{
  "alt": "Line chart of turnout for four age groups across presidential years from 1996 to 2024. The line for the oldest group is highest, {fact:v_a65_2024} in 2024, and the line for the youngest group is lowest, {fact:v_a1829_2024} in 2024, with the two middle age groups between them. The gap between the top and bottom lines is smallest in 2008 and 2020.",
  "caption": "The oldest group has the highest turnout and the youngest the lowest in every election. In presidential years the gap between them was {fact:gap_age_1996} points in 1996, {fact:gap_age_2008} in 2008, {fact:gap_age_2020} in 2020 and {fact:gap_age_2024} in 2024; in midterms it was {fact:gap_age_2014} in 2014 and {fact:gap_age_2018} in 2018. Each point is a weighted share with a 95% interval.",
  "data": [
    {
      "conf_high": 40.4078,
      "conf_low": 38.7787,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 39.5932,
      "group": "Ages 18 to 29",
      "n": 17234,
      "year": 1996
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 41.0092,
      "conf_low": 39.3078,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 40.1585,
      "group": "Ages 18 to 29",
      "n": 15924,
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 49.8269,
      "conf_low": 48.1411,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 48.984,
      "group": "Ages 18 to 29",
      "n": 18315,
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 51.893,
      "conf_low": 50.2199,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 51.0564,
      "group": "Ages 18 to 29",
      "n": 17867,
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 45.8673,
      "conf_low": 44.2094,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 45.0384,
      "group": "Ages 18 to 29",
      "n": 17998,
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 46.9756,
      "conf_low": 45.282,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 46.1288,
      "group": "Ages 18 to 29",
      "n": 17431,
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 55.0309,
      "conf_low": 53.1804,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 54.1056,
      "group": "Ages 18 to 29",
      "n": 14347,
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 51.7584,
      "conf_low": 49.7394,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 50.7489,
      "group": "Ages 18 to 29",
      "n": 12303,
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 57.5115,
      "conf_low": 56.2099,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 56.8607,
      "group": "Ages 30 to 44",
      "n": 27397,
      "year": 1996
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 59.0394,
      "conf_low": 57.683,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 58.3612,
      "group": "Ages 30 to 44",
      "n": 25111,
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 63.0853,
      "conf_low": 61.7558,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 62.4205,
      "group": "Ages 30 to 44",
      "n": 26906,
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 62.5368,
      "conf_low": 61.1123,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 61.8246,
      "group": "Ages 30 to 44",
      "n": 23057,
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 60.2504,
      "conf_low": 58.7948,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 59.5226,
      "group": "Ages 30 to 44",
      "n": 22680,
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 59.4942,
      "conf_low": 58.0058,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 58.75,
      "group": "Ages 30 to 44",
      "n": 21923,
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 65.1429,
      "conf_low": 63.5956,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 64.3693,
      "group": "Ages 30 to 44",
      "n": 19144,
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 62.7053,
      "conf_low": 61.0089,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 61.8571,
      "group": "Ages 30 to 44",
      "n": 16754,
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 68.8046,
      "conf_low": 67.509,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 68.1568,
      "group": "Ages 45 to 64",
      "n": 24383,
      "year": 1996
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 68.3872,
      "conf_low": 67.1386,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 67.7629,
      "group": "Ages 45 to 64",
      "n": 26634,
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 71.0031,
      "conf_low": 69.8842,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 70.4437,
      "group": "Ages 45 to 64",
      "n": 34070,
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 69.717,
      "conf_low": 68.6004,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 69.1587,
      "group": "Ages 45 to 64",
      "n": 34266,
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 68.427,
      "conf_low": 67.3081,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 67.8676,
      "group": "Ages 45 to 64",
      "n": 34382,
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 67.2053,
      "conf_low": 66.0573,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 66.6313,
      "group": "Ages 45 to 64",
      "n": 33170,
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 71.5787,
      "conf_low": 70.3597,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 70.9692,
      "group": "Ages 45 to 64",
      "n": 27161,
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 70.6408,
      "conf_low": 69.2804,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 69.9606,
      "group": "Ages 45 to 64",
      "n": 22628,
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 69.9507,
      "conf_low": 68.3255,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 69.1381,
      "group": "Ages 65 and older",
      "n": 15076,
      "year": 1996
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 70.4018,
      "conf_low": 68.7622,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 69.582,
      "group": "Ages 65 and older",
      "n": 14759,
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 71.8011,
      "conf_low": 70.2199,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 71.0105,
      "group": "Ages 65 and older",
      "n": 17161,
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 71.0868,
      "conf_low": 69.5376,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 70.3122,
      "group": "Ages 65 and older",
      "n": 17170,
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 72.7136,
      "conf_low": 71.2828,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 71.9982,
      "group": "Ages 65 and older",
      "n": 19251,
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 71.582,
      "conf_low": 70.2023,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 70.8922,
      "group": "Ages 65 and older",
      "n": 21270,
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 75.1455,
      "conf_low": 73.8184,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 74.4819,
      "group": "Ages 65 and older",
      "n": 21246,
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 75.3661,
      "conf_low": 74.0162,
      "election": "Presidential",
      "estimate": 74.6911,
      "group": "Ages 65 and older",
      "n": 20905,
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 26.8753,
      "conf_low": 25.4763,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 26.1758,
      "group": "Ages 18 to 29",
      "n": 20018,
      "year": 1994
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 23.0161,
      "conf_low": 21.6004,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 22.3082,
      "group": "Ages 18 to 29",
      "n": 16580,
      "year": 1998
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 23.0811,
      "conf_low": 21.6972,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 22.3891,
      "group": "Ages 18 to 29",
      "n": 18524,
      "year": 2002
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 26.2201,
      "conf_low": 24.7604,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 25.4903,
      "group": "Ages 18 to 29",
      "n": 17898,
      "year": 2006
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 24.6577,
      "conf_low": 23.2417,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 23.9497,
      "group": "Ages 18 to 29",
      "n": 18176,
      "year": 2010
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 20.5254,
      "conf_low": 19.1975,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 19.8615,
      "group": "Ages 18 to 29",
      "n": 18215,
      "year": 2014
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 36.422,
      "conf_low": 34.7178,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 35.5699,
      "group": "Ages 18 to 29",
      "n": 15758,
      "year": 2018
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 32.11,
      "conf_low": 30.2505,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 31.1802,
      "group": "Ages 18 to 29",
      "n": 12305,
      "year": 2022
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 47.101,
      "conf_low": 45.8301,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 46.4656,
      "group": "Ages 30 to 44",
      "n": 30988,
      "year": 1994
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 42.4892,
      "conf_low": 41.1648,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 41.827,
      "group": "Ages 30 to 44",
      "n": 26396,
      "year": 1998
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 42.643,
      "conf_low": 41.3425,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 41.9927,
      "group": "Ages 30 to 44",
      "n": 28955,
      "year": 2002
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 43.6816,
      "conf_low": 42.2807,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 42.9812,
      "group": "Ages 30 to 44",
      "n": 24768,
      "year": 2006
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 41.0791,
      "conf_low": 39.6341,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 40.3566,
      "group": "Ages 30 to 44",
      "n": 22958,
      "year": 2010
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 36.3416,
      "conf_low": 34.9269,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 35.6343,
      "group": "Ages 30 to 44",
      "n": 22709,
      "year": 2014
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 49.5661,
      "conf_low": 48.0178,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 48.7919,
      "group": "Ages 30 to 44",
      "n": 20821,
      "year": 2018
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 47.7743,
      "conf_low": 46.0575,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 46.9159,
      "group": "Ages 30 to 44",
      "n": 16909,
      "year": 2022
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 60.5278,
      "conf_low": 59.1979,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 59.8629,
      "group": "Ages 45 to 64",
      "n": 26899,
      "year": 1994
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 57.1426,
      "conf_low": 55.8022,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 56.4724,
      "group": "Ages 45 to 64",
      "n": 25933,
      "year": 1998
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 56.7476,
      "conf_low": 55.5318,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 56.1397,
      "group": "Ages 45 to 64",
      "n": 33729,
      "year": 2002
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 58.1479,
      "conf_low": 56.9671,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 57.5575,
      "group": "Ages 45 to 64",
      "n": 34368,
      "year": 2006
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 54.9618,
      "conf_low": 53.7804,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 54.3711,
      "group": "Ages 45 to 64",
      "n": 35039,
      "year": 2010
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 50.1703,
      "conf_low": 48.9713,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 49.5708,
      "group": "Ages 45 to 64",
      "n": 34444,
      "year": 2014
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 60.0749,
      "conf_low": 58.8298,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 59.4524,
      "group": "Ages 45 to 64",
      "n": 30528,
      "year": 2018
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 58.9763,
      "conf_low": 57.5419,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 58.2591,
      "group": "Ages 45 to 64",
      "n": 23378,
      "year": 2022
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 64.0888,
      "conf_low": 62.47,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 63.2794,
      "group": "Ages 65 and older",
      "n": 17367,
      "year": 1994
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 62.1707,
      "conf_low": 60.4521,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 61.3114,
      "group": "Ages 65 and older",
      "n": 15167,
      "year": 1998
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 63.5295,
      "conf_low": 61.8919,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 62.7107,
      "group": "Ages 65 and older",
      "n": 17430,
      "year": 2002
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 63.3516,
      "conf_low": 61.7157,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 62.5337,
      "group": "Ages 65 and older",
      "n": 17061,
      "year": 2006
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 61.569,
      "conf_low": 59.9573,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 60.7632,
      "group": "Ages 65 and older",
      "n": 18035,
      "year": 2010
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 60.1559,
      "conf_low": 58.6427,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 59.3993,
      "group": "Ages 65 and older",
      "n": 20899,
      "year": 2014
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 66.8417,
      "conf_low": 65.4156,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 66.1287,
      "group": "Ages 65 and older",
      "n": 21642,
      "year": 2018
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 67.5771,
      "conf_low": 66.1056,
      "election": "Midterm",
      "estimate": 66.8414,
      "group": "Ages 65 and older",
      "n": 20491,
      "year": 2022
    }
  ],
  "id": "age_trend",
  "notes": [
    "Presidential years and midterm years are separate views; the default is presidential years.",
    "Turnout rises with age in every election in the point estimates; the intervals of the two oldest groups overlap in 1996, 2004 and 2008. Turnout follows the Census Bureau convention: a respondent who did not answer the voting question counts as not voting.",
    "Intervals are model based (Kish effective sample size, normal approximation) and leave out the clustering and stratification of the CPS design, so they are narrower than design-based intervals by an unknown factor."
  ],
  "source": "Current Population Survey, November Voting and Registration Supplement (IPUMS-CPS), 1994 to 2024; weighted (VOSUPPWT)",
  "spec": {
    "colors": {
      "Ages 18 to 29": "cat1",
      "Ages 30 to 44": "cat2",
      "Ages 45 to 64": "cat3",
      "Ages 65 and older": "cat4"
    },
    "hi": "conf_high",
    "lo": "conf_low",
    "n": "n",
    "series": "group",
    "x": "year",
    "xDomain": [
      1996,
      2024
    ],
    "xLabel": "Election year",
    "y": "estimate",
    "yDomain": [
      10,
      85
    ],
    "yFormat": {
      "digits": 0
    },
    "yLabel": "Reported voting (% of citizens in the group)"
  },
  "subtitle": "Percent of citizens who reported voting, by age group, presidential years 1996 to 2024 (the second button shows midterm years, 1994 to 2022); 95% intervals from the Kish effective sample size",
  "table": {
    "columns": [
      {
        "key": "year",
        "label": "Year"
      },
      {
        "key": "election",
        "label": "Election type"
      },
      {
        "key": "group",
        "label": "Group"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1
        },
        "key": "estimate",
        "label": "Turnout (%)"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1
        },
        "key": "conf_low",
        "label": "95% CI low"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1
        },
        "key": "conf_high",
        "label": "95% CI high"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "thousands": true
        },
        "key": "n",
        "label": "n respondents"
      }
    ]
  },
  "title": "Turnout was highest in the oldest and lowest in the youngest age group in every election, and the gap between them fell from {fact:gap_age_1996} points in 1996 to {fact:gap_age_2008} in 2008",
  "type": "line",
  "views": [
    {
      "filter": {
        "election": "Presidential"
      },
      "id": "presidential",
      "label": "Presidential years"
    },
    {
      "caption": "In midterms the gap was {fact:gap_age_1994} points in 1994, {fact:gap_age_2014} in 2014 and {fact:gap_age_2018} in 2018, and {fact:gap_age_2022} in 2022. Each point is a weighted share with a 95% interval.",
      "filter": {
        "election": "Midterm"
      },
      "id": "midterm",
      "label": "Midterm years",
      "spec": {
        "xDomain": [
          1994,
          2022
        ],
        "yDomain": [
          10,
          85
        ]
      },
      "title": "In midterms the gap between the oldest and youngest age groups was smaller in 2018 than in any earlier year"
    }
  ],
  "width": "wide"
}