{
  "alt": "Line chart of turnout for the lowest, middle and highest third of family income across presidential years from 1996 to 2024, with a break between 2008 and 2012. The highest third is on top in every election, {fact:v_inc_hi_2024} in 2024, the middle third is next and the lowest third, {fact:v_inc_lo_2024} in 2024, is at the bottom. The distance between the top and bottom lines stays near {fact:gap_inc_2024} points from 2012 to 2024.",
  "caption": "The highest third has the highest turnout and the lowest third the lowest in every election. The gap between them was {fact:gap_inc_2012} points in 2012 and {fact:gap_inc_2024} in 2024, a change of {fact:chg_inc_2012_2024} points that the data cannot distinguish from zero. The line breaks between 2008 and 2010: from 2010 the Census Bureau allocates family income when it is missing, and before 2010 the thirds cover only citizens who reported a bracket.",
  "data": [
    {
      "conf_high": 48.6887,
      "conf_low": 47.3114,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 48.0001,
      "group": "Lowest third of family income",
      "n": 25451,
      "year": 1996
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 50.2193,
      "conf_low": 48.7757,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 49.4975,
      "group": "Lowest third of family income",
      "n": 27793,
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 55.5769,
      "conf_low": 54.2099,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 54.8934,
      "group": "Lowest third of family income",
      "n": 28685,
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 57.719,
      "conf_low": 56.3246,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 57.0218,
      "group": "Lowest third of family income",
      "n": 27450,
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 52.2645,
      "conf_low": 51.0043,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 51.6344,
      "group": "Lowest third of family income",
      "n": 31102,
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 50.8384,
      "conf_low": 49.5921,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 50.2153,
      "group": "Lowest third of family income",
      "n": 32737,
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 56.7531,
      "conf_low": 55.4519,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 56.1025,
      "group": "Lowest third of family income",
      "n": 30319,
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 55.0113,
      "conf_low": 53.6055,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 54.3084,
      "group": "Lowest third of family income",
      "n": 26368,
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 59.8572,
      "conf_low": 58.5121,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 59.1846,
      "group": "Middle third",
      "n": 37994,
      "year": 1996
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 63.6569,
      "conf_low": 62.2734,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 62.9651,
      "group": "Middle third",
      "n": 29923,
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 68.5182,
      "conf_low": 67.299,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 67.9086,
      "group": "Middle third",
      "n": 34409,
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 69.3363,
      "conf_low": 68.0434,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 68.6898,
      "group": "Middle third",
      "n": 26322,
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 62.7111,
      "conf_low": 61.503,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 62.1071,
      "group": "Middle third",
      "n": 37036,
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 63.0632,
      "conf_low": 61.9196,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 62.4914,
      "group": "Middle third",
      "n": 42544,
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 68.2914,
      "conf_low": 67.1066,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 67.699,
      "group": "Middle third",
      "n": 33174,
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 67.8232,
      "conf_low": 66.5894,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 67.2063,
      "group": "Middle third",
      "n": 35210,
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 72.4086,
      "conf_low": 71.174,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 71.7913,
      "group": "Highest third",
      "n": 24604,
      "year": 1996
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 73.3668,
      "conf_low": 72.0895,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 72.7281,
      "group": "Highest third",
      "n": 22500,
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 78.7298,
      "conf_low": 77.6253,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 78.1775,
      "group": "Highest third",
      "n": 30412,
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 78.5087,
      "conf_low": 77.3359,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 77.9223,
      "group": "Highest third",
      "n": 33247,
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 72.259,
      "conf_low": 71.1365,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 71.6977,
      "group": "Highest third",
      "n": 41910,
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 71.9913,
      "conf_low": 70.8999,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 71.4456,
      "group": "Highest third",
      "n": 35668,
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 77.0607,
      "conf_low": 75.9389,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 76.4998,
      "group": "Highest third",
      "n": 36140,
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 75.1197,
      "conf_low": 73.9291,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 74.5244,
      "group": "Highest third",
      "n": 28984,
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 38.2234,
      "conf_low": 36.9927,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 37.608,
      "group": "Lowest third of family income",
      "n": 32705,
      "year": 1994
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 37.5837,
      "conf_low": 36.2647,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 36.9242,
      "group": "Lowest third of family income",
      "n": 27133,
      "year": 1998
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 38.575,
      "conf_low": 37.2683,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 37.9216,
      "group": "Lowest third of family income",
      "n": 30713,
      "year": 2002
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 40.3142,
      "conf_low": 38.9411,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 39.6277,
      "group": "Lowest third of family income",
      "n": 25387,
      "year": 2006
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 36.4012,
      "conf_low": 35.2106,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 35.8059,
      "group": "Lowest third of family income",
      "n": 32675,
      "year": 2010
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 33.2326,
      "conf_low": 32.0708,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 32.6517,
      "group": "Lowest third of family income",
      "n": 35868,
      "year": 2014
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 43.8918,
      "conf_low": 42.6389,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 43.2653,
      "group": "Lowest third of family income",
      "n": 34941,
      "year": 2018
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 42.4869,
      "conf_low": 41.0971,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 41.792,
      "group": "Lowest third of family income",
      "n": 29857,
      "year": 2022
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 49.5447,
      "conf_low": 48.3142,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 48.9295,
      "group": "Middle third",
      "n": 36492,
      "year": 1994
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 47.1393,
      "conf_low": 45.8429,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 46.4911,
      "group": "Middle third",
      "n": 31286,
      "year": 1998
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 48.8223,
      "conf_low": 47.5391,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 48.1807,
      "group": "Middle third",
      "n": 35262,
      "year": 2002
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 52.6013,
      "conf_low": 51.2423,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 51.9218,
      "group": "Middle third",
      "n": 31974,
      "year": 2006
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 46.2763,
      "conf_low": 45.085,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 45.6807,
      "group": "Middle third",
      "n": 37807,
      "year": 2010
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 43.4456,
      "conf_low": 42.2557,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 42.8506,
      "group": "Middle third",
      "n": 43489,
      "year": 2014
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 54.7125,
      "conf_low": 53.5067,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 54.1096,
      "group": "Middle third",
      "n": 35374,
      "year": 2018
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 54.0076,
      "conf_low": 52.6562,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 53.3319,
      "group": "Middle third",
      "n": 35033,
      "year": 2022
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 61.4531,
      "conf_low": 60.2211,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 60.8371,
      "group": "Highest third",
      "n": 34235,
      "year": 1994
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 56.6568,
      "conf_low": 55.3238,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 55.9903,
      "group": "Highest third",
      "n": 27870,
      "year": 1998
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 57.9845,
      "conf_low": 56.6873,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 57.3359,
      "group": "Highest third",
      "n": 29617,
      "year": 2002
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 60.898,
      "conf_low": 59.5579,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 60.228,
      "group": "Highest third",
      "n": 32257,
      "year": 2006
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 55.7254,
      "conf_low": 54.5094,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 55.1174,
      "group": "Highest third",
      "n": 39511,
      "year": 2010
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 50.9347,
      "conf_low": 49.7228,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 50.3288,
      "group": "Highest third",
      "n": 33852,
      "year": 2014
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 63.5389,
      "conf_low": 62.3327,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 62.9358,
      "group": "Highest third",
      "n": 36649,
      "year": 2018
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 62.1609,
      "conf_low": 60.8052,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 61.483,
      "group": "Highest third",
      "n": 25708,
      "year": 2022
    }
  ],
  "id": "income_trend",
  "notes": [
    "Presidential years and midterm years are separate views; the default is presidential years.",
    "Thirds are formed within each year from the family-income brackets of citizens; a bracket that straddles a cut-off is split in proportion. Brackets change across decades, so no fixed dollar groups are used. Turnout follows the Census Bureau convention: a respondent who did not answer the voting question counts as not voting.",
    "Intervals are model based (Kish effective sample size, normal approximation) and leave out the clustering and stratification of the CPS design, so they are narrower than design-based intervals by an unknown factor."
  ],
  "source": "Current Population Survey, November Voting and Registration Supplement (IPUMS-CPS), 1994 to 2024; weighted (VOSUPPWT)",
  "spec": {
    "annotations": [
      {
        "label": "Missing income allocated from 2010",
        "type": "x-rule",
        "x": 2009
      }
    ],
    "breaks": [
      2009
    ],
    "colors": {
      "Highest third": "cat3",
      "Lowest third of family income": "cat1",
      "Middle third": "cat2"
    },
    "hi": "conf_high",
    "lo": "conf_low",
    "n": "n",
    "series": "group",
    "x": "year",
    "xDomain": [
      1996,
      2024
    ],
    "xLabel": "Election year",
    "y": "estimate",
    "yDomain": [
      20,
      85
    ],
    "yFormat": {
      "digits": 0
    },
    "yLabel": "Reported voting (% of citizens in the group)"
  },
  "subtitle": "Percent of citizens who reported voting, by within-year third of family income, presidential years 1996 to 2024 (the second button shows midterm years); 95% intervals from the Kish effective sample size",
  "table": {
    "columns": [
      {
        "key": "year",
        "label": "Year"
      },
      {
        "key": "election",
        "label": "Election type"
      },
      {
        "key": "group",
        "label": "Group"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1
        },
        "key": "estimate",
        "label": "Turnout (%)"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1
        },
        "key": "conf_low",
        "label": "95% CI low"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1
        },
        "key": "conf_high",
        "label": "95% CI high"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "thousands": true
        },
        "key": "n",
        "label": "n respondents"
      }
    ]
  },
  "title": "Turnout rose with family income in every election, and the highest third voted at rates about the same distance above the lowest third in 2012 and 2024",
  "type": "line",
  "views": [
    {
      "filter": {
        "election": "Presidential"
      },
      "id": "presidential",
      "label": "Presidential years"
    },
    {
      "caption": "In midterms the gap between the highest and lowest third was {fact:gap_inc_1998} points in 1998, {fact:gap_inc_2014} in 2014 and {fact:gap_inc_2022} in 2022. The line breaks between 2008 and 2010 where the treatment of missing income changes. Each point is a weighted share with a 95% interval.",
      "filter": {
        "election": "Midterm"
      },
      "id": "midterm",
      "label": "Midterm years",
      "spec": {
        "xDomain": [
          1994,
          2022
        ],
        "yDomain": [
          20,
          85
        ]
      },
      "title": "In midterms the highest third of family income voted {fact:gap_inc_2022} points above the lowest third in 2022"
    }
  ],
  "width": "wide"
}