{
  "alt": "Line chart of turnout for four education groups across presidential years from 1996 to 2024. The line for a bachelor's degree or more is highest, {fact:v_ba_2024} in 2024, followed by some college, high school and, lowest, less than high school at {fact:v_lths_2024}. The distance between the top and bottom lines is wider in 2024 than in 1996.",
  "caption": "The order of the four groups is the same in every election, from the bachelor's degree at the top to no diploma at the bottom. The gap between those two groups was {fact:gap_ba_lths_1996} points in 1996 and {fact:gap_ba_lths_2024} in 2024, a change of {fact:chg_ba_lths_1996_2024} points, while the gap between the bachelor's degree and the high school diploma was {fact:gap_ba_hs_1996} and {fact:gap_ba_hs_2024}. Each point is a weighted share with a 95% interval.",
  "data": [
    {
      "conf_high": 42.9362,
      "conf_low": 40.9584,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 41.9473,
      "group": "Less than high school",
      "n": 11692,
      "year": 1996
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 43.1122,
      "conf_low": 40.9665,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 42.0393,
      "group": "Less than high school",
      "n": 9858,
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 43.3191,
      "conf_low": 41.139,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 42.2291,
      "group": "Less than high school",
      "n": 10233,
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 42.8115,
      "conf_low": 40.4495,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 41.6305,
      "group": "Less than high school",
      "n": 8467,
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 42.4841,
      "conf_low": 40.0014,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 41.2428,
      "group": "Less than high school",
      "n": 7512,
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 38.6131,
      "conf_low": 36.0373,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 37.3252,
      "group": "Less than high school",
      "n": 6908,
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 45.2258,
      "conf_low": 42.131,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 43.6784,
      "group": "Less than high school",
      "n": 5000,
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 40.7927,
      "conf_low": 37.3526,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 39.0726,
      "group": "Less than high school",
      "n": 4008,
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 55.8076,
      "conf_low": 54.4627,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 55.1351,
      "group": "High school graduate",
      "n": 25825,
      "year": 1996
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 56.7087,
      "conf_low": 55.3244,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 56.0166,
      "group": "High school graduate",
      "n": 24610,
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 59.6225,
      "conf_low": 58.2881,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 58.9553,
      "group": "High school graduate",
      "n": 28012,
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 57.718,
      "conf_low": 56.3472,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 57.0326,
      "group": "High school graduate",
      "n": 26066,
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 56.7021,
      "conf_low": 55.3233,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 56.0127,
      "group": "High school graduate",
      "n": 25733,
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 54.5978,
      "conf_low": 53.1802,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 53.889,
      "group": "High school graduate",
      "n": 24702,
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 58.7784,
      "conf_low": 57.2686,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 58.0235,
      "group": "High school graduate",
      "n": 21412,
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 56.1079,
      "conf_low": 54.448,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 55.278,
      "group": "High school graduate",
      "n": 18383,
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 67.7838,
      "conf_low": 66.2889,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 67.0363,
      "group": "Some college",
      "n": 18879,
      "year": 1996
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 68.0429,
      "conf_low": 66.5637,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 67.3033,
      "group": "Some college",
      "n": 19364,
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 72.2702,
      "conf_low": 70.9129,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 71.5915,
      "group": "Some college",
      "n": 22991,
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 71.3,
      "conf_low": 69.9448,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 70.6224,
      "group": "Some college",
      "n": 22758,
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 68.2715,
      "conf_low": 66.9062,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 67.5888,
      "group": "Some college",
      "n": 23322,
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 66.713,
      "conf_low": 65.334,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 66.0235,
      "group": "Some college",
      "n": 23525,
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 71.8016,
      "conf_low": 70.3728,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 71.0872,
      "group": "Some college",
      "n": 20091,
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 69.9667,
      "conf_low": 68.3818,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 69.1742,
      "group": "Some college",
      "n": 17338,
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 78.6904,
      "conf_low": 77.3585,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 78.0245,
      "group": "Bachelor's degree or more",
      "n": 18076,
      "year": 1996
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 78.7763,
      "conf_low": 77.4792,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 78.1278,
      "group": "Bachelor's degree or more",
      "n": 19070,
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 80.8908,
      "conf_low": 79.7335,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 80.3122,
      "group": "Bachelor's degree or more",
      "n": 24193,
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 79.8819,
      "conf_low": 78.7291,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 79.3055,
      "group": "Bachelor's degree or more",
      "n": 24625,
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 78.3772,
      "conf_low": 77.2534,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 77.8153,
      "group": "Bachelor's degree or more",
      "n": 27231,
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 77.6936,
      "conf_low": 76.5902,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 77.1419,
      "group": "Bachelor's degree or more",
      "n": 28684,
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 80.4925,
      "conf_low": 79.4115,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 79.952,
      "group": "Bachelor's degree or more",
      "n": 27130,
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 80.1782,
      "conf_low": 79.0484,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 79.6133,
      "group": "Bachelor's degree or more",
      "n": 25742,
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 34.9427,
      "conf_low": 33.1688,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 34.0557,
      "group": "Less than high school",
      "n": 14134,
      "year": 1994
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 34.3721,
      "conf_low": 32.4187,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 33.3954,
      "group": "Less than high school",
      "n": 10963,
      "year": 1998
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 31.962,
      "conf_low": 29.9854,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 30.9737,
      "group": "Less than high school",
      "n": 10837,
      "year": 2002
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 31.4004,
      "conf_low": 29.3157,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 30.3581,
      "group": "Less than high school",
      "n": 9376,
      "year": 2006
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 29.4511,
      "conf_low": 27.2477,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 28.3494,
      "group": "Less than high school",
      "n": 8070,
      "year": 2010
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 26.1587,
      "conf_low": 23.9577,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 25.0582,
      "group": "Less than high school",
      "n": 7697,
      "year": 2014
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 31.3163,
      "conf_low": 28.7005,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 30.0084,
      "group": "Less than high school",
      "n": 6074,
      "year": 2018
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 30.794,
      "conf_low": 27.6895,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 29.2418,
      "group": "Less than high school",
      "n": 4251,
      "year": 2022
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 47.3741,
      "conf_low": 46.0744,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 46.7242,
      "group": "High school graduate",
      "n": 29451,
      "year": 1994
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 43.3919,
      "conf_low": 42.0425,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 42.7172,
      "group": "High school graduate",
      "n": 25556,
      "year": 1998
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 44.0139,
      "conf_low": 42.7138,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 43.3639,
      "group": "High school graduate",
      "n": 29364,
      "year": 2002
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 44.6184,
      "conf_low": 43.2779,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 43.9481,
      "group": "High school graduate",
      "n": 27085,
      "year": 2006
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 41.9934,
      "conf_low": 40.6412,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 41.3173,
      "group": "High school graduate",
      "n": 26354,
      "year": 2010
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 37.9088,
      "conf_low": 36.5608,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 37.2348,
      "group": "High school graduate",
      "n": 25791,
      "year": 2014
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 45.6332,
      "conf_low": 44.166,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 44.8996,
      "group": "High school graduate",
      "n": 23004,
      "year": 2018
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 44.7105,
      "conf_low": 43.082,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 43.8962,
      "group": "High school graduate",
      "n": 18919,
      "year": 2022
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 57.6786,
      "conf_low": 56.1555,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 56.9171,
      "group": "Some college",
      "n": 21201,
      "year": 1994
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 54.3766,
      "conf_low": 52.8006,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 53.5886,
      "group": "Some college",
      "n": 19236,
      "year": 1998
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 53.9663,
      "conf_low": 52.4992,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 53.2327,
      "group": "Some college",
      "n": 23691,
      "year": 2002
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 55.1888,
      "conf_low": 53.7109,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 54.4498,
      "group": "Some college",
      "n": 22620,
      "year": 2006
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 51.447,
      "conf_low": 49.9862,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 50.7166,
      "group": "Some college",
      "n": 23320,
      "year": 2010
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 47.2319,
      "conf_low": 45.7931,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 46.5125,
      "group": "Some college",
      "n": 23955,
      "year": 2014
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 58.404,
      "conf_low": 56.9118,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 57.6579,
      "group": "Some college",
      "n": 22009,
      "year": 2018
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 56.645,
      "conf_low": 54.9625,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 55.8037,
      "group": "Some college",
      "n": 17609,
      "year": 2022
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 69.5988,
      "conf_low": 68.11,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 68.8544,
      "group": "Bachelor's degree or more",
      "n": 19319,
      "year": 1994
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 63.3035,
      "conf_low": 61.7718,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 62.5377,
      "group": "Bachelor's degree or more",
      "n": 18893,
      "year": 1998
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 65.183,
      "conf_low": 63.7921,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 64.4876,
      "group": "Bachelor's degree or more",
      "n": 23619,
      "year": 2002
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 66.016,
      "conf_low": 64.6599,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 65.338,
      "group": "Bachelor's degree or more",
      "n": 24389,
      "year": 2006
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 62.9526,
      "conf_low": 61.6064,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 62.2795,
      "group": "Bachelor's degree or more",
      "n": 25857,
      "year": 2010
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 58.2574,
      "conf_low": 56.9501,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 57.6037,
      "group": "Bachelor's degree or more",
      "n": 28265,
      "year": 2014
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 70.1059,
      "conf_low": 68.9006,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 69.5032,
      "group": "Bachelor's degree or more",
      "n": 28734,
      "year": 2018
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 68.3348,
      "conf_low": 67.0194,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 67.6771,
      "group": "Bachelor's degree or more",
      "n": 25233,
      "year": 2022
    }
  ],
  "id": "education_trend",
  "notes": [
    "Presidential years and midterm years are separate views; the default is presidential years.",
    "Attainment is defined for adults 25 and older. Turnout follows the Census Bureau convention: a respondent who did not answer the voting question counts as not voting.",
    "Intervals are model based (Kish effective sample size, normal approximation) and leave out the clustering and stratification of the CPS design, so they are narrower than design-based intervals by an unknown factor."
  ],
  "source": "Current Population Survey, November Voting and Registration Supplement (IPUMS-CPS), 1994 to 2024; weighted (VOSUPPWT)",
  "spec": {
    "colors": {
      "Bachelor's degree or more": "cat4",
      "High school graduate": "cat2",
      "Less than high school": "cat1",
      "Some college": "cat3"
    },
    "hi": "conf_high",
    "lo": "conf_low",
    "n": "n",
    "series": "group",
    "x": "year",
    "xDomain": [
      1996,
      2024
    ],
    "xLabel": "Election year",
    "y": "estimate",
    "yDomain": [
      15,
      90
    ],
    "yFormat": {
      "digits": 0
    },
    "yLabel": "Reported voting (% of citizens 25 and older in the group)"
  },
  "subtitle": "Percent of citizens 25 and older who reported voting, by educational attainment, presidential years 1996 to 2024 (the second button shows midterm years); 95% intervals from the Kish effective sample size",
  "table": {
    "columns": [
      {
        "key": "year",
        "label": "Year"
      },
      {
        "key": "election",
        "label": "Election type"
      },
      {
        "key": "group",
        "label": "Group"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1
        },
        "key": "estimate",
        "label": "Turnout (%)"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1
        },
        "key": "conf_low",
        "label": "95% CI low"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1
        },
        "key": "conf_high",
        "label": "95% CI high"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "thousands": true
        },
        "key": "n",
        "label": "n respondents"
      }
    ]
  },
  "title": "The turnout gap between citizens with a bachelor's degree and those without a high school diploma was wider in 2024 than in 1996",
  "type": "line",
  "views": [
    {
      "filter": {
        "election": "Presidential"
      },
      "id": "presidential",
      "label": "Presidential years"
    },
    {
      "caption": "In midterms the gap between the bachelor's degree and no diploma was {fact:gap_ba_lths_1998} points in 1998, {fact:gap_ba_lths_2014} in 2014 and {fact:gap_ba_lths_2022} in 2022. Each point is a weighted share with a 95% interval.",
      "filter": {
        "election": "Midterm"
      },
      "id": "midterm",
      "label": "Midterm years",
      "spec": {
        "xDomain": [
          1994,
          2022
        ],
        "yDomain": [
          15,
          90
        ]
      },
      "title": "In midterms the gap between a bachelor's degree and no diploma was {fact:gap_ba_lths_2022} points in 2022 and {fact:gap_ba_lths_1998} in 1998"
    }
  ],
  "width": "wide"
}