf_low": 41.6053,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 42.7191,
      "group": "Black",
      "n": 9310,
      "view": "Midterm Citizens",
      "year": 2002
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 42.4345,
      "conf_low": 40.139,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 41.2867,
      "group": "Black",
      "n": 8671,
      "view": "Midterm Citizens",
      "year": 2006
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 45.1418,
      "conf_low": 42.8904,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 44.0161,
      "group": "Black",
      "n": 9097,
      "view": "Midterm Citizens",
      "year": 2010
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 41.7171,
      "conf_low": 39.5277,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 40.6224,
      "group": "Black",
      "n": 9912,
      "view": "Midterm Citizens",
      "year": 2014
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 52.5671,
      "conf_low": 50.1983,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 51.3827,
      "group": "Black",
      "n": 8773,
      "view": "Midterm Citizens",
      "year": 2018
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 46.9549,
      "conf_low": 44.3368,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 45.6459,
      "group": "Black",
      "n": 7247,
      "view": "Midterm Citizens",
      "year": 2022
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 35.9211,
      "conf_low": 32.8059,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 34.3635,
      "group": "Hispanic",
      "n": 4343,
      "view": "Midterm Citizens",
      "year": 1994
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 34.2719,
      "conf_low": 31.3719,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 32.8219,
      "group": "Hispanic",
      "n": 4707,
      "view": "Midterm Citizens",
      "year": 1998
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 31.7263,
      "conf_low": 29.1331,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 30.4297,
      "group": "Hispanic",
      "n": 5872,
      "view": "Midterm Citizens",
      "year": 2002
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 33.5286,
      "conf_low": 31.1035,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 32.3161,
      "group": "Hispanic",
      "n": 6558,
      "view": "Midterm Citizens",
      "year": 2006
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 32.3543,
      "conf_low": 30.0966,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 31.2255,
      "group": "Hispanic",
      "n": 7522,
      "view": "Midterm Citizens",
      "year": 2010
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 28.0392,
      "conf_low": 25.967,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 27.0031,
      "group": "Hispanic",
      "n": 8243,
      "view": "Midterm Citizens",
      "year": 2014
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 41.5114,
      "conf_low": 39.265,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 40.3882,
      "group": "Hispanic",
      "n": 8745,
      "view": "Midterm Citizens",
      "year": 2018
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 39.0322,
      "conf_low": 36.682,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 37.8571,
      "group": "Hispanic",
      "n": 7741,
      "view": "Midterm Citizens",
      "year": 2022
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 42.5276,
      "conf_low": 37.3802,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 39.9539,
      "group": "Asian",
      "n": 1820,
      "view": "Midterm Citizens",
      "year": 1994
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 34.571,
      "conf_low": 30.0917,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 32.3313,
      "group": "Asian",
      "n": 2163,
      "view": "Midterm Citizens",
      "year": 1998
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 33.1045,
      "conf_low": 28.9919,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 31.0482,
      "group": "Asian",
      "n": 2779,
      "view": "Midterm Citizens",
      "year": 2002
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 33.8916,
      "conf_low": 30.1145,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 32.003,
      "group": "Asian",
      "n": 3189,
      "view": "Midterm Citizens",
      "year": 2006
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 33.098,
      "conf_low": 29.5791,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 31.3386,
      "group": "Asian",
      "n": 3592,
      "view": "Midterm Citizens",
      "year": 2010
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 29.1356,
      "conf_low": 25.9997,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 27.5676,
      "group": "Asian",
      "n": 4076,
      "view": "Midterm Citizens",
      "year": 2014
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 42.0781,
      "conf_low": 38.6807,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 40.3794,
      "group": "Asian",
      "n": 4100,
      "view": "Midterm Citizens",
      "year": 2018
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 41.9795,
      "conf_low": 38.4684,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 40.224,
      "group": "Asian",
      "n": 3755,
      "view": "Midterm Citizens",
      "year": 2022
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 59.9884,
      "conf_low": 59.1836,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 59.586,
      "group": "White",
      "n": 70039,
      "view": "Presidential All residents",
      "year": 1996
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 61.0583,
      "conf_low": 60.2373,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 60.6478,
      "group": "White",
      "n": 67287,
      "view": "Presidential All residents",
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 66.1464,
      "conf_low": 65.3725,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 65.7595,
      "group": "White",
      "n": 77710,
      "view": "Presidential All residents",
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 65.1607,
      "conf_low": 64.3667,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 64.7637,
      "group": "White",
      "n": 72783,
      "view": "Presidential All residents",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 63.4012,
      "conf_low": 62.6037,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 63.0024,
      "group": "White",
      "n": 72615,
      "view": "Presidential All residents",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 64.4761,
      "conf_low": 63.6717,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 64.0739,
      "group": "White",
      "n": 70249,
      "view": "Presidential All residents",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 70.1752,
      "conf_low": 69.3424,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 69.7588,
      "group": "White",
      "n": 60390,
      "view": "Presidential All residents",
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 69.6608,
      "conf_low": 68.7595,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 69.2101,
      "group": "White",
      "n": 53001,
      "view": "Presidential All residents",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 52.0666,
      "conf_low": 49.7367,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 50.9016,
      "group": "Black",
      "n": 8374,
      "view": "Presidential All residents",
      "year": 1996
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 55.3702,
      "conf_low": 53.0791,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 54.2246,
      "group": "Black",
      "n": 8698,
      "view": "Presidential All residents",
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 58.294,
      "conf_low": 56.0581,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 57.176,
      "group": "Black",
      "n": 9322,
      "view": "Presidential All residents",
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 62.8438,
      "conf_low": 60.6398,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 61.7418,
      "group": "Black",
      "n": 9100,
      "view": "Presidential All residents",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 64.5395,
      "conf_low": 62.418,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 63.4788,
      "group": "Black",
      "n": 9696,
      "view": "Presidential All residents",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 57.639,
      "conf_low": 55.4373,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 56.5382,
      "group": "Black",
      "n": 10002,
      "view": "Presidential All residents",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 60.6751,
      "conf_low": 58.3726,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 59.5238,
      "group": "Black",
      "n": 8817,
      "view": "Presidential All residents",
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 57.4566,
      "conf_low": 54.8324,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 56.1445,
      "group": "Black",
      "n": 7056,
      "view": "Presidential All residents",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 27.8613,
      "conf_low": 25.6313,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 26.7463,
      "group": "Hispanic",
      "n": 6969,
      "view": "Presidential All residents",
      "year": 1996
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 27.722,
      "conf_low": 25.6997,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 26.7109,
      "group": "Hispanic",
      "n": 8382,
      "view": "Presidential All residents",
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 28.9163,
      "conf_low": 27.0188,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 27.9675,
      "group": "Hispanic",
      "n": 10174,
      "view": "Presidential All residents",
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 32.5256,
      "conf_low": 30.6493,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 31.5875,
      "group": "Hispanic",
      "n": 10871,
      "view": "Presidential All residents",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 32.6957,
      "conf_low": 30.8647,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 31.7802,
      "group": "Hispanic",
      "n": 11846,
      "view": "Presidential All residents",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 33.4143,
      "conf_low": 31.6404,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 32.5274,
      "group": "Hispanic",
      "n": 12622,
      "view": "Presidential All residents",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 39.7226,
      "conf_low": 37.7909,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 38.7568,
      "group": "Hispanic",
      "n": 11259,
      "view": "Presidential All residents",
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 36.1869,
      "conf_low": 34.291,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 35.2389,
      "group": "Hispanic",
      "n": 11556,
      "view": "Presidential All residents",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 27.5885,
      "conf_low": 24.2166,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 25.9026,
      "group": "Asian",
      "n": 3200,
      "view": "Presidential All residents",
      "year": 1996
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 26.6773,
      "conf_low": 23.4908,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 25.0841,
      "group": "Asian",
      "n": 3515,
      "view": "Presidential All residents",
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 32.1342,
      "conf_low": 28.8133,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 30.4738,
      "group": "Asian",
      "n": 4104,
      "view": "Presidential All residents",
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 33.6349,
      "conf_low": 30.5903,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 32.1126,
      "group": "Asian",
      "n": 4779,
      "view": "Presidential All residents",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 33.1983,
      "conf_low": 30.3122,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 31.7553,
      "group": "Asian",
      "n": 5217,
      "view": "Presidential All residents",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 35.5148,
      "conf_low": 32.7396,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 34.1272,
      "group": "Asian",
      "n": 5752,
      "view": "Presidential All residents",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 44.1937,
      "conf_low": 41.2029,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 42.6983,
      "group": "Asian",
      "n": 5206,
      "view": "Presidential All residents",
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 43.3598,
      "conf_low": 40.3579,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 41.8589,
      "group": "Asian",
      "n": 5207,
      "view": "Presidential All residents",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 50.4639,
      "conf_low": 49.6746,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 50.0693,
      "group": "White",
      "n": 79878,
      "view": "Midterm All residents",
      "year": 1994
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 46.8751,
      "conf_low": 46.0507,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 46.4629,
      "group": "White",
      "n": 69529,
      "view": "Midterm All residents",
      "year": 1998
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 48.4065,
      "conf_low": 47.6186,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 48.0126,
      "group": "White",
      "n": 81060,
      "view": "Midterm All residents",
      "year": 2002
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 50.9175,
      "conf_low": 50.1036,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 50.5105,
      "group": "White",
      "n": 74748,
      "view": "Midterm All residents",
      "year": 2006
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 48.1851,
      "conf_low": 47.359,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 47.7721,
      "group": "White",
      "n": 73169,
      "view": "Midterm All residents",
      "year": 2010
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 45.3817,
      "conf_low": 44.5593,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 44.9705,
      "group": "White",
      "n": 72831,
      "view": "Midterm All residents",
      "year": 2014
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 56.9447,
      "conf_low": 56.0874,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 56.516,
      "group": "White",
      "n": 65927,
      "view": "Midterm All residents",
      "year": 2018
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 57.1051,
      "conf_low": 56.1447,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 56.6249,
      "group": "White",
      "n": 53341,
      "view": "Midterm All residents",
      "year": 2022
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 38.4892,
      "conf_low": 36.3322,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 37.4107,
      "group": "Black",
      "n": 9945,
      "view": "Midterm All residents",
      "year": 1994
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 41.1573,
      "conf_low": 38.8674,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 40.0124,
      "group": "Black",
      "n": 8365,
      "view": "Midterm All residents",
      "year": 1998
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 41.4973,
      "conf_low": 39.3458,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 40.4215,
      "group": "Black",
      "n": 9803,
      "view": "Midterm All residents",
      "year": 2002
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 40.2903,
      "conf_low": 38.0697,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 39.18,
      "group": "Black",
      "n": 9119,
      "view": "Midterm All residents",
      "year": 2006
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 42.6558,
      "conf_low": 40.4827,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 41.5692,
      "group": "Black",
      "n": 9650,
      "view": "Midterm All residents",
      "year": 2010
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 39.6676,
      "conf_low": 37.5485,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 38.6081,
      "group": "Black",
      "n": 10387,
      "view": "Midterm All residents",
      "year": 2014
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 49.9641,
      "conf_low": 47.6482,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 48.8062,
      "group": "Black",
      "n": 9190,
      "view": "Midterm All residents",
      "year": 2018
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 44.7166,
      "conf_low": 42.1702,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 43.4434,
      "group": "Black",
      "n": 7574,
      "view": "Midterm All residents",
      "year": 2022
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 21.1706,
      "conf_low": 19.1379,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 20.1542,
      "group": "Hispanic",
      "n": 7222,
      "view": "Midterm All residents",
      "year": 1994
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 20.9826,
      "conf_low": 19.0587,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 20.0207,
      "group": "Hispanic",
      "n": 7656,
      "view": "Midterm All residents",
      "year": 1998
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 19.7345,
      "conf_low": 18.0001,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 18.8673,
      "group": "Hispanic",
      "n": 9416,
      "view": "Midterm All residents",
      "year": 2002
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 20.1227,
      "conf_low": 18.539,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 19.3308,
      "group": "Hispanic",
      "n": 10912,
      "view": "Midterm All residents",
      "year": 2006
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 21.2717,
      "conf_low": 19.6827,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 20.4772,
      "group": "Hispanic",
      "n": 11500,
      "view": "Midterm All residents",
      "year": 2010
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 19.1536,
      "conf_low": 17.6674,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 18.4105,
      "group": "Hispanic",
      "n": 12156,
      "view": "Midterm All residents",
      "year": 2014
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 29.3564,
      "conf_low": 27.6213,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 28.4889,
      "group": "Hispanic",
      "n": 12237,
      "view": "Midterm All residents",
      "year": 2018
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 27.5656,
      "conf_low": 25.7697,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 26.6676,
      "group": "Hispanic",
      "n": 10928,
      "view": "Midterm All residents",
      "year": 2022
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 23.3631,
      "conf_low": 20.159,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 21.7611,
      "group": "Asian",
      "n": 3258,
      "view": "Midterm All residents",
      "year": 1994
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 20.6388,
      "conf_low": 17.6952,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 19.167,
      "group": "Asian",
      "n": 3439,
      "view": "Midterm All residents",
      "year": 1998
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 20.6325,
      "conf_low": 17.8557,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 19.2441,
      "group": "Asian",
      "n": 4207,
      "view": "Midterm All residents",
      "year": 2002
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 23.0388,
      "conf_low": 20.2825,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 21.6606,
      "group": "Asian",
      "n": 4533,
      "view": "Midterm All residents",
      "year": 2006
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 23.1523,
      "conf_low": 20.5278,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 21.8401,
      "group": "Asian",
      "n": 5006,
      "view": "Midterm All residents",
      "year": 2010
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 20.7,
      "conf_low": 18.3501,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 19.525,
      "group": "Asian",
      "n": 5606,
      "view": "Midterm All residents",
      "year": 2014
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 30.1541,
      "conf_low": 27.497,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 28.8255,
      "group": "Asian",
      "n": 5621,
      "view": "Midterm All residents",
      "year": 2018
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 31.1218,
      "conf_low": 28.2925,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 29.7071,
      "group": "Asian",
      "n": 4957,
      "view": "Midterm All residents",
      "year": 2022
    }
  ],
  "id": "race_trend",
  "notes": [
    "Presidential years and midterm years are separate views; the default is presidential years.",
    "Persons of another or multiple races are left out of the lines; they appear in the earlier figure. Turnout follows the Census Bureau convention: a respondent who did not answer the voting question counts as not voting.",
    "Intervals are model based (Kish effective sample size, normal approximation) and leave out the clustering and stratification of the CPS design, so they are narrower than design-based intervals by an unknown factor."
  ],
  "source": "Current Population Survey, November Voting and Registration Supplement (IPUMS-CPS), 1994 to 2024; weighted (VOSUPPWT)",
  "spec": {
    "colors": {
      "Asian": "cat4",
      "Black": "cat2",
      "Hispanic": "cat3",
      "White": "cat1"
    },
    "hi": "conf_high",
    "lo": "conf_low",
    "n": "n",
    "series": "group",
    "x": "year",
    "xDomain": [
      1996,
      2024
    ],
    "xLabel": "Election year",
    "y": "estimate",
    "yDomain": [
      15,
      80
    ],
    "yFormat": {
      "digits": 0
    },
    "yLabel": "Reported voting (% of the group)"
  },
  "subtitle": "Percent of citizens who reported voting, by race and ethnicity, presidential years 1996 to 2024 (other buttons show midterm years and all residents, noncitizens counted as not voting); 95% intervals from the Kish effective sample size",
  "table": {
    "columns": [
      {
        "key": "year",
        "label": "Year"
      },
      {
        "key": "election",
        "label": "Election type"
      },
      {
        "key": "view",
        "label": "Universe"
      },
      {
        "key": "group",
        "label": "Group"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1
        },
        "key": "estimate",
        "label": "Turnout (%)"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1
        },
        "key": "conf_low",
        "label": "95% CI low"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1
        },
        "key": "conf_high",
        "label": "95% CI high"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "thousands": true
        },
        "key": "n",
        "label": "n respondents"
      }
    ]
  },
  "title": "Black turnout went from above White turnout in 2012 to below it in 2024, and Hispanic turnout stayed below White turnout in every election",
  "type": "line",
  "views": [
    {
      "filter": {
        "view": "Presidential Citizens"
      },
      "id": "pres_cit",
      "label": "Presidential years, citizens"
    },
    {
      "filter": {
        "view": "Midterm Citizens"
      },
      "id": "mid_cit",
      "label": "Midterm years, citizens",
      "spec": {
        "xDomain": [
          1994,
          2022
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "caption": "With noncitizens counted as not voting, the White minus Hispanic difference was {fact:gap_hisp_res_2024} points in 2024, against {fact:gap_hisp_2024} among citizens. Each point is a weighted share of adults with a 95% interval.",
      "filter": {
        "view": "Presidential All residents"
      },
      "id": "pres_res",
      "label": "Presidential years, all residents",
      "spec": {
        "yDomain": [
          15,
          80
        ]
      },
      "title": "Counting noncitizens as not voting, the White minus Hispanic turnout difference was {fact:gap_hisp_res_2024} points in 2024"
    },
    {
      "filter": {
        "view": "Midterm All residents"
      },
      "id": "mid_res",
      "label": "Midterm years, all residents",
      "spec": {
        "xDomain": [
          1994,
          2022
        ],
        "yDomain": [
          10,
          75
        ]
      }
    }
  ],
  "width": "wide"
}